Psychology schizoid personality type. Schizoid personality type: signs at different stages and types of psychotype

V Everyday life we often meet people with "weird" behavior, but their "peculiar" features do not take on the nature of the disease, and they are not mentally ill.

How to distinguish deviation (originality) of character - schizoid traits personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder (psychopathy) - from a serious pathology, schizophrenia?

Schizoid personality type (schizoid personality traits)

Schizoid personality traits persist throughout life. But favorable life circumstances and environment can enable such a person to be adapted in the family and society, develop professionally and be fully socialized.

The schizoid personality type is characterized by the predominance of mental capabilities over emotional ones. From here a personality is formed, which is guided by ideas, not feelings. Emotionally, they are vulnerable, sensitive and not synthonic, which gives rise to their awkwardness in communication. And using their intellectual capabilities, they tend to distance themselves from the social circle. They are characterized by hobbies for unusual, rare hobbies, sports, they study the rarest languages. Hence the nickname for the schizoids - "eccentrics." Outwardly cold in communication, they describe themselves as follows: "I am like a drop of hot wine in a glass of ice."

All schizoid individuals are characterized by social avoidance, which manifests itself already at the age of 4-5 years. Such children do not play with their peers, prefer solitude, their parents do not evoke the proper emotional response from them. V school age unusual intellectual abilities are often displayed. The thinking of schizoid natures is introverted, non-standard, original, they have their own idea of ​​the world, and their answers are often discouraged. At the same time, the movements of such children are rough, constrained, and clumsy. This does not apply to subtle manual skills such as playing the piano, handcraft, or painting. Therefore, individuals with a schizoid bias can become brilliant musicians or artists.

By the age of 10-11, children gradually adapt to external environment... They find a small number of friends with whom they communicate. Other people can have formal relationships without emotional attachment. However, any opportunity to communicate or enter a team is associated with tension, a feeling of discomfort.

The schizoid personality type is often combined with a characteristic somatotype - these people, as a rule, are tall, motor clumsy, are guided in life by their intellectual constructions, are capable of extreme devotion to any idea. There is information that Hitler's protection was recruited according to the criterion of the presence of schizoid features. Signs such as bizarre hobbies and emotional nonsyntony give them a formal resemblance to patients with schizophrenia, although in fact, the schizoid personality type has nothing in common with schizophrenic disease. And in premorbid (the period before the onset / onset of the disease) among patients with schizophrenia, a schizoid character is rarely found.

Schizoid personality disorder (schizoid psychopathy)

Schizoid psychopathy (schizoid personality disorder) can be talked about in cases where the sharpened character traits are so pronounced that they meet the criteria of totality, i.e. manifest in any life situation, not being adequate to it, and, as a consequence, there is social maladjustment.

Schizophrenia

If we talk about such a disease as schizophrenia, it should be noted that this mental pathology is accompanied by:

• negative symptoms (apathy, dissociation, autism),
• positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, catatonic symptoms),
• proceeds with the formation of apatho-dissociative, apato-dissociative personality defect,
• requires drug treatment.

Patients suffering from schizophrenia are immersed in their unhealthy inner world. They live in their own experiences while ignoring reality, which has nothing to do with the outside world. Their thinking is not only autistic, but also paralogical, and then it becomes divorced from reality, and judgments do not lend themselves to any correction and logical arguments.

Often in patients with schizophrenia, thinking is observed " blockages "and clippings of thoughts (sperrungs)... He notes that "in the head feels emptiness and the absence of thoughts." There may also be a “flow of thoughts (mentism), when there are many uncontrollable thoughts that do not meet the given needs and situation (“ off topic ”).

With impaired thinking in people with schizophrenia, the phenomenon is characteristic "Thought slippage"... The patient talks about one situation, and a moment later describes a completely different one. For example, to the question: “What is the difference between a doll and a woman?”, The patient replies: “The doll is made of plastic, but it is alive. Everything in the world is alive. If the stone were dead, it would have disintegrated long ago. "

People with schizophrenia are characterized by disorders of thinking (delirium) and perception (hallucinations), motor catatonic disorders that never occur in individuals with schizoid psychopathy.

Delirium is when a schizophrenic patient is convinced that it does not correspond to reality, and it is impossible to dissuade him of this. These are delusions of jealousy, persecution, relationship, harm, impact, greatness, etc.

Hallucinations can be visual, auditory, tactile, etc.

The schizophrenic patient perceives these images as true. He integrates them into the framework of his delusional reflections. If a common person can believe in magic, aliens and paranormal activity, then when he really sees, hears and perceives them, this already speaks of the disease.

With the progression of the disease, such people become apathetic, it is difficult for them to study, work, and communicate. They lose their professional skills, their insolvency grows, although formally their intellect is not impaired.

With the right approach and medication, a patient with schizophrenia can return to ordinary life, continue to work or study. He may have criticism of painful experiences and illness, he can establish contacts with others.

The schizoid type of personality accentuation has the most striking and ambiguous manifestations. On the one hand, these people are endowed with superpowers, on the other, they are doomed to loneliness and constant opposition to themselves. This is due to the borderline state. The psychotype has a fine line between norm and pathology. Any stress or strong psycho-emotional shock can lead to the development of schizophrenia, which is not so easy to cure. True schizoids are difficult to come into contact and are perceived by others ambiguously. Determining the prerequisites for the development of this accentuation in early childhood lends itself to correction with the help of certain educational behavior, which solves many problems in adulthood.

Schizoid personality type - definition in psychology

A description of this type of accentuation is found in the classifications of Lichko and Leonhard. The schizoid personality type in psychology implies a partial or complete detachment from the real world and an obsession with one's own person, as a result of which the development of the spiritual component is inhibited. Rejection of public opinion and complete detachment from stereotypical thinking does not allow them to express their emotions and frankly express their own opinions. The multifaceted is constantly carried out in the head thinking process, but it is not possible to speak openly about this. All actions and deeds are aimed at alienation from social environment... Arrogance and cynicism keep such people apart. The surrounding people consider schizoids to be strange eccentrics or overly withdrawn individuals who are on their own minds.

Schizoidness in its development necessarily has a provoking factor at an early stage in the development of a child. Severe stress, loss of a loved one, oppression from adults and much more can affect the formation of a personality. Psychologists say that the reason is even the threat of termination of pregnancy or the constant stressful state of the mother at the time of gestation. Even at this intuitive level, the foundations for schizophrenic tendencies are already being laid.

The child receives the main development of schizoid manifestations in the preschool period. As a rule, this is insufficient attention, lack of care and affection from the parents. Overprotection and excessive obsession is also one of the reasons for development, because the child constantly has a desire to isolate himself from the parent and make independent decisions. The most common factor is dysfunctional families, where parents often conflict or unreasonably break down on their children. With this development of events, the child is left to himself, and despite his own fear, he is forced to establish relationships in the family. Prolonged exposure to stress and uncertainty forces him to focus on himself and his own problems, open communication and socialization have no place in his life.

It is important for every child to feel safe and under the care of adults, otherwise he begins to look for the strength to resist outside world, thereby building barriers and isolating ourselves from it. Lack of confidence in one's own safety provokes the development of the personality according to the schizoid type.

Age features

Development schizoid type accentuation goes through several stages of formation. Having determined the prerequisites for each of them, you can prevent further development:

• Early childhood... The first alarming symptoms are determined in the behavior of the baby as early as 3-5 years old. Usually such children do not cause discomfort to their parents and seem to be quite independent. They can play alone for hours, painstakingly fingering toys. Adults are of little value to them. Characterized by early development, showing interest in conversations of adults and even reading books. Among their peers, they are little geniuses.
• Childhood... At school, the teacher may note the child's arrogance towards classmates. There is a constant contradiction in the opinion of others, everything has its own vision, but the child is silent about this. A high curiosity and a relentless desire to develop are reflected in high academic performance. Self-conceit is so great that there are no authorities for a person. Criticism from the teacher is not perceived in any way, he still does everything at his own discretion. Of all forms of communication, he recognizes only productive, aimed at sharing knowledge, while there are no emotions, only dry perception of information and skepticism. Emotional coldness is very easy to define; the child experiences neither joy nor anger. It is difficult for adults to understand that in a child's thoughts this moment... A special test to determine the psychotype will confirm the presence of the disorder.
• Teenage period... At this age, the final formation of the personality takes place and much depends on the environment. If peers react sharply to the schizoid, then he becomes even more closed in himself. Intellectual abilities distinguish him from the background of students with poor academic performance, but detachment prevents him from coming into contact with them and developing in a society. In this regard, there is a constant change in self-esteem, from overestimated to inadequately low with elements of self-flagellation. Parents' desire to intervene and understand the reasons for such changes is doomed to failure. From his side, you can observe a protest against any invasion of privacy.

Non-standard schizoid behavior and unwillingness to communicate in a team with other representatives of it are often perceived as a deviation. Such people become outcasts, observing what is happening in society from the outside, but they are only glad of this, because the existing arrogance does not allow to descend on the same level with the rest.

In raising children with the inclinations of a schizoid, more attention should be paid to care and affection. Communication is one of the key values. Adults are required to be able to maintain a conversation in intellectual theme... It is not worth engaging in socialization and imposing communication with anyone; it is necessary to unobtrusively help to find friends with the same interests. Violence and cruelty should not be present in upbringing; on the contrary, every wrong act and unlawful action must be analyzed in an adult high-quality language and try to convey the essence of the error. A child with a genuine interest in intellectual development will gladly accept a book as a gift. The task of the mentor is to find the right instructive literature that broadens the horizons and encourages harmonious relations with the public.

Types

Schizoid accentuation includes two types of personality formation. The sensitive type presupposes hostility to the opinions of others; any criticism causes painful internal sensations. Contact with other people, even in the same social group, can lead to a lack of appetite and the development of persistent depression. Such people do not recognize reality and spend most of their time in a fictional world, where everyone exists according to their laws and there is no place for aggression and other negative qualities. The individual tries to completely block any manifestation of violent emotions around him. To those around him, he looks like a completely detached person.

The expansive type of the schizoid is cold-blooded and indifferent to the world around him. Such people are characterized by determination, confidence in their own actions, excessive arrogance and fearlessness in front of any confrontation. The opinion and criticism of other people has absolutely no meaning for them, it is perceived as empty words, not worthy of attention. This type has a thinner line with a pathological condition, because they often show aggression and eccentricity towards others. Protecting one's own interests is paranoid. This type also provides for the presence of a fictional world, but they clearly see the edges and still prefer to live within the framework of reality.

Signs

The formed schizoid personality type is based on many conflicting views. It is not possible for others to understand such people. No one knows what exactly causes emotions in a schizoid, what upsets him, and what can please. Everything that happens around is perceived as a fact and does not cause manifestations of character traits. Each specific schizoid perceives the world under its own prism. Sometimes even experienced psychotherapists only guess by common features that is in the patient's head. Deep inner peace is combined with indifference to reality.

Schizoidness presupposes one's own perception of reality. Insignificant, insignificant little things can cause genuine interest on his part, at the same time, socially significant and global events go unnoticed. His own awareness of his uniqueness and intellectual development raises his persona several levels higher than those around him, he treats them with contempt. High self-esteem is often reduced due to the inability to build interpersonal contacts. Even interested in a conversation, he cannot build a dialogue and maintain a conversation.

The most commonplace social problems are subject to a stupor. The schizoid cannot adequately respond to aggression from the opponent, because outright hostility upsets the balance of his personality. Along with low socialization, intuitive abilities also suffer. It is extremely difficult for them to identify the intruder and intriguer. They do not see hints and do not distinguish the true reasons for certain actions. A girl with a similar type of accentuation, receiving regular signs of attention from a young man, will never independently guess that he is expressing sympathy. Ultimately, he will need to be open about his feelings.

In family life, the schizoid personality type remains indifferent to everyday affairs. Untidiness in the arrangement of housing, indifference to the selected wallpaper and complete lack of initiative in maintaining cleanliness and order are explained by the inappropriateness of everyday life in women. They don't do it on purpose, it just doesn't matter to their personality. Even if you have to make repairs yourself, it will be a functional and practical interior with a mandatory workplace or a separate corner for privacy. Men are characterized by love at first sight and a tendency to cheat. Young children cause alienation, usually in such families they adopt a personality type and project in their lives behavioral features parents.

It is possible to distinguish a schizoid from a closed or uncommunicative person by external features. Movements and gestures have a pronounced angularity and unnaturalness, and mannerisms are often observed. The physique is rather asthenic, postural disorders are pronounced, for example, stoop. In the process of communication, you can notice how the shoulders are drawn in and up to the head. They avoid direct gaze, so they often keep their head lowered to the floor. There is no clear stylistic predisposition, the clothes look ridiculous.

High performance and the ability to clearly concentrate on the task at hand allow us to achieve unprecedented heights. There is no specific profession in which the highest result can be achieved; such geniuses were found among various forms of employment. Examples include such outstanding personalities as the artists Van Gogh and Dali, the scientists Mendeleev, Einstein and Newton, as well as the musicians Beethoven and Bach.

Treatment

The schizoid type requires behavior correction on the part of the psychoanalyst. They rarely come to the sessions on their own, because they will be required to communicate and open their inner world to an outsider. Experienced specialists know the approach, therefore they quickly bring the patient to a conversation. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) provides maximum and rapid results. After a short individual lesson, the schizoid begins to attend group classes, there are more chances for socialization. The patient is required to be as sincere as possible in relation to the specialist and the unconditional implementation of all recommendations.

The advanced forms of the development of schizophrenia require urgent treatment in specialized agency compulsory round-the-clock stay. The disease is almost never completely cured; doctors only manage to achieve a stable remission. During periods of exacerbation, patients are again admitted to hospital for treatment. Special medications are not provided, but if necessary, antidepressants and some groups of drugs are prescribed, which are necessary to eliminate anxiety and associated phobic disorders.

A person who realizes that he has schizoid inclinations should strive to develop in himself positive emotions... It is better to start attempts to build social contacts with family and friends who will always support and help to cope with fears.

Psychology and psychoanalysis of character Raigorodsky Daniil Yakovlevich

Schizoid type

Schizoid type

Most essential feature of this type isolation, isolation from the environment, inability or unwillingness to establish contacts, a decrease in the need for communication are considered. A combination of contradictory traits in personality and behavior - coldness and refined sensitivity, stubbornness and compliance, alertness and gullibility, apathetic inactivity and assertive purposefulness, uncommunicativeness and unexpected importunity, shyness and tactlessness, excessive attachments and unmotivated antipathies and illogical reasoning the world and the colorlessness of its external manifestations - all this made us talk about the absence of "internal unity". Recently, a judgment about the lack of intuition as the main defect has attracted attention. Intuition here should mean primarily the use of unconscious past experience.

Schizoid traits come to light earlier than the character traits of all other types. From the first years of childhood, a child who loves to play alone, does not reach out to peers, avoids noisy fun, prefers to stay among adults, sometimes silently listens to their conversations for a long time, amazes. Some coldness and childish restraint are sometimes added to this.

Adolescence is the hardest for schizoid psychopathy.

With the onset of puberty, all character traits appear with particular brightness. Closedness, isolation from peers are striking. Sometimes spiritual loneliness does not even weigh on the schizoid adolescent who lives in his own world, with his unusual interests and hobbies, treating with condescending disdain or obvious dislike for everything that fills the life of other adolescents. But more often schizoids themselves suffer from their isolation, loneliness, inability to communicate, inability to find a friend to their liking. Unsuccessful attempts to establish friendships, mimosa-like sensitivity at the moments of their search, rapid exhaustion in contact (“I don’t know what else to talk about”) often induce an even greater withdrawal into oneself.

Lack of intuition is manifested by the lack of "immediate sense of reality", the inability to penetrate into other people's experiences, guess the desires of others, guess about the hostile attitude towards oneself or, conversely, about sympathy and disposition, to catch the moment when one should not impose one's presence, and when, on the contrary , you need to listen, sympathize, not leave the interlocutor with yourself.

To the deficit of intuition should be added a lack of empathy closely related to it - the inability to share the joy and sadness of another, to understand the resentment, to feel the excitement and anxiety of others. This is sometimes referred to as a weakness in emotional resonance. Lack of intuition and empathy is probably responsible for what is called the coldness of schizoids. Their actions can be cruel, which is more due to the inability to feel into the suffering of others than the desire to receive sadistic pleasure. The inability to convince others in one's own words can be added to the range of schizoid features.

The inner world is almost always closed from prying eyes. Only in front of a select few can the curtain rise suddenly, but never to the end, and just as unexpectedly fall again. The schizoid is often revealed to people unfamiliar, even casual, but somehow appealing to his whimsical choice. But he can forever remain a hidden, incomprehensible thing in himself for loved ones or those who have known him for many years.

The wealth of the inner world is not characteristic of all schizoid adolescents and, of course, is associated with a certain intellect or talent. Therefore, not every one of them can serve as an illustration of Kretschmer's words about the likeness of schizoids to "unadorned Roman villas, whose shutters are closed from the bright sun, but luxurious feasts are held in the twilight." But in all cases, the inner world of schizoids is filled with hobbies and fantasies.

Schizoid adolescents fantasize for themselves, they are not inclined to spread about their dreams in front of others, nor to mix everyday life with the beauty of their inventions and dreams. This is the fundamental difference between schizoid and hysterical fantasies. Schizoid fantasies either serve to comfort their own pride, or are erotic in nature.

The inaccessibility of the inner world and restraint in the manifestation of feelings make many actions of schizoids incomprehensible and unexpected for the environment, for everything that preceded them - the entire course of experiences and motives remained hidden. Some antics are eccentric, but unlike hysterics, they do not serve the purpose of attracting everyone's attention.

The reaction of emancipation often manifests itself in a very peculiar way. A schizoid teenager can endure petty care in everyday life for a long time, obey the routine of life and regime established for him, but react with a violent protest to the slightest attempt to invade the world of his interests, hobbies and fantasies without permission. At the same time, emancipatory aspirations can easily turn into social nonconformity - indignation at the existing rules and regulations, mockery of the ideals, spiritual values, interests common around them, and malice about the "lack of freedom." Such judgments can be hatched for a long time and secretly and, unexpectedly for those around them, can be realized in public speeches or decisive actions. Often, direct criticism of others is striking without considering its consequences for oneself.

The grouping reaction is usually weak outwardly. As a rule, schizoid adolescents stand apart from the companies of their peers. Their isolation makes it difficult to join the group, and their intractability to the general influence, the general atmosphere, their non-conformity does not allow them to either merge with the group or submit to it. Once in a teenage group, often by accident, they remain black sheep in it. Sometimes they are ridiculed and even brutally persecuted by their peers, sometimes, thanks to their independence, cold restraint, unexpected ability to stand up for themselves, they inspire respect and force them to keep their distance. Success in a peer group can be in the realm of the innermost dreams of a schizoid adolescent. In his fantasies, he creates such groups, where he takes the position of a leader and a favorite, where he feels free and easy and gets those emotional contacts that he lacks in real life.

The fascination response in schizoid adolescents is usually more pronounced than all other specific behavioral responses of this age. Hobbies are often unusual, strong and stable. Most often we have to meet intellectual and aesthetic hobbies. Most schizoid adolescents love books, consume them voraciously, and prefer all other entertainments to reading. The choice for reading can be strictly selective - only a certain era in history, only a certain genre of literature, a certain trend in philosophy, etc. In general, in intellectual and aesthetic hobbies, the capriciousness of the choice of the subject is striking. We had to meet among modern adolescents a fascination with Sanskrit, Chinese characters, Hebrew, drawing portals of cathedrals and churches, the genealogy of the Romanov dynasty, organ music, comparing the constitutions of different states and different times, etc. etc. All this is never done for show, but only for oneself. They share their hobbies if they meet sincere interest. They often hide them, fearing misunderstanding and ridicule. With a lower level of intelligence and aesthetic pretensions, the matter may be limited to less sophisticated, but no less strange objects of hobbies. Collections of schizoid adolescents, sometimes unique, sometimes striking in their worthlessness, also serve the purpose of sophisticated aesthetic needs more than just hoarding. One teenager collected doublets from postcards with reproductions of paintings by famous artists and postage stamps depicting the same paintings.

In second place are the manual-bodily type hobbies. Awkwardness, awkwardness, inharmony of motor skills, often attributed to schizoids, is far from always encountered, and a stubborn desire for bodily improvement can smooth out these shortcomings. Systematic gymnastics, swimming, cycling, yoga exercises are usually combined with a lack of interest in collective sports games. The place of hobbies can be occupied by lonely long hours of walking or cycling. Some schizoids are good at fine manual skills - playing on musical instruments, applied arts - all this can also be a subject of hobbies.

Reactions associated with the emerging sex drive, at first glance, may not seem to manifest at all. External "asexuality", contempt for sexual issues is usually combined with stubborn masturbation and rich erotic fantasies. The latter are prone to development, feed on random information and episodes, and easily include perverse components. Painfully sensitive in a company, incapable of courtship and flirting and unable to achieve sexual intimacy in a situation where it is possible, schizoid adolescents can unexpectedly for others discover sexual activity in the most rude and unnatural forms - watch for hours to spy on someone's naked genitals, exhibition in front of the kids, masturbate under other people's windows, from where they can be seen, get in touch with random people they meet, make appointments on the phone with strangers "one time", etc. My sex life and the sexual fantasies of schizoid adolescents are deeply hidden. Even when their actions are revealed, they try not to reveal motives and experiences.

Alcohol abuse is uncommon among schizoid adolescents. Most of them do not like alcoholic drinks. Intoxication does not cause pronounced euphoria in them. They easily resist the persuasions of comrades, the drinking atmosphere of the companies. However, some of them find that small doses of alcohol, without causing euphoria, can facilitate the establishment of contacts, eliminate the feeling of shyness and unnaturalness during communication. Then a special kind of mental dependence is easily formed - the desire to regularly use small doses alcoholic beverages, often strong, in order to "overcome shyness" and facilitate contacts. The use of alcohol as a similar communicative doping can be carried out both with friends and alone. For example, a 15-year-old schizoid teenager secretly kept a bottle of cognac in his bed, and every morning he kissed it to "feel free at school."

No less a threat than alcohol for schizoid adolescents, apparently, are drugs. Perhaps they are better than alcohol, can fulfill the role of communicative doping. Perhaps some volatile substances pour water on the mill of schizoid fantasies, making them more sensual, colorful, emotional.

Suicidal behavior is not characteristic of schizoid psychopathies, and schizoid accentuation does not, apparently, dispose to such a way of solving difficulties. On mental trauma, to conflict situations, to provisions where schizoid personality demands are unbearable for her, the reaction is manifested by an even greater withdrawal into herself, into her inner world of deeply hidden fantasies. Or this reaction is revealed by unexpected, pretentious, sometimes cruel actions.

Delinquency is rare, and schizoid traits are clearly visible in delinquent behavior. While examining adolescent street children of the twenties, NI Ozeretsky noted that schizoids prefer to steal alone, choose a thief's "profession" that requires skillful skills - for example, stealing money from internal pockets or the ability to get into an apartment through a window. Indeed, schizoid adolescents are not prone to group delinquency, but they can commit serious offenses, acting "in the name of the group", wanting the group to "recognize it as their own." Sexual crimes are also committed alone (exhibitionism, lecherous acts against minors, sexual aggression, etc.). Sometimes delinquent behavior is preceded by taking a small dose of alcohol as "doping", but there is no real alcohol intoxication.

The self-esteem of schizoids is distinguished by a statement of what is associated with isolation, loneliness, difficulty in contacts, misunderstanding on the part of others. The attitude towards other problems is assessed much worse. They usually do not notice the inconsistencies in their behavior or do not attach importance to it. They like to emphasize their independence and independence

Somatic signs, which since the time of Kretschmer have been considered characteristic of schizoids - asthenic constitution, flabby muscles, stooped figure, long legs and a high pelvis, poorly developed genitals, angularity of movements - can not always be seen in modern adolescents. Acceleration and associated endocrine shifts can distort these traits, causing, for example, excess fullness, early and strong sexual development.

From the first steps in the isolation of schizoid psychopathy, attention was drawn to its similarity with some forms of schizophrenia (in particular, with a sluggish form and with pictures of a defect after a schizophrenic attack). This gave rise to many psychiatrists in general to doubt the existence of schizoid psychopathy as a constitutional anomaly of character, and everything that was described under its name was interpreted as a defect after an attack of schizophrenia that passed unnoticed or happened in early childhood, or as "latent schizophrenia". V last years attention was again drawn to the fact that in families of patients with schizophrenia, especially in its continuously progressive form, schizoid personalities can often be found.

As a result, in recent decades, schizoid psychopathy almost ceased to be diagnosed and its pronounced cases began to be usually interpreted as sluggish schizophrenia, and the corresponding schizoid accentuations with good social adaptation suggested again the idea of ​​"latent schizophrenia." Even the differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and psychopathies began to be carried out in relation to all types of the latter, except for schizoid.

This position cannot be considered correct. The diagnosis of sluggish schizophrenia is legitimate if there are signs of a process, albeit slowly developing, if these signs are identified by a carefully collected anamnesis and confirmed by observation. Guesses about the unknown when transferred and unnoticed "fur coat" remain only guesses and cannot serve as a basis for the diagnosis.

Adolescence creates particular difficulties in the differential diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizoid psychopathy. The pubertal sharpening of the latter can easily be mistaken for a process that has begun or for a “new fur coat”. Conversely, the onset of schizophrenia can be masked by pubertal behavior disorders. We consider it important to emphasize the allocation of schizoid psychopathy as a special form.

The schizoid type is not a very common type of character. Only 5% of 300 hospitalized adolescents with psychopathies or accentuations were attributed to this type, and another 5% were found to have a combination of schizoidism with features of other types - sensitive, psychasthenic, hysteroid or epileptoid. It should be noted that all cases of "pure" schizoids were regarded as psychopathies, including most of both severe and pronounced. In moderate cases, social maladjustment was partial - a breakdown occurred either at home, with well-being at the place of study or work, or at school or at work, with satisfactory adaptation in the family.

Schizoid accentuations usually do not lead to social dysadaptation, severe behavioral disturbances, or acute affective reactions, and therefore probably do not come under the supervision of a psychiatrist. The schizoid type of accentuation is not so rare.

Latent schizoid accentuation can be detected if the personality is suddenly presented with unbearable demands - for example, to quickly establish a wide range of informal and sufficiently emotional contacts. Schizoids also break down when they persistently and unceremoniously "climb into the soul."

Even Kretschmer, describing the schizoid type, identified the expansive and sensitive options. The latter, as indicated, is more correct to consider as a special type, belonging to the group of asthenic psychopathies, since the isolation here is secondary, compensatory. Nevertheless, among schizoids, there are both more sthenic and completely asthenic personalities. The variety of schizoid manifestations can be so great that the number of described options could become two-digit. Therefore, it seems to us appropriate to state the combination of schizoid personality with traits of other types. The main basis of the character, his core always remains schizoid. It can be overlaid with sensitive, psychasthenic, paranoid, epileptoid, hysterical, or erratic traits.