Sites of primitive people on the world map. Famous sites of primitive man in Crimea. Great Vorontsov Cave
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this kind was made by British anthropologist Mary Leakey in 1962. At one of the sites of the Olduvai Gorge (which gave the world Homo habilis - Homo habilis), about 1.8 million years old, many stone tools and remains of animals were found - ancient giraffes, elephants, zebras, rhinoceroses, turtles, crocodiles... So, at one From parts of this site, Leakey's team discovered a number of stones arranged (laid out?) in the shape of a circle. As Mary Leakey wrote, this ring display is “the oldest structure made by man. It consists of individual lava blocks and ranges from three and a half to four meters in diameter. The resemblance is striking to the crude stone circles built for temporary shelter by modern nomadic peoples.” So, Mary Leakey believed that she had found the oldest house on Earth. The stones, in her opinion, served to strengthen poles or branches stuck into the ground and forming something like a wind barrier or a simple hut. Another Olduvai site, famous for the discovery of the skull of Paranthropus Boyce, revealed an oval accumulation of crushed bones and small stone fragments. It is surrounded by a relatively finds-free space, outside of which there are also bone fragments and tools. Mary Leakey suggested that in this place there was once a wind barrier that surrounded central part
parking lots
Later, similar finds were made outside Olduvai.
Is this evidence enough to say that already one and a half million years ago our ancestors could build simple dwellings for themselves? Alas, not all experts agreed with this interpretation. And the older the site, the fewer sets of facts archaeologists have to work with.
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No longer the early people The next “problematic” and often mentioned monument dates back to a much later time. On the slope of Mount Boron (Nice, France) there is the Terra Amata site, excavations of which were carried out by the French archaeologist and geologist Henri de Lumlet in the 60s of the last century. 350-450 thousand years ago, the Heidelberg people lived here - the probable ancestors of the Neanderthals. Thousands pulled out of the ground, bones of large and small animals. Archaeologists cleared away ancient work sites containing depressions, small hearths, stone blocks and oval clusters of finds that Lumle interpreted as the remains of ancient huts: the depressions were from supports, and stones propped up the walls. According to Lumle, the site was populated by ancient hunters periodically over a number of spring seasons.
Of course, Lumle's conclusions were also disputed. However, criticism, of course, does not negate the presence of depressions, hearths and limestone blocks located in a certain way - possibly used as wind barriers.
Another monument of similar antiquity and, alas, just as controversial. Bilzingsleben in eastern Germany - the remains of three oval “huts” about 350 thousand years old. The same set: “wind barriers” - stone blocks and animal bones; a circular structure made of stones pressed into sediments, 9 meters in diameter; there are hearths associated with each structure. And yet, doubts remain about the man-made nature of the “circular structure.” Hominids lived here - a fact. But did they build it?
So what do we know? About two million years ago, our distant ancestors first left Africa. Very for a long time Hominids lived in sites that can be roughly called temporary “camps.” One could return to such a camp after hunting; tools were made here and (in later times) food was cooked on fire; In parking lots, simple wind barriers could also be used. In a broad sense, it was a home, that is, a place where cooking, work and relaxation were combined...
In the southern part of the Russian Plain in the area of the modern Voronezh region, traces of an ancient site were discovered Homo sapiens- Bones. In fact, over 60 sites dating back to 50 thousand years BC have been discovered here on an area of about 10 km2. up to 15 thousand years BC
Genetic code of human remains buried at the Kostenki site 26 thousand years BC. corresponds genetic code modern Europeans found in Spain. Also, genetic analysis revealed that the Neanderthal admixture of this person is 2.8%.
At the Kostenki site, the oldest in the territory were discovered of Eastern Europe jewelry - piercings with ornaments made from tubular bird bones and pendants from Black Sea shells (indicating a developed exchange with the Black Sea region).
The artifacts were found in a layer of volcanic ash brought to the Russian Plain from the territory of modern Italy around 33-31 thousand years BC. The composition of the ashes turned out to be identical to those found in the bottom sediments of the Adriatic Sea. Ashes of similar composition and age were also found in sections of a number of Paleolithic sites in Central and Eastern Europe, indicating the global impact of a volcanic eruption that provoked a sharp climate change - something like the “nuclear winter effect.” The finds of the Kostenki settlement show that the catastrophic consequence of the eruption was the cessation of the existence of this settlement, like many others in Europe during this period.
In addition, archaeologists came to the conclusion that the Kostenki site changed owners several times: it was discovered a large number of purposefully broken figurines of deities. In more ancient cultural layers, the remains of people belong to the Caucasoid type; in younger burials, the skeletons belong to Negroids, and then again to Caucasians.
In the north European territory In Russia, in Siberia, on the Usa River (not far from the mouth of the Pechera River), a Cro-Magnon site was discovered, called Mammoth Kurya, dating back to 38 thousand years BC. This Upper Paleolithic site, located at 66° N. sh., beyond the Arctic Circle, contradicts the concept of continental glaciation in this area. Bones of horses, reindeer, wolves, stone tools, arrowheads, and a mammoth tusk covered with a primitive pattern (age 36-32 thousand years BC) were discovered at the site.
The parking lot near the village of Byzovaya (64° N), is located in the foothills of the Subpolar Urals. Ninety-eight percent of all bones found here are from mammoths. Bones of woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, horse, muskox, wolf, bear, arctic fox and lemming are also present. Judging by the remains of animals, at that time the dry continental climate of open spaces dominated here. The age of the found tools and animal bones is estimated at 32-29 thousand years BC. The tools are made in the style of the Mousterian culture. Probably, the Byzovaya site was perhaps the last refuge of Neanderthals (but not all scientists consider the found tools to be Neanderthal).
It is noteworthy that the sites of Mamontova Kurya and Byzovaya are located on local accumulations of mammoth bones, i.e. Probably the “cemeteries” of mammoths were a kind of resource base for people.
An equally interesting site was discovered within the modern Central Russia in the territory Vladimir region(Sungir parking lot). Traces of dwellings and household, hearths, utensils, animal remains, dated to 27,000 - 18,000 BC. The burials of Sungir are unique in their state of preservation and the wealth of grave goods. For example, in the burial of a girl and a boy, unusual objects were preserved - three disks (plates) with slots made of mammoth tusk with a diameter of several centimeters. A spear made from mammoth ivory reaching a length of 2.4 m was also found. To make such a weapon, it was necessary to have the technology to straighten tusks! Material from the site
Finds also indicate that already twenty-six thousand years ago, in the area of modern Vladimir, human ancestors walked in leather shoes, wore leather jackets with set-in sleeves and hoods, hats and pants. Everything was sewn according to the figure, that is, patterns were used. Our ancestors of this distant time already knew astronomy, mathematics, and the calendar; occurrence is recorded
The primitive communal system is the longest period human history. Scientists divide it into the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages. Myself Stone Age divided into Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. In Greek, "paleo" means ancient, "meso" means middle, "neo" means new, and "lith" means stone. About 2 million years ago, ancient people, leaving Africa, began to settle in Europe and Asia. Research carried out at sites ancient man, located in the Azykh cave in Azerbaijan and in the Borchali region of Georgia (present-day Dmanisi), confirmed that the South Caucasus was also part of this area. Those who stood straight, who walked lower limbs ancient people could make scrapers, knives and spearheads from stone. The production and improvement of tools was important event in development primitive man. Mastering fire greatly changed human life: it was used to heat cold caves, cook food, and hunt wild animals. The hearth brought people together who gathered around it. The oldest traces of the use of fire were found in East Africa. Their age is about 1.5 million years.
100 thousand years ago on Earth happened sudden change climate, it got colder, the last big one began glacial period. The north of Europe, Asia and America was covered with glaciers for tens of thousands of years. In the summer short period The ice cover melted and the ground became covered with vegetation. Only a few cold-resistant animals were able to adapt to such a climate - mammoths, rhinoceroses, bison, cave bears, reindeer, saber tooth tigers. In such harsh conditions, hunting became the main occupation of the more resilient people who lived at that time - the Neanderthals. Their bones were first found in 1856 in the Neanderthal Valley in Germany. Considered by many scientists to be an extinct type of people, the Neanderthals were carriers of the Moustiers culture during the Middle Paleolithic period. Neanderthals lived in natural caves, hunted large game, wore clothing made from animal skins, cared for the sick and elderly, and buried the dead. These ancient people developed primitive ideas about the afterlife. Despite the fact that during the transition from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic, Neanderthals lived for some time along with a new type of people, Cro-Magnons - “homo sapiens,” then they died out for reasons that have not yet been clarified. Interestingly, one of the last places their habitat was the Cro-Magnons who appeared about 40 thousand years ago (this name comes from the Cro-Magnon cave in France), whose main occupations were gathering and hunting, are considered to be the immediate ancestors modern people. They appearance and brain volume were similar to modern humans. The emergence of primitive art at the end of the Paleolithic period is also associated with them. These ancient people painted animals on the walls of caves and made figurines from bone.
Vorontsov caves
About the total number of caves only on the territory of Sochi national park is about 200, of which a quarter are of interest for scientific use for caving tourism. For tourist purposes, the following caves in Sochi are of particular interest: Akhtyshskaya Cave and Vorontsov Caves, which were sites of primitive people. They held Scientific research and now the caves are equipped for tourists to visit.
Akhshtyrskaya Cave(village Kazachy Brod, Adler district)
Akhtyshskaya cave Lovers ancient history and tourists, captivated by the beauties of the underground kingdom, should definitely visit one of the most interesting caves in Russia because...
- according to mythologists, it was here that Odysseus met the Cyclops Polyphemus;
- this is the oldest and largest site of primitive man on the territory of Russia;
- the cave is adapted for visiting by tourists.
Akhtyshskaya cave The cave was formed approximately 350 thousand years ago, when the waters of the Mzymta River washed it into the thickness of soft limestone rock. Scientists have established that the first people (Neanderthals) appeared here about 70 thousand years ago, but they left the underground labyrinths, which were often flooded with water.
And 35 thousand years ago, Cro-Magnons lived here, who learned to make various products from clay and bronze and improved the Akhshtyrskaya cave. Underground it was cold, damp, the wind was constantly blowing, and the ancient inhabitants erected stone partitions that protected them from drafts.
Odysseus and the Cyclops. Illustration by A.S.Plaksin. It is believed that in ancient times Greek colonists visited the mysterious grottoes, and Homer, inspired by the story of the Akhshtyrskaya cave, which was inhabited by formidable giant bears, told the whole world about the valiant Odysseus, who fought a one-eyed Cyclops in a stone labyrinth.
The underground grottoes were discovered in September 1903 by the French scientist and founder of speleology Edouard Martel, who, at the invitation Russian government visited the Black Sea coast of Crimea and the Caucasus. In Sochi, Martel was researching the prospects for the city's water supply.
Edouard Martel – father of speleology For some time the discovery was forgotten, and only in 1936 the Soviet archaeologist S.N. Zamyatnin, who became interested in underground grottoes, established that where the Akhshtyrskaya cave is located, the first site of ancient people was located. About six thousand archaeological finds were discovered, which are now stored in historical museum city of Sochi.
Akhtyshskaya cave In 1978, the caves received the status of a monument of primitive architecture, but the entrance to the scientific site was securely closed. And only in 1999 the caves were equipped with artificial lighting, equipped with stairs with wide steps, wooden flooring and opened for excursions. In 2013, the Akhshtyrskaya Cave became a nominee in the “Ten Visual Symbols of Russia” competition.
Observation deck of the Akhtysh cave The journey through the halls takes about an hour, and the path ends at the observation deck, which offers a beautiful view of the gorge. Far below, among the rocky shores, the Mzymta River (the most long river in Russia from those flowing into the Black Sea). She has a stormy mountain character and is translated as Crazy. But once upon a time, 350 thousand years ago, the water level was so high that it reached the very entrance to the cave, and sometimes flooded it. 50 thousand years passed and the water receded, leaving a cave high on the rock.
View from the observation deck of the Akhtyshskaya cave on the river. Mzymtu How to find a cave : you need to go from Sochi along the highway to Krasnaya Polyana. Next, follow the sign to the village of Kazachiy Brod and go straight to the sign to the “Akhshtyrskaya Cave”.
Vorontsov caves (Khostinsky district)
Vorontsov caves The Vorontsov Caves became known a little more than a century ago. But they began to be explored only in the middle of the 20th century. The first excavations were carried out in 1957 and discovered traces of primitive man. After the research was completed, tourists had the opportunity to explore the caves. The entire excursion route was ready in 2000. All objects discovered in the Voronovsky caves were transferred to the Sochi Museum of History, where they can currently be seen.
Vorontsov caves
Vorontsov caves have the longest labyrinthine system of passages in Krasnodar region- it is 12 km (the sixth longest in Russia), but not everything is open to ordinary tourists - a standard route along a small ring accompanied by a guide will take about forty minutes, the length of the excursion is 600 meters. The tour of the caves begins with the Prometheus Grotto, its length is 120 meters. From there the tour moves to the Chandelier or Theater Hall. It got its name due to the many beautiful sagging marks. Its length is about 20 meters and its width is 9 meters. There are many sinter formations in the Round Hall and the Prometheus Grotto. The trail is equipped and illuminated, so the route does not pose any particular difficulties for either the elderly or children.
Vorontsov caves A tour of the Great Ring is more difficult and longer. Tourists have to climb wells and walk through flooded halls. Due to its complexity, a tour of the Great Circle must be ordered individually.
Vorontsov caves The air in the caves is healing: it destroys pathogenic microflora in the nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract(in the trachea, bronchus). The temperature in the cave is always the same regardless of the time of year: +12 degrees.
Vorontsov caves Near the Vorontsov caves there are beech, oak, apple trees, pears, chestnuts, rose hips and blackberry thickets, Caucasian cherry laurel and relict boxwood. The caves are a karst system that is connected to the surface of the slope by several passages.
How to find caves: take a regular bus (No. 127) from the bus station in the village of Khosta to the Kalinovoe Lake stop, then follow the direction of the bus towards the village of Vorontsovka and further to the parking lot for excursion buses, this is about 7 km. From the bus parking lot, go left up the asphalt path past the monument to fallen pilots and past the checkpoint of the Sochi National Park. Next you need to walk 900 meters along a dirt road and 400 meters along a path and you will come to the Prometheus Grotto - the main entrance to the Vorontsov Caves.
Olduvai Gorge
Scientists have been arguing for decades about where the first man appeared on Earth. Supporters of the monopolar theory called the homeland of Homo habilis, who later became Homo sapiens, either Africa or South Asia.
In the Olduvai Gorge in East Africa, archaeologists have found the skeleton of the oldest person on Earth. It is 1.5 million years old. It was thanks to this discovery that the theory arose that the first man appeared in Africa, and then settled throughout the earth. However, in the 1980s, scientists made a sensational discovery in Siberia that changed the idea of human development.
The first man could have appeared not in Africa, as was previously believed, but in Siberia. This sensational version appeared in 1982. Soviet geologists were excavating along the banks of the Lena River in Yakutia. The area is called Diring-Yuryakh, translated from Yakut - Deep River. Quite by accident, geologists discovered a burial from the late Neolithic – 2nd millennium BC. And then, digging even deeper, they came across layers more than 2.5 million years old and found there the remains of the tools of ancient man.
Diring-Yuryakh
These are hewn cobblestones with a pointed end - they are called “choppers”. In addition to such ancient axes, anvils and chippers were also discovered. This led researchers to believe that, in fact, the first man appeared in Siberia. After all, the age of the local finds is more than 2.5 million years. This means that they are older than African ones.
Ancient axes, "choppers"
"There was a whole archipelago, where the ice is now solid, the Northern Arctic Ocean. And due to some catastrophes, this civilization was destroyed, and the remnants of this people were forced to move to the mainland, to develop lands that now belong to the Arkhangelsk region, Murmansk, the Polar Urals, and further - to Siberia. There is also such an assumption,"- says historian, ethnographer Vadim Burlak.
Burial in Diring-Yuryakh
Quite recently it became clear that on the territory of Russia there are traces not only of primitive people, that is, creatures that only externally resembled humans, but did not possess developed intellect, but also a reasonable person, that is, similar to you and me.
Ancient weapons found in Diring-Yuryakh
For a long time it was believed that the first people, who were no different from us today, first appeared in Europe 39 thousand years ago. However, in 2007 it turned out that the earliest site of an ancient man is located on the territory modern Russia. Thus, it turns out that the first Homo sapiens was born twenty thousand years earlier, and not somewhere in the vicinity of Paris, but in the Voronezh region, where a simple village called Kostenki is now located. This opinion was expressed by the famous American scientist John Hoffecker.
"In 2007, a remarkable researcher from the United States of America, John Hoffecker, published in the journalScience an article that sounded like this: “The first European comes from Kostenki.” This article was based on his five years of work here in Kostenki, and on the dating that he and Vance Holiday, his comrade and colleague, made as a result of research, and these results were stunning. That is, the age of existence of Homo sapiens here, on the territory of Kostenki, is very sharply increasing in age,” - explains Irina Kotlyarova, chief researcher at the Kostenki Museum-Reserve.
Remains found in Kostenki, which are about 60 thousand years old
The American Hoffecker found out: the first Europeans settled this area 50-60 thousand years ago. And the most amazing thing is that these were really intelligent tribes. Of course, practically nothing remains from such ancient sites. Only depressions, stone tools and pits filled with ash from burnt bones. And newer sites, those in which our ancestors lived about 20 thousand years ago, are well preserved in Kostenki.
Wall made of mammoth bones
Even houses whose walls are made of mammoth bones have been preserved. Researchers have found that the inhabitants of these houses knew how to make tools, hunted, gathered, built houses, had a well-established life and lived in a community. Mammoths were the main source of human life. They lived in this area great amount. People hunted them. They made clothes from the skins and ate the meat they caught. The bones of these animals were also used.
Irina Kotlyarova in one of the houses of Kostenki culture
The Kostenki archaeological culture is stunning in scale. About six dozen large human sites were found here. According to some experts, at least a thousand people lived here. Others estimate the population of the ancient Voronezh region more modestly - about 600 people. In any case, this number seems very impressive. After all, even the population of medieval European cities rarely exceeded several hundred people. Of course, the oldest sites in Kostenki cannot be called a city. But for such a long time there was simply a huge population living here.
Layout of sites of ancient people in Kostenki
The collection of miniatures truly amazed archaeologists. It's cut from thick rock- marl - mammoth figures. Most likely, already 22 thousand years ago the inhabitants of Kostenki knew how to count. This seems completely incredible to most anthropologists.
Spearheads found during excavations in Kostenki
From this conclusion it follows that the Voronezh civilization is twenty thousand years older than the Sumerian kingdom, with its clay tablets, and the ancient Egyptians. Scientists claim that long before the Sumerian Anunaki in Kostenki they already knew how to count mammoths and write down, without relying on memory. So the mammoths from Lizyukov Street - drawn by the hand of the prehistoric Picasso - are a completely scientific argument in favor of the fact that Voronezh is the cradle of human civilization.
It is generally accepted that Russians are a fairly young nation. In fact, the Egyptian pyramids were already built four thousand years ago. By the birth of Christ, the ancient Romans had already sunk to the bottom of luxury and even debauchery, while our ancestors had not yet really begun anything - no state, no culture, no writing.
Historians decided to check if this is really true? And it turned out that 6 thousand years ago, when the Sumerian civilization, as is generally considered the first on Earth, was just emerging - in our country, on the territory of the modern Urals, our ancestors were so developed that they even knew metallurgy.
“We are talking about a very large developed civilization on a very large territory, which had a strong influence on the entire Eurasian region - this is already clear and beyond doubt. Therefore, here, I think, the future belongs to science,” - says Alexey Palkin, researcher at the Laboratory of Natural, Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
This is the island of Vera. It is located in Chelyabinsk region on Lake Tugoyak. In the 80s of the last century, archaeologists discovered a find here that became a real sensation: amazing ancient structures that turned out to be much older than the famous English Stonehenge. It was this discovery that made scientists seriously start talking about the fact that the first civilized society in the history of not only Russia, but all of Europe, and perhaps the whole world, originated right here - in the Chelyabinsk region, next to the Ural ridge.
"II understand that this may cause a shock, what I will say now, but I say this completely responsibly, these megaliths on the island of Vera, they are much brighter and more interesting than Stonehenge. Why? Because Stonehenge is a great thing, but there is only one there. Here. Here in this particular place, and here on a plot of 6 hectares there are several objects different types", -
Megalith No. 1
The ancient structure discovered on Vera Island is called “Megalith No. 1”. That's what archaeologists called it. Once this ancient building was 3.5 meters high and served as an observatory. The ancient builders specially positioned the window so that during the summer and winter solstice a ray of sunlight penetrated, falling directly on the altar.
Megalith window
The main mystery of the ancient observatory is not even how people at that stage of their development came up with the idea of monitoring the movement of celestial bodies, but that the building was made of huge stone blocks. Each one weighs several tens of tons. It turns out that the ancient inhabitants of these territories near modern Chelyabinsk were able not only to move heavy boulders, but could put it all together correctly. So reliable that even after thousands of years, the megalith did not collapse.
Central Hall
There is a central hall, which is connected to the side chambers by corridors. The hall is made up of a number of megaliths, which are located on the sides and in the ceiling. There are about twenty-five to thirty of them in total. The largest of them weighs 17 tons. The size of the megaliths is from one and a half to two and a half meters in length and half a meter in width. The construction dates back to the 4th - 3rd millennium BC.
The huge slabs were made by nature itself - this is the remnant of the mountain. But in order for the blocks to lie flat, the ancestors had to process them.
Nearby, archaeologists discovered a real smelting furnace. Its design suggests that metal smelting technologies in ancient times were practically no different from those that were invented just a couple of centuries ago. It turns out that the semi-wild tribes who lived on this island were engaged in non-ferrous metallurgy.
“It was here that the oldest copper smelting furnace was located. Scientists discovered a chimney that stands out very clearly against the general background. Traces of smoke that were reflected on the stones clearly remained and are visible on the stones,” - says Alexey Palkin, researcher at the Laboratory of Natural, Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
Zyuratkul geoglyph
The fact that an incredibly developed population lived on the territory of the Chelyabinsk region thousands of years ago is also evidenced by another amazing find- Zyuratkul geoglyph. It was discovered by accident. In 2011, one of the employees of the Zyuratkul National Park noticed that the grass at the foot of the ridge was growing unevenly. This is despite the fact that they clearly did not exert any mechanical influence on it. The scientist decided to find out the reasons for this strange phenomenon. He was able to establish that the grass does not grow in some places because it is hampered by boulders laid out in a path resembling a drawing or even a diagram. To see it in its entirety, national park staff took a helicopter and discovered a giant drawing laid out on the ground. Most of all it resembles an image of a moose.
The size of this moose is impressive: the length of the pattern is 275 meters. The age of the geoglyph is 5-6 thousand years. How did its creators control the accuracy of the laying, how did they manage to maintain the direction and correctness of the lines, if the entire drawing is visible only from high altitude- unclear. But most importantly, why did they need this image of a moose?
The geoglyph resembles an image of a moose
"INIn the Neolithic period, in the Urals we had mainly a household - hunters, fishermen, and so on. That is, the population that built this here must have exploited a significant territory. That is we're talking about about some connections between these groups, about some slightly different social structures than we imagine it to be today. This is not just a group separate group hunter-fishermen, this is more complex social organization", - says Stanislav Grigoriev, archaeologist, senior researcher at the Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
If archaeologists were not mistaken in determining the age of this miracle, then it turns out that our ideas about the abilities and capabilities of the ancient population of Russia do not correspond to reality, which means official science she was mistaken, claiming for many years that intelligent life came to these lands only shortly before the baptism of Rus'.
Scientists treat this hypothesis with great caution. However, new archaeological finds are raising more and more questions that have no answers yet.
Another proof that ancient people on the territory of modern Russia were very developed is located in the Ignatievskaya Cave. It is located at the southern tip Ural mountains in the Chelyabinsk region. In 1980, speleologists accidentally discovered a drawing on its arches that made a real revolution in archaeology. Research has shown that the drawings were made on the walls more than 14 thousand years ago. In no place on the planet has it ever been possible to find a drawing of such antiquity that would contain a clear plot. This cave depicts the very process of the creation of life. Exactly as our ancient ancestors saw it.
But why does the whole world know about the oldest rock paintings in Australia, and in all archeology textbooks people and bulls from Algeria are given as the first drawings? After all, they appeared on the walls of caves in the 11th century BC. That is, later than the Ural ones by 13 thousand years. Why are scientific journals silent about the discovery of Ural archaeologists?
Many experts are confident that such data will force us to reconsider not only scientific theories, but also to rewrite school textbooks.