Manifestations of extremism among the youth. Prevention of extremist activity among the youth. What is extremist activity?

Nikolaeva A.Yu.

History and social studies teacher.

MOU "Gymnasium No. 20"

Saransk

youth extremism.

It is believed that the word "extremism" comes from the Latin word "extremus" - "extreme", that is, something that goes beyond certain limits, norms. In dictionaries, extremism is interpreted as a commitment to extreme views and measures. In the legal literature, extremism is defined in different ways. According to A.G. Khlebushkin, extremism is an illegal activity, the implementation of which causes or may cause significant harm to the foundations of the constitutional system or the constitutional foundations of interpersonal relations.

The definition of extremism given by Yu.I. Avdeev and A.Ya. Guskov: "... Extremism is an anti-social socio-political phenomenon, which is a socially and psychologically conditioned ideologically motivated use of extreme forms and methods in socio-political relations."

Modern extremism is diverse in its forms of expression. In addition, it can be classified according to various theoretical grounds (spheres of life, objects of extremist activity, age characteristics of subjects of extremist activity, etc.). Scientific and practical generalization of certain phenomena makes it possible to classify extremism according to its direction - economic, political, nationalist, religious, youth, ecological, spiritual.

Youth extremism differs from adult extremism in less organization and spontaneity. At the same time, adults may be directly related to its activities, whom young people often seek to imitate with their unlawful behavior. Youth extremism as a mass phenomenon of the last decade is expressed in disregard for the rules and norms of behavior in force in society.

Young people are more likely to commit crimes of an aggressive nature. Negative impact on representatives of a particular national, racial, religious group, formed under the influence of propaganda of extremist ideas, as well as on the basis of one’s own life experience under the influence of certain factors (excess of free time and its disorganization, lack of opportunity or desire to continue education and, as a result, the inability to find a job in a well-paid job, unformed or limited interests), pushes young people to participate in extremist activities. The intensification of youth extremism currently poses a serious danger to Russian society.

The extremist behavior of young people is one of the most pressing socio-political problems. The state, level, dynamics of political extremism of youth in Russia are widely discussed by the media and in specialized literature, and analytical collections are published.

Young people are considered as a large social group with specific social and psychological traits, the presence of which is determined by the age characteristics of young people and the fact that their socio-economic and socio-political position, their spiritual world is in a state of formation. In modern scientific literature, this group usually includes (in statistics and sociology) people aged 15 to 30 years. Young people, determining their way of life, solve conflict situations based on a comparison of possible options, given that the youth age is characterized by: emotional excitability, inability to restrain, lack of skills in resolving even simple conflict situations, then all of the above can lead to committing deviations.

The problem of aggressive and extremist behavior of young people is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of Russian reality. Elements of extremist behavior of young people are formed against the background of deformation of the social and cultural life society. Researchers tend to include the following in the list of the main reasons for the growth of extremist behavior of young people: social inequality, the desire to assert themselves in the adult world, insufficient social maturity, as well as insufficient professional and life experience, and, consequently, a relatively low (uncertain, marginal) social status.

Youth extremism as a phenomenon of recent decades, expressed in disregard for the norms of behavior in society or in their denial, can be viewed from different positions. The youth at all times was subject to radical moods. Due to its age characteristics, even in politically and economically calm times, the number of radical people among young people is always higher than among the rest of the population.

Youth is characterized by the psychology of maximalism and imitation, which in the conditions of an acute social crisis is a breeding ground for aggressiveness and youth extremism. The development of political extremism among young people is of particular danger, not even because juvenile and youth crime has increased markedly, but because it is associated with the development of "abnormal" attitudes in the group consciousness of the younger generation, which affects values, preferred patterns of behavior, and assessments of social interaction. , i.e. broadly associated with social and political culture Russian society in its projective state. Unfortunately, the formation of the first generation of the new Russia took place mainly in the conditions of the negative socio-economic situation of the 90s of the XX century, which created the preconditions for the marginalization of a significant part of the youth, the deviation of their behavior, including political extremism.

A special analysis of the problem shows that extremism in Russia is "getting younger", the most frequently committing crimes are young people aged 15-25 years. Young people are also more likely to commit crimes of an aggressive nature. According to statistics, the bulk of such serious politically motivated crimes as murder, grievous bodily harm, robbery, terrorism, are committed by persons under 25 years of age. It is important to bear in mind that youth extremism is currently growing at a faster rate than adult crime.

These processes become special meaning in the context of the problems of social security of the Russian society, caused by the actions of extremists, and leading to physical and spiritual degradation, destruction of the individual, ethnic group, society, state. Since the activation of the political extremism of young people currently poses a serious danger to Russian society, it should be deeply and comprehensively studied, including by means of political science, as a phenomenon that requires public: political, legal, administrative, managerial and socio-cultural opposition.

The extremist movement as a type of deviation is a complex socio-political phenomenon that tends to self-develop. Its appearance is due to the presence of a number of socio-economic and socio-cultural factors that are closely interacting with each other. At the same time, the absence of one or more of these factors significantly hinders the spread of extremist sentiments and dramatically reduces the impact of extremist ideology on the ethno-national mentality and socio-cultural activities.

The main sources of youth extremism in Russia are, first of all, socio-political factors: the crisis of the socio-political and economic system; sociocultural deficit and criminalization of mass culture; the spread of social manifestations of “passing away from life”; lack of alternative forms of leisure activities; crisis of school and family education. All this suggests that the main range of problems that young people in Russia have to deal with lies in the sphere of conflict relations, primarily in the family and in relations with peers. Personal factors also play an important role, such as the deformation of the value system, an “unhealthy” communication environment, the predominance of leisure orientations over socially useful ones, inadequate perception of pedagogical influences, and the lack of life plans.

In Russia, the national extremist, extreme left and extreme right, ethno-confessional and separatist foundations of political extremism have recently been clearly identified. It should also be noted that although the manifestation of extremist actions on different bases have different features manifestations, they are united by the use of extreme forms of violence to enhance the aggressiveness of the environment. Thus, criminal extremism seeks to impose norms of behavior on young people based on brutality, vandalism, cruelty and aggressiveness. Some young people perceive violence as a special value, a life strategy in a risk society, and themselves become the subject of violence, the victim of criminal forces, embark on the path of crime and extremism.

Over the past few years, calls for xenophobia have been very often heard in Russia. They are supported by 55-60% of Russian citizens polled by sociologists. All this is fraught with significant problems for the country, since not only groups, but also parties professing xenophobic views appear among the youth. At present, there are about a dozen parties and movements in Russia that preach xenophobia and racism. In the youth environment, the skinhead movement is the most massive, in which tens of thousands of adolescents and young people aged 14-25 participate. The level of street violence by representatives of skinhead groups is constantly growing, and these crimes themselves are becoming more and more daring. If earlier they were killed in the gateway, or in a dark street, now murders are committed in the city center, in crowded places, in the subway, in the daytime (the murder of anti-fascist student T. Kacharava in St. Petersburg in November 2005, student V. Abramyants in the Moscow metro in April 2006). The danger of this phenomenon lies in the fact that such violence can cause reciprocal violence on the part of anti-fascists, immigrants, foreign students, which will lead to irreparable consequences.

It is also important that the activities of extremist groups and organizations significantly underestimate the prestige of the state and the authority of its competent bodies in the eyes of the world community, and even more so when xenophobic appeals are used in the election campaign by many political parties,

Despite the almost catastrophic situation that has developed in the country, until 2002, provisions regarding the fight against manifestations of extremism, not only among the youth, but in general, were not enshrined in law. The law enforcement practice of the legislation "On countering extremism" is still imperfect. And although dozens of perpetrators of extremist crimes are arrested and convicted (more than 50 people were convicted in 2004), cases against their ideologists and inspirers are practically not initiated, or the investigation and trial are dragged out so much that the statute of limitations expires.

Thus, the relevance of the problem of extremism among young people is determined not only by its danger to public order, but also by the fact that this criminal phenomenon tends to develop into more serious crimes, such as terrorism, murder, causing grievous bodily harm, riots. In view of the foregoing, it can be argued that the study of the problem of group extremism among the youth has now acquired a particularly significant and urgent character.

In my classes, I try to explain to children the meaning of this term, and in every possible way I try to lead them to the idea that it is necessary to be more tolerant towards people of a different nationality, faith, and views.

At one of the sessions, a discussion was held after watching an excerpt from the program "Special Correspondent", namely the report "National Hatred". At the end of the screening, the children were asked the following questions:

What is the reason for the constant growing conflict between people of different cultures and nationalities?

What ways out of this situation do you see?

Analyzing the children's answers, we can conclude that the main reason for this conflict is a lack of understanding, and even rejection of the culture of another people, as well as a disrespectful attitude towards the traditions of another country. The development of the ideas of extremism in the country was largely facilitated by the creation by the media and communication of the image of internal tension in society. Violence and erotica are increasingly shown on the television screen, which, from a socio-psychological point of view, contribute to the criminalization of modern life, especially affecting children, adolescents and young people. These ideas and beliefs are especially actively perceived by adolescents, consciousness, which has not yet been formed.

The specific causes and conditions of underage extremism lie mainly in the spheres of the formation and life of a teenager: family, school, labor activity and his leisure. Today, unfortunately, the causes of teenage extremism are:

need, poverty in most families;

· a sharp decrease in the ability of the family to protect children from bad influence, to ensure the necessary level of their intellectual and moral development;

· Growth in the number of families characterized by extreme moral trouble;

The crisis of the institution of the family and family education, the suppression of the individuality of a teenager, both on the part of parents and teachers, leads to social and cultural infantilism, to social inadequacy, children begin to commit acts of an illegal or extremist nature. Aggressive parenting style breeds aggressive youth.

In the field of education:

The disinterest of the school in the preservation and involvement in the active learning process of each student, especially when a special approach is needed (it should be recognized as a glaring phenomenon that more than 1.5 million children and adolescents in Russia do not attend schools at all and do not study anywhere) ;

· the inability of the school to become a tool to compensate for the shortcomings of family education, to actively prevent crimes on the part of their students, etc.

On the second question, the opinions of the children were presented as follows: in order to reduce the growth of extremism among the youth, it is necessary to organize leisure activities for children, namely, to make various sections for children more accessible. In this regard, they set as an example their school, which pays great attention to extracurricular activities6 on the basis of the gymnasium there are a large number of sections, for example, choreographic, sports, children constantly participate in various social events (providing assistance to the Zubo-Polyansk orphanage, where children with disabilities live ).

Bibliography:

1. Baal N.B. Youth extremist organizations in post-Soviet Russia // History of State and Law. 2007. No. 11. P. 26.

2. Verkhovsky A. The price of hatred. Nationalism in Russia and counteraction to racist crimes. M., Eksmo. 2009. S. 44 - 47.

3. Entelis G.S., Shchipanova G.D. Protest potential of Russian youth. M., Urayt. 2007, p. 27;

4. Kozlov A.A. youth extremism. SPb., Peter. 2008. - 498 p. (76)

5. Kochergin R. O. Some aspects of the criminological justification for the existence of youth extremism based on national or religious characteristics: Criminological foundation of young people extremism based on national and religious notes //Chelovek.2008. No. 1. S. 117 - 120.

6. Mamedov V. A. Extremist activity of youth groups of skinheads // Problems of application of the norms of criminal procedure legislation Russian Federation in the activities of law enforcement agencies. Part 2. - Chelyabinsk, 2004. P. 132 - 138.

7. Pavlinov A. V., Dyatlova E. Yu. Peculiarities of manifestations of extremism in the youth environment and measures to counteract it // Bulletin of the Vladimir Law Institute. 2008. No. 4. S. 208 - 210.

8. Khlebushkin, A.G. Extremism: criminal - legal and criminal - political analysis / A.G. Khlebushkin. - Saratov, 2007.

9. Chuprov V.I., Zubok Yu.A., Williams K. Youth in a risk society. M., lawyer. 2006, p. 59;

10. Chuprov V.I. Political extremism and its prevention among student youth. Rostov-on-Don., Phoenix. 2003. S. 29.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

"SOUTH FEDERAL UNIVERSITY"

TEST

in the discipline "DEVIANTOLOGY"

on the topic "EXTREMISM IN THE YOUTH ENVIRONMENT"

PERFORMED

Student Gr 3.4 OZO

Zubkova M. N.

CHECKED

Shapinsky V. A.

ROSTOV-ON-DON

INTRODUCTION

I reasons for the growth of extremist behavior of young people

II Youth extremist organizations in post-Soviet Russia

III Countering youth extremism

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

The transitional period of Russian reforms is characterized by instability of general social conditions, which is also projected onto the criminal situation, in particular, youth crime. The state and dynamics of crime indicate the growth of negative processes in the adolescent environment. The level of juvenile delinquency, if we keep in mind its real scale, is on average, according to experts, 4-8 times higher than the rates of registered crime, and for some types of assaults, the "scissors" are even more significant. Consequently, the social significance, the measure of the social danger of juvenile delinquency, is much higher than can be judged by statistics. 1 .

This gives grounds to state the fact that in Russia at the moment there is a fairly strong concentration of criminogenic factors, which opens the way to sliding to the highest degree of criminalization of society. Extremism in the behavior of a person and social groups is a phenomenon characteristic of every historical era, which is probably not amenable to complete eradication. But the degree and severity of the manifestation of extremist sentiments are due to social and environmental transformations, the weakening of the level of integrity of society.

The spread of political extremism in Russia has become one of the most acute problems. The number of crimes is increasing, the level of violence is rising, its manifestations are becoming more and more cruel and professional. A special place in this series is occupied by the extremist behavior of young people associated with the commission of acts of a violent nature for political reasons.

2 .

Ireasons for the growth of extremist behavior of young people

The extremist behavior of young people is one of the most pressing socio-political problems. The state, level, dynamics of political extremism of youth in Russia are widely discussed by the media and in specialized literature, and analytical collections are published 2 .

Young people are considered as a large social group with specific social and psychological traits, the presence of which is determined by the age characteristics of young people and the fact that their socio-economic and socio-political position, their spiritual world is in a state of formation. In modern scientific literature, this group usually includes (in statistics and sociology) people aged 15 to 30 years. Young people, determining their way of life, solve conflict situations based on a comparison of possible options, given that the youth age is characterized by: emotional excitability, inability to restrain, lack of skills in resolving even simple conflict situations, then all of the above can lead to committing deviations.

The problem of aggressive and extremist behavior of young people is becoming increasingly relevant in the context of Russian reality. Elements of extremist behavior of young people are formed against the background of deformation of the social and cultural life of society. Researchers tend to include the following in the list of the main reasons for the growth of extremist behavior of young people: social inequality, the desire to assert themselves in the adult world, insufficient social maturity, as well as insufficient professional and life experience, and, consequently, a relatively low (uncertain, marginal) social status.

Youth extremism as a phenomenon of recent decades, expressed in disregard for the norms of behavior in society or in their denial, can be viewed from different positions. The youth at all times was subject to radical moods. Due to its age characteristics, even in politically and economically calm times, the number of radical people among young people is always higher than among the rest of the population.

Youth is characterized by the psychology of maximalism and imitation, which in the conditions of an acute social crisis is a breeding ground for aggressiveness and youth extremism. The development of political extremism among young people is of particular danger, not even because juvenile and youth crime has increased markedly, but because it is associated with the development of "abnormal" attitudes in the group consciousness of the younger generation, which affects values, preferred patterns of behavior, and assessments of social interaction. , i.e. in a broad sense, it is connected with the social and political culture of Russian society in its projective state. Unfortunately, the formation of the first generation of the new Russia took place mainly in the conditions of the negative socio-economic situation of the 90s of the XX century, which created the prerequisites for the marginalization of a significant part of the youth, the deviation of their behavior, including political extremism.

A special analysis of the problem shows that extremism in Russia is “getting younger”, and young people aged 15–25 years are most often committing crimes. Young people are also more likely to commit crimes of an aggressive nature. According to statistics, the bulk of such serious politically motivated crimes as murder, grievous bodily harm, robbery, terrorism, are committed by persons under 25 years of age. It is important to bear in mind that youth extremism is currently growing at a faster rate than adult crime. 3 .

These processes are of particular importance in the context of the problems of social security of Russian society caused by the actions of extremists and leading to physical and spiritual degradation, destruction of the individual, ethnic group, society, state. Since the activation of the political extremism of young people currently poses a serious danger to Russian society, it should be deeply and comprehensively studied, including by means of political science, as a phenomenon that requires public: political, legal, administrative, managerial and socio-cultural opposition.

IIYouth extremist organizations in post-Soviet Russia

The concept of "youth subculture" remains relevant from the point of view of studying trends in the development of modern youth extremism. The modern and post-Soviet world has become a field of activity for a new kind of anti-systemic and extra-parliamentary political opposition - youth subculture or counterculture. Separate youth subcultures are defined as extremist if their agents use any forms and means political violence in order to implement their own political subjectivity in relation to state institutions or any subjects of political power. The formation of "countercultural opposition" of the left and right spectrum among informal youth movements can be considered an important channel for recruiting youth extremism. The counterculture is associated with youth protest movements and extremist youth movements.

The rapid transformation of Russia and the beginning of its democratization in the 1990s not only intensified the dismantling of the Soviet administrative system, but, unfortunately, brought chaos and anarchy to many spheres of society, including the political life of the country. The state, guided by pseudo-liberal slogans, weakened its ideological control over society and partially refused to form vital priorities and goals together with the main social and political groups of society. This contributed to the strengthening of the alienation of society and the state, the development of illegitimate forms and methods for solving group problems and realizing the needs and interests of socio-demographic, ethnic, professional, socio-cultural communities in post-Soviet Russia. Important and necessary directions are still insufficiently implemented in the country social policy in the field of social security and healthcare, education, implementation of infrastructure projects, maintaining public peace and security of citizens, overcoming ethno-national conflicts.

This situation turned out to be fraught with increased tension in Russian society, exacerbation of social conflicts, bursts of spontaneous protests and political extremism. As a result, the prospect of an increase in opposition sentiments among certain segments of the population, the choice of complex and very dangerous for society methods of resolving problems on the way to the expansion of political extremism and terrorism, is not ruled out. No less dangerous are attempts at purposeful and conscious formation of structures oriented toward unconstitutional, illegal suppression of objectionable opposition forces.

These movements were composed by representatives of the younger generation who could not or did not want to integrate into the unstable society of the country, which was going through crises of innovative social transformations. The increase in the political protest activity of young people was also facilitated by the fact that a certain part of them got used to the extreme circumstances of everyday, everyday life and showed a tendency to political activity of an extremist nature, being drawn into ethno-national, religious, socio-cultural and other socio-political conflicts in the regions of their residence. It is no coincidence that a number of Russian and foreign extremist organizations in the 1990s tried to stake on youth as their new social and political resource.

Most right-wing and left-wing extremist organizations, parties and groups are attempting to politically recruit young people. Some of the youth, as a result of the negative social consequences of the liberal reforms of the 1990s, found themselves in a state of maladjustment in the new system of life, which caused pessimism, apathy, disorientation, antisocial behavior, and increased social protest. It is known that the protest energy of the younger generation is a fickle value. The strength and direction of the youth's protest energy is undoubtedly determined by the state of crisis, general instability, and the split of society. The determining social factor is the social, economic, spiritual crisis of modern society, which is in a state of unstable equilibrium. This is a system-wide quality and gives rise to many social contradictions and conflicts. The growth of property stratification, social differentiation and marginalization of society, the lack of conditions for the socialization of young people, and the gap in intergenerational continuity are seriously affecting. The results of a number of studies indicate that the paradox of consciousness has become an integral part of modern life in Russia, manifested in the spread of various forms of protest behavior among the youth. Thus, the paradoxical nature of social life and consciousness of modern Russian society, objectively due to the aggravation of social contradictions, is most clearly manifested in the youth environment. Numerous studies of the youth society, in particular VTsIOM, note a combination of aggressiveness (50%) and cynicism (40%) with initiative (38%) and education (30%) in the social portrait of the generation. Long-term studies of sociologists under the direction of V.T. Lisovsky revealed discrepancies in the assessments of the typical features of the modern generation: “indifferent” (34%), “pragmatic” (20%), “cynical” (19%), “lost hopes” (17%), “protesting” (12%) , "skeptical" (7%). In monitoring studies, Yu.R. Vishnevsky and V.T. Shapko the inconsistency of youth consciousness is analyzed on the basis of the dynamics of the value orientations of young people, based on which, against the background of traditional values, individualistic attitudes, the desire for independence, autonomy and independence are strengthened. Accordingly, the role of informal, interpersonal relations is increasing in the minds of young people, and the contradictory approach to the institutions of social control associated with this is affirmed. Apoliticality is noticeably increasing, combined with growing negativism and social protest. On this basis, the influence in the youth environment of the ideology and organization of right and left radicalism, extremism is growing. Thus, all this contributed to the development of ideas of social protest among the youth, as well as the creation of ideological, organizational and political structures, drawing part of the informal youth movement into the mainstream of political extremism.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution of higher professional education

"Nizhny Novgorod State University them. N.I. Lobachevsky"

Faculty of Social Sciences

Department of Applied Sociology

COURSE WORK

Topic: "Causes and prevention of youth extremism in Russia"

Scientific adviser:

Lukonina Elena Sergeevna

senior lecturer of the department

Applied Sociology FSN UNN

candidate of sociological sciences

NIZHNY NOVGOROD

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1. DISCLOSURE OF THE CONCEPT AND CONSIDERATION OF THE CAUSES

1.1 The concept of "extremism"

1.2 Reasons for the rise and spread of extremism in Russia

CHAPTER 2. PREVENTION OF EXTREMISM AMONG YOUTH

2.1 Prevention in the pedagogical process

2.2 Social portrait of extremists as a social group

2.3 Main approaches to prevention

2.4 Research on adolescents

CONCLUSION

We live in a complex and constantly changing world, in which the problem of national, ethnic, social and political extremism is particularly acute. Every day we hear about more and more new cases of xenophobia and nationalism, the main participant of which is the youth, as the layer most sharply and sensitively reacting to all changes in society.

The modern Russian Federation includes more than a hundred ethnic groups, including about thirty nations. The relationship between different nations, ethnic and religious groups has always been distinguished by its contradictory nature - the inclination towards cooperation and periodic explosions of conflict. Currently, one of the urgent problems in Russia is extremism among adolescents and young people. There are more and more youth rallies, such as Manezhnaya Square December 11, 2010. Nowadays, people live in fear of terrorist attacks, especially after the terrible tests of September 1, 2004 in Beslan, the terrorist attacks in the metro, on Dubrovka and many others around the world. Carrying out terrorist activities is only one of the forms of extremism. Hatred and enmity towards representatives of another nationality, race, religion is not only a psychological problem of a certain, and very wide, layer of people. It is also a motive for committing crimes, both violent and non-violent.

Purpose: to identify the main causes of extremism and to study the main ways of its prevention.

Object of study: youth extremism as a social phenomenon.

Subject: prevention of youth extremism.

Objectives: To identify the main issues of extremism. To study preventive activities against extremism. Consider the main areas of preventive activities to prevent extremist sentiments among adolescents and young people.

The main part of the population of Russia is young people, and it is for them that the future of our great country lies. The connection of extremism with youth movements is accurately reflected in age structure extremist groups, where the youth absolutely predominates. The bulk of terrorists and extremists are people from 20 to 30 years old

At present, there is enough scientific literature on this topic, however, not many authors have dealt with extremism among young people, mainly such authors as Antonyan Yu.M., Pavlinov A.V., Abdullin R., but more and more articles appear in various legal and sociological journals, such as Social and Humanitarian Knowledge, Peace and Politics, Domestic Journal of Social Work.

The main programs for the prevention of the phenomenon under consideration may appear during social work with such a risk group as extremists. Social work is the system of knowledge, which, being multidisciplinary, is able to develop programs of prevention, correction, and rehabilitation adequate to the current situation for all groups of society, in particular, youth. For social work, it is important to develop youth programs, improve the forms of work with the younger generation, which will be the future of our country.

In different countries and different times many different legal and scientific definitions the concept of extremism. There is no single definition today. The Big Explanatory Dictionary gives the following definition of extremism: extremism is a commitment to extreme views and measures. However, it does not reflect the essence of this phenomenon. Scientists insist that when defining extremism, the emphasis should be on actions, and not on people, because naming people and groups as extremists is rather ambiguous, since it depends on the position and group affiliation of the person using this term: the same group is the same may be called extremists, while others are freedom fighters.

Dr. Peter T. Coleman and Dr. Andrea Bartoli in their work "Addressing Extremism" gave short review proposed definitions of this concept:

Extremism is indeed a complex phenomenon, even though its complexity is often difficult to see and understand. It is easiest to define it as an activity (as well as beliefs, attitude towards something or someone, feelings, actions, strategies) of a person, far from the usual generally accepted ones. In a situation of conflict - a demonstration of a strict form of conflict resolution. However, labeling activities, people and groups as "extremist" and defining what should be considered "usual" or "common" is always a subjective and political matter. Thus, we assume that in any discussion on the topic of extremism, the following is raised:

· Usually, some extremist acts are seen by some people as just and virtuous (eg pro-social "fight for freedom"), while other extremist acts are seen as unjust and immoral (anti-social "terrorism"). It depends on the values, political beliefs, moral constraints of the evaluator, as well as on his relationship with the actor.

· Differences in power are also important in defining extremism. During conflict, the actions of members of a weaker group often appear more extreme than those of members of a stronger group. strong group defending its status quo. In addition, extreme measures are more likely to be taken by marginalized individuals and groups who view more normative forms of conflict resolution as unavailable to them or view them with prejudice. However, dominant groups also often resort to extreme actions (such as government authorization of paramilitary violence or the Waco attack carried out by the FBI in the US).

· Extremist activities are often violent, although extremist groups can differ in their preference for violent or non-violent tactics, the level of violence they tolerate, and their preferred targets for their violent activities (from infrastructure and military personnel to civilians and even children). Again, weaker groups are more likely to use and undertake direct and episodic forms of violence (such as suicide bombings), while dominant groups are more likely to engage in more structured or institutionalized forms of violence (such as covert use of torture or informal sanctioning of police brutality).

Finally, the main problem is that the extremism present in situations of protracted conflict is not the most violent, but the most visible of the actions of the parties. The rigid and intolerant position of extremists is extremely difficult to change.

In Russian legislation, and specifically in the Federal Law of July 25, 2002 N 114-FZ "On countering extremist activity", the concept of "extremist activity (extremism)" is disclosed as:

Violent change in the foundations of the constitutional order and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;

Public justification of terrorism and other terrorist activities;

Incitement of social, racial, national or religious hatred;

Promotion of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of a person on the basis of his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

Violation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of a person and a citizen, depending on his social, racial, national, religious or linguistic affiliation or attitude to religion;

Obstruction of the exercise by citizens of their electoral rights and the right to participate in a referendum or violation of the secrecy of voting, combined with violence or the threat of its use;

Obstruction of the lawful activities of state bodies, local self-government bodies, election commissions, public and religious associations or other organizations, combined with violence or the threat of its use;

Propaganda and public display of Nazi paraphernalia or symbols or paraphernalia or symbols confusingly similar to Nazi paraphernalia or symbols;

Public calls for the implementation of these acts or the mass distribution of obviously extremist materials, as well as their production or storage for the purpose of mass distribution;

A public knowingly false accusation of a person holding a public office of the Russian Federation or a public office of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation of committing by him during the period of execution of his official duties the acts specified in this article and which are a crime;

Introduction

The youth environment, by virtue of its social characteristics and sharpness of perception of the environment is the part of society in which the accumulation and implementation of negative protest potential most quickly occurs. Under the influence of social, political, economic and other factors in the youth environment, the most susceptible to destructive influence, radical views and beliefs are more easily formed. Thus, young citizens join the ranks of extremist and terrorist organizations that actively use Russian youth in their own interests.

IN last years there has been an increase in a number of extremist movements that involve young people in their activities. According to expert estimates, on average 80 percent of participants in organizations of an extremist nature are persons whose age does not exceed 30 years.

Extremist movements seek to take advantage of representatives of parties and movements actively playing the "national card" and trying to win over skinheads and members of football fan groups. As a rule, this category of young people has a good physical training and hand-to-hand combat skills, including the use of edged weapons and improvised means (fittings, bottles, etc.).

When the negative protest potential is realized, immoral views and principles develop, causing harm to the interests of individuals or the whole society, consisting in the destruction of generally recognized norms of morality and law. The commission of crimes that impede the formation and development of institutions of democracy and civil society, and, as a rule, this happens at an unconscious level, that is, the consciousness of the individual is under the control of the ideology of extremist activity, the manipulation of an extremist organization.

Almost all extremist youth groups are, as a rule, informal. Often, members of such groups have no idea about the ideological basis of extremist movements, they are influenced by loud slogans, external paraphernalia and other accessories. Participation in extremist groups is perceived by them as a pleasant pastime in the circle of peers. Extremist youth groups are united according to the "network" principle, which implies greater independence of the cells that form a network (youth extremist groups), which, acting autonomously at normal times, at a certain time unite to carry out group illegal actions, unite into large groups to carry out illegal actions.

Criminalization of a number of areas public life(in the youth environment, this is expressed in the widespread involvement of young people in the criminal spheres of business, etc.), leading to a change in value orientations (foreign and religious organizations, sects that plant religious fanaticism and extremism, denial of norms and constitutional obligations, as well as values ​​alien to Russian society).

Manifestation of the so-called "Islamic factor" (propaganda among young Muslims of Russia of the ideas of religious extremism, organizing the departure of young Muslims to study in the countries of the Islamic world, where representatives of international extremist and terrorist organizations are recruited).

The presence of illegal circulation of means of committing extremist actions (some youth extremist organizations for illegal purposes are engaged in the manufacture and storage of explosive devices, teach how to handle firearms and cold weapons, etc.).

The use of a psychological factor for destructive purposes (aggression, characteristic of youth psychology, is actively used by experienced leaders of extremist organizations to carry out extremist actions).

Aggravation of social tension in the youth environment (characterized by a complex social problems, which includes the problems of the level and quality of education, "survival" in the labor market, social inequality, a decrease in the authority of law enforcement agencies, etc.).

1. Strategy for preventing extremist activity

Today, youth subcultures can be considered as structures that form and implement extremist activity. In this regard, the prevention of extremist activity among young people should go in the direction of destroying the potential of such youth subcultures. Given the above, two basic strategies for the prevention of extremist activity can be distinguished.

The first strategy is prevention, focused on the destruction and / or reorientation of youth subcultures. For these purposes, it is necessary to create fields for the implementation of aggressive, extreme manifestations of young people, keeping them within the framework of the current legislation and social norms. This strategy will be most successfully implemented through the development of extreme sports that contain elements of risk - mountaineering, speedway, snowboarding, parkour, etc. At the same time, the destruction of the "management core" of the carriers of the subculture occurs, as well as the transfer of the youth community into a new direction of a positive direction.

The second strategy is prevention, aimed at creating and introducing new subcultures into the youth field, which are socially positive components of a counterweight to extremist subcultures. Here, the authorities create and finance a youth association that has an attractive image for young people, a style of relations, a type of activity and involves the largest possible number of young people in its sphere of influence. The creation of several such movements, realizing the interests and preferences of different categories of young people, looks optimal.

When organizing work to prevent youth extremism, it must be taken into account that it is a system that includes several levels. It is necessary to carry out work with youth, that is, special “youth programs”, which provide for regular meetings among young people and adolescents in educational institutions, clubs, when round tables are organized together with representatives of local authorities and social workers.

In Russia, there is no systematic approach on the part of all the bodies involved in countering extremist activity. In this regard, the main actions to reduce extremist manifestations among the youth should be focused on:

1) youth optimization social environment(in general), its improvement, creating spaces in it for constructive interaction, stimulating positive emotions among young people from participating in the implementation of social projects, from analyzing the results achieved, as well as from real experience in solving the problems of the younger generation;

2) the formation of mechanisms for analyzing the youth extremist field, the development of methods for its destruction, the organization of constructive social zones in its place;

3) creation of mechanisms for effective influence on the process of socialization of the individual young man, including it in the socio-cultural space of the nearest community and society as a whole. The result of such work should be the formation of a tolerant, responsible, successful personality, focused on the values ​​of citizenship and patriotism;

4) development of a system of psycho-correctional work aimed at preventing non-normative aggression, developing the skills of social interaction, reflection, self-regulation, the formation of skills of tolerant behavior, exit from destructive cults, organizations, subcultures.

The strategy for the prevention of extremist activity should be aimed at strengthening and integrating the educational impact of the family, schools, vocational education institutions at various levels, public associations, and the media.

The main attention should be focused on the special socio-psychological situation in the life of any person, which falls on the age period from 14 to 22 years. Young people who are in a situation of possible “falling” into the field of extremist activity (youth in the “risk zone”). In this context, activities to prevent extremist manifestations among young people are aimed at young people whose life situation suggests the possibility of their inclusion in the field of extremist activity. These categories may include:

1) people from dysfunctional, socially disoriented families, with a low socioeconomic status, insufficient intellectual level, having a tendency to behave that violates social or cultural norms, causing a wary and hostile attitude of others (alcoholism, drug addiction, physical and moral violence);

2) “golden youth”, prone to impunity and permissiveness, extreme leisure and considering participation in an extremist subculture as a natural form of pastime;

3) children, adolescents, youth with a tendency to aggression, force method solving problems and disputes, with undeveloped skills of reflection and self-regulation; carriers of youth subcultures, members of informal associations prone to behavior that violates social or cultural norms, causing a wary and hostile attitude of surrounding street companies;

4) members of extremist political, religious organizations, movements.

When organizing preventive work, it is important to take into account the socio-economic and age features different periods in which adolescents and young people find themselves.

The most dangerous, from the point of view of entering the field of extremist activity, is the age from 14 to 22 years. At this time, there is an overlap of two major psychological and social factors. Psychologically adolescence and youth are characterized by the development of self-awareness, an aggravation of the sense of justice, the search for the meaning and value of life. It was at this time that the teenager was preoccupied with the desire to find his group, the search for his own identity, which is formed according to the most primitive pattern of "we" - "they". He also has an unstable psyche, easily susceptible to suggestion and manipulation. In social terms, most young people aged 14 to 22 find themselves in the position of marginals, when their behavior is not determined by practically any socio-economic factors (family, property, promising permanent job, etc.).

Young people, continuing their education, leave school, family, leave for another city or region, finding themselves in a situation of freedom and social insecurity. As a result, the young man is mobile, ready for experiments, participation in actions, rallies, pogroms. At the same time, the readiness for such actions is enhanced due to its low material security, and therefore participation in protest actions paid for by someone can be considered as an acceptable opportunity for additional income.

The search for identity, attempts to gain a foothold in life lead to uncertainty, the desire to form a circle of like-minded people, to find someone responsible for all troubles and failures. An extremist subculture, an informal association, a political radical organization or a totalitarian religious organization, which gives them a simple and concrete answer to the questions: “What to do?”, may well become such a circle. and “Who is to blame?”.

3. Methods for the destruction of extremist space, the creation of constructive

social zones for youth

It is necessary to take into account the fact that immediate, direct prevention has practically no effect. In this connection, it is necessary to build a system of this activity based on indirect, “soft” methods and forms of work that optimize both the environment and the individual.

The organization of the system of preventive work, especially with groups of people in a crisis age, is based on the idea of ​​controlled socialization, when the socio-psychological processes that occur with a teenager are professionally accompanied by relevant specialists, moreover, they are not always representatives of official institutions. Methods for the destruction of extremist space should be aimed at:

1) impact on the personality;

2) development of a tolerant, responsible, successful personality, focused on the values ​​of citizenship and patriotism;

3) development of a system of psycho-correctional work focused on the prevention of non-normative aggression and extremist activity.

4. Rational reduction of free, uncontrolled space of socialization of a young person

The life of a teenager or a young person takes place in artificially created constructive, positive fields, within which he grows up, assimilates the norms and stereotypes of behavior in society, and solves the most important worldview problems. The main resource for the prevention of extremist activity is the education system, which is the most organized, penetrating into almost all spheres of society.

Prevention is based on an environmental approach, when conditions are created for a young person that significantly reduce the manifestations of extremist activity. For the successful implementation of the model, it is necessary to create and develop positive youth media

(with full provision of freedom of the press by this media), capable of performing a civil, socializing function.

An important place in the system of prevention is given to the activities of children's and youth public associations, whose task is to organize positive developmental leisure for adolescents and youth. In order for their activities to be effective and attractive to the younger generation, it is necessary to provide systemic comprehensive support to such associations. This will allow developing the material and technical base, personnel, social, creative potential public organizations.

5. Preventive work focused on reducing the destructive potential of youth subcultures

The basis of preventive work is a comprehensive activity to develop mechanisms aimed at optimizing the functioning of a variety of youth communities that are carriers of certain subcultures that exist in modern Russia. The younger generation is experiencing today the rapid growth of various informal youth associations, movements, groups, united for a variety of reasons. Some of these subcultures are clearly extremist in nature.

Preventive work has a number of positive features. So, in particular, it is based on the use of natural processes occurring in the youth environment, which implies a “soft” option for the prevention of extremist activity, taking into account the interests and preferences of young people.

At the same time, the implementation of this model is difficult due to the lack of appropriately trained specialists, a limited number of specialized institutions that systematically work with representatives of youth subcultures, insufficient awareness of state and municipal authorities about youth subcultures and the processes taking place in youth communities.

6. Interethnic relations

Prevention of extremist activity is impossible without purposeful work on the formation of interethnic relations among the youth. A significant part of extremist manifestations among the youth occurs on interethnic and religious grounds, which in most cases come from national minorities.

Extremist manifestations are significantly manifested in the student environment. Many of them take place on international grounds. In order to prevent extremism and form interethnic harmony among students, it is necessary to:

1. Increase the role of student public associations in the life of the university, the degree of their influence on the processes in the student environment.

3. Organize monitoring of curricula and manuals in order to identify materials aimed at inciting ethnic conflicts.

4. Establish as one of the criteria for the quality of educational work in universities a quantitative indicator that reflects the dependence of its condition on the number of students brought to criminal and, in some cases, administrative responsibility. It is also possible that this criterion should be taken into account in the examination of university performance indicators for their state accreditation.

5. To develop and implement with the participation of national diasporas a set of measures to develop interethnic dialogue and internationalism among students, including the creation of international friendship clubs.

6. Introduce into the curricula of educational institutions teaching the basics of interethnic communication and international education of students.

7. As part of the educational work of educational institutions, increase attention to activities to promote the culture and traditions of the peoples of Russia and teach conflict-free communication skills, as well as educate students about the social danger of hate crimes for Russian society.

8. Introduce special comprehensive programs on adaptation and integration of students from the subjects of the Russian Federation of the North Caucasus federal district and support initiatives for their

support from various public organizations, incl. national diasporas.

9. Introduce into the staff of student dormitories specialists in educational work with out-of-town and foreign students.

10. Create voluntary international student teams in universities to maintain public order and prevent conflicts based on ethnic hostility on the territory of educational institutions, dormitories and campuses.

11. To develop mechanisms for a special system of training personnel from among representatives of various nationalities who have an all-Russian state consciousness and mentality in order to form a new generation of regional elites. To this end, it is necessary to more carefully select the composition of participants in targeted enrollments to universities and create a system for searching for the most gifted young people in educational institutions in order to send them to further education in the country's prestigious universities.

Elements of the presented program are implemented to some extent in modern Russia. For example, youth affairs authorities implement the traditional model of prevention of extremist activity, relying on the activities of youth work institutions, registered youth associations, trying to involve teenagers and young people in socially approved forms of activity, to solve some socio-economic problems of young people. Most the best option today is a synthetic model that includes the main elements of the above.

7. Regulatory support of the system for the prevention of extremist activities among the youth

The direction is focused on creating institutional conditions that reduce the risk of involving the younger generation in extremist activity. This direction is based on legislative work aimed at reducing socio-economic tension in the adolescent and youth environment, creating real opportunities for a successful start in life for the young generation, and expanding opportunities for its self-realization. This direction proposes the implementation of the following activities:

1) development and adoption of legislative acts aimed at creating conditions for the successful socialization of young people;

2) development and adoption of by-laws aimed at: increasing the life chances of the young generation in education, employment, housing;

3) support for talented youth, support for young people in difficult life situations;

4) development and implementation of juvenile justice as a mechanism for protecting the rights of children and youth, creating a modern legal field for their life;

5) development of legal acts regulating the introduction of a system of psychological "medical examination" of children, adolescents and youth in order to conduct regular examinations of the younger generation to identify mental abnormalities, negative overly pronounced character traits, abnormal aggression and a tendency to deviations, psychological problems associated with inadequate self-esteem, etc.;

6) development of a regional target program aimed at preventing extremist manifestations among the youth;

7) development or introduction of changes into regional legal acts relating to the support of children's and youth public associations, providing for the introduction into legal circulation of concepts: an informal youth association, youth subculture, models, mechanisms for their support, etc.;

8) development and adoption of regional targeted programs aimed at increasing the life chances of adolescents and young people who are in the "risk zone";

9) development of municipal programs for the prevention of extremist manifestations among the youth;

10) development of legal acts aimed at the inclusion of young people in the management of the municipality through the creation of systems of public councils, parliaments under local governments;

11) the formation of the legal consciousness of young people, informing them about the legal consequences of participation in extremist activities.

8. Scientific, methodological and analytical support for the prevention of extremism among young people

Successful prevention of extremism among young people is impossible without an effective system of scientific, methodological and analytical support for this work. The direction is focused on the creation of technologies for studying youth extremism, the creation of a system for monitoring the dynamics of its changes, the development of adequate modern forms and methods of preventive work. Within the framework of this direction, it is proposed to implement the following activities:

1) development of research tools and annual monitoring aimed at studying the problems and social well-being of children, adolescents, youth, studying deviations in human behavior in the youth environment, analyzing the activities and development of youth subcultures;

2) development and implementation in practice of a system of state grants aimed at supporting research and projects aimed at optimizing the system for preventing extremist activity among young people;

3) organization and holding of scientific and practical conferences devoted to the study of the problems of youth extremism;

4) the formation of a scientific community of researchers involved in the study of problems of extreme behavior, nationalism, chauvinism, xenophobia, the development of tolerant self-awareness among young people;

5) development, publication and wide distribution in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of scientific and scientific-methodical works on the design and operation of a system for the prevention of extremism among young people;

6) creation of a thematic Internet resource for teachers, psychologists, social workers, leaders and employees of youth centers, clubs, leaders and activists of youth public associations, dedicated to the prevention of extremist behavior of young people;

7) creation at the departments of social pedagogy, social work, social psychology of universities operating in the relevant region, laboratories for the study of regional aspects of manifestations of youth extremism, radical behavior, laboratories for the study of youth subcultures;

8) creation on the basis of state and municipal institutions for working with youth, youth centers of experimental sites for testing innovative forms of prevention of youth extremism, developing methods of “soft” management of youth subcultures, implementing changes in attitudes, goals, norms and values ​​of their representatives;

9) creation of a register of children's and youth subcultures operating on the territory of the region or municipality with a description of their number, main types and forms of activity. Creation of a system of alternative fields, platforms for realizing the potential of young people and including them in socially approved activities.

The direction is focused on creating platforms where a teenager and a young person will have the opportunity to satisfy their needs, which, in an unrealized form, can stimulate their participation in informal associations, whose behavior deviates from the generally accepted, socially approved, most widespread and established norms in society.

9. The main measures for the prevention of extremist activity among young people

1. Development and actualization in the public consciousness of young people of a new value model of personality based on tolerance, a culture of peace, patriotism, civic responsibility.

2. Creation of mechanisms for the organized inclusion of young people in extreme sports through the formation of regional associations of extreme sports, holding open championships for "extremals", organizing specialized sports sessions in summer health camps, etc.

3. Establishment of youth media (TV channel, radio, magazines, newspapers) promoting tolerance, citizenship, patriotism, a healthy lifestyle, success, etc. among the youth.

4. Activation of youth social movements, which are based on the idea of ​​a positive solution to various youth problems.

5. Organization and holding of festivals of youth musical subcultures (punks, hippies, rockers, hip-hop culture, etc.).

7. Formation of a system of educational work with youth at the place of residence through the creation of organized platforms for the development of youth leisure.

8. Creation of an effective system of centers for the rehabilitation of teenagers and young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation.

9. Development of club forms of work based on the ideas of informal relations, democracy, self-government and self-organization.

10. Creation and development of “street” youth work services, whose specialists can carry out preventive activities directly among courtyard street groups and companies.

11. Development of yard sports, organizing and holding competitions in yard football, volleyball, streetball, etc.

12. Creation of clubs and centers at student dormitories that organize students' leisure.

13. Construction of playgrounds for young people to practice extreme sports; creation, development of practical activities of youth councils under the authorities, ensuring their inclusion in the real processes of managing the development of the region.

14. Personnel and organizational support for the functioning of the system for the prevention of youth extremism.

The direction is focused on training, professional retraining, advanced training of specialists working with adolescents and youth, in accordance with the characteristics modern stage development of radical and extremist manifestations among the youth.

Within the profile educational activities it is necessary to revise the goals, principles, methods, forms of education, as well as the standards governing the activities of educational institutions for the training of specialists to work with youth.

Conclusion

The presented measures, strategy and directions for the prevention of extremist activity among the youth will optimize the activities for the prevention of extremist activity among the youth, distributing "areas of responsibility" between different levels of government.

Based on the interaction between the object and the subject of prevention, the goals and objectives of this activity can be formulated:

1) creating conditions for reducing aggression, tension, extremist activity among young people;

2) creation of conditions for the education of a successful, effective, tolerant, patriotic, socially responsible person; creation of conditions for increasing the life chances of adolescents and young people who find themselves in a difficult life situation;

3) development of constructive social activity adolescents and youth; development of positive youth subcultures, public associations, movements, groups;

4) creation of alternative forms of realization of the extreme potential of youth.

All this will allow gradually reorienting the trend of development of youth extremism towards its reduction, as well as using the potential of young people for constructive purposes, thereby finding a balance between the interests of young people, local communities, the state and society as a whole.

Prevention of extremism among young people is one of the priorities educational sphere and society as a whole. This is a complex socio-psychological problem, which in modern conditions became relevant for all countries of the world.

What is extremism

Such a concept as extremism has been given many definitions (both scientific and legal). Despite the fact that this problem is on everyone's lips, a single term has not been formulated. So, for example, extremism is interpreted by a large explanatory dictionary as a tendency to extreme measures and views. Nevertheless, scientists agree that such a definition is very vague. Emphasis should be placed precisely on the commission of unlawful acts.

When asked what extremism is, Dr. Coleman and Dr. Bartoli answer a little differently. They believe that this is human activity, far from generally accepted norms, adherence to strict forms of conflict resolution. However, there are some snags here as well. The main difficulty lies in the definition of generally accepted norms, because for each state and society they can differ significantly.

What is extremist activity?

Unfortunately, in international practice there is not only a single definition of the very term "extremism". There is also no unified description of activities that fall under this description. But in order for the prevention of extremism among young people to be effective, it is necessary to clearly understand what is to be combated. To determine the concept and its manifestations, it is worth referring to the legal documents. Law "On interprets this concept in the following way:

• violent change of provisions of the Constitution, as well as an attempt to violate the integrity of the state;
• public justification;
• propaganda of social, racial and religious intolerance;
• dissemination of ideas of human superiority on racial, religious or any other grounds;
• violation of human rights and freedoms on a racial, religious or national basis;
• obstruction of lawful activity public services or religious organizations through threats or force;
• obstructing the participation of citizens in the electoral process by threats or forceful methods;
• propaganda of Nazi ideology, as well as public display of its symbols and attributes;
• mass production, storage and distribution of extremist materials; public calls for participation in extremist activities;
• public false accusation of persons holding public office;
• financing, organization and preparation of the actions mentioned above, instigation.

Factors of youth extremism

The fight against international extremism implies, first of all, work with young people as the most vulnerable category of citizens. In order for the activity to be effective, it is necessary to understand where such ideas come from young people. Thus, among the factors of youth extremism, it is worth noting especially:

• the influence of parents who differ in radical beliefs;
• the influence of a group of peers who are adherents of extremist views;
• the influence of authoritative persons who are in the teenager's social circle (teachers, heads of sports or creative sections, leaders of youth organizations, etc.);
• stress that led to disintegration in society;
• own ideas and moral attitudes;
• personal psychological features(aggressiveness, suggestibility);
• mental stress.

Main areas of work

At the moment, there is a growing threat of recruitment of boys and girls by terrorist organizations. In this regard, the prevention of extremism among young people should be carried out in the following areas:

• close interaction of educational institutions with parents;
• advanced training of teaching staff on this issue;
• inclusion in educational program individual subjects or topics related to the prevention of extremism;
• implementation of educational programs related to moral education children and youth (prevention of delinquency, violence and homelessness);
• continuous monitoring of the level of tolerance in society, and especially among young people;
• analysis of the processes taking place in the youth environment, as well as their philosophical and socio-cultural aspects;
• ensuring the availability of cultural benefits for young people;
• realization of the need for self-realization and self-expression;
• organization of students' leisure (volunteer projects, social programs).

Activities with different youth groups

Prevention of extremism in the youth environment should be carried out taking into account its heterogeneity. There are two main areas of work:

• With groups that have not yet formed extremist inclinations. Such young people are usually voluntarily involved in social work, as they do not have any aggressive or illegal attitudes. The task of prevention is only to consolidate tolerant worldviews.
• With groups that have already formed extremist worldviews and beliefs. Such work is in most cases carried out on a forced basis, and therefore young people can be aggressive. Here it is important to find an individual, non-standard approach that will help establish a trusting relationship. The result should be the teenager's persuasion, rejection of extremist views and active inclusion in public life.

Risk group

Although prevention activities should be carried out among all young people, there are some categories that are most susceptible to such influences. Having studied the list of extremists, we can distinguish the following risk groups:

• children from disadvantaged families low level income and social status, insufficient degree of education, as well as a tendency to various kinds of deviations (alcoholism, violence, drug use);
• the so-called golden youth, whose representatives, due to certain conditions, feel permissiveness and impunity, and also perceive extremism as entertainment or a normal pastime;
• adolescents who are characterized by psychological problems that determine the tendency to aggression and inadequate response to certain events;
• representatives of youth subcultures, informal groups and street companies characterized by aggressive behavior and deviant beliefs;
• members of political movements and religious associations who, under the influence of certain ideas and beliefs, can carry out activities dangerous to society.

Key tasks

Prevention of extremism should not be chaotic or spontaneous. It is important to carefully consider each stage and its details. The plan for the prevention of extremism should be aimed at solving the following significant tasks:

• application to teenagers and young people of installations about the need to respect and protect the rights of any citizen, as well as strict compliance with legislative norms;
• the formation of adolescents' ideas about the norms of behavior adopted in civil society;
• conveying to parents the importance of forming tolerant moods in the family;
• creation of self-government cells in educational institutions that will carry out educational activities;
• the formation in the minds of young people of confidence in extremist activity in any of its manifestations;
• developing young people's skills of safe behavior and self-defense in the event of a threat of a terrorist act.

Main activities

• Establishing relationships and coordinating work with the commission on juvenile affairs. Its employees should be involved in direct work with students, as well as participation in parent meetings.
• Organization of courses for teaching staff on the prevention of extremism. For students of secondary and higher educational institutions, round tables or discussions on this topic can be held. At the same time, the participation of representatives of law enforcement agencies is mandatory.
• Conduct a class hour "Prevention of extremism and terrorism" at school. These activities should consider legal regulations and responsibility for their violation. Attention should also be paid to instilling in students a sense of respect and tolerance for other cultures, nationalities, religions, and beliefs.
• Regular parent meetings, which will consider not only organizational issues but also the education of law-abiding citizens.
• Development of a system in accordance with which students or their parents can apply for the protection of their legal rights and interests, if they are infringed.

Working with parents

It is no secret that the basic beliefs and personal qualities are formed precisely under the influence of the family. Therefore, work to prevent extremism in schools should involve close contact with parents. They must be provided with the following information:

• the specifics of youth subcultures and informal organizations, as well as their potential danger;
• degree of responsibility of parents for children;
• forms of aggression, as well as prevention of their manifestation in adolescents;
• mechanisms for involving children in extremist activities;
• determination of the age of criminal responsibility for offenses, as well as a description of possible penalties;
• the essence of such concepts as "terrorism" and "extremism";
• the specifics of the formation of a life position and beliefs in adolescents;
• the need for employment of adolescents (circles, sections and other forms) after school hours.

Responsibility

A person who has reached a certain age, established by law, can be involved in both administrative and criminal activities for extremism. Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation provides for liability for the following acts:

• humiliation of human honor and dignity;
• inciting hatred or hostile feelings towards individuals or their group;
• organization of extremist communities;
• organizing, coordinating and ensuring the activities of such communities.

The main problem of working with children and adolescents is that many feel that they are not punished. Nevertheless, in cases specified by law, even minors are held accountable for extremism. Article 282 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation implies the conviction of persons under the age of 18 for posting videos on the global network, as well as any other propaganda documents with scenes of violence or calls for it. imply the responsibility of minors for the destruction of historical and cultural monuments, as well as desecration of burial places and bodies of the dead. Punishment can be expressed in a large monetary fine, correctional labor or imprisonment.

Countermeasures and self-defense

Undoubtedly, theoretical basis important. Nevertheless, it is important to convey to young people how extremist activity is manifested in practice in Russia. Examples similar situations, as well as actions for prevention and self-defense are given in the table:

Similar practical examples or even reconstructions of situations are simply necessary. Prevention of extremism at school should be aimed not only at preventing the formation of such attitudes among young people. It is also important to convey to young people information that will help them save their lives in an extreme situation.

Approaches to preventive work

Extremism, as a threat to national security, forces preventive work not only with the adult population, but also with children and young people. This work can be carried out in accordance with the following approaches:

• Dissemination of information about the danger of extremism and organizations professing it. This approach is used most often. It implies a program to educate young people through civic actions or the distribution of printing materials. Given that this approach is not the most effective, it can only be considered as an additional one.
• Affective learning aims to eliminate problems with the expression of feelings and emotions. This is important both in terms of the formation of life experience and the release of negative and positive energy. Receiving emotional release, a teenager becomes less aggressive, which reduces the risk of radical inclinations.
• The influence of social factors can not only prevent the emergence of extremist ideas in a teenager, but also contribute to this. In this regard, one of the approaches is based on conducting trainings, during which training in resistance to social pressure is carried out.
• Life skills development is an approach based on behavioral modification techniques. The main teenage problem is the desire for self-affirmation and an adult lifestyle. thus, there is a need for courses and trainings for young people that will allow them to form the necessary life beliefs and skills that will allow them to protect themselves from the influence of negative trends developing in society.
• Involvement of teenagers in activities alternative to extremist. This approach was developed by A. Kromin. He proposes organizing trips with overcoming obstacles, directing the activity of adolescents into sports or creative activities, creating groups to uphold an active civic position.

Conclusion

The extremism prevention program should primarily target children, adolescents and youth. It is this stratum of society that is most susceptible to the influence of such radical ideas, which is associated with a fragile psyche and the lack of a firm life position. Of course, work in schools and other educational institutions is important, but we should not forget about the role of the family in this process. In this regard, teachers and law enforcement officers should conduct regular preventive conversations with parents.