Ural Federal District composition. Ural federal district

Part Ural Federal District (Ural Federal District) are included 4 areas(Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen) and 2 autonomous regions(Khanty-Mansi - Ugra, Yamalo-Nenets). total area territory - 1788.9 thousand sq. km (about 11% of the area of ​​the Russian Federation), this exceeds the area of ​​the territories of Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain combined. The administrative center of the Ural Federal District is the city of Yekaterinburg. The population of the Ural Federal District is about 12 400.0 thousand people (8.5% of the country's population). Representatives of more than 120 live in the district ethnic groups... The Ural region is one of the richest mineral and raw material regions of the Russian Federation. There are oil and gas fields in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, the district has substantial reserves of iron and copper ores, non-ferrous, noble and rare metals, peat, asbestos, nonmetallic building materials, precious and semi precious stones... Large timber resources are concentrated here.

Sverdlovsk region - "the land of miners, prospectors, artisans and coal burners", as the native of this land Pavel Bazhov, writer, processor folk legends, Ural tales. The nature of the region is coniferous and mixed forests, more than 3 thousand lakes. Due to the presence of radon waters of high concentration and sapropel mud, some lakes are curative (Khomutininskoe, Podbornoe, etc.). The region is crossed by the border between Europe and Asia. Yekaterinburg at the exhibition held in 2002 under the auspices of UNESCO was classified as one of the 12 ideal cities in the world. The city has over 600 monuments of history and culture, more than 30 museums, many of which have unique collections. The Museum of Local Lore houses the famous Shigir idol - the oldest wooden sculpture, which was created almost 9000 years ago. The Museum of the Nevyansk Icon has a collection of unique iconography. The Museum of Fine Arts presents the richest collection of Russian avant-garde and a collection of Kasli castings. Interesting is the Museum of the History of Stone-Cutting and Jewelry Art, as well as the unusual Museum of Artifacts. There is a whole park-museum: a complex of museums in Yekaterinburg, united into a cultural center - the Literary Quarter. The museums are located in a beautiful square with gazebos and figured lattices. There is a monument to Pushkin at the entrance to the Literary Quarter. Historical square - the place where it was founded Ekaterinburg and where once there were a fortress and workshops of an iron factory, from the construction of which the formation of the city began. A monument to the founders of Yekaterinburg - V.N. Tatishchev and V. de Gennin. There are many monuments in the city: "Gray Ural", Marshal Zhukov - "First Horse", the first steam locomotive in Russia, a complex of monuments to those killed in Afghanistan and Chechnya. There are also some very unusual monuments. For example, the world's first monument to the Invisible Man, the hero of H.G. Wells. Or plumbing - "Afonya". The monument "Klava", dedicated to the computer keyboard, was especially loved by the townspeople and guests - people come to him to sit on its eighty-six keys (the length of the keyboard is 12 meters). The oldest building in the city - the dam of the city pond on the Iset River - was built from the Ural larch and is perfectly preserved. There are various architectural monuments on the dam. The last days are connected with Yekaterinburg Russian emperor Nicholas II. Murder committed in the house of engineer Ipatiev in 1918 royal family... At this place, the Church-on-Blood was erected in the name of All Saints Who Shone forth in the Land of Russia. The most famous of the temple buildings is the Holy Trinity Cathedral. Yekaterinburg is a city of the richest theatrical and cultural traditions. His theaters have won all-Russian and even worldwide fame. The city has many interesting architectural sights. These include the palace and park ensemble - the Rastorguev-Kharitonov estate, an example of landscape art of the first half of the 19th century. Adjacent to the house large park with alleys, an artificial lake, a bulk island and a rotunda gazebo on it. The circus has a unique suspended roof under an openwork load-bearing dome. And the building of the Old Station is decorated with small towers, which makes it look like stone chambers.
Chelyabinsk region - this is a variety of reliefs: hilly plains, ridges and steep slopes, birch-aspen forests, and in the east - forest-steppe and steppe. There are many lakes and several reservoirs. However, perhaps the main natural highlight of the region is the caves. There are 320 caves on the territory of the region, many of them are declared natural monuments due to their scenic beauty and uniqueness. There is a watershed ridge that serves as the border between Europe and Asia - the Ural-Tau, or the Stone Belt. The Chelyabinsk region is famous for the largest deposits of metals, deposits of precious stones and minerals. Thus, in the Ilmensky Reserve, more than 260 minerals, including very rare ones, and 70 rocks were found. Popular crafts are developed in the region, mainly Zlatoust steel engraving and Kasli art casting. More than 300 historical monuments, 500 architectural monuments, 1500 archeological monuments are known. Two of them are of global importance: the historical and cultural reserve "Arkaim" (the complex includes a fortified settlement of the Bronze Age - proto-city Arkaim, "Country of cities", burial grounds) and the Ignatievskaya cave with rock paintings of the Paleolithic era (more than 14 thousand years ago). The cave, located near the village of Serpievka, is called the "stone age art gallery". The Zyuratkul National Park is very popular, with a fabulously beautiful lake, Porogi, Satka, Snake Mountain and the Ognenny paleovolcano (a fragment of an ancient volcano) located nearby. Blue Stone(rocky outcrops of quartz porphyry light lilac on the banks of the Ural River). And of course lovers active rest such places as Taganay and the famous Kungur caves will not be able to ignore. Also interesting are Grachinaya Gora, Cherkassinskaya Sopka, Cheka - the highest point in the south of the region. The rocky part of the summit is an object of sports, tourist and recreational value. Is in Chelyabinsk region its own "Leaning Tower of Pisa" (as one of the rocks is called) and even "Easter Island" - the name "Kizil Steppe Easter Island" was assigned to Mount Razbornaya. Among the attractions of Chelyabinsk are the year-round Ural Lightning Ice Sports Palace, the sculptural and landscape composition "Sphere of Love": a huge glass dome on stilts, under it are the figures of lovers who are directed towards each other, and below there are two paths - "streams", which merge into one "river"). The scarlet field has more than a century of history. Once there were fairs here, during the revolution of 1905 workers took to the field with a demonstration, and in Soviet times the territory was transformed into a children's park. Today it is one of the favorite resting places of the townspeople. In addition to Chelyabinsk, the major cities of the region are Magnitogorsk, Zlatoust, Miass.

Nature is amazing in diversity Kurgan region ... In the southern regions there are forb steppes and steppe meadows, in the north there are small-leaved forests of the taiga zone. Accordingly, representatives of the fauna of the forest and steppe zones... The local forests are recognized as natural monuments; century-old pines and birches grow in them. Surprisingly, the Kurgan region is also famous for its cherry thickets. On the territory of the region there are more than 400 rivers (the main ones are the Tobol and its tributary Iset) and more than 2 thousand mineralized and fresh, fish-rich lakes, including those of resort significance: these are Turbannoye lakes in the Dalmatovsky district, Gorkoye-Kureinoe in the Makushinsky district, the group Setovsky lakes in the Tselinny area. In the Ketovsky, Shadrinsky and other districts of the region, sources of mineral water were found, which are not inferior in composition to the waters of Borzhomi and Essentuki. Lake Gorkoye (Khomutinskoye) is one of the most valuable in terms of balneological properties. Lake Bear, amazing in its beauty and healing power, is very popular among tourists and locals. Its silt mud by medicinal properties equates to the mud of the Dead Sea. Water from the source of the Holy Kazan Chimeevsky Monastery is also considered healing. 66 percent of the region's land is arable land, and this truly Russian combination of fields and forests pacifies and calms. The largest cities in the region are Kurgan, Shadrinsk, Dalmatovo. The main attraction of the regional center is the legendary Tsareviy Kurgan. In honor of him, the settlement, called Tsarev Gorodishche, received its current name - Mound... Among the attractions of the Shadrinsky district are church buildings and natural monuments: the floodplains of the Iset River, a beautiful pine forest. The zones of protection of the cultural layer are located on the territory of the Bolshoi Mylnikovsky settlement and the Bolshoy Bakalsky settlement.

Tyumen region divides the territory of the Russian Federation into two parts: to the west is the Urals and European part, to the east - Siberia and Far East... The administrative center of the region - the city of Tyumen - was the first Russian city in Siberia, a gateway to Siberia, an outpost of promotion Of the Russian state to the East. This is where Asian Russia began. There are architectural and cultural monuments in Tyumen. The most famous - a settlement with the remains of a Tatar city, a rampart and a moat, as well as the complex of the Holy Trinity Monastery, founded in 1616. The complex represents the Trinity Cathedral, a church, abbot's chambers and old walls. Here is one of the most beautiful iconostases in Siberia. In the city you can see baroque churches, chapels and bell towers of the 18th century, monuments of architecture and wooden architecture - houses of merchants and industrialists. Tyumen, once famous for its merchant fairs, has retained the title of a wealthy city. Today it is called the oil capital of Russia. Tobolsk was founded on the site where the Tatar capital of Siberia was previously located. Subsequently, the name "Siberia" was transferred to the entire territory from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean. For several centuries Tobolsk was the main administrative and military center of all Siberia. Here, for the first time in Siberia, a stone Kremlin was erected, and to this day the Tobolsk Kremlin is considered the pearl of these places. Tobolsk is a unique city-monument of stone and wooden architecture. Thanks to the original architecture and natural landscapes, the city has gained fame as a "Siberian Mecca" for tourists from all over the world. There are many beautiful temple and monastery buildings in Tobolsk. The city has developed a unique craft of artistic bone carving. The town of Yalutorovsk has preserved monuments of history and culture, including the memorial houses of the Decembrists M.I.Muraviev-Apostol and I.D. Yakushkin. Here is the grove of the Decembrists - beautiful natural complex, a place where the Decembrists loved to be. In the south of the region there are 2 natural reserve federal significance- "Tyumen" and "Belozersky", 33 reserves regional significance, 29 natural monuments. In the vicinity of Tyumen there are two hot springs - natural thermal springs, the water temperature in which all year round+ 40-45º. One of them is comfortable, the other is “wild”. The first is an open-air marble pool filled with water. The pool is surrounded by pine trees, decorative palms. The hot spring water is medicinal. Mineral water "Tyumenskaya-2" from the springs - bromine, sodium chloride. Andreevskoe lake. The Archaeological Museum-Reserve on Lake Andreevskoye is located on the site where traces of settlements of ancient times - from the Stone Age to the Iron Age - were discovered. The exposition includes objects found during excavations, as well as reconstructions of Khanty and Mansi dwellings. Embaevo. The Tatar village was founded by people from Bukhara. In Yembaevo, a mosque has been preserved, built by the local merchant Nigmatulla-haji Karmyshakov and considered one of the most beautiful in Russia. This is the first stone mosque beyond the Urals. Karmyshakov brought from the Middle East the hair of the Prophet Muhammad, which was kept in the village, and after that it is now in the Tyumen Museum of Local Lore. There is a madrasah at the mosque that trains imams. The village also has an ethnographic museum of Siberian Tatars. The village of Pokrovskoye: Grigory Rasputin was born here. There is a private museum of Rasputin. Tatar village Chikcha. A 19th century wooden mosque and a new stone mosque have survived. Chikcha is a place of Muslim pilgrimage.

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (the historical name of the region - Ugra) is located in Western Siberia, in the northern zone and middle taiga... The climate is continental, with harsh and long winters (about 9 months) and relatively warm summers. In the north, there are permafrost rocks. The main river is the Ob with large tributaries - the Irtysh, Severnaya Sosva and others. There are over 1500 lakes. Rivers and lakes are rich in fish (salmon, whitefish, sturgeon). Forests cover about 1/3 of the district's territory. Conifers predominate (spruce, pine, cedar), in deciduous forests mainly birch. On the territory of the district there are the eastern slopes of the Northern and Subpolar Urals (height up to 1646 m, Neroyka town). Reserves are opened: Yuganskiy, Malaya Sosva. The region has large oil and gas fields. Among the sights of Khanty-Mansiysk there is a museum of local lore with a rich ethnographic collection, a park-museum with monuments of wooden architecture of the Khanty and Mansi. Natural monument - Samarovsky hill (Ust-Irtysh mountain). There is a large fur farm (breeding black-brown foxes, arctic foxes, minks).

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District is a whole country in the center of the Far North of Russia. The district covers an area of ​​over 750 thousand square kilometers. It is located in the north of the West Siberian Plain. More than 50 percent of the district's territory is outside the Arctic Circle. The region is washed by the waters of the Northern Arctic Ocean... The population is about 500 thousand people. The indigenous peoples of the region are the Nenets, Khanty, and Selkups. The capital of the Autonomous Okrug - g. Salekhard.

Territory - 1,789 thousand km 2 "Population - 12 £ 65 million.

Federal center - Yekaterinburg. Territorial composition: Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk regions; Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs.

Federal District in% of Russia:

territory - 10.4;

population - 8.7;

gross regional product - 14.8;

industrial products - 18.9;

agricultural products - 7.1.

Conditions for the development of the economy:

Favorable in the economic and geographical position is the proximity to the Volga Federal District, the largest in the country in terms of industrial potential;

Equally important is the proximity to the markets for finished products, which are consumed both in the western and eastern regions of the country.

Transport routes pass through the Urals, crossing the entire territory of Russia from the western borders to the Pacific Ocean.

A negative condition is the lack of an effective outlet to the sea. The Kara Sea freezes over, and the short navigation period is complicated by heavy ice conditions.

Favorable economic and geographical position Ural promotes its role in the interdistrict territorial division of labor.

Natural conditions.

The natural conditions of the district are extremely diverse. Its territory in the west is occupied by Ural mountains, to the east is an extensive West Siberian Plain... A significant part of the district is distinguished by extreme natural and climatic conditions: 90% Tyumen region attributed to the regions of the Far North or equated to them. There are various natural and climatic zones here: the arctic tundra in the Far North is replaced to the south by typical tundra and forest tundra, then taiga, forest-steppe and steppe in the south.

Natural resources of the Urals are very diverse and have a huge impact on its specialization and level of development.

Fuel resources The Ural Federal District is represented by all the main types: oil, natural gas, coal, oil shale, peat. The region contains about 70% of Russian oil reserves and 91% of natural gas reserves, which are concentrated within the Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Districts, including the shelf of the Kara Sea, and belong to the West Siberian oil and gas province. In terms of geological reserves of oil and gas, the province ranks second in the world after a unique basin in the Persian Gulf region. The main coal basins- Chelyabinsk and South Ural. Many coal deposits are depleted, most of the coal consumed is imported from other regions. The predicted resources of the Sosva-Salekhard basin (on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District) are estimated at 18 million tons of low-ash coals.

Deposits of iron ores and non-ferrous metal ores concentrated mainly within the Ural. The region's needs for iron ores are met by its own mining only at 3/5. There are practically no large deposits here, high-grade ores (Magnitogorskoye, Tagilo-Kuvshinskoye and others) are already depleted, currently the development of poor ores of the Kachkanar and Bakal groups of deposits is underway, in which 3/4 of the reserves of the Ural iron ores are concentrated.

The Urals are distinguished by large reserves of various resources of non-ferrous metals. These are copper ores (Krasnouralskoe, Kirov-gradskoe, Degtyarskoe, etc.), and nickel ( Verkhniy Ufaley, Dir), and

zinc (mainly copper-zinc). There are significant resources of aluminum raw materials.

The mining of gold, precious and ornamental stones plays an important role.

The Urals possesses large industrial reserves of construction materials, primarily asbestos (Bazhenovskoye deposit of the Sverdlovsk region), there are deposits of clay, sand, limestone, etc.

Significant forest resources districts. Sverdlovsk and Tyumen regions are included in the multi-forest zone of the country. In the north, coniferous forests predominate: pine, cedar, larch, fir, spruce; in the south, in the forest-steppe - birch, aspen; in the swamps - alder, birch, willow.

Water resources the region is great. The territory is distinguished by a developed network of deep rivers, widespread lakes and an abundance of groundwater. Largest rivers- Ob and Irtysh - have shipping value.

Farmland (land resources) concentrated in the most agriculturally-friendly Kurgan
in the northern and southern parts of the Tyumen region, in the northern regions they are represented mainly by pastures and hayfields.

The Ural Federal District possesses the richest natural resources, has favorable prerequisites for economic development, but peculiar natural and climatic conditions; lovia greatly complicate the situation.

Population and labor resources.

The population of the Ural Federal District, as well as in Russia as a whole, is decreasing and amounts to 12,565 thousand people (2001). The birth rate in 1999 was 8.8 people per 1000 inhabitants, the mortality rate was 13.3 ppm, and the natural decline was -4.5.

The Ural Federal District is an urbanized region, 80% of the population lives here in cities. Two cities have a population exceeding one million - Yekaterinburg (1266 thousand) and Chelyabinsk (1083 thousand). The population density of the region is low - only 7.1 people. per km 2.

The labor resources of the district are distinguished by high general education and professional training. The region is dominated by the population employed in industry, although the structure of employment has changed somewhat over the years of the crisis. The number of people employed in industry and construction has decreased, the share of employment in agriculture, in trade and public catering, in the non-production sphere and in transport.

The ethnic composition is fairly uniform. Russians predominate, much less Ukrainians, and a very small share of northern peoples: Khanty, Mansi and Nenets. The issues of preserving the economic and social foundations of the survival of the small peoples of the North, whose habitat is sharply reduced as a result of the active commercial development of the northern territories by the oil and gas complex, are acute.

Branches of economic specialization:

Oil and gas industry;

Ferrous metallurgy;

Metal-consuming machine building;

Branches of the military-industrial complex;

Branches of the forestry complex.
In the structure of industrial production of the Ural Federal District, over 50% falls on the share of the fuel industry, in second place is metallurgical complex(about 24%). The share of mechanical engineering and metalworking is slightly more than 8%. Large and medium-sized enterprises prevail in the Urals, currently producing over 96% of industrial products.

The Ural Federal District is the main region in Russia and one of the largest in the world. oil and gas industry. It accounts for about 2/3 of oil production and over 9/10 of natural and associated petroleum gas produced in the country. Both of these industries are located in the Tyumen region. Oil fields are mainly confined to the Sredneobie (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, where such large deposits as Samotlorskoye, Fedorovskoye, Kholmogorskoye and others. More than 9/10 of the associated petroleum gas of the Tyumen region is also produced here. Oil production is carried out in the northern regions of the region and within the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, but its size is small.

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District is the main gas producing region in Russia. The country's largest natural gas fields are being developed here: Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Medvezhye, Novoportovskoye, Messoyakhskoye.

Each of these fields is capable of providing annual gas production of 50 and more billion cubic meters. For comparison, the entire total gas production in the Netherlands, and this state is the largest gas producer in Western Europe, amounts to a little more than 100 billion cubic meters per year.

Almost the entire volume of natural gas and oil produced in the Tyumen Region is supplied to the Volga, North-West and Siberian Federal Districts through the system of trunk pipelines, and is also exported to the CIS countries, Western and of Eastern Europe, Most of Associated petroleum gas is processed at gas-petrol plants in Sredneob'e and is used as fuel for local power plants. Part of the associated petroleum gas is transported through the pipeline to Kuzbass (Siberian Federal District).

The main potential of the largest Ural base is located on the territory of the Ural Federal District ferrous metallurgy. A smaller part of the enterprises of this base are located in the neighboring districts of the Orenburg and Perm regions of the Volga Federal District.

The region's ferrous metallurgy is represented by all stages of production, from the extraction and processing of iron ores to the smelting of pig iron, steel and rolled products.

The Ural base of ferrous metallurgy - the oldest metallurgical region in the country - produces about half of pig iron, steel and rolled products, almost 60% of pipes for main pipelines and ferroalloys in Russia.

The Urals are distinguished by a high level of concentration and combination of ferrous metal production. The main type of enterprises is a full cycle, producing pig iron, steel and rolled products. The largest of them - the Magnitogorsk and Nizhniy Tagil Combines and the Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant - produce the bulk of the iron and steel smelted in the region. The Magnitogorsk Combine is currently the largest in the country, but it depends on imported raw materials from Kazakhstan and the KMA.

A number of medium-sized metallurgical plants in the Urals (Serovskiy, Chusovskiy, Zlatoustovskiy, etc.) specialize in the production of high-quality steels and a wide range of medium- and low-metal rolled products.

The bottleneck of the Ural base of ferrous metallurgy is its fuel and raw material base. The largest iron ore enterprise in the Urals - Kachkanarsky GOK (Sverdlovsk region) - and a number of small mines provide less than half of the base's demand for iron ore. The missing metallurgical raw materials (iron ore concentrate and concentrate of ligating metals) are imported from other regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. All the coal necessary for the production of metallurgical coke is also imported, mainly from Kuzbass and Kazakhstan (Karaganda basin). Natural gas and electricity, in large quantities consumed at the stages of metallurgical processing, come from the Tyumen region. The high concentration of metallurgical production has, in addition to positive aspects (reducing the cost of production, improving its quality, increasing labor productivity, etc.) and extremely negative consequences: a sharp deterioration in the environmental situation, problems of water supply, resettlement of the population, transport, etc. Therefore, the further increase in the capacity of metallurgical enterprises inappropriate, especially in the Chelyabinsk region, where the industrial concentration is the highest and there is already a shortage of water resources.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is also a branch of market specialization of the Ural Federal District. It is distinguished by a high level of development and is represented by the production of copper, zinc, nickel, aluminum and other industries. The leading place is occupied by the copper industry, the raw material base of which is copper-pyrite ore, which occurs along the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains. Blister copper smelters are concentrated in Krasnouralsk, Kirovgrad, Revda, Karabash. The next stage of copper processing - its refining - is carried out at the electrolytic plants in Kyshtym and Verkhnyaya Pyshma.

Nickel production is concentrated in ore mining areas in the Ufaleiskiy (Chelyabinsk region) and Rezhskiy (Sverdlovsk region) regions.

The region's aluminum industry is provided with its own raw materials. Aluminum plants: Bogoslovsky (Krasno-Turinsk), Uralsky (Kamensk-Uralsky), etc.

For the production of zinc in the district, both local raw materials, represented by copper-zinc ores, and imported concentrates are used. A large center of the zinc industry is Chelyabinsk.

Heavy, mainly metal-intensive, mechanical engineering. Using local metal, it produces mining, metallurgical equipment, equipment for the oil-extracting industry and chemistry, and wastes from machine-building enterprises - rolled metal scraps and metal shavings - are returned to metallurgical enterprises for subsequent remelting.

Many industries are metal-intensive, so mechanical engineering closely interacts with metallurgy. The main centers of heavy engineering are Yekaterinburg (Uralmash, Uralkhimmash, Uralelektrotyazhmash, etc.), Karpinsk (production and repair of mining equipment), etc. Equipment for the oil and gas industry is produced in Troitsk and Tyumen.

The leading center for the production of turbines is Yekaterinburg. Agricultural machine building and tractor building are developed in Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, etc.

Transport engineering is represented by car building (Nizhniy Tagil), the production of heavy vehicles (Mi-ass), buses (Kurgan), motorcycles (Irbit), shipbuilding (Tyumen, Tobolsk).

The engineering industry of the Urals, as well as the entire industry, is characterized by excessive concentration in large cities; insufficient specialization, universalism of many enterprises; dispersion of auxiliary and repair industries; slow implementation of scientific and technological progress achievements, preservation of old equipment and technologies.

Branches of the military-industrial complex The Urals are represented by a number of enterprises of the nuclear weapons complex, the aerospace industry, the armored industry, the production of artillery systems and other types of weapons. The largest centers of the industry: Yekaterinburg, Pervouralsk, Nizhniy Tagil, Kamensk-Uralsky, Chelyabinsk, Miass, Zlatoust, Kurgan.

Timber industry complex The Ural Federal District operates on its own raw material base and is represented by all stages of production, from timber harvesting to the release of final products (paper, matches, plywood furniture, etc.). The chemical processing of wood and waste has been developed.

The most important centers of the timber and woodworking industries (Serov, Severo-Uralsk, Sosva, etc.) are located in the Sverdlovsk Region. In the Tyumen region, there is no production of deep wood processing, therefore, a significant part of the harvested wood is exported outside the region; only half of the harvested volumes are processed locally. The main centers of woodworking are Tyumen, Salekhard, Tobolsk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, etc.

Branches that complement the territorial complex.

Power engineering represented mainly by thermal power plants. The largest GRES in the region are Surgutsk GRES-1 and GRES-2, Urengoyskaya, Nizhnevartovskaya, Ref-tinskaya, Serovskaya, etc. nuclear power station- Beloyarskaya - with a powerful fast neutron reactor. An important problem is the discrepancy between the volumes of electricity production and the needs of the region, where energy-intensive industries are concentrated.

The Ural Federal District has created a powerful construction industry, based on its own raw material base. This is one of the leading regions for the production of cement, the largest centers are Magnitogorsk, Sukhoi Log.

As part of light industry The Ural region stands out for leather and footwear; textile enterprises have also been built.
thinking. The garment industry has spread.

Intra-regional differences.

According to the degree of development of the territory and economic specialization in the territory of the district, there are two very different districts:

Gornozavodskaya Ural as part of Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and
Kurgan regions;

Tyumen region.

The first area is well developed and has a continuous population. Here is a multifunctional structure of the economy with a noticeable predominance of ferrous metallurgy, metal-consuming machine building and the military-industrial complex.

The second has a focal nature of the development of the territory with an extremely low population density - a little more than two people per km 2. This is the main oil and gas production area in Russia. The Sredne-Obsk TPK is being formed on its territory.

This is a young TPK, which is in the early stages of its development, but already powerful in its industrial potential. It is based on the industries for the extraction of oil and associated petroleum gas. All oil is exported outside its borders in unprocessed form. Associated petroleum gas is supplied to oil and gas plants (there are more than 10 of them here), which produce dry (energy) gas, and from the liquid fractions of this gas they produce fuel (high-quality gasoline and aviation kerosene) and an intermediate product for organic synthesis chemistry. Dry energy gas is supplied to the power plants of the complex and is used in the industry and the domestic sector of the cities of the Ob region.

The wood harvested in Sredneobie goes to sawmills that produce beams, boards and other sawn timber, which is largely used for the production of building materials and is widely used in the local industry. The food industry and other industries serving the needs of the population of the Sredneobsk TPK are poorly developed, and the bulk of their products are imported from other regions.

Ecological problems.

Almost the entire territory of the Urals is subject to powerful anthropogenic pressure. In the western part of the district, a negative impact on the state the environment provides mining, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical industries, logging. Currently, the Urals are considered an ecological disaster zone, some cities are listed in the "black" environmental book of Russia: Yekaterinburg, Kurgan, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Kamensk-Uralsky. Hundreds of thousands of tons of hazardous substances are emitted into the atmosphere of the region by mining and metallurgical enterprises alone annually ... Waste from mining and metallurgical production is accumulating, thousands of hectares of land are withdrawn for mining, underground and surface waters, soil, atmosphere are being polluted, vegetation is being destroyed, Part of the Chelyabinsk region has been exposed to radioactive contamination. In the Tyumen region, huge damage to nature is caused by the extraction of oil and gas and their transportation, carried out in the conditions of the northern systems that are difficult to restore,

Undoubtedly the environmental crisis threatens success economic reforms in the region, since the required costs for liquids
at least major environmental violations are several times higher than the amounts allocated for these purposes throughout the country.

The Ural Federal District (UFO) was formed on May 13, 2000. It consists of 6 entities Russian Federation: 4 regions (Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen) and 2 autonomous districts (Khanty-Mansi - Yugra, Yamalo-Nenets).

The total area of ​​the district is 1788.9 thousand square meters. kilometers (almost 11% of the area of ​​the Russian Federation) and exceeds the area of ​​the territories of Germany, France, Great Britain and Spain combined. The administrative center of the UFO is the city of Yekaterinburg.

people (8.4% of the country's population). Including in the Sverdlovsk region - 4307.6 thousand, in the Chelyabinsk region - 3480.1 thousand, in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (Yugra) - 1561.2 thousand, Tyumen region - 1361.6 thousand, Kurgan region - 896.3 thousand, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug - 536.6 thousand

human. The population density is 6.7 people per sq. kilometer. This indicator less only in the Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts.

About 80% of the region's population is urban. The largest cities of the UFO are Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk (both with a population of over a million), Tyumen, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Kurgan, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Zlatoust, Kamensk-Uralsky.

Representatives of more than 120 ethnic groups live on the territory of the Ural Federal District, representatives of more than 40 religious confessions operate, more than 1,300 religious associations are registered.

The Ural region is one of the richest mineral and raw material regions in Russia. In the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Districts, oil and gas fields have been explored and are being developed that belong to the West Siberian oil and gas province, which contains 66.7% of domestic oil reserves (6% of the world) and 77.8% of gas reserves ( 26% - world).

The okrug possesses significant reserves of iron, titanomagnetite and copper ores, non-ferrous, precious and rare metals, peat, asbestos, nonmetallic building materials, precious and semiprecious stones. Large timber resources are concentrated here, about 10% of all-Russian reserves.

According to Dmitry Medvedev, one of the main tasks of the social and economic development of the Urals Federal District was "the search for fundamentally new approaches and attractive promising projects that lay a solid foundation for growth for decades to come."

This is the complex investment project "Industrial Urals - Polar Urals", the purpose of which is to ensure transport accessibility of the richest resources of the Polar and Subpolar Urals on the basis of the advanced development of transport infrastructure.

This presupposes, first of all, the construction of the Obskaya - Salekhard - Nadym - Pangody - Novy Urengoy - Korotchaevo railway line, as well as the Salekhard - Nadym highway.

In addition, the construction of the Polyarnaya TPP in the town of Salekhard of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is being carried out for the development of the power block of the Polar Urals.

Also as part of the implementation investment project Construction of infrastructure facilities for the Zapolyarye - Purpe - Samotlor oil pipeline continues construction of residential and social facilities, fire and environmental safety, highways and bridges.

Major cities of the Ural Federal District

No.City

Population	men women
1	Ekaterinburg	1 293 000	45,0% 55,0%	Sverdlovsk region
2	Chelyabinsk	1 078 300	45,2% 54,8%	Chelyabinsk region
3	Tyumen	510 700	46,4% 53,6%	Tyumen region
4	Magnitogorsk	419 100	46,0% 54,0%	Chelyabinsk region
5	Nizhny Tagil	390 600	46,1% 53,9%	Sverdlovsk region
6	Mound	345 700	45,1% 54,9%	Kurgan region
7	Surgut	285 500	49,3% 50,7%
8	Nizhnevartovsk	239 000	49,4% 50,6%	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
9	Zlatoust	194 800	45,8% 54,2%	Chelyabinsk region
10	Kamensk-Uralsky	186 300	45,0% 55,0%	Sverdlovsk region
11	Miass	158 500	45,6% 54,4%	Chelyabinsk region
12	Pervouralsk	132 800	45,9% 54,1%	Sverdlovsk region
13	Nefteyugansk	107 800	49,4% 50,6%	Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra
14	Serov	100 300	44,7% 55,3%	Sverdlovsk region

Home »Cities in the Urals» Chelyabinsk

G. Chelyabinsk. Chelyabinsk region.

The city of Chelyabinsk is located in the Ural Federal District of the Chelyabinsk Region - the administrative center of the Federal District of Chelyabinsk.

The Chelyabinsk fortress was built in 1736 on the site of the village of Chelyab Bashkir, on the right bank of the river.

Miass as a guard fort on the way from the Trans-Urals to Orenburg.
Since 1743, Chelyabinsk has been the center of the great province of Iset. In 1746, after the decree of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, she organized Cossack army in Orenburg (Yaits), which is to protect the Russian borders from nomads. By 1781 Chelyabinsk was a military settlement.
Since 1781 in Yekaterinburg, Perm Territory, in the same year - in the Ufa district of the Ufa governorship.

The city of Chelyabinsk became in 1787, when the Chelyabinsk fortress was renamed. Since 1804 Chelyabinsk has been a regional city of the Orenburg province.
TO late XIX... For centuries it was a city in Chelyabinsk.

The second birth of Chelyabinsk happened in 1892, thanks to the emperor Alexander III... This was due to the completion of the construction of the Samara-Zlatoust railway, which connected Chelyabinsk with the European part Russian Empire.
On September 3, 1919, the city became the center of the Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk Independent Province, which was created in accordance with the decision of the Russian Security Council, which was redesigned on November 3, 1924th

in the Chelyabinsk district of the Ural region. On January 17, 1934 Chelyabinsk became the regional center of the Chelyabinsk region.
Between the Great Fatherland, Chelyabinsk played important role as a back city.

And at the beginning of the war Chelyabinsk acquired a different, unofficial name - "Tankograd".
On August 21, 1943, the city of Chelyabinsk became the place of subordination of the republican (RSFSR).
On June 3, 1958, Chelyabinsk became a city of regional subordination.

The city of Chelyabinsk is one of the largest industrial cities in Russia with metallurgical, hardware and metal industries, tool, light and food industries.

Large transport hub. Chelyabinsk is an industrial city with many factories. The level of air pollution is estimated to be very high and the city is included in the priority list of cities with the highest air pollution levels in Russia.

Chelyabinsk is the main transport center, connected by communication routes with the entire Eurasian continent.

Chelyabinsk is one of the three largest Russian millionaires with the most developed transport infrastructure.
Chelyabinsk is one of the centers of the network of federal highways in different directions. Through Chelyabinsk, traffic flows from the European part of Russia to Siberia (a city crossing the border between Siberia and the Ural mountain range, the city is close to the border between Europe and Asia).

Chelyabinsk is the cultural center of the region, where various cultural institutions focus on this and continue their cultural life.
In the Chelyabinsk region, about 250 objects are included in the list of cultural heritage.

Of these, 117 belong to the pre-revolutionary period and about 100 to the Soviet period.

Chelyabinsk is the seventh largest city in the Russian Federation, the administrative center of the Chelyabinsk region and the only urban area in Russia with own work... Capital South Urals... The city is located on the border of the Urals and Siberia and has an unofficial honorary title"Gateway to Siberia".
Chelyabinsk is located in the very center of the Eurasije continent, on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains, on the Miass River (Ob region), 200 km south of Ekaterinburgja, 1879 km east of Moscow.

A place of generosity and glory.
Chelyabinsk is a business, scientific, cultural and sports center of the Southern Uralstva. Many transport crossroads ( Railway and highway) is located on the Trans-Siberian Railway. international Airport... Chelyabinsk is a large industrial center with companies in metallurgy, mechanical engineering, metalworking, tools, pipes, chemical, light and food industries. Considering its industrial power, Chelyabinsk is one of the ten cities in Russia.

Locations in the Chelyabinsk region: Chelyabinsk, Asha Bakal, Verkhneuralsk, Verkhny Ufaley, Emanzhelinsk, Zlatoust, Karabash, Kartaly, Castle, Katav-Ivanovsk, Kopeysk, Korkino, Kus, Kyshtym, Magnitogorsk, Miass, Minyar, Nyazepetrovsk, Ozersk, Satka layer, Simgorny Troitsk, Ust-Katav Chebarkul, Yuzhno-Uralsk, Yuryuzan.

Template: Federal District of the Russian Federation Ural federal district- federal district of the Russian Federation, within the Urals and Western Siberia. Formed by the decree of the President of Russia dated May 13, 2000.

The territory of the district is ((#expr: (Template: AreaRegions * 100 / Template: AreaRegions) round 2))% of the territory of Russia.

In the Okrug, as in the Central Federal District, there are no republics, only oblasts (including the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra, which are part of the Tyumen Oblast). Has both land and sea borders; borders on the Volga Federal District, the North-West Federal District and the Siberian Federal District.

Tax payments of enterprises of two constituent entities of the Russian Federation within the Ural Federal District form about a third (33.08%) of the Federal Budget of Russia - Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra (25.80%) and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (7.28%) SPECIFIC WEIGHT OF THE SUBJECT IN THE ALL-RUSSIAN BASIC SOCIO-ECONOMIC INDICATORS in 2009.

The administrative center and largest city is Yekaterinburg.

Square(thousand km 2) - 1788.9 (10.5% of the territory of Russia);
Population(million people) - 12.4 (8.5% of the country's population);
Population density(people per 1 km 2) - 7;
Number of cities- 112;
County Center- the city of Yekaterinburg;
Big cities- Zlatoust, Kamensk-Uralsky, Kurgan, Magnitogorsk, Nizhnevartovsk, Nizhny Tagil, Salekhard, Surgut, Tyumen, Khanty-Mansiysk, Chelyabinsk.

A harsh picture of the tundra kingdom, surprising in the summer with the splendor and variegation of its herbs and an abundance of berries, forest-tundra with a lonely standing trees, fragrant taiga wilds and colorful mixed forests, birch forest-steppe, flowery meadows of cereals and variegated grasses - all this is the Ural Federal District. The territory of the Okrug is occupied by the West Siberian Plain, and in the west there are the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains.

This land, remarkable in many respects, with innumerable most valuable natural resources and a vibrant history attract tourists. Grandiose Ural mountains with bizarre cliffs, sharp ridges and descending stone rivers call travelers from all over the world their attractions. You will see festive mountain landscapes of amazing Ilmen striking with its freedom and wealth of flora and fauna, this gigantic natural geological museum... There is a city of craftsmen in the neighborhood Zlatoust... In these places, archaeologists found the ancient settlement of Arkaim, where they first tamed a horse, invented a war chariot and built the first furnace for smelting copper. An astonishing impression is made by the ancient Siberian city of Tobolsk with its wooden terem houses with carved platbands, cornices and intricate ridge skates on the roof ridge. And, of course, the only stone in Siberia Tobolsk Kremlin, a magnificent monument of Russian architecture.

Extreme points of the Ural Federal District:

• The northernmost point of the county is located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, at the northern tip of the White Kara Sea Island. On land, the northernmost point is the northern tip of the Yamal Peninsula;
• southernmost point—In the Chelyabinsk region (Bredinsky district);
• easternmost point—In the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (Nizhnevartovsk District);
• westernmost point- in the Chelyabinsk region (Ashinsky district).

Natural resources:

The Urals amazes with the wealth of their subsoil. No wonder it is called the underground storeroom of the country. The famous geologist academician AE Fersman called this mountainous country "the pearl of the mineral kingdom", considering it the most important world center of geochemical raw materials. The wealth of the region - iron and copper ore, moreover, complex ores, for example, iron ores with an admixture of titanium, nickel, chromium, copper ores with an admixture of zinc, gold, silver. By reserves platinum, asbestos, precious and ornamental stones The Urals are one of the first places in the world. The platinum belt stretches in the mountains of the Middle and Northern Urals. The oldest place gold mining in Russia - the Berezovskoye field near Yekaterinburg. Large deposits were found in the Northern Urals bauxite and manganese... There are supplies in the county marble and talc.

Stocks oil and gas such fields as Urengoy, Yamburg, Medvezhye, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk make the Ural Federal District one of the world leaders. The initial total recoverable oil resources are about 55% of the total Russian, gas - about 56%, which is enough to provide the whole of Russia with oil and gas fuel.

Great economic value biological resources tundra and forest-tundra - this seemingly poor life zone. A significant amount of furs and game is caught in it, in its rivers and lakes there are a lot of fish (sturgeon, sterlet, nelma, peled, muksun, whitefish, vendace, tugun, omul, smelt). In addition, the tundra is the main reindeer breeding area.

Climate:

The climate in the Kurgan Region and in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is sharply continental, in the rest of the regions and in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug it is continental.

In the Kurgan, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, the average January temperature is from -16 to -20 ° С, the average July temperature is from +17 to + 20 ° С. Annual precipitation ranges from 300 mm (in the Chelyabinsk region, in the mountains - 600 mm) to 500 mm (in the north of the Sverdlovsk region, in the mountains - 600 mm). In the north of the Tyumen region, in the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous okrugs, winter lasts 8-10 months, the average January temperature is from -18 to -29 ° C, in July from +4 to + 17 ° C, permafrost is widespread. Precipitation falls from 200 to 600 mm per year. The absolute minimum temperature in Yamal is -63 ° С.

Population:

In addition to Russians, many other peoples live in the Ural FD: Tatars, Bashkirs, Ukrainians, Germans (about 0.9%), Mari and Komi... Indigenous minorities of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug Khanty and mansi... The Khanty are related to the Mansi, their common name- Ob Ugrians. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is inhabited by northern peoples nenets and Khanty. The majority of people live in the Tyumen region Selkups.

Folk crafts:

In the hands of skilled and talented craftsmen, the wealth of the earth can be transformed into works of art that will delight and delight those who see or use them. Sverdlovsk artisans turn Ural semi-precious stones and semi-precious stones into wonderful artistic products. Tyumen art masters specialize in bone carving. Some of these skilful miniatures show scenes from the life of the peoples of the North.

Part Ural Federal District (UFO) includes 4 regions: Kurgan, Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Tyumen with Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets autonomous districts. UFO area: 1788.9 thousand sq. km, population: 12.6 million people.

The Urals are a kind of economic region within Russia. The uniqueness of the area and its specialization are determined by geographic location, natural resources, economy and population.

The geographical location at the border between Europe and Asia made the Urals a kind of connecting link between the European and Asian parts of Russia. This territory became part of the Russian state in the second half of the 16th century. and turned into a base for the development of Siberia.

The economy of the Urals began to take shape at the beginning of the 17th century, but it is developing especially rapidly in early XVIII v. after the reforms of Peter I. Soon the region became the leading industrial base of Russia. The Urals, called the "stronghold of the state", endured the main economic burden during the Great Patriotic War.

The Urals Federal District turned out to be the richest. It is distinguished by the most developed oil, gas and mining industries in Russia. It also contains about 27% of manganese ores, large reserves of silver, gold, iron ores. Lead, nickel and coal are mined. Stone mining is widely developed.

The undisputed leader in the region's economy is gas - 92% of all-Russian production and oil - 65%. However, the West Siberian oil and gas province is today, as the oilmen say, in a "declining production" regime. The fact is that at one time in this district, oil workers received a license for more than 200 fields. But today they are all idle: some "owners" have no money, some lack modern technologies.

In terms of self-sufficiency in resources, technical means and technologies, the Ural Federal District is the most complex region. He may well become a leader in the country's economy.