Development

Natural resource potential of Eastern Siberia. Natural resources of Siberia

home Siberia is a huge geographical region

, which is located in Eurasia and is part of the Russian Federation. The territory of this area is heterogeneous and represents a complex of different ecosystems, therefore it is divided into the following objects:
Western Siberia;
Eastern;
South;
Average;
North-Eastern Siberia;
Baikal region;

Transbaikalia

Now the territory of Siberia covers approximately 9.8 million square meters. kilometers, where more than 24 million people will live.

Biological resources Basic Natural resources Siberia is a plant and animal world , since it was formed here unique nature , which is characterized by a variety of fauna and diversity of flora. Among rare species animals in Siberia you can find the Daurian hedgehog and Far Eastern leopard , slender-billed curlew and imperial eagle, sharp-eared bat and Amur tiger

, peregrine falcon and black crane, snow leopard and river beaver, griffon vulture and bustard. The Red Book of the Russian Federation contains some species of plants growing in Siberia. These are the large-flowered slipper, the small megadenia and the Baikal anemone. The region's territory is covered with spruce, fir, larch and pine forests.

Water resources Siberia has enough a large number of

reservoirs. High-water rivers flow here, which is facilitated by the terrain and climate. Main reservoirs of Siberia:
rivers - Yenisei and Amur, Irtysh and Angara, Ob and Lena;

lakes - Uvsu-Nur, Taimyr and Baikal.

All Siberian reservoirs have enormous hydropotential, which depends on the speed of river flow and relief contrasts. This makes river valleys suitable for the construction of hydroelectric power plants. In addition, significant reserves of groundwater have been discovered here.

Minerals Siberia is rich in various minerals. Concentrated here great amount

all-Russian reserves:
fuel resources – oil and peat, hard and brown coal, natural gas;
mineral - iron, copper-nickel ores, gold, tin, silver, lead, platinum; non-metallic – asbestos, graphite and.

All this contributes to the fact that in Siberia there is a huge number of deposits where minerals are extracted, and then the raw materials are delivered to various Russian enterprises and abroad. As a result, the region’s natural resources are not only national wealth, but also strategic reserves of the planet of global importance.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

in economic and social geography of Russia

Natural conditions and resources of Eastern Siberia

Bibliography

1. Natural resource potential Eastern Siberia

East Siberian economic region.

The East Siberian region includes Krasnoyarsk region with the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) and Evenki Autonomous Okrug, the Irkutsk region with the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug, the Chita region with the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, the Republics of Khakassia, Tyva, Buryatia. Area 4.1 million sq. km., population 9 million people. The economic and geographical position of the region is unfavorable:

It is remote from the developed economic regions of the country and centers of export-import operations;

Most of its territory belongs to the regions of the Far North, as a result of which it is poorly populated and infrastructurally developed; transport routes pass in the far south of the region;

A significant part of the region is mountainous, limiting the economic use of the territory.

Natural conditions and resources.

Thousands of kilometers of high-water rivers, endless taiga, mountains and plateaus, low-lying tundra plains - this is the diverse nature of Eastern Siberia. The territory of the region is 4.1 million km. sq.

The climate is sharply continental, with large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations (very Cold winter and hot summer).

A special feature of Eastern Siberia is the extremely wide distribution of permafrost throughout the entire territory. Almost a quarter of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle. Natural areas change in the latitudinal direction sequentially: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga (most of the territory), in the south there are areas of forest-steppe and steppe. In terms of forest reserves, the region ranks first in the country (surplus forest). Most The territory is occupied by the East Siberian Plateau. The flat regions of Eastern Siberia in the south and east are bordered by mountains (Yenisei Ridge, Sayan Mountains, Baikal Mountains). Features of the geological structure (a combination of ancient and younger rocks) determine the diversity of minerals. The upper tier of the Siberian Platform located here is represented by sedimentary rocks. The formation of the largest coal basin in Siberia, the Tunguska, is associated with them.

Reserves are confined to sedimentary rocks of troughs on the outskirts of the Siberian Platform. brown coal Kansk-Achinsk and Lena basins. And the formation of the Angaro-Ilimskoye and other large deposits is associated with the Precambrian rocks of the lower stage of the Siberian Platform iron ores and gold. A large oil field was discovered in the middle reaches of the Podkamennaya Tungussk (Evenkia) River.

The natural resource potential of Eastern Siberia is second in scale only to the neighboring West Siberian region.

Complex geological structure The territory of the region determined the presence of rich and diverse mineral resources, but it should be noted that the level of geological knowledge of Eastern Siberia remains quite low.

Combustible minerals.

Western Siberia is one of the regions with a high supply of natural resources. The leading place in the mineral resource base of Siberia is occupied by fuel and energy resources. In terms of oil reserves and natural gas Western Siberia is in first place in the country, providing the bulk of the production of these types of resources. Oil reserves Western Siberia amount to 13.8 billion tons, which is comparable to the reserves of Iraq (13.2), Kuwait (13.1), United United Arab Emirates(12.6) and Iran (12.1 billion tons). The region produces 3/4 of Russian oil and 9/10 of gas. The largest oil fields are located on the territory of Western Siberia: Samotlorskoye, Mamontovskoye, Fedorovskoye, Priobskoye. In total, about 400 oil, over 30 gas, oil and gas, and about 80 oil and gas condensate fields have been discovered in Western Siberia. Among combustible minerals, hard and brown coals stand out for their enormous reserves.

One of the largest coal basins the world is Tunguska, but complex natural conditions and poor economic development of the territory do not currently allow the development of most deposits.

The main gas resource area of Western Siberia (and all of Russia) is located in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

According to RAO Gazprom, the region has almost 21 trillion. m? gas, including at the largest Urengoy field - 6.7 trillion. m?. Most of the fields in the Nadym-Pur-Tazovsky region have entered the stage of declining production (except for the Yamburgskoye field). An increase in gas production volumes in Western Siberia is possible due to the commissioning of new fields on the Yamal Peninsula and located on the shelf of the Kara Sea. Eastern Siberia by size forecast resources oil, natural gas and condensate ranks second in Russia after Western Siberia. Its territory contains half of the hydrocarbon resources of the eastern part of the country. The largest oil reserves were discovered by geologists within the south of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug (Yurubcheno-Tokhomsky district). Potential production here can reach 60 million tons per year (1/5 of modern all-Russian oil production).

The largest explored gas fields in the region are Sobinskoye (Evenki Autonomous Okrug) and Kovyktinskoye (Irkutsk region). Confirmed gas reserves of the southern and central parts Eastern Siberia make it possible to ensure its production in the amount of 60 billion m? per year, sufficient for gasification of the entire south of Eastern Siberia and the planned gas export in the amount of about 30 billion m? per year to China and other countries East Asia. There are natural gas reserves in the north Krasnoyarsk Territory(Messoyakha field on the border with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug).

In the south of Western Siberia, mainly in the Kemerovo region, there is the country's largest coal mining basin - Kuznetsk (Kuzbass). The total geological reserves of coal in Kuzbass amount to 725 billion tons (up to a depth of 1800 m). About a third Kuznetsk coals coking, the rest - energy. Currently, Western Siberia provides over 70% of all-Russian oil production, 91% of gas, about 30% of production coal. 26% of the country's proven coal reserves are concentrated within Eastern Siberia (large coal basins: Kansko-Achinsky, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo, Minusinsk). Coal reserves of the giant basins (Tunguska, Taimyr, North Taimyr, West Side Lensky) are reserved for the long term.

Huge reserves of peat are concentrated in Western Siberia, reaching 100 billion tons (50-60% of all-Russian reserves), but they are little used. In Transbaikalia, the Krasnokamensky mine is being developed, where uranium is mined. But open-pit mining of brown coals from the Kansk-Achinsk basin is extremely effective (the main deposits are Berezovskoye, Nazarovskoye, Bogotolskoye, Irsha-Borodinskoye, Abanskoye, and in the West Siberian region - Itatskoye). The pool is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, as well as partially in the Irkutsk and Kemerovo regions. Explored reserves of brown coal amount to more than 80 billion tons. Coal deposits were discovered at the end of the 18th century, and industrial mining has been carried out since 1905.

Other basins include the Irkutsk (Cheremkhovskoe), Minusinsk (open-pit and underground mining) and Tuva coal deposits, as well as the Azeyskoye lignite deposit near Tulun. Brown coal mining in the Ust-Yenisei basin is of great importance for the Norilsk industrial hub.

Unlike Western Siberia, the East Siberian region is not rich in oil and natural gas reserves; the fields of the Yenisei-Anabar oil and gas province (gas of low quality) are exploited. The Leno-Tunguska oil and gas province covers the Central Siberian Plateau (north and center of the Kranoyarsk Territory and north and west of the Irkutsk region). As a result of lengthy searches, the first deposit was discovered in 1962 - Markovskoye; by 1995, about 20 deposits were known. Currently, the development of the largest in Eastern Siberia and on Far East Kovykta gas condensate field (Irkutsk region, southeast of Ust-Kut). Oil has also been discovered in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug. Place of Birth uranium ores are available in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Karatuzskoe village, Kuragino village), Irkutsk and Chita regions (Chunsky village and Ulety village, respectively).

Metallic minerals.

Eastern Siberia is exceptionally rich in metallic minerals, including ores of ferrous metals (iron, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt), non-ferrous (copper, nickel, lead-zinc, tin, mercury, aluminum, titanium), and precious ones. The largest iron ore basin in the region is the Angaro-Pitsky (50% iron content, quarrying is possible), the Angaro-Ilimsky ore district has half the reserves (the largest exploited deposits are Korshunovskoye (open-pit mining, iron content 28%, annual production 9 million tons, center - Zheleznogorsk-Ilimsky) and Rudnogorskoye, Tagarskoye and Neryundinskoye) and Berezovskoye (in the Priargunsky region) have been explored, in Khakassia the Abagaskoye, Teyskoye and Abakanskoye deposits are being developed, and in the southwest of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Irbinskoye and Krasnokamenskoye.

In the north-west of the Yenisei Ridge, a deposit of manganese ores was discovered relatively recently. Transbaikalia has a large number of tungsten and molybdenum ores, among them are Dzhidinskoye, Zhirekenskoye, Shakhtominskoye and Davendinskoye; the large Sorskoye deposit is located in Khakassia. In Tyva, the Khovu-Aksinsky cobalt ore deposit is exploited. In the Norilsk region there is the largest group of deposits in Russia (Norilskoye, Talnakhskoye, Oktyabrskoye) of copper-nickel ores, which also contain nickel, cobalt, platinum, and rare metals. The development of one of the world's largest Udokan deposits has great prospects copper ores in the north of the Chita region, the development of which is beginning. In the 60s, the Gorevskoye deposit of polymetallic ores was discovered in the lower reaches of the Angara (a significant part of the deposit is located under the waters of the Angara River). The Etykinskoye tin ore deposit is located in Eastern Transbaikalia, and there are mercury ore deposits in Tyva (Terlighaiskoye and Chazadyrskoye).

High-quality bauxites were discovered in the Irkutsk region (near Tulun) and in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Titanium ores have been discovered in the Chita region (Kruchinskoye deposit) and Buryatia (Arsentyevskoye deposit). Eastern Siberia is an old gold mining area in Russia, largest deposits are being developed in the Chita (Baleevskoye, Taseevskoye, Darasunskoye and Klyuchevskoye) and Irkutsk (Bodaibo, Sukhoi Log) regions.

In addition, 76.5% of Russian nickel is mined in Siberia in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. More than 90% of Russian production is provided by the vertically integrated company OJSC MMC " Norilsk Nickel", which owns the developed fields of the Norilsk region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Murmansk region.

Non-metallic minerals.

Non-metallic minerals also represent another wealth of the area. Powerful reserves of potassium salts were discovered in 1977 in the north of the Irkutsk region - the Nepa-Gazhensky potassium basin (and the forecast for the presence of potassium salts was given back in 1938). The basin includes the world's largest Nepa field.

Transparent micas (muscovite) are mined in the Mamsko-Chuysky district in the northeast of the Irkutsk region (10 deposits, open-pit and underground mining). In the north-west of the Krasnoyarsk Territory there are the Noginskoye and Kureyskoye graphite deposits, in the west of Buryatia - the Bogotolskoye deposit (mined since 1847).

There are deposits of nonmetallic raw materials in the Eastern Sayan - Ilchirskoye (asbestos), Onotskoye (talc), Savinskoye (magnesite), asbestos is mined at the Ak-Dovurakskoye deposit in Tyva. Iceland spar deposits are located in the Lower Tunguska basin.

In Transbaikalia, there are widespread deposits of fluorite (fluorspar), a valuable raw material for various industries (Kalanguiskoye, Abagatui mine and Solnechnoye).

In the north-east of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, chrysolite is mined at the Kugdinskoye deposit. The Sherlovogorsk deposit of sky blue aquamarine is located in the Chita region.

The Malobystrinskoye deposit (standard bright blue lapis lazuli), Tuldunskoye (agate), Ospinskoye (jade), Usubayskoye and Bolshegremyachinskoye (rhodonite), and Lilac Stone (charoite) are famous for their jewelry and ornamental stones. Mammoth ivory is mined on the coast of the East Siberian Sea and the Laptev Sea.

In the south of the region, huge reserves of mineral construction raw materials (rubble, crushed stone, sand, gravel) are concentrated in the mountains. In Khakassia, the Kibik-Kordon deposit of highly decorative marble is being developed - the largest in Russia.

It should also be noted that significant reserves of various minerals (oil, natural gas, coal, ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, Iceland spar, gems, diamonds) have been discovered on the territory of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug, but their extraction is not currently underway.

Hydrography.

The area is exceptionally rich in water resources. Eastern Siberia ranks first in the country in hydropower reserves. Here is Lake Baikal - unique natural object, which contains about 1/5 of the world's reserves fresh water. Exactly this deep lake in the world. The most deep river- Yenisei. The country's largest hydroelectric power stations (Krasnoyarsk, Sayano-Shushenskaya, Bratsk and others) were built on this river and on one of its tributaries - the Angara.

Vegetation.

Eastern Siberia is also rich in forest resources (234,464 thousand hectares); the largest timber reserves in Russia are concentrated in its forests, which occupy approximately half of the region’s territory.

Forest resources are characterized by an exceptional predominance of coniferous species (more than 90% of forests are larch, pine, spruce, cedar, fir), compactness of massifs, high economic efficiency logging

2. The role of thermal power plants in the development of the Russian electric power industry

The total electricity production in Russia in 2002 amounted to 886 billion kWh. Thermal power plants, which use coal, gas and fuel oil as fuel, play a significant role in its generation - they accounted for 67.8% of all electricity produced, i.e., 583 billion kWh.

Thermal power plants- the main type of power plants in Russia. Among them main role played by powerful (more than 2 million kW) state district power plants - state-owned regional power plants that meet the needs of the economic region and operate in energy systems. Most Russian cities are supplied by thermal power plants.

CHP plants are often used in cities - combined heat and power plants that produce not only electricity, but also heat in the form of hot water. Such a system is quite impractical because, unlike electric cables, the reliability of heating mains is extremely low over long distances, and the efficiency of centralized heat supply is also greatly reduced during transmission. It is estimated that with a length of heating mains of more than 20 km. (typical situation for most cities) installation of an electric boiler separately standing house becomes economically profitable.

The location of thermal power plants is mainly influenced by fuel and consumer factors.

The most powerful thermal power plants are located in places where fuel is produced. Thermal power plants using local types of fuel (peat, shale, low-calorie and high-ash coals) are consumer-oriented and at the same time located at sources of fuel resources.

Large thermal power plants are coal-fired power plants in the Kansk-Achinsk basin, Berezovskaya State District Power Plant-1 and State District Power Plant-2. Surgutskaya GRES-2, Urengoyskaya GRES (operates on gas).

Thermal power plants will remain the basis of the electric power industry in the long term.

According to experts, their production will increase by 2020 to 850 billion kWh.

3. Large economic regions of Russia

eastern siberian vegetation geographical

Bibliography

1. Gladky Yu.N. and others. Economic and social geography of Russia. - M.: Gardarika, Lit. Publishing agency "Kafedra-M", 1999. - 752 p.

2. Distribution of production forces / Edited by Kistanov V.V., Kopylov N.V. - M.: Education, 2002.

3. Regional economics: Textbook for universities / T.G. Morozova, M.P. Pobedina, G.B. Polyak et al., ed. prof. T.G. Morozova. - M.: Banks and exchanges, UNITY, - 1995. - 304 p.

4. Regional economics: Textbook / Ed. M.V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA-M, Publishing house Ros. econ. acad., 2002. - 463 p. - (Series “Higher Education”).

5. Economic and social geography of Russia: Textbook for universities / Ed. A.T. Khrushchev. - M.: KRON-PRESS, 1997. - 352 p.

6. Economical geography/ V.P. Zheltikov, N.G. Kuznetsov, S.G. Tyaglov. Series "Textbooks and teaching aids". Rostov n/d: Phoenix, 2001. pp. 46-48.

7. Economic geography of Russia. Yu.N. Gladky, V.A. Dobroskok, S.P. Semenov ( tutorial) // Moscow, 2001.

8. Atlas Economic and Social Geography of Russia, grades 8-9, with a set contour maps- M., 2005.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Natural conditions and resources.

The climate is sharply continental, with large amplitudes of temperature fluctuations (very cold winters and hot summers).

A special feature of Eastern Siberia is the extremely wide distribution of permafrost throughout the entire territory. Almost a quarter of the territory lies beyond the Arctic Circle. Natural zones change sequentially in the latitudinal direction: arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga (most of the territory), in the south there are areas of forest-steppe and steppe. In terms of forest reserves, the region ranks first in the country (surplus forest). Most of the territory is occupied by the East Siberian Plateau. The flat regions of Eastern Siberia in the south and east are bordered by mountains (Yenisei Ridge, Sayan Mountains, Baikal Mountains). Features of the geological structure (a combination of ancient and younger rocks) determine the diversity of minerals. The upper tier of the Siberian Platform located here is represented by sedimentary rocks. The formation of the largest coal basin in Siberia, the Tunguska, is associated with them.

Brown coal reserves of the Kansk-Achinsk and Lena basins are confined to the sedimentary rocks of the troughs on the outskirts of the Siberian platform. And the formation of the Angaro-Ilimsk and other large deposits of iron ore and gold is associated with the Precambrian rocks of the lower stage of the Siberian Platform. A large oil field was discovered in the middle reaches of the Podkamennaya Tungussk (Evenkia) River.

The natural resource potential of Eastern Siberia is second in scale only to the neighboring West Siberian region.

The complex geological structure of the region's territory has determined the presence of rich and diverse mineral resources, however, it should be noted that the level of geological knowledge of Eastern Siberia remains quite low.

Natural resources. Eastern Siberia is called the edge of the future. How true is this statement?

Availability of diverse natural resources for development modern industries farms. Favorable natural conditions for life and economic activity person. An environmentally friendly environment for people to live.

Eastern Siberia is fabulously rich in various natural resources - mineral, energy, forest, etc. Among the natural resources of Eastern Siberia highest value have mineral ones, among which the most important are fuel and energy. About 80% of the country's hard and brown coal reserves are concentrated in Eastern Siberia (Tunguska, Lensky, Irkutsk-Cheremkhovo, South Yakutsk and other basins). Eastern Siberia is also rich in ore deposits; iron ores of the Korshunovsky and Abakansky deposits, Angara-Pitek region; copper-nickel ores of Norilsk, the formation of which is associated with trap magmatism, polymetals of Altai, bauxites of the Eastern Sayan Mountains.

Large deposits of non-metallic minerals are known: mica, graphite, Iceland spar, building materials, salts (for example, table salt in Usolye-Sibirskoye).

Eastern Siberia still retains its traditional role as the main supplier of gold in the country (the oldest Bodaibo deposit in Yakutia, deposits of the Minusinsk Basin, Transbaikalia). The largest diamond deposits in Yakutia, the formation of which is also associated with trap magmatism, are of great importance for the country's economy.

Rice. 130. Eastern Siberia. Sayan Mountains

Eastern Siberia is generously endowed with hydropower resources. Mighty rivers collecting their waters from territories equal in area to many European countries, taken together, create good opportunities for the construction of hydroelectric power stations. The high-water Yenisei, Lena, Vilyuy, Selenga, Olekma, Angara are convenient for the construction of hydroelectric power stations and obtaining relatively cheap electricity. Hydroelectric power stations have already been built on the Yenisei (Sayano-Shushenskaya and Krasnoyarsk), on the Angara, etc.

Rivers are transport routes connecting the region's interior with the Northern Sea Route and the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Eastern Siberia is one of the greatest forest regions globe. About half of all are concentrated here forest resources our country. The bulk of wood reserves falls on valuable coniferous species: larch, pine, cedar, spruce, fir.

Larch, which makes up 2/3 Eastern Siberian forests, most adapted to harsh climates. Its wood is as strong as oak, and larch structures are very durable. However, pine predominates in logging. This is due to such disadvantages of larch as the difficulty of rafting due to the heavy wood (with moth rafting, that is, individual logs, it sinks), and there are simply no other ways to deliver timber from the harvesting site other than rivers; In addition, larch wood is difficult to machine.

Veliki biological resources region. The taiga has long been famous for its fur trade, with Siberian sable occupying a special place; collecting mushrooms, berries, nuts (the most valuable of which are pine).

Fishing is a constant activity on all major rivers of Eastern Siberia and especially on Lake Baikal.

In the south of the region, soil resources are being developed. The soils in the basins and areas of forest-steppe and steppe in the foothills of Altai are especially fertile.

The development of the territory's rich recreational resources also begins.

Rivers and lakes Eastern Siberia is not only a supplier of electricity, but also cheap transport routes and sources of much-needed fresh water in everyday life and households. Moreover, this wonderful places rest and treatment. Every year the number of people coming to get acquainted with the most beautiful corners of Eastern Siberia, such as Baikal, Lake Teletskoye, the Stolby Nature Reserve near Krasnoyarsk and many others, is growing. The richest forests of Eastern Siberia provide not only excellent timber, but also valuable furs, nuts and berries.

The harsh, sharply continental climate of Eastern Siberia, the predominance of highly dissected topography, permafrost and weak population of the territory limit the possibilities for the development of agriculture, mining, and road construction.

Development of Taimyr. The indigenous peoples of Taimyr are primarily the Nenets and Dolgans. The Yakuts also live here. All these peoples used to be engaged in reindeer herding and hunting, roaming the tundra in search of fur-bearing animal. The modern life of the peoples of the Taimyr North, its economy and culture are closely connected with the development of the Northern Sea Route. Also in early XVII V. The Russians went around the Taimyr Peninsula and reached the Laptev Sea. In the 18th century M. V. Lomonosov compiled a treatise “ Short description different travels By northern seas and indications of the possible passage of the Siberian Ocean to Eastern India." In 1875, A.E. Nordenskiöld sailed from Sweden to the Yenisei Gulf. In 1876, at the expense of the Siberian merchant A. Sibiryakov, he repeated this journey. In 1877, the Russian captain D.I. Schwanenberg delivered a cargo of Siberian goods by sea to St. Petersburg - furs, fish, graphite, etc. Northern sea route was developed for the export of Siberian timber at the beginning of the 20th century, more precisely after 1918. Sea vessels, rising from the mouth of the Yenisei to the Igarka timber exchanges, pass by the port of Dudinka. This is not only a major port, but also the starting point of the world’s northernmost railway to Norilsk.

Norilsk is a city built almost on the 70th parallel, the youngest and beautiful city Russian Arctic. Back in the 1920s. An expedition led by geologist Nikolai Nikolaevich Urvantsev discovered rich deposits of coal and copper-nickel ores here. N. N. Urvantsev was the discoverer of the unique riches of the Norilsk region. He also predicted rich deposits of polymetallic ores in neighboring Talnakh.

In the harsh conditions of the Far North - a long polar night, severe frosts, from which rubber crumbles and metal loses its strength, in conditions of strong winds, permafrost, a huge plant was built and completely modern city. Special ventilation holes are installed under the buildings to cool the surface and keep the soil frozen. Wooden covers reliably protect pipes with hot water from heat loss, and the soil from thawing.

Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev (1863-1956)

V. A. Obruchev is an outstanding Russian scientist who devoted his entire life to the study of Siberia, Central and Central Asia.

In Central Asia, he discovered six new ridges, deposits of gold and other metals, and oil. V. A. Obruchev developed methods for fixing sand with the help of plants, created interesting works about the gold content of Siberia, put forward and substantiated the theory of the origin of loess, was one of the founders of the science of permafrost. He published the three-volume “Geology of Siberia” and the multi-volume edition “History of Geological Research of Siberia”.

Portrait of the Yenisei

A.P. Chekhov wrote: “I have not seen a river more magnificent than the Yenisei... A mighty, frantic hero who does not know what to do with his strength and youth.”

The Yenisei (in Evenki yene - big water) is the most abundant of the Siberian rivers, the “axis of Siberia”, “brother of the ocean”.

The Yenisei belongs to the Northern basin Arctic Ocean. The length of the Yenisei is 4102 km, the area of its basin is 2580 thousand km 2. The river begins from the steep slopes of the Sayano-Tuva highlands with two main sources: the Big and Small Yenisei. In the center of the Tuva Basin near the city of Kyzyl they unite, forming the Yenisei proper. The Yenisei flows into the Yenisei Bay of the Kara Sea.

IN upper reaches where the Yenisei crosses the mountains, this is typical mountain river: with a narrow gorge, rocky shores. There are numerous rifts and rapids in the riverbed. Where the Yenisei flows through the Minusinsk Basin, the nature of the flow changes. The river valley expands sharply (up to 5-15 km), and many islands appear in the riverbed. In the lower reaches, the width of the channel increases to 2-3 km. The nutrition of the Yenisei is mixed, with a predominance of snow. Yenisei, like everyone else large rivers Siberia, flows from warmer latitudes to colder ones, so in the upper reaches it is frozen for a shorter period of time. In mid-summer, the water temperature ranges from 14 to 19°C. The Yenisei freezes in the lower reaches at the end of October, in the upper reaches - in mid-November. The nature of the flow and the full flow of the Yenisei throughout the year create favorable conditions for the construction of hydroelectric power stations on it, especially in the upper reaches of the river. Here, in a narrow valley where minimal flooding of land and enormous water pressure are combined, the largest hydroelectric power station, Sayano-Shushenskaya, was built. The Yenisei is the most important transport artery, shipping and timber rafting route of Siberia. Krasnoyarsk is the main crossroads of the great water and great railway routes. In its vicinity, the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station was built on the Yenisei.

The river is rich in fish. Prevail: salmon - nelma, taimen; whitefish - muksun, omul, vendace; sturgeon - sturgeon, sterlet.

Table 9. Natural resources of Eastern Siberia

Questions and tasks

Using the data from the textbook and atlas, transfer table No. 9 to your notebook and fill it out.
Based on the data in your table, draw a conclusion about which natural resources Eastern Siberia is provided with and which are not sufficient.
What complicates the use of natural resources in Eastern Siberia?

What else to read

Full characteristics of the zodiac sign Scorpio General characteristics of the horoscope of the character of the zodiac sign Scorpio.

The nature of extremes and contradictions. The strongest in... What does Nuts predict in a dream?

nuts as described - In a dream, collecting nuts - portends successful entrepreneurship and favorable conditions in love.... Anna Lyubimova The characteristics of Gemini men and women in the year of the Pig (Boar) have practically no contradictions. People,...

Natural resource potential of Eastern Siberia. Natural resources of Siberia

Now the territory of Siberia covers approximately 9.8 million square meters. kilometers, where more than 24 million people will live.

All Siberian reservoirs have enormous hydropotential, which depends on the speed of river flow and relief contrasts. This makes river valleys suitable for the construction of hydroelectric power plants. In addition, significant reserves of groundwater have been discovered here.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Natural conditions and resources.

Portrait of the Yenisei

What else to read

THE LAST NOTES

Natural resource potential of Eastern Siberia. Natural resources of Siberia

Now the territory of Siberia covers approximately 9.8 million square meters. kilometers, where more than 24 million people will live.

All Siberian reservoirs have enormous hydropotential, which depends on the speed of river flow and relief contrasts. This makes river valleys suitable for the construction of hydroelectric power plants. In addition, significant reserves of groundwater have been discovered here.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Natural conditions and resources.

Portrait of the Yenisei

What else to read

THE LAST NOTES

Categories