Political fragmentation of Kievan Rus and its consequences. Kievan Rus in IX - early. XII centuries: social structure, political and state system

Russkaya Pravda speaks of various social classes of that time. The majority of the population was made up of free community members - people, or just people. They united in rural community - rope... Verv possessed a certain territory, separate economically independent families were distinguished in it.

The second large group of the population is smerds; it was the unfree or semi-free population of the princely domain.

The third group of the population - slaves... They are known under different names: servants, slaves. Servants - early name, slaves - later. Russian Truth shows slaves completely powerless. The slave had no right to be a witness at the trial; the owner was not responsible for his murder. Not only the slave was punished for running away, but everyone who helped him.

A fairly large group of the population of Russia was artisans and merchants... The growing cities became centers for the development of handicrafts and trade. By the 12th century, there were over 60 craft specialties; Russian artisans produced more than 150 types of iron products.

There were also such groups of the population as men (vigilantes) and outcasts (people who had lost their social status).

The most important condition for the functioning of the state is taxes. In Kievan Rus, they acted in the form of collecting tribute (with agricultural products, crafts and money). Tribute was laid out in the graveyards and collected from the smoke - the yard, the ral - the plow, that is, from individual peasant farms.

The annexed territories began to be considered by the supreme rulers as state property. The right to collect tribute from certain territories was received by the prince's vigilantes.

3. Organization of state power in Kievan Rus.

At the head of the Kiev state was a prince who was called the Grand Duke; local princes governed by him. The Grand Duke was not an autocrat; most likely, he was the first among equals. The Grand Duke ruled on behalf of his closest relatives and closest associates - the large boyars, formed from the top of the princely squad and the nobility of Kiev. The title of the Grand Duke was inherited in the Rurik family. Traditionally, power was transferred not only to direct heirs, but also to members of the clan. So, Prince Oleg, according to legend, was not a son, but a nephew of Rurik. However, the primary heirs and applicants for the role of princes in the local principalities were the sons of the Grand Duke of Kiev. After the death of the Grand Duke, the Kievan throne was occupied by the eldest son, and after his death, the rest of the sons took turns. This is the horizontal principle of the inheritance of power. When, after the death of Prince Vladimir, the squad advised his son Boris to take the Kiev throne in addition to his elder brother Svyatopolk, Boris replied: “I will not raise my hand against my elder brother; my father is dead, and my brother will be my father's. "

However, out of the brothers, only three elders could take the Kiev throne in turn. Younger brothers were equated in rights with older children. Inheritance was not family inheritance, but generic. The number of reigns corresponded to the number of members of the clan. With an increase in their number, new principalities were allocated due to the fragmentation of the old ones.

In the state structure of Kievan Rus, along with the monarchical branch of power, there was also a democratic, parliamentary branch - veche. The entire population took part in the veche, except for the slaves; there were cases when the veche entered into an agreement with the prince - a number. Sometimes the princes were forced to swear allegiance to the veche, especially in Novgorod. The main force on which the power relied was the army (voi). It consisted of two parts: the prince's squad and the people's militia.

The squad formed the basis of the army. According to the Varangian custom, the warriors fought on foot and were armed with swords and axes. Since the 10th century, the squad mounts on horses, and the axes are replaced with sabers borrowed from the nomads.

The people's militia was convened in the event of large military campaigns or to repel an enemy attack. Part of the militia was on foot, part was mounted on horses. The people's militia was commanded by a thousand-man appointed by the prince.

In addition to the squads and the people's militia, the troops of nomadic neighbors ("black hoods") were sometimes involved in the conduct of hostilities.

From the moment of the emergence of Kievan Rus, a system of customary law also appeared. The essence of customary law provisions are: blood for blood, or payment for murder; payment in case of beatings; the right of inheritance and disposal of property; theft and search laws, etc.

Princess Olga and Prince Vladimir issued their laws. Under Olga, the collection of tribute was streamlined, laws were adopted to guide administrative activities; Prince Vladimir, apparently with the aim of replenishing the state treasury, tried to impose fines for murder. However, the custom of blood feud was ancient tradition, and Vladimir's attempt ended in failure. The first written code of laws, Russkaya Pravda, was created by Yaroslav the Wise. “The norms of Russian Truth have provided big influence on the subsequent development of legislation, although during the period of feudal fragmentation there did not exist and could not exist a single legal code "

Initially, the prince of the Eastern Slavs is only the leader of the squad, invited by the decree of the veche, which, at the same time, first of all took into account his military qualities and merits. In the era of frequent wars, attacks of hostile tribes, the importance of the prince inevitably increased. Gradually, he concentrates in his hands not only the function of a military leader, but also an administrative and judicial one. His power acquires a state character and, over time, becomes hereditary. At the same time, there were factors in Kievan Rus that hindered the strengthening of the autocracy of the Kiev prince.

In performing his functions, the prince relied on the squad, which in his hands was a means of coercion and control, collection of tribute, protection of his own interests and the population of the country from enemies. She was divided into "oldest" and "young". Those who were part of the "oldest" squad were called princely men, or boyars. The younger vigilantes were named in different time and in different regions in different ways: adolescents, children, greedy. The relationship between the prince and the senior warriors was of a vassal nature. The boyars recognized the authority of the Kiev prince and were obliged to serve him. At the same time, they had the right to leave the prince, go into the service of another overlord. Many of the senior warriors, in turn, had their own squads, relying on which they governed the subordinate territories. The princes had to seriously consider the opinion of the squad when deciding this or that issue. So, in 944, during a campaign against Byzantium, Igor made peace with the Byzantine emperor on the advice of his warriors. Later, Svyatoslav, despite the insistent offers of his mother, Princess Olga, refused to be baptized, citing the fact that his squad would not approve of this. His son, Vladimir, decided to convert to Christianity, again as a result of consultation with the squad. In 945, it was at the insistence of the squad that Prince Igor returned to the land of the Drevlyans for re-collection tribute, which led to his death.

Junior vigilantes- these are persons dependent on the prince, the people of his court, who served as the prince's guard, carried out individual assignments, and held minor government positions. From the number of vigilantes, cadres were recruited to fill various military and civilian positions in the state: voivods, posadniks, swordsmen, virniks, mytniks, etc. court fees, vira fines, and later - patrimonial economy.

Trying to cope with the revolts of the tribes forcibly incorporated into the state, the first princes of Kiev they were often drowned in blood, which, however, did not have a serious and lasting effect. In 988, Vladimir Svyatoslavich, with the aim of firmly consolidating the lands within the state, introduces the institute princes-governors, putting his sons to reign in the most important strategic points of Russia, as well as in those lands where separatist tendencies were especially strong before.

The Varangians called Ancient Russia Gardarika, that is, the country of cities. However, in contrast to Western European cities, which emerged as centers of crafts and trade, Russians primarily played the role of administrative and political centers. Most of the cities of Ancient Rus were small and were just fortified settlements. But along with them there were also quite big cities, which consisted of a fortified center - Detinets, or the Kremlin, around which settlements were located, inhabited by artisans and merchants. The population of the cities was armed. At the head of this people's militia of the city was a tysyatsky, who was once elected by the city veche, and later was appointed prince. During the period of the formation of the Old Russian state in cities, a rather significant role was still played by veche, deciding issues related to the invitation and expulsion of princes, the declaration of war and the conclusion of peace, the adoption of some laws, etc. The city administration, elected democratically at veche meetings, the "elders of the city" - was a member of the prince's council along with the warriors. However, already in the XI century. Veche in most regions of Russia is gradually losing its former role and significance, many of its functions are transferred to the princes.

At first, there were no written laws and rules, and therefore society lived according to the norms of customary law, that is, according to customs. In one of the treaties between Russia and Byzantium, concluded in the 10th century, it is mentioned about "Russian law", which, according to historians, was customary law. Among the customs that existed in Russia, one can name talion - the custom of blood feud. In the event of the murder of one of the members of the family, his relatives had to take revenge on the murderer. However, the customs of various tribes often contradicted each other, and as they fragmented, settled mixed with other tribes and clans, that is, as a single state was formed, it was no longer a custom that was required, but a law emanating from this state. The body of laws, called "Russian Truth" gradually formed in Russia from the beginning of the XI century. until the middle of the XIII century. It was started under Yaroslav the Wise by the creation of "Russian Truth", or, as it is also called, "Ancient Pravda". Yaroslav's Pravda limited (but has not yet completely canceled) blood feud. Now the circle of the avengers included not the whole family, but only the closest relatives of the victim. Blood feud could be replaced with a fine. So, for the murder of a free person, a fine of 40 hryvnia was envisaged. "The Most Ancient Truth" also defined punishments for other crimes. Later, "The Most Ancient Pravda" was supplemented by the "Pravda of the Yaroslavichs", that is, the sons of Yaroslav, which appeared in the early 70s of the 11th century. in response to a wave of peasant and urban uprisings. "Truth of the Yaroslavichi" canceled the blood feud. By the amount of fines levied for the murder of persons belonging to different social categories, one can judge the degree of social stratification by the second half of the 11th century. For the murder of the prince's entourage (fire-dweller, tiun, swordsman, headman) a fine of 80 hryvnias was imposed. It was 16 times higher than the fine for the murder of a smerd, which was 5 hryvnia. Penalties were also envisaged for encroachment on the prince's property (land, livestock, etc.).

The codification in Ancient Rus comes to an end with the creation in 1113 of the "Charter" of Vladimir Monomakh, which became another part of"Russian Truth". Thus, in "Russkaya Pravda" punishments were determined for encroachment on the life and health of people, as well as on their property. Fines became the main punishment for such crimes in Ancient Russia after the abolition of blood feud. Sometimes, for example, for a premeditated murder, the punishment was flood (expulsion) and looting of the criminal's property. For murder in a quarrel or in a fight, a fine was charged from the culprit. If the murderer was not known, the fine (wild virus) was paid by the community-rope, in whose territory the murder was committed.

"If someone kills the prince's husband, like a robber, and (the members of the line) do not look for the murderer, then pay for him in the amount of 80 hryvnias to the line on whose land the killed will be found; ".

materials of Russian Truth

INTRODUCTION

Old Russian state left a huge mark on the development of our people. This is confirmed by a considerable number of epics dedicated to this particular period of history. And this cannot be an accident. The people, who have experienced many difficult and joyful events throughout their history, remembered them perfectly, appreciated and passed them on to the next generations.

Kievan Rus of the 9-12 centuries is, firstly, the cradle of the statehood of three fraternal peoples - Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, and secondly, it is one of the largest powers of medieval Europe, which played an important historical role in the destinies of the peoples and states of the West, East and Far North.

From a relatively small union of Slavic tribes of the Middle Dnieper region, Russia grew to a huge power, which united like everything east Slavic tribes and a number of Lithuanian-Latvian tribes of the Baltic region and numerous Finno-Ugric tribes of northeastern Europe. The ancient Russian state was defensive and formidable for its neighbors. It was the most large state of all the Slavic and non-Slavic states of his day.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF KIEV RUSSIA

Kievan Rus was a complex socio-political entity. The population was united into tribes - the tribal division was preserved almost until the collapse of Kievan Rus. The signs of the tribal organization are the people's squads (as opposed to the prince's squads), their own tribal management, for example, Tsar Mal among the Drevlyans. These people's squads were gathered by the prince for joint campaigns, and after them they dispersed among their tribes. Urban areas were territorial communities with democratic governing bodies: veche, elected elders, thousand (commanding a thousand), hundred and ten. The prince had his own squad, which was divided into senior and junior. The senior squad consisted of boyars, princely men; the youngest - from the youths, grids, servants. Boyars could have their own squads and had the right to leave the prince at their own request. The senior squad made up the prince's council, which included elected elders, thousand, sotsk and ten. During the period of strong princely power, instead of elected military leaders, the prince imprisoned his governors, but when civil strife shook the power of the princely family, self-government bodies again came to the fore in the leadership.

Thus, Kievan Rus, from the point of view of the family organization, was a tribal union; in terms of structure, it was a union of territorial communities; in terms of its political form, it was a military democracy. Military democracy is a transitional form from kind to state. From the generic organization is preserved democratic forms self-government, up to the election of princes, when the veche could deny the throne over itself to this or that prince, and invite to the throne the one they desire. But at the same time, there already exists a military-administrative class that stands above the people and from which the formation of organs comes. government controlled. Characteristic feature princely power in Kievan Rus was the next procedure for replacing free princely tables. The next order was that the eldest of the brothers became the Grand Duke, who sent out the younger brothers and nephews as governors to cities. In the event of the death of the prince, his place was taken by the closest brother in seniority (but not the son of the deceased), who for this reason left his former place of reign. So successively representatives of the princely family moved from throne to throne in the direction of the grand ducal. Each prince was a temporary worker on the next throne, the princely family remained unchanged as a hired leader of the territorial communities. By its generic structure, the princely power is closer to the aristocratic families of Homeric Greece than to the European feudal organization.

The mutual obligations of the tribes and the prince were as follows. The tribes paid tribute, the princes guarded the borders of the state, organized trade caravans and ensured their safety, built and fortified cities, waged wars or organized people's militia for defense. But these mutual, reasonable, relations tended to turn into a system of exploitation of the population by the princely family. This is how Klyuchevsky speaks about it in his "Lectures on the History of Rus" about the legend of the calling of Rurik by the Novgorodians: "Having settled in Novgorod, Rurik soon aroused discontent against himself in the natives: in the same annals it is written that two years later, by vocation, the Novgorodians" they were offended, saying: to be our slaves and suffer a lot of evil from Rurik and his fellow countrymen. " There was even some kind of conspiracy: Rurik killed the leader of sedition, "brave Vadim", and killed many Novgorodians, his accomplices. Several years later, many Novgorod husbands fled from Rurik to Kiev to Askold. All these traits speak not of a complacent invitation to outsiders to rule over unprepared natives, but rather of military recruitment. Obviously, the overseas princes with their squads were called up by the Novgorodians and tribes allied with them to protect the country from some external enemies and received a certain feed for their guard services. But the hired guardians, apparently, wanted to feed too satisfyingly. Then a murmur arose among the feed payers, suppressed by the armed hand. Feeling their strength, the mercenaries turned into rulers, and turned their wage salary into a mandatory tribute with an increase in salary. " This example, and the entire history of Kievan Rus, shows how the hired power is transformed from the servants of the people into its most cruel exploiters. More than once the Slavic tribes rebelled against the exorbitant tribute. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the princes had to conquer the Vyatichi four times, the Drevlyans three times, and the Rodimichi twice. In the 11-12 centuries, the form of exploitation was brought to last line- before the princes direct their former employers into slavery.

Kievan Rus was formed along the water trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks." For the first princes, it is likely that the day collected and international trade did not provide significant wealth. Igor's squad complained of their poverty, inviting him to go to the Drevlyans, Svyatoslav Igorevich was rather modest in consumption and indifferent to wealth. But the son of Svyatoslav, Vladimir the Saint (the Baptist) (reigned from 980 to 1015) already had 800 concubines and raised 12 children, and under Yaroslav Vladimirovich (reign - 1019-1054) Kiev reaches its heyday. During the development of Kievan Rus, the boyar estate was a military-trading class, and the main income was from service to the prince and from trade. The exploitation of slave labor did not have economic significance... But in Byzantium, slavery persisted, and there was a great demand for slaves, so the slave trade began to prevail in Russia from the 10th century, and the military campaigns of the princes against neighboring tribes became a source of marketable goods. During the times of Vladimir and Yaroslav, the slave trade was probably the main source of their wealth, since the own territorial acquisitions of these princes were not as significant as those of their predecessors, and an increase in the number of tributaries could not lead to such a rapid increase in their wealth.

Having reached its prime under Vladimir and, especially, under Yaroslav the Wise, Kievan Rus entered the era of its decay and decline. The growth of wealth led to an increase in the number of the ruling class - representatives of the princely family. The previous procedure for replacing vacant tables began to falter, as it led to the emergence of conflicts between numerous members of the family for the Kiev and other thrones. Already Saint Vladimir, and then his son Yaroslav the Wise, occupied the grand princely throne as a result of internecine struggle with the brothers. Under them, these wars ended, but after the death of Yaroslav the Wise, civil strife became a chronic phenomenon. More than once the princes gathered at congresses to end the dynastic war. Ownership lands tried to secure for individual branches of the clan in hereditary property - in the fatherland, and among themselves they began to conclude agreements delimiting ownership rights, as a result of which several independent lands were formed: Kiev, Turovo-Pinsk, Polotsk, Volyn and Galitskaya to the west of Denpra ; Pereyaslavskaya, Chernigovo-Severskaya, Smolenskaya, Rostov-Suzdol'kaya and Muromo-Ryazanskaya to the east of the Dnieper and Novgorodskaya land in the north. Nothing helped, for two hundred years of civil strife Kiev, for which there were most of all wars, at first ceased to be a grand ducal in 1169, was plundered several times, and the last blow was inflicted by the Tatars in 1240, after which Kiev turned into a small regional town in 200 houses, the center of the region of the same name. It was only when the masses of the people entered the struggle between the princes that the new order, which led to the termination internecine wars.

Thus, at the end of the 11th century, Russia entered the final period of its development, during the destruction of old social relations and the transition to a new social formation. This period is characterized not only by the disintegration of Russia into separate volosts, but also by the rapid accumulation huge wealth the ruling class, the flourishing of its culture. Here is how Klyuchevsky describes the wealth of the ruling elite: “In the big cities of Kievan Rus XI and XII centuries. in the hands of princes and boyars, the presence of significant Money, large capitals.

The princely feuds and the weakening of Russia caused by them led to the intensification of the invasions of the Polovtsians. The rural population, which constituted the main productive class of society, for which the walls of city castles were not always accessible, suffered the most from the Polovtsians. Due to the intensification of exploitation in these ways, the population decreased, migration significantly increased due to the resettlement of peasants in the region of Galicia and in the north-east of the country. The decline in population soon led to the economic decline of Kievan Rus. To top it all, fragmented Russia became an easy prey, first for the Golden Horde, then for the Lithuanian principality.

The disintegration of Kievan Rus into many volosts, scattered and hostile to each other, created different conditions their existence. The fate of these volosts, their history in common history Rus. But the changes that took place in the Rostov-Suzdal Territory subsequently determined the entire structure of Russia, and its historical fate.

The main wave of immigrants went to the wooded and hard-to-reach for nomads and warring princely squads Rostov-Suzdal land. In this new land, the newcomers began to settle along the banks of numerous rivers and streams, a dense network that covered it. They took up agriculture, hunting, fishing, and trades. The land for arable land in this region could only be reclaimed from the forest, so slash-and-burn agriculture became the main form of its cultivation. In slash-and-burn agriculture, a section of the forest is cut down, uprooted or burned out, and used for crops for several years. When the soil loses fertility, the arable land is left and transferred to a new plot (repairs), that is, this form of farming requires a semi-sedentary lifestyle. This semi-sedentary way of life of the peasants for many years, up to the beginning of the 17th century, determined the contractual nature of the relationship between the farmer and the landowner, and died out only with the establishment of serfdom.

Slash-and-burn agriculture destroys the tribal organization, since it becomes impossible to conduct a joint household with a large collective, the clan splits into separate patriarchal families, which consisted of the head of the family with a wife and their male descendants with wives and children. The semi-sedentary life of such families was supposed to mix different tribes with each other over time, so it is not surprising that from the 11th century the mention of the original tribal names ceases, the formation of a single Russian people takes place.

These new living conditions of the population determined the nature of the political structure of Suzdal Rus, its specific character. Political bodies Kievan Rus was a princely family with a management apparatus - the boyar estate and a veche meeting. With the disintegration of a single state in its individual parts, volosts, the struggle of these three elements for political domination began. As a result of the struggle in Novgorod, the veche gathering prevailed, in Galich - the boyar class, in the Rostov-Suzdal land - the princely power, but the nature of this power changed. This is how it happened.

Thus, the main productive population, which was now dispersed over countryside, took the side of one of the powers - the princely, ensuring her victory, and also determined her hereditary nature in his own interests. The temporary worker, which the prince was during the next order of the change of thrones, was replaced by the prince-owner, who, as a private owner, had to take care of his fiefdom, building it for himself and his children. In the strife, not only the collective form of government of the princely family perished, but also the veche organization of power. If in Kievan Rus the working population was concentrated in cities and could participate in veche gatherings, then with a dispersed population, the veche turned into an apparatus of aristocratic power, covered by the authority of democracy. Thus, in the class struggle, a new political power- the owner prince, the appanage prince, corresponding to the interests of the peasant masses, the form of power came in line with the form of production.

The harmony between production and power was not slow to affect the wealth and strength of the principality, in the decisive predominance of the Suzdal region over the rest of the Russian land. Prince Andrew and Vsevolod forced to recognize themselves as the great princes of the whole earth, ruled southern Russia from the banks of the distant Klyazma. Vsevolod arbitrarily ruled over Novgorod the Great and Galicia.

The Vladimir region, having arisen on the basis of appanage law, again became the property of the clan and the next order under the sons of Vsevolod. But in the suburbs, specific principalities continued to arise, until one of them, the Moscow one, turned into an autocratic state, finally overcoming the regular, contractual, and specific character of ownership during the reign of Vasily the Dark from 1425 to 1462. It should be noted that the fact that Tatar-Mongol yoke did not stop, but contributed to the establishment of a new social order, since with their authoritarian power the Tatars suppressed the activities of the veche government, often prevented the emergence of internecine wars, and also contributed to the rise and enrichment of Moscow, entrusting its princes with collecting tribute in favor of the Tatars - the Tatar exit.

Social structure of Kievan Rus.

To form an idea and master knowledge about the main social strata of Kievan Rus, their rights and obligations, attitudes towards property;

The ability to operate with the knowledge gained, compare and analyze the obtained facts with the previously studied ( social structure Western Europe) and modern reality;

Involvement of students in social and cultural history Russia for a deep understanding modern history state.

Concepts: men (boyars) - the highest layer of free people in ancient Russia;

people are middle class;

smerdy - restrictedly free people;

zakaki - community members who went for a “kupa” (loan) into debt bondage, the interest of which was paid off by working on the borrower's field;

ryadovichi - people who entered into an agreement (row) to live and work for the master on certain conditions;

slaves (servants) - slaves in Russia;

verv - a territorial community of free farmers;

vira (vergeld) - payment for life (fine);

patrimony - hereditary land holdings.

Sources for the lesson: the text of Russian Truth

During the classes:

I. Organizing time... Statement of the topic of the lesson, the objectives of the lesson.

II. Repetition. Frontal poll.

What social sphere life of society, the study of what issues of human life does it cover? (position of a person in society, division of society on the basis of economic, legal, political division)

What groups of the population of the Middle Ages in Western Europe do you know? (feudal lords, clergy, peasantry, townspeople)

What is an estate? (groups of people with inherited rights and responsibilities)

What classes can you name? (nobility, clergy and urban estate)

What other communities of people in the Middle Ages in Europe can you name? (peasant community, artisan workshops, orders of knights, monastic orders)

What strata of society in our modern life can you name?

On what grounds are people divided in our time?

III. New topic.

1. Brief introduction with already studied categories of the population: the prince and the squad, rural community members, city dwellers, artisans, merchants, their main occupations.

Working with the textbook and Russian Truth

Filling out the table in parallel with the study of texts. (appendix 1)

We consider the problems of the criteria of social stratification (according to Pravda Yaroslavichi):

State husband status

Ownership

Personal freedom

2. The position of a new social stratum in Russia - the clergy, which appeared with the adoption of Christianity:

Metropolitan - the head of the church with residence in Kiev (Hagia Sophia), sent from Constantinople;

bishops - church governors, subordinate to the metropolitan;

white clergy - priests who served in urban and rural churches;

black clergy - monasticism;

outcasts - people under the protection of the church, who have lost their previous status.

3. Land relations.

The owners of land in Russia were many layers of the population, since land could be bought and sold without prohibitions - there was no class isolation yet (in contrast to Western Europe, where all the land belonged to the 10th century feudal lords):

princes (appropriated lands, conquered, seized free lands);

church (lands were donated by the prince as property);

boyars and vigilantes (given for service in hereditary holding - patrimony or patrimony);

free community members (community property, divided into plots between community members);

smerds (permanent users of state (prince or city) land, which they could not sell, bequeath, etc., paid tribute to the state for the land and bore obligations).

4. The position of women in Kievan Rus.

Short message about a woman's life. Pupils recall information about the position of a woman from the material covered.

IV. Generalization.

Documents and questions to him.

"If …. runs away from the master (without paying him off for the loan), then becomes a complete slave; if he goes to look for money with the permission of the master, or runs to the prince and his judges with a complaint about the insult from his master, then for this he cannot be made a slave, but he should be given a trial. "

Questions:

Identify the document from which this passage is taken.

About whom in question in the document?

Name other sources of servitude in the Old Russian state

In the XII-XIII centuries. the state sector of the economy in Russia continued to be the leading one, but the development of a different (parallel to the existing) sector led to an increase in the independence of the members of the prince's senior squad - the boyars. This led to the disintegration of the squad. Some of its members turned into independent feudal lords. Another part became members of the organization, unconditionally obeying the prince and becoming the successor of the younger squad.

Questions:

What was the name of this organization?

What were the names of the members of this organization?

V. Conclusion.

In the X - XII centuries. in Kievan Rus, the main strata of society began to take shape, divided along economic and political grounds.

During this period, compared with Western Europe, there is still no legal isolation social groups, society was mobile.

The economy was market (monetary), not natural. Therefore, to say that in Kievan Rus by the XII century. feudal relations began to take shape, it does not seem accurate. The political system and economy of Kievan Rus were similar to the Byzantine order, where market relations prevailed under the auspices of the state.

Vi. Homework: § 9, compose a text using concepts on the topic.

Annex 1

Social stratification of Kievan Rus

Social structure of society in Kievan Rus

After the formation of medieval countries in the 5th century, the social structure of society, characteristic of a feudal people, began to form in them. (on the example of the kingdom of the Franks)

King- headed the state, destroying 40 kings of related tribes that were part of the kingdom of the Franks and began to transfer power by right of succession to the throne.

Feudal lords- landowners appeared after the distribution of lands by the royal power to the governing elite of the tribes. The feudal lords, together with the knighthood, constituted the first estate.

Clergy took shape after the baptism of 40 Franco tribes. They made up the second estate.

Government officials- were appointed by the royal power to manage the administratively created territorial districts.

Chivalry- has become a military pillar of power. The knight received a service land allotment.

Townspeople- residents of commercial and industrial cities, jointly advocating the solution of their problems, they took shape in a special third estate.

Free peasants

Serfs- peasants who lived on the land of the feudal lords personally and land dependent on them.

Approximate folding mechanism

serfdom in Western Europe

1. The transformation of communal lands into the private property of francs led to the fragmentation of allotments as families grew and their loss by most of the land-poor francs for debts. As a result, the lands of the former communes were redistributed in favor of spiritual and secular feudal lords.

2. The peasants who lost their land were forced to give themselves up under the patronage (patronage, commendation) of large landowners, receiving for this land for temporary use on the terms of labor. This was accompanied by the formation of the land, and then their personal dependence on the feudal lords.

3. Similar consequences were caused by the entry of land-poor peasants into the precary (literally - a plot at the request) to the church - with the transfer of their land. Continuing to work on it, the peasants continued to use their former land and additional plots provided by the church.

4. Some of the peasants who lost their land sold themselves into slavery.

Acquaintance with the materials of textbooks allows us to conclude that a rather complex system of society existed in Kievan Rus. .

Grand Duke - by the right of conquest and the transfer of power by inheritance, he was the head of state. Great Kiev princes

860-882 Askold and Dir, princes of Kiev, did not possess the title of Grand Duke.

882-912 Oleg the Prophetic

912-945 Igor Rurikovich

945-957 Olga

957-972 Svyatoslav Igorevich

972-978 Yaropolk Svyatoslavich

978-1015 Vladimir Svyatoslavich (Saint, Baptist, Red Sun) and others.

Specific princes- initially they were vassals of the Kiev prince, but after the Lyubech congress of princes, some of them seized the controlled territories into their property.

Boyars- these are senior warriors of the prince, who together with him made decisions, carried out the will of the prince to govern the state. After the Lyubech Congress, the princes, who had come out of Kiev control, began to pay the boyars for service not in silver, but in land. So the boyars turned into landowners - feudal lords.

There were also junior warriors in the squad - boys and greedy... They accompanied the prince as a retinue and bodyguards, carried out various assignments, but did not participate in councils.

Clergy- the class of church ministers. It appeared after the baptism of Rus in 988. It was divided into white clergy (priests) and black clergy - monks.

Townspeople- people who lived in cities

Smerds- free communal peasants who lived on the lands of the Kiev state, who paid tribute to it and performed other duties.

Serfs-, in fact, they were slaves in ancient Russian society. They had no property, the master was responsible for his actions. They became slaves as a result of captivity, self-sale, sale for debts or for crimes, through marriage or marriage to a slave or servant.

purchases- community members who found themselves in debt dependence for a loan, a percentage of which they worked off from a feudal lord who gave them a kupa (money, land, livestock or any other property) and Ryadovichi- community members who borrowed and agreed to work it off with their own labor.

In Russia, the registration of serfdom was very long for a number of reasons. First, in the absence of private ownership of land by peasants, they remained for a long time without the need to take it from the feudal lords. Secondly, the class of feudal lords - boyars of landowners appeared only at the end of the 11th century. Thus, the structure of society in Russia was very different from the structure of society in Western Europe.