Presentation for a lesson on the surrounding world (grade 4) on the topic: Children's work-presentations of students on the topic "Taming Fire." Open lesson of the surrounding world on the topic "Taming Fire"
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Lesson summary on the world around us
for 4th grade Performed:
Kotlova Oksana Nikolaevna Item: the world “Man and Nature” 4th grade ( education system
"School 2100") Lesson format:
learning new material Subject:
Taming fire. Duration:
45 minutes. 4
Class: Technologies:
computer connected to the Internet, interactive whiteboard, presentation Target:
To develop an understanding of fossil fuels and their role in human life.
During the classes: I
. Organizing time.
Twilight. The music is quiet. Teacher (in a low voice):
A trembling candle is burning.
Don't blow on the flame rashly.
And you, magic light,
What could he tell us about?
The teacher lights a candle.
– Guys, look at this “magic light” and tell me what feelings it evokes.
Student answers.
-What does a flame look like? In what other situations could you look at a flame and think about something distant and mysterious, important and deep?
- In a temple where candles are burning; on a campfire; at my grandmother's in the village, when she lights the stove...
– Despite the fact that electric light is now available almost everywhere, sometimes people do not refuse the pleasure of lighting real candles and admiring them. Why not start the lesson by candlelight? And let’s see: what can this “magic light” tell us? II
. Updating knowledge.
- Guys, look at these pictures. (Showing pictures: man, car, firewood, TV).
– In 3rd grade we taught that in order for these bodies to begin to act, they need energy. Food for humans, gasoline for a car, solar energy stored in firewood, electricity for a TV are sources of energy.
Let's remember what energy is.
Energy is a source of motion, the ability to do work.
Does a piece of bread contain energy? How can I check this?
– Having eaten a piece of bread, a person stores up the energy accumulated in the bread, which leads the person to action.
Law of energy conservation.
Can we observe energy in action? For example: let's take a log.
– Thermal energy, stored in firewood, is released during combustion and heats the water in the kettle.
Conclusion: Energy is released during combustion.
III . Problematic situation.
Read the dialogue on page 104.
Lena: Mish, really, you can’t hide the genie in a bottle? Only in a fairy tale, right?
– What do you guys think? Who is Genie? Jinn (Arabic, literally - spirit), in the Koran, a fantastic creature from pure (smokeless) fire, created by Allah. Genies are the most popular fairy tale characters. Often depicted as magical creatures, enclosed in a lamp or bottle. The genie obeys the will of the one who rescued them from captivity and fulfills his wishes.
Teacher: “How is fuel like a genie in a bottle?”
Student versions.
– This is a fire that a person put in a bottle and makes him do whatever he wants, that is, he has tamed it.
IV . Discovery of new knowledge.
1) Determining the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Students determine the topic of the lesson: “So today we will talk about taming fire.”
The word "domestication" is written on the board.
– What does “tame” mean? Select the root of this word, select words with the same root
– Hand, manual... Make it manual.
- So, you can take fire in your hands or, like the Genie, put it in a bottle and do with it,
what you want?
– Guys, look at this “magic light” and tell me what feelings it evokes.
Let's look at the interpretation of this word in S.I. Ozhegov's dictionary.
To tame – to make tame, obedient.
The purpose of the lesson is determined by the children.
– So, we will talk about how man made fire obedient, i.e. learned to use fire.
– And during combustion, energy is released.
– So, we need to find out how a person learned to use this energy.
2) New material.
a) First you need to find out: what is fire?
– This is the release of energy.
b) A little bit of history.
- Let's remember the story. How did man tame fire? (Students' answers.)
Generalization: The man was scared at night. Cold and darkness surrounded him. Even more frightening was the lightning that ignited merciless fires. A man came to the ashes when the fire subsided. The soil here was warm, the roots in it were soft and tasty. One day a man dared to approach the reddening coals. They were not given into the hands, but gave birth to a small tongue of flame on the offered stick. He could have been carried into the cave. So man and fire became friends. “Taming fire” allowed primitive man to significantly change his life. It was around the hearth that people began to build walls, arrange roofs, doors, and windows.
c) Legend.
For as long as humanity can remember, it has always admired fire and understood what it owes to it. The ancient peoples left us many legends about heroes who supposedly took away or stole fire from powerful and greedy gods. The most famous of these legends is the ancient Greek tale of Prometheus.
In fact, our ancestors produced fire themselves and learned to control it themselves. Over the course of many thousands of years, they themselves made him a jack of all trades.
And fire became for us not only a friend and helper.
d) Olympic flame.
Living flame fire is a symbol of life and struggle. The Olympic flame is one of the symbols Olympic Games.
-What do you know about this fire?
– It is lit in the city where the games are held during their opening, and it burns continuously until the end.
The city of Sochi received the Vancouver Olympic flame.
The tradition of lighting the Olympic flame existed in Ancient Greece during the ancient Olympic Games. The Olympic flame served as a reminder of the feat of Prometheus.
e) Fire is a dangerous thing.
Students give examples.
Every year there are 5 million fires in the world. Every hour one person dies in a fire, 2 are injured and burned. Every third person killed is a child. To prevent this from happening, let us repeat what we must know in case of a fire.
Test on the topic " Fire safety»
1. Why is fire dangerous?
a) fire; b) collapse; c) flooding
2. How should you leave the premises in case of fire?
a) walk slowly; b) run quickly; c) walk quickly
3. What do the schoolchildren who left the room first do?
a) run into the street and shout: “Save!”; b) run home; c) in a calm voice they notify others of the danger.
4. During the evacuation, the person walking next to you fell. Your actions.
a) despite this, you will save yourself; b) ask someone to help him; c) run out into the street and report what happened
5. When evacuating from the classroom, you
a) you will collect a briefcase; b) continue to be on duty in the classroom; c) leave everything and go away; d) will take you out of the classroom teaching aids
6. What phone number should you call the fire department?
a) “01”; b) “02”; c) "03"
The work is discussed collectively.
e) Eternal flame.
But there is a fire that evokes special feelings and special memories in people. This is the fire on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
- Guys, which of you has ever been near such a fire? With whom? On what occasion? Why is there a fire burning at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier?
Children's versions are heard.
– It is impossible to remember the fire of war, which ruined millions of lives, but at the same time, the fire of peace burns on their graves as a memory of suffering and death.
V . Physical education minute.
(Students turn their backs to the screen.)
Exercise to mobilize attention.
Starting position - standing, arms along the body.
1 right hand on the belt; 2- left hand on the belt;
3rd right hand on the shoulder; 4 left hand on the shoulder;
5-right hand up; 6 left hand up;
7-8 - clapping hands above the head;
9-lower your left hand on your shoulder; 10 right hand on the shoulder;
11 left hand on the belt; 12-right hand on the belt;
13-14 - clap hands on hips.
Repeat 4 times. Tempo - 1 time slow;
2 times - average; 3 times - fast; 4 times - slow.
VI . Workshop on independent application and use of acquired knowledge.
I show you matches and a lighter.
– Guys, what do you think: are lighters and matches the only source of energy?
(The guys are looking for the answer to the question in the textbook. Page 105)
Over time, people learned that in addition to firewood, there are hotter types of fuel, which produce more heat with a smaller volume. This is a fossil fuel: peat, coal, oil, natural gas.
Work of creative groups (4 groups).
On the screens are tables with the names of minerals. On the desks there are texts: “Coal and its use”, “Oil and petroleum products”, “Peat”.
1) Fill out the table.
| Name of mineral | Basic properties | Application |
Group 1 – hard coal.
Group 2 – oil.
Group 3 – peat.
Group 4 – natural gas.
Checking assignments. Check that the tables are filled out correctly.
Students from other groups can ask questions and add additional information.
Assessment of group knowledge.
Bottom line : All these minerals burn well, and when burned they provide energy.
VII . Reflection (summarizing).
1) Game "Tic Tac Toe".
– Did we learn everything about taming fire in the lesson? In order to test our knowledge, I propose a game that your grandparents probably played many years ago. Yes, and some of you sometimes get carried away with this game during breaks. It is called "tic-tac-toe", and its conditions are known to everyone. Girls mark their correct answer with zeroes, boys with crosses.
(On interactive whiteboard The grid for this game is drawn - nine cells. The questions are not chosen in order.)
1. Lomonosov said that ... originated from the remains of organisms. ( Oil, gas, water)
2. B electrical outlet... insert foreign objects. ( It is forbidden. Can)
3. The use of ... as fuel caused the widespread use of steam engines. (Water. Coal.)
4. ... is a small power plant that generates current using special chemical substances. (Stove, Battery.)
5. What sets bodies in motion or causes them to change? ( Energy. Oxygen)
6. Liquid fuel, derived from petroleum. ( Petrol. Perfume)
7. What kind of domestic “animal” can easily turn into a terrible element? (Fire.)
8. An energy source that does not belong to fossil fuels: coal, firewood, peat, natural gas. ( Firewood.)
9. What energy source does an iron and TV use? ( Electricity.)
Evaluation of class work.
VIII . Homework:
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
1 slide
Slide description:
2 slide
Slide description:
The fire started to light primitive people 1000 ago. So, in the caves where people previously lived, coals were found, which indicated that it was in this place that people made a fire. How did people learn to light fires? Approximately 200 thousand years ago, primitive man first learned to preserve, and later to make, fire. In Africa, where primitive people lived, thunderstorms and lightning were commonplace. They constantly set the forest on fire. And no one could resist the fire. However, after the fire, there were still smoking coals on the ground, thanks to which fire could be started.
3 slide
Slide description:
It’s hard to imagine, but the storage of hot coals for several tens of thousands of years was the only way receiving fire. After the fire died out, people were left without fire, and then they again had to look for the next fire in order to collect the smoldering coals and get a fire again.
4 slide
Slide description:
Later, people learned to make fire on their own. The fire was made by rubbing a stick against a dry tree. When the stick was rapidly scrolled, the wood was heated to such a temperature that it could ignite a little dry grass.
5 slide
Slide description:
Initially, fire was simply stored in the form of hot coals in clay pots or fire pits. Then ways were found to make a fire using flint and wood. A little later, when people learned to produce and process glass, fire could be obtained with glass - a magnifying glass that directed the sun's rays onto the surface of dried tinder. It took a long time before the matches appeared. a large number of time.
6 slide
Slide description:
Matches were first invented in the 30s of the nineteenth century. They were carved wooden sticks on which a mixture was applied, which included white phosphorus. When the match rubbed against any rough surface, the head flared up and ignited the wooden base of the match. The matches were made from aspen, which is the most ductile wood and, if processed, does not chip or crack. Later, matches began to be made from cardboard, which made it possible to simplify and reduce the cost of their production. The first matches were endowed with good consumer qualities, but they were unsafe. A phosphorus match could ignite from slight friction on a hard surface, which led to dire consequences. But the mixture that was used to cover the head of the match was more dangerous, since it included white phosphorus, which is very poisonous.
7 slide
Slide description:
Safety matches were created in Sweden in 1855. They were called “Swedish” and very quickly spread throughout the world. Today they are known as ordinary matches that people use every day.
8 slide
Slide description:
Fire gave man protection from winds and frosts. He made it possible to prepare food and thus refuse to eat raw meat. The fire opened ancient man useful crafts such as making pottery from clay and baked bricks. In the end, the use of fire made it possible for people to group into communities that stood out from the primitive gang with a high level of organization. What served ancient man as fuel? Initially, wood served as fuel. After some time, people began to use coal and peat as fuel.
Slide 9
Has anyone ever wondered how ancient people conquered fire? How did they find it, learn to manage it and control the elements? Who could make such a discovery and why does he consider fire to be the most important element for life? When the taming of fire first occurred is unknown; scientists are still arguing: either this discovery was made even before the advent of man by monkeys who understood little about scientific breakthroughs, or it was made by ancient people who realized that fire heats, fire is a terrible force.
The official date for the domestication of fire is considered to be one and a half million years ago. This is how long a person takes advantage of the opportunities given by the elements. Now, without a burning flame, you can’t forge household items or cook food. For the ancients, fire was the only salvation from cold, hunger and death. Since it was the lit branches that drove away wild animals and made food tastier. This does not mean that people immediately understood the purpose of the fire; at first they also got scared and ran away when the tree caught fire from a lightning strike.
The reasons why man subjugated the elements
How our descendants figured out how to use fire can be debated and pondered for a long time. But the only thing that is immediately clear is that a person would not have approached the fire if he had not been able to think like a person, but was guided only by instincts, like those of animals. Man knew that a sharp cobblestone could be used as a tool, a stick as a weapon and material for building a home, skin as clothing, and with fire. Therefore, the first reason why fire was tamed was the human mind. The ability of human individuals to adapt to living conditions and use every opportunity to survive are the main factors that gave rise to the new discovery.We cannot say with certainty that a reasonable person was immediately able to understand the purpose and nature of the flame, and, perhaps, this would not have happened if there had not been such a belief as anemism. Anemism is a belief preserved only in tribes and a multi-million-year history; it implies belief in the animation of every object; they especially believed in nature and its soul. That is why, probably, at first ancient people worshiped fire, like everything around them, they were afraid of its hot tongues, and thought that it was a deity capable of warming or killing. Only then did the leaders begin to gradually get used to the fire, and the thought crept into their ancient brains: “What if nature has no soul?” After the first attempts to tame fire, a lot of time could pass, but after decades the tribes began to feel equal to nature and stopped deifying it. Consequently, the second reason can be called the most ancient beliefs and insight of man.
The role of flame in the life of primitive man
As historians guess, at first man began to use heavenly fire, that is, the resulting natural phenomena. Numerous myths and legends can testify to this. For example, in ancient myths we see how important Zeus was for the Olympian gods, and Zeus is the thunder god, which means that in later civilizations it was preserved and even clothed in new uniform the idea of an animate element. The presence of the god Agni among the Hindus and Perun among the Slavs also tells us that people carried the idea of the power of fire from ancient times.After a person became acquainted with fire, he had no equal; he could easily frighten a wild animal, help in the hunt and save the entire tribe. Probably after this they began to worship fire even more as a helper and protector. Where can we get fire, because even in ancient era It wasn't every day that a thunderstorm hit a tree. There were entire volcanic systems for this. People could simply touch the lava with a stick and the torch was ready. And, as far as we know, at that time there were volcanoes on the earth at every step, so there would be no problems with fire.
Other sources of flame for ancient people could have been forest or steppe fires, but in this case entire tracts were burned, burned fruit trees, giving food to people, but even then people were not afraid of fire. They all blamed it on the fact that the God of Fire was angry with them and was teaching them in this way.
Fire not only gave people warmth, comfort, food and light, it could also unite the people. His taming was another reason for the unification of different tribes and the end of constant disagreements and battles. The easiest way to make fire was to pass it from hand to hand. Even if people did not immediately understand how to make a fire, a logical chain was immediately formed in their heads: if a burning tree fell on another, and that, in turn, threw branches onto the grass and it caught fire, therefore, the fire can be transmitted, just enough touch his tongue with a well-burning object.
The need for fire pushed several people to get together and go on a quest, which allowed them to “become friends” and unite entire nations.
Thus, the taming of flame was carried out according to various reasons, they could depend on the location of the tribe, leaders, etc. Today, many researchers believe that the taming of fire is one of most important discoveries humanity.
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Slide captions:
TAMING FIRE BY HUMAN Prepared by: Student 4 “A” class Shcherbakov Sergey
Fire, you have become a matter of habit for us. We summon you by striking a match, You have been curbed, you have been tamed, You have been captured in lighters and stoves. You were a master, and you became a servant, But still we do not own you.
Primitive people began to make fire several thousand years ago. Thus, in the caves of Europe, where people previously lived, anthropologists in South Africa coals were found that indicated that it was in this place that people made a fire. How did people learn to light fires? The “domestication” of fire dates back to the Late Paleolithic period. About two hundred thousand years ago, primitive man first learned to preserve, and later to make, fire. In Africa, where primitive people lived, thunderstorms and lightning were commonplace. They constantly set the forest on fire. And no one could resist the fire. However, after the fire, there were still smoking coals on the ground, thanks to which fire could be started.
It’s hard to imagine, but storing hot coals for several tens of thousands of years was the only way to create fire. After the fire died out, people were left without fire, and then they again had to look for the next fire in order to collect the smoldering coals and get a fire again.
Later, people learned to make fire on their own. The fire was made by rubbing a stick against a dry tree. When the stick was rapidly scrolled, the wood was heated to such a temperature that it could ignite a little dry grass.
In a similar way, the first settlers of Australia and the Pacific Islands receive fire to this day. And in Europe, North Africa and in some areas of America people used wood and flint to make fire. These tools were hard rocks that contained large amounts of silicon. The sparks produced by the pebbles ignited the tinder, which was later used as an oiled piece of rope. The most ancient tools for making fire, the kresalo (a piece of iron is used to knock out a spark on a flint, which ignites a wick - a loose substance consisting of dried mushrooms) entered the life of mankind so firmly that they were used until the twentieth century. In addition, flint and steel are used to this day. For example, a lighter, which consists of a metal wheel and magnesium alloy silicon. However, instead of tinder, the lighter uses either a cotton cord soaked in kerosene or a small-sized gas burner.
With the evolution of civilization, the problem of getting fire was solved different ways. Initially, fire was simply stored in the form of hot coals in clay pots or fire pits. Then ways were found to make a fire using flint and wood. A little later, when people learned to produce and process glass, fire could be obtained with glass - a magnifying glass that directed the sun's rays onto the surface of dried tinder. A very long time passed before matches appeared.
Matches were first invented in the 30s of the nineteenth century. They were carved wooden sticks on which a mixture was applied, which included white phosphorus. When the match rubbed against any rough surface, the head flared up and ignited the wooden base of the match. The matches were made from aspen, which is the most ductile wood and, if processed, does not chip or crack. Later, matches began to be made from cardboard, which made it possible to simplify and reduce the cost of their production. The first matches were endowed with good consumer qualities, but they were unsafe. A phosphorus match could ignite from slight friction on a hard surface, which led to dire consequences. But the mixture that was used to cover the head of the match was more dangerous, since it included white phosphorus, which is very poisonous.
Safety matches were created in Sweden in 1855. They were called “Swedish” and very quickly spread throughout the world. Today they are known as ordinary matches that people use every day.
The use of fire not only brought changes to life primitive man, it had a very direct impact on his thinking. The first tools of labor are an attempt by ancient people to adapt to the environment, obtain food, and protect themselves from various predators and elements. The use of fire is an initial attempt to change environment, adapt it to your needs.
Fire gave man protection from winds and frosts. He made it possible to cook food and thus stop eating raw meat. Fire revealed to ancient man such useful crafts as creating dishes from clay and baked brick. In the end, the use of fire made it possible for people to group into communities that stood out from the primitive gang with a high level of organization. What served ancient man as fuel? Initially, wood served as fuel. After some time, people began to use coal and peat as fuel.
Fire was also used in agricultural production. Having learned to grow useful plants, people prepared the fields for sowing by burning the grass to ashes. The ashes of fires became the first fertilizer that people used for their own purposes.
Fire was also used to build houses. People mixed clay with sand, fired it, and so it turned out to be a brick. Then they began to mine granite. There is no need to burn granite, it is already hard. But in order to get granite, people lit a large fire on a huge stone or rock, the rock became hot, then they poured water on it. cold water, and the rock cracked into small pieces.
From the caves where our ancestors lived modern man, the fire was carried into the houses. Ultimately, the hearth and then the oven were the foundation around which the roof and walls were built. Fire was given sacred significance. It is no coincidence that the ancient Greeks believed that fire was presented as a gift to humanity by Prometheus, who suffered cruel punishment from the Gods for such a gift.
And in modern religions a candle is an integral attribute of worship.
Fire gave us everything, but we never learned how to handle it correctly. In the wrong hands, a flame can turn into a fire, cause material damage, and in some cases, take away human life. Let's be careful not to play with fire. Our lives depend on it.
People opened early beneficial features fire is its ability to illuminate and warm, to change plant and animal food for the better. “Wild fire” that broke out during forest fires or volcanic eruptions, was terrible and dangerous for man, but by bringing fire into his cave, man “tamed” it and put it into his service. From that time on, fire became a constant companion of man and the basis of his economy. In ancient times, it was an indispensable source of heat, light, a means of cooking, and a hunting tool. However, further cultural conquests (ceramics, metallurgy, steelmaking, steam engines, etc.) must integrated use fire.
For many millennia, people used “home fire”, maintaining it year after year in their caves, before they learned to produce it themselves using friction. This discovery probably happened by accident, after our ancestors learned to drill wood. During this operation, friction developed, the wood was heated and, under favorable conditions, ignition could occur. Having paid attention to this, people began to widely use friction to make fire.
The simplest way consisted of taking two sticks of dry wood, and making a hole in one of them. The first stick was placed on the ground and pressed with the knee. The second one was inserted into the hole, and then they began to quickly and quickly rotate it between the palms. At the same time, it was necessary to press hard on the stick. The inconvenience of this method was that the palms gradually slid down. Every now and then I had to lift them up and continue rotating again. Although, with certain dexterity, this can be done quickly, nevertheless, due to constant stops, the process was greatly delayed. It is much easier to make fire by friction, working together. In this case, one person held the horizontal stick and pressed on top of the vertical one, and the second quickly rotated it between his palms. Later, they began to wrap the vertical stick with a strap, moving it to the right and left to speed up the movement, and a bone cap was placed on the upper end for ease of holding. Thus, the entire device for making fire began to consist of four parts: two sticks (fixed and rotating), a strap and an upper cap. In this way, it was possible to make fire alone, if you pressed the lower stick with your knee to the ground and the cap with your teeth.
Timeline of Great Inventions
Reviews
As a child, we tried several times to make fire using friction, but nothing worked ((Maybe we didn’t rub for enough time, or maybe not too quickly. Or the sticks were not the right ones. In general, it was a complete disappointment.
By the way, where did you get the information that they were mined this way? Drawings?
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