Presentation making fire and making a fire. Memo on making a fire and rules of conduct in case of forest fires. use live trees for a fire

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BARREL AREA

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• Choose a clearing that is protected from strong winds.
• Clear the prospective campfire site from dry grass and foliage.
• You can surround the fire with stones.
• Do not start a fire near dry trees.

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If the snow is shallow, clear it up and light a fire on the ground. In deep snow, flooring can be made.

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PREPARATION OF THE SITE FOR THE FIELD

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If there is sod, remove it, turn it over with the grass down and lay it around the fire.

Remove foliage, needles, grass around the fire by 1 - 1.5 m.

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If possible, cover it with stones.

Make a bed of raw logs, sand, clay under the fire. (Otherwise, the fire will penetrate the peat bog and an underground fire will start).

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TYPES OF COSTERS

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• Flame - for cooking and lighting.
• Fry - for cooking, heating, drying things.
• Smoke - for repelling mosquitoes, midges and signaling.

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FUEL PROCESSING

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Small dry spruce twigs, birch bark, resin of coniferous trees, dry moss, grass, lichen, shavings, splinters, from the middle part of dead wood split with an ax (mainly conifers), lower dry branches.

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• Suitable for cooking are birch and alder deadwood, which burns evenly and almost without smoke.
• If you need to spread a large fire, then the best firewood will be pine, cedar and spruce dead wood.
• Chopped logs ignite faster.
• Small brushwood burns out in the first two to three minutes.
• Aspen and fir firewood is bad because it fires too much sparks.

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• Use mostly dead conifers for the fire.
• If it rains in the forest, then small lower branches of coniferous trees, dried on the trunk, remain dry.
• Damp and rotten wood produces a lot of smoke, but little heat.
• Store more firewood in advance so as not to run around at night looking for fuel.
• Dry bushes, grass, reeds, dung can serve as fuel in treeless areas.

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METHODS OF PRODUCING FIRE

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Match; candle stub; lighter.

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Before the trip, each box of matches must be packed:

• in plastic wrap;
• also place the matchbox in a bottle with a hermetically sealed stopper (or a rubber bag, a metal case for matchboxes, which protect them from getting wet and mechanical damage).

Wet matches can be dried in hair under a hat.

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BASIC METHODS

1. Flint is a hard stone.
2. Fire (Krestalo) -axis, knife.
3. Tinder - any dry flammable material (moss, cotton wool, rot, wood dust).

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WITH ONION AND STICK

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Insert a pointed stick into the recess of a piece of wood or bark and rotate patiently until a haze appears. Then blow up the smoldering tinder, which must first be placed in and near the recess.

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With a magnifying glass

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HOW TO SPEED THE BOSTER

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Before lighting a fire, you must:

• prepare kindling;
• put the kindling under the small dry brushwood folded in a hut or a well;
• set fire to;
• thicker firewood is carefully placed on top as it burns up.

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Thicker firewood is not placed very tightly on top to provide air access.

If the fire does not flare up for a long time, it is necessary to fan it (increase air access). For this, a hat, a bowl, a wind jacket, a broom from branches are suitable.

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In rainy weather, a fire is made under the cover of a cape or raincoat held by two tourists.

The stronger the wind or rain, the more densely the kindling and firewood are placed on the fire.

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In damp cold weather, you can (if the supply of firewood allows) to make two fires. The first is for cooking, the second is for drying clothes and equipment.

It is imperative to have an attendant near him who will keep the fire going and make sure that things do not burn out.

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TYPES OF COSTERS

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SHALASH

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Any firewood is good. Logs are placed obliquely; they partially rely on each other.

The flame is bright, high, hot, with a limited heating band.

A bonfire requires the constant laying of firewood.

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STAR

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The logs are laid on the coals along the radii from one point.

Combustion takes place mainly in the center, the wood is moved closer to the middle as it burns.

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WELL

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Two logs are laid parallel to each other, at some distance; across them - two more.

How to light a fire?

The rules for making a fire begin with the process of starting a fire. In cloudy or rainy weather, only the lower branches of the trees are taken for this. But only dead and dry. Birch bark is well suited for kindling. But you cannot rip it off from living trees. The birch bark is enough on the ground. To light a fire, chips of dry logs, stumps, resinous bark, etc. are used. Before going into the forest, you can take candles, dry alcohol or plexiglass trimmings.

Many stores sell special fire-lighting liquids. Before going to the forest, matches are packed in waterproof packaging. For a quick fire, you can dip the paper-wrapped boxes in paraffin wax or melted wax.

How to light a fire in the forest?

There are safety rules for making a fire. This should only be done by adults. Bonfires should not be burned in strong winds, near conifers, on dry grass and peat bogs. To start a fire, you must first prepare the place. For this, a small layer of soil is removed with a shovel, in which there are roots and insects.

You cannot break the branches of living trees for a fire. Only dry branches lying on the ground are used. Before leaving, the fire is poured abundantly with water until the coals have completely cooled. Then it is covered with the initially removed layer of earth.

How to maintain

The rules for making a fire begin with collecting dead wood for it. You can not break and chop Only dry branches are collected, of which there are many on the ground. You can use trees split by lightning for a fire. And in the living, dry branches break off. Sometimes trees are broken by strong winds, which can also be used for a fire, like rotten stumps. Dead wood of dead coniferous and deciduous trees is also collected. Except standing in swamps or lying on damp ground.

Raw logs are used when the fire is already fully lit. In this case, the tree will burn for a long time. In the tundra, shrubs are used for the fire. The fin is collected from the banks of the rivers. These are trees brought by the flood, lying on the ground and already dried up under the sun. In semi-desert and mountainous areas, dried animal dung is used for fires.

Campfire safety

There are certain rules for making a fire in the forest and tracking the fire. This is an elementary safety technique that protects not only humans, but also flora and fauna. Burning bonfires must not be left unattended overnight. Because when the wind suddenly rises, the flame can spread to neighboring vegetation. You need to extinguish the fire as soon as you start to feel sleepy. Otherwise, the person who falls asleep may fall into the fire and cause serious burns and injuries. And sparks from a fire can set fire not only to clothing and tents, but also to neighboring vegetation.

Bonfires should be made 10 meters from the tent. In the direction of the wind. The tent is installed to it only with the back wall, and to the fire - by the entrance. In the mountains, it should be borne in mind that in the morning the wind blows from the valley, and in the evening - from the mountains. Therefore, the fire should be located closer to the river.

Campfire rules prescribe a ban on the use of fir or spruce branches for a fire in order to avoid a large number of large sparks. In addition, charcoal is "shot" by fire over long distances. Birch bark is used only for kindling fires. Pine and cedar create an even burning. No sparks, but with soot. It does not exist when using alder wood. And they burn evenly, without smoke. Birch firewood sparks a lot, but gives a lot of heat.

If, nevertheless, a fire is kindled in a coniferous forest, then a large fire cannot be made. Sparks, rising upward, can lead to the strongest, which is considered the most dangerous. Therefore, a fire in coniferous places is made at least 15 meters from the trees.

What is prohibited during a fire-hazardous period?

The rules for making a fire in a fire hazardous period have many prohibitions. It is impossible (even with a strong need) to kindle a fire in forests during periods of increased fire hazard. This situation can occur from May to September. The rules are strictly forbidden to make fires:

• in coniferous and pine young growth;
• on windblows;
• in windbreaks;
• on felling areas where felling residues occur or are present;
• in fields with ears of crops;
• in the steppes with dried grass;
• in glades with dry grass;
• next to reeds, moss and reeds;
• on or near peat bogs;
• under the crowns of trees;
• on old burners.

Bonfires should be located only in open places, at a decent distance from thickets of vegetation and bushes. And first of all - away from dry grass. During a fire-hazardous period, it is forbidden to use barbecues or any devices for cooking food in the forest.

You cannot smoke and throw cigarette butts and burning matches, shake ash out of pipes. It is forbidden to use pyrotechnics and shoot from firearms. Material soaked and oiled with flammable substances must not be left in the forests. It is forbidden to fill the tanks with fuel and leave glass bottles, their fragments and other debris in the open space.

warmth, the ability to warm up, dry clothes and shoes; necessary for cooking; this is one of the options for signaling rescuers; the fire scares away predators; helps to calm down, feel more secure.

Choose a clearing that is protected from strong winds. Clear the prospective campfire site from dry grass and foliage. You can surround the fire with stones. Do not start a fire near dry trees.

If the snow is shallow, clear it up and light a fire on the ground. In deep snow, flooring can be made.

If there is turf, remove it, turn it over with the grass down and lay it around the fire. Remove foliage, needles, grass around the fire by 1 - 1.5 m.

If possible, cover it with stones. Make a bed of raw logs, sand, clay under the fire. (Otherwise, the fire will penetrate the peat bog and an underground fire will start).

Flame - for cooking and lighting. Fry - for cooking, heating, drying things. Smoke - for repelling mosquitoes, midges and signaling.

Small dry spruce twigs, birch bark, resin of coniferous trees, dry moss, grass, lichen, shavings, splinters, from the middle part of dead wood split with an ax (mainly conifers), lower dry branches.

Suitable for cooking are birch and alder deadwood, which burns evenly and almost without smoke. If you need to spread a large fire, then the best firewood will be pine, cedar and spruce dead wood. Chopped logs ignite faster. Small brushwood burns out in the first two to three minutes. Aspen and fir firewood is bad because it fires too much sparks.

Use mostly dead conifers for the fire. If it rains in the forest, then the small lower branches of coniferous trees, dried on the trunk, remain dry. Damp and rotten wood produces a lot of smoke, but little heat. Store more firewood in advance so as not to run around at night looking for fuel. Dry bushes, grass, reeds, dung can serve as fuel in treeless areas.

Before the trip, each box of matches must be packed: in plastic wrap; also place the matchbox in a bottle with a hermetically sealed stopper (or a rubber bag, a metal case for matchboxes, which protect them from getting wet and mechanical damage). Wet matches can be dried in hair under a hat.

BASIC METHODS 1. Flint is a hard stone. 2. Fire (armchair) -axis, knife. 3. Tinder - any dry flammable material (moss, cotton wool, rot, wood dust).

Insert a pointed stick into the recess of a piece of wood or bark and rotate patiently until a haze appears. Then inflate the smoldering tinder, which must first be placed in and near the recess.

Before kindling a fire, you must: prepare a kindling fire; put the kindling under the small dry brushwood folded in a hut or a well; set fire to; thicker firewood is carefully placed on top as it burns up.

Thicker firewood is not placed very tightly on top to provide air access. If the fire does not light up for a long time, it is necessary to fan it (increase air access). For this, a hat, a bowl, a wind jacket, a broom from branches are suitable.

In rainy weather, a fire is made under the cover of a cape or raincoat held by two tourists. The stronger the wind or rain, the more densely the kindling and firewood are placed on the fire.

In damp cold weather, you can (if the supply of firewood allows) to make two fires. The first is for cooking, the second is for drying clothes and equipment. It is imperative to have a person on duty near it, who will keep the fire going and make sure that things do not burn out.

Any firewood is good. Logs are placed obliquely; they partially rely on each other. The flame is bright, high, hot, with a limited heating band. A bonfire requires the constant laying of firewood.

The logs are laid on the coals along the radii from one point. Combustion takes place mainly in the center, the wood is moved closer to the middle as it burns.

Two logs are laid parallel to each other, at some distance; across them - two more. This design provides good air access to the fire, and the logs will burn evenly along the entire length. This bonfire is good even in wet weather.

It consists of several logs laid along or at an acute angle to each other. It does not require frequent lining of firewood.

This fire is made up of three large logs, 2-2.5 m long. Two logs (the thicker the better) are laid close to each other, achieving a minimum gap between them. A kindling is placed on this gap. After the kindling is well lit, place the third log on top. It is desirable that this log be thicker than the lower ones, as it will burn out faster. Thick logs can burn for several hours.

1. Cover the coals from a burnt out fire with a layer of ash, blow them up in the morning. 2. Portable storage - torch. 3. Putting the moss between the splinters, wrap the resulting structure tightly with bark. A torch up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long will keep the fire for about 6 hours.

To keep the heat longer, the coals of a burnt fire should be covered with ash and a little earth. The fever in this case lasts up to 10 hours. Be sure to watch the burning fire When leaving the parking lot, be sure to extinguish the fire, even if only barely smoldering embers and coals remain from it. If possible, fill it up!

When entering the forest, one must remember that making fires is not allowed always and everywhere.

How to light a fire correctly:

Bonfire: It is difficult to imagine any trip without it. First of all, they are necessary for a novice traveler. Sometimes even a person's life depends on the ability to make a fire. First you need to know how to choose a place for a fire, how to prepare a site, how to prepare firewood and kindling, and, most importantly, how to light a fire in any weather conditions and at any time of the year

Seat selection: Before making a fire, you need to choose a place for it (better sheltered from wind and rain by some kind of natural shelter, for example, a rock). It is desirable that this place be near water. The main condition is compliance with fire safety rules.

Do not start a fire under canopy or between large roots that come to the surface. It is also forbidden to make fires among dead conifers and young stands, as well as in areas with dry grass or on placers of stones, between which a lot of hot forest debris accumulates.

Site preparation: Clear an area with a diameter of a meter and a half from forest debris: grass, dry leaves. It is even better to remove the upper words of the sod, exposing the bud on an area larger than the fire itself, and, if possible, surround this place with stones. This is done in order to avoid the accidental spread of fire to dry vegetation, leading to a forest fire. It is very dangerous to make a fire in the immediate vicinity of dry grass and in a dry coniferous forest, where the flame can spread quickly even in a weak breeze. A fire spread on peat soil easily ignites a layer of peat under the sod and it is very difficult to extinguish such a fire, since the flame can appear from the ground only after a few days.
And if there is shallow snow on the ground? Clear the place down to the ground. Deep snow densely press, make a flooring from raw logs and branches.

Fuel: its correct selection is very important for a fire. Dry hardwood firewood does not give off smoke, while damp or rotten wood gives off little heat but is very smoky. Living birch wood is too wet. Small dry brushwood gives a strong flame, completely burning out in a few minutes. Deciduous firewood with heavy dense wood (oak)

Kindling : they are flammable materials used to quickly ignite a fire. To do this, use birch bark, dry chips, rot from the hollow, resinous pieces of bark of coniferous trees and the so-called "incendiary sticks", which are made from resinous chips of stumps of coniferous trees.

The kindling is folded in the form of a small pyramid, at the base of which a small hole is left, where an incendiary stick lit from a rod is introduced.

After the pyramid flares up, thicker and thicker pieces of wood are placed on it - dry twigs, dry dead wood. So that the fire does not go out from strong wind or rain, it is kindled under some kind of shelter: an overhanging stone, rock.

Damp firewood should be stacked around the fire to help it dry out faster.

Making fire: matches must remain dry for this, matches with a head up to a quarter of the length are dipped in melted wax and packed together with a piece of "grater" in an airtight bag or pencil case. You can also get fire with a magnifying glass, lenses from glasses and other pieces of glass. With the help of the sun, prepared moss, bird fluff, resinous bark, and crushed foliage are set on fire.

In view of the beginning of the fire hazardous season, we draw attention to fire safety measures.

It is unacceptable in the forest:

- use open fire;

- burn grass under trees, in forest glades, clearings, as well as stubble in fields, in the forest;

- to make fires in young coniferous stands, on peat bogs, logging areas, in places with dry grass, under tree crowns, as well as in areas of damaged forest;

- use wads made from flammable or smoldering materials when hunting;

- leave oiled or flammable cleaning material;

- refuel engine tanks, use faulty cars, smoke or use open fire near cars fueled with fuel;

- leave bottles or shards of glass as they can act as incendiary lenses.

Those guilty of violating these rules are subject to disciplinary action,

administrative or

criminal liability.

Rules of conduct in a forest fire

Actions of the population in the forest fire zone:

- plunge into a nearby body of water or cover yourself with wet clothing;

- to overcome the lack of oxygen, breathe through a wet handkerchief or wet clothes, bend down to the ground;

- determine the direction of the wind and the spread of fire;

- having chosen the route of exit from the forest to a safe place, go only to the windward side and along the front of the fire;

- having made a decision to extinguish a small fire, send for help to the village;

- in case of a small fire, fill the fire with water from the nearest reservoir, sweep away the flame with a 1.5-2 m bundle of branches of deciduous trees, wet clothes, a thick cloth;

- trample a small fire on the ground, do not let it spread to the trees, do not leave until you are sure that the fire is extinguished.

Rescue phones: 01, 112 (cellular).

Fire prevention is the foundation of our safety.

REMINDER

campfire

rules of conduct in case of forest fires.

Completed by: teacher OBZH Koval A.P.

2012 year