Metallurgical complex: current state, geography of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, problems and prospects for the development of the industry. Current state and prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy

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University: Ural State Economic University

Year and city: Ekaterinburg 2012

1. Ferrous metallurgy: concept and place in the sectoral structure of the national economy 3

2. Trends in the development of ferrous metallurgy 6

3. Prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy 14

List of sources used 21

Appendix 23

1. Ferrous metallurgy: concept and place in the sectoral structure of the national economy.Metallurgy and metallurgy

- (from ancient Greek μεταλλουργέω - I mine ore, process metals) - a field of science and technology, a branch of industry

Metallurgy is divided into ferrous and non-ferrous. Ferrous metallurgy

- one of the most important sectors of the Russian economic complex. Its products serve as the basis for the development of mechanical engineering and metalworking, construction and are widely used in many sectors of the economy.

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the most dynamically developing sectors of Russian industry. Based on the results of 2004, the 25 leading companies had a growth rate of 30 to 80%. This is all the more valuable because the industry is complex from a technological and marketing point of view. There is strong competition on the world market from Japan, Ukraine and Brazil, but our manufacturers manage to maintain their main competitive advantage - low production costs.

Ferrous metallurgy includes the extraction and beneficiation of ores, their agglomeration, coke production, extraction of auxiliary materials (fluxing limestone, magnesite); production of refractories; production of cast iron, steel and rolled products; blast furnace ferroalloys, electroferroalloys; secondary processing of ferrous metals; production of metal products for industrial purposes - hardware (steel tape, metal cord, wire, mesh, etc.), as well as collection and preparation for melting of scrap metal. In this complex, the core role is played by the metallurgical process of cast iron-steel-rolled products, the rest of the production is related and accompanying.

The country's metallurgical complex also includes factories that produce only cast iron and steel and separately cast iron, steel and rolled products (that is, ultimate metallurgy enterprises). A special group is formed by enterprises of small-scale metallurgy (production of steel and rolled products at machine-building plants) and enterprises with electrometallurgical production of steel and ferroalloys.

Ferrous metallurgy is one of the main regions for the production of steel pipes for oil and gas pipelines.

In connection with the introduction on January 1, 2005 of the all-Russian classifier of species economic activity(OKVED), harmonized with international analogues, the metallurgy industry is reflected in section D “Manufacturing”, and the mining process is assigned to section C “Mining”, which includes the following subsections:

• CB - Extraction of mineral resources, except fuel and energy;
• Mining of iron ores - subclass 13.1 and mining of non-ferrous metal ores except uranium and thorium ores - subclass 13.2.
• DJ - Metallurgical production and production of finished metal products;
• DI - Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products - (production fireproof products- subclass 26.8);
• DN - Other production (processing of metal waste and scrap - subclass 37.1)
• DF - Coke production - subclass 23.1.

Many large metallurgical enterprises are the basis for supporting the economy of entire regions of Russia. More than 70% of the complex's enterprises are city-forming. They form an important part of regional and local budgets, determine the level and quality of life of the population in their regions, and have a stabilizing effect on employment (the average annual number of industrial production personnel in ferrous metallurgy is 666 thousand people, and in non-ferrous metallurgy - 553 thousand people .); The activities of vital sectors of the social complex depend on these industries.

The metallurgical complex is the largest consumer of products from such industries as fuel, electric power, transport, mechanical engineering, providing 35% of the country's cargo turnover, consuming 14% of fuel, 16% of electricity, and thus metal. the complex stimulates the development of these industries, supports them in times of crisis, providing them with effective demand.

The role of metallurgical complex enterprises in the territorial organization of the economy is extremely important, since they are area-forming. Metallurgical enterprises determine the development of a powerful electric power industry in their area of ​​gravity, large mechanical engineering, based on combination, give impetus to the development chemical production, construction industry; in order to rationalize the use of labor resources, industries are formed around it, predominantly using female labor, for example light industry etc.

2. Trends in the development of ferrous metallurgy.

Metallurgy is the second most important sector (after oil and gas) of the Russian economy. The volumes of steel production and consumption remain an important indicator of the country's economic development. Russia's prospects in this industry are largely determined by the situation on the global metallurgical market, where our country (along with China, India, Brazil) is one of the leading players.

In 2010, the global metallurgy market practically emerged from the crisis. World steel production reached a record level of 1.41 billion tons, which is 15% more than in 2009. The rapid pace of recovery in the main centers of metallurgy was made possible thanks to the adoption of broad government programs to develop infrastructure and support the automotive industry - especially in China, India, USA and Brazil.

The global metallurgy market has experienced profound changes over the past decade. After a long period of low growth, excess capacity and low prices, which lasted from the mid-1970s to the end of the last century, new stage in the development of this industry.

In 2001-2008 Chinese demand for metal increased by 25% per year, and global steel production increased annually by 7% and reached 1.22 billion tons. At the same time, metal prices also increased significantly - only for 2001-2006. more than three times. At the same time, there was a noticeable increase in prices for the main metallurgical raw materials: iron ore, coke, scrap metal, etc., which led to an increase in metal production costs around the world. Nevertheless, the leading metallurgical companies ended 2008 with noticeable profits.

Since 2002, global metallurgy has again become an important driver of modernization, this time driven by China. The annual growth rate of the industry has risen to 7-8% per year (Fig. 1, Table 1).

Fig 1. World steel production, million tons

Source: CalculatedByThomson Financial Datastream; Morgan Stanley Capital International. 2007.

Increasing metal consumption was fueled by the rapid growth of Chinese industries such as automobiles, shipbuilding and infrastructure. The colossal demand for metal from China was one of the important reasons for the unprecedented jump in metal prices in the world. Other factors include a constant shortage of raw materials and new metallurgical capacity, as well as, for the first time in the history of world metallurgy, a deliberate reduction in production in developed countries in order to reduce the volatility of world prices.

Table 1. Largest steel producing countries in 2010

Source: World Steel Association, Steel Statistics 2010.

Metallurgy is an important sector of the Russian economy. The industry produces products worth $70 billion; More than half of it is exported, the profitability is exceptionally high. But the successful development of metallurgy in last years causes mixed feelings. Metallurgy increasingly looks like, although useful, it is just an addition to the country’s raw materials specialization. Domestic companies they do not strive to strengthen the specialization in high-process processing that is characteristic of the developed economies of the world at their enterprises; they are not particularly interested in metalworking; some have already abandoned it altogether.

Today, Russia ranks 4th in the world in steel production (67.9 million tons per year), 3rd place in exports of steel products (27.6 million tons per year - 46% of the total volume of rolled metal produced ), is among the top ten countries in the world in terms of imports (5.1 million tons per year; the share of imports in domestic consumption of rolled steel is 14%). (See Fig.2)

Figure 2.

The share of ferrous metallurgy in total industrial production is about 9.8%. The industry includes more than 1.5 thousand enterprises and organizations, 70% are city-forming. The industry employs over 660 thousand people.

In the Russian ferrous metallurgy, 9 large companies and vertically integrated corporate groups, which account for more than 80% of the industry’s industrial production volumes (these are metallurgical companies EvrazHolding, Severstal, Novolipetsk Iron and Steel Works, Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works, Management Company Metalloinvest, Mechel, as well as pipe companies "Pipe Metallurgical Company", "United Metallurgical Company", CJSC "Chelyabinsk Pipe Rolling Plant Group").

In the 1990s, there was a reduction in metallurgical production in Russia, due to a decrease in the consumption of metals on the domestic market. At the same time, a significant volume of production was reoriented from the domestic to the foreign market, the share of exports of rolled ferrous metals increased to 60%.

Since 1999, thanks to the action of both internal and external factors, the growth of metallurgical production began. In 2006, production volumes of the main types of ferrous metallurgy products exceeded the level of the early 1990s.

For development metallurgical industry V Russian Federation favorable conditions exist. As a result of the use of cheap energy, raw materials and labor resources, the cost of production of metal products is one of the lowest in the world. Considering that metal products are sold both on the foreign and domestic markets at virtually world prices, Russian metallurgical companies are among the most profitable in the world. Yes, attitude net profit to the revenue of the largest Russian ferrous metallurgy plants in the last few years amounted to 0.15-0.3, which significantly exceeds similar indicators of the world's leading companies (0.02-0.07).

Under such favorable conditions and high financial indicators industry development rates in 2000-2008. were at a relatively low level: production of main types of products (rolled ferrous metals, iron ore) grew by an average of 2-3% per year (Fig. 3). This is due to the high level of capacity utilization in the metallurgy industry, as well as long construction periods and high capital intensity of new facilities

Figure 3

According to the Financial Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, in 2003-2007. the share of the metallurgical industry accounted for, on the one hand, 30-40% of the volume of the balanced financial result of the entire industry, on the other - 6-9% of the total volume tax revenue industry. The amount of tax revenues in metallurgy amounted to 7-8% of the volume of products produced, while in oil production and refining, for example, from 40 to 63%.

Russian metallurgical companies, when setting selling prices, are largely guided by the rapidly growing price environment of foreign markets, although over 50% of their production finished products enters the Russian market. However, they have the opportunity, if necessary, to reduce the volume of supplies of finished products to domestic consumers and export semi-finished steel products, which deprives consumers of the necessary levers of reciprocal market influence.

The currently observed rise in prices for metal products on world markets leads to an increase in Russian exports, primarily semi-finished products. Thus, in the first quarter of 2010, export supplies of billets increased by 9%, cast iron - by 7.7%, coke and semi-coke - by 6.4%, while supplies of products with increased technological readiness - flat rolled products - decreased by 4.5% compared to the same period in 2009

The share of ferrous metallurgy products in the costs of production and sales of products is: in mechanical engineering - 13-18%, in industry building materials- 7-12%, in industry as a whole - about 7%. Rapid growth in prices for metal products leads to a redistribution of income between sectors of the economy, increases the costs of enterprises in metal-consuming industries and negatively affects their financial and economic indicators. A sharp increase in prices for metal products has a particularly negative impact on industries in which prices and tariffs are regulated and restrained by the state, such as railway and pipeline transport, electric power, and, to a large extent, the gas and oil industries.

The main systemic weakness of the Russian metallurgical industry is the low redistribution of products exported. For example, the ratio of revenue to the volume of steel produced by Russian companies is one of the lowest in the world. In other words, we are simply selling our steel for next to nothing.

The state could play a big role here, primarily through high-tech domestic demand. This applies, for example, to a number of large investment projects in the oil and gas industry.

The Department of Industry of the Ministry of Industry and Energy notes that, despite the favorable results in the development of the metallurgical complex, there are a number of negative trends in the industry. Among them: insufficient competitiveness of a number of types of products, which leads to quite significant volumes of imports from the CIS countries and non-CIS countries; low volumes of geological exploration work against the backdrop of low competitiveness of a number of types of ore and mineral raw materials; low share of products of high technical readiness in exports; low rates of decline in specific costs of raw materials, supplies, and energy resources (in physical terms) for the production of main types of products; relatively high obsolescence of many types of equipment used; high share of foreign technology, equipment, technologies in the re-equipment of production; unfavorable situation in the industry innovation sphere, which causes low demand for innovation; low rate of reduction of excess emissions harmful substances in air and water pools. Experts believe that these negative trends may complicate the work and development of metallurgical enterprises in the coming years.

3. Prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy.

Metallurgical production belongs to mature industries, the main technological directions of which were formed in the last century and subsequently developed evolutionarily within the framework of a fairly conservative production structure. Despite the presence of a large number of significant improvements and serious innovations (among which, first of all, the transition from discrete to continuous processes, for example, continuous casting, should be highlighted) in the production of metals, a multi-stage production cycle, which is very energy and resource intensive, is generally maintained.

In almost all metallurgical processes, unit capacities of the main units have been achieved that are close to the maximum, and further growth of this indicator will in many cases lead to a loss economic efficiency and worsening environmental problems. Therefore, in the future, the development of metallurgical equipment and technology will continue to move in the direction of compactness, reduction of input costs and increased productivity. The role of information and telecommunication technologies, the use of automatic control systems (ACS), computer programming and modeling will increase significantly.

The strategy for the development of the metallurgical industry of the Russian Federation until 2020 was prepared by the Ministry of Industry and Trade of Russia and other interested executive departments on the basis of the approved order of the Ministry of Industry and Energy of Russia dated May 29, 2007 No. 177 “Strategy for the development of the metallurgical industry of the Russian Federation for the period until 2015” in pursuance of the instructions of the Government of the Russian Federation Federation (minutes of the meeting with the Chairman of the Government V.V. Putin dated July 24, 2008 No. VP-P9-13pr “On measures to develop ferrous metallurgy and supply the domestic market with metal products”) in accordance with the methodological instructions and forecast macroeconomic indicators of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia.

The metallurgical industry, being a basic industry, makes a significant contribution to the Russian economy. Progress in the development of the industry in the period 2000-2007. were due, on the one hand, to general political stability, structural and institutional reforms, and, on the other hand, to exceptionally favorable foreign economic conditions until 2008. High prices for metal products and the possibility of increasing their exports have in recent years determined the significant contribution of the metallurgical industry to GDP growth and other macroeconomic indicators.

However, despite the adaptation of the metallurgical industry to market conditions, its technical and technological level and the competitiveness of a number of types of metal products cannot be considered satisfactory.

Analysis of possible directions for solving existing problems determines the need to develop a unified state strategy for the development of the metallurgical industry, aimed at implementing priority tasks within each of the strategic directions and providing for the development of cooperation between government agencies all levels, the business community and public organizations.

Due to the trend of reducing steel consumption per unit of production, the displacement of ferrous metals by aluminum and plastics, and resource conservation, the need for metal is decreasing. The era of pure, economically alloyed steels with a high tensile strength of structures is coming. Products made from them are characterized by low metal consumption and durability. In the future, only high-quality metal with special properties will be needed, so the following areas of development are relevant for the industry:

1. Transition to high-quality metallurgy, increasing the share of high-quality steels and complex species rental In this regard, the specialization of metallurgical plants will increase, and cooperation ties will increase. Specialized production will receive new development - transport metal (rails, wheels, fasteners), construction metal, metals for cars, electronics industry, etc.
2. Development should proceed through modernization using the latest technologies, diversification of production at a number of metallurgical enterprises, the traditional products of which turn out to be uncompetitive. The basic metallurgical enterprises will remain Cherepovets, Novolipetsk, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Tagil, Chelyabinsk, West Siberian, Kuznetsk, Novotroitsk, as well as pipe plants.
3. The share of pigment metallurgy should increase significantly, since it produces cheaper metal. Currently, ½ of steel is made from scrap metal. In this regard, the construction of mini-factories is promising (the plants use scrap; they are equipped with electric arc furnaces, produce high-quality metal; narrow specialization and small orders are possible; mini-factories are consumer-oriented).

Changes in the location of ferrous metallurgy have the following promising trends:

1. Greater dispersion in placement in the “upper floors” due to the construction of mini-factories, consumer orientation of enterprises in connection with the development of scientific and technical progress and improvement of ore beneficiation methods, accumulation of large amounts of scrap metal in old industrial areas.
2. Increasing concentration due to the closure of old factories equipped with outdated equipment in the “lower floors”.
3. Situation of the industry outside of large urban agglomerations in small and medium-sized cities due to the increasing importance environmental factors and environmental activities.

The industry is characterized by a process of vertical integration. Concerns are created vertically coal - coke - metal, they are formed into one chain, since the only convertible item is metal. Enterprises that consume metal are joining them, since it is more profitable to trade in finished products than in metal. The Severstal Association was created on the basis of the Cherepovets plant. It included 27 enterprises (of which 16 were metallurgical) from many regions: Oryol Steel Rolling Plant, Vladimir Tractor Plant, Serpukhov Metal Structures Plant, Abakanvagonmash, Olenegorsk Mining and Processing Plant, etc. new type associations focused on survival in a market economy. The process of creating regional multi-industry concerns on the basis of such metallurgical plant cities as Magnitogorsk, Chelyabinsk, Cherepovets, Novokuznetsk, Nizhny Tagil is underway. They acquire controlling stakes in other industries.

The market infrastructure is insufficiently developed, the problems of providing iron ore raw materials, scrap, and coal are very complex. Almost 90% of iron ore is located in the KMA, on the Kola Peninsula, in Eastern Siberia. Developed and sustainable interregional connections. The Russian Ferrous Metallurgy Corporation was created, since the creation of regional associations does not solve the problems of a unified scientific and technical policy, economical use of resources, and support of production at fading enterprises and those under construction. Large investors are important; foreign investors need guarantees from the government and large international banks.

An important place in the development of the industry is occupied by the issue of export of ferrous metallurgy products in Russia. Prices for metal products have reached world levels. But in addition to quality, production costs must also be taken into account, and they are often higher in Russia than in the USA, Japan, South Korea, Brazil, Taiwan - countries with developed ferrous metallurgy. The material and energy consumption of products is very high, and labor costs are high (2 times). The competitiveness of Russian metal products on the world market is supported by low level salaries. Hourly wages in Russia are an order of magnitude lower (in Western Europe, for example, it is $19.6 per hour), and the share of wages in the cost of metal products in Russia is about 11%, while in developed countries it is 30%. The structure of Russian export supplies has next view: to Asian countries and Pacific region accounts for more than 37%, Western Europe- 26%, on North America- about 15%, for Africa also - about 15%, for the CIS countries - more than 4%, for South America- 1.3%. China's share is growing rapidly.

The transport component in the production of ferrous metallurgy products exceeds 20%. This leads to a reduction in exports through ports Far East and could lead to the loss of the Asian market.

The strategy was developed according to three options: inertial (option 1), energy and raw materials (option 2) and innovative (option 3), distinguishing three periods: 2009-2011, 2012-2015. and 2016-2020, according to the Forecast of socio-economic development of the Russian economy for the period up to 2020.

The development strategy of the mining and metallurgical industry of the Russian Federation for the period until 2020 (hereinafter referred to as the “Strategy....") is a set of individual programs, projects and non-programme activities interconnected in terms of objectives, implementation deadlines and resources, providing an effective solution to systemic socio-economic problems. problems, as well as the creation of a platform for further qualitative growth of the industry, is the latest (in time) program document for the Russian metallurgical industry.

An important element of the “Strategy...” is the development of sectoral measures to ensure reliable operation of enterprises in crisis conditions of financial and economic instability.

The main goal of development metallurgical industry of Russia for the period until 2020 is to ensure the growing demand for metal products in the required range, quality and volumes of supplies to metal-consuming industries on the domestic market (taking into account their development prospects), on the market of the CIS countries and the world market based on accelerated innovative renewal of the industry, increasing its economic efficiency, environmental safety, resource and energy conservation, product competitiveness, import substitution and raw material supply.

The implementation of the Strategy will contribute to achieving a level of economic and social development corresponding to Russia’s status as a leading world power of the 21st century.

This goal clearly corresponds to the national objectives in the development of the country, defined by the President of the Russian Federation in his Messages Federal Assembly, and with priority areas activities of the Government of the Russian Federation, presented in relevant recent documents.

Analysis of the current situation and prospects for the development of Russian metallurgy allows you to focus on three problems.

1. In the short term - retaining export markets and dominating the domestic market, maintaining a fairly high level of profitability in the metallurgical industry. The goal is to maintain and gradually increase production volumes on the existing base.

Gradual increase in the share of supplies to the domestic market in accordance with growing consumption, successful competition with manufacturers from the CIS countries. Further modernization of equipment.

The main danger is the strengthening of intersectoral contradictions. The role of the state is to monitor the price situation and prevent monopolistic price increases. There is a necessary mechanism for this. In addition, scrupulous conduct of anti-dumping investigations, a clear determination of the facts of damage (non-infliction), development of a unified, balanced decision-making policy on the introduction of restrictive measures against imported rolled products.

2. In the medium term - a more than one and a half-fold increase in production, bringing the share of finished steel supplies to the domestic market to 80% while maintaining the volume of export supplies.

3. In the long term - solving raw material problems, developing new deposits of iron ore raw materials, achieving the role of one of the influential players in the global steel and iron ore market.

LIST OF SOURCES USED

Books, articles, materials of conferences and seminars.

1. Kondratyev, V.B. Global metallurgy: trends and development prospects. [ Electronic resource]/ Perspectives website. - Access mode: http://www.perspektivy.info/rus/ekob/globalnaja_metallurgija_tendencii_i_perspektivy_razvitija_2011-03-18.htm

2. Lebedev, V. Origins of raw material shortage [Electronic resource]/ Magazine “Expert”, No. 12, 2008. - Access mode http://www.expert.ru

3. National Economy [Text]: textbook / ed. P. V. Savchenko. - M.: Economy, 2005. - 813 p.

4. Economic geography of Russia [Text]: textbook for university students studying in economics and management / ed. T.G. Morozova, - 3rd ed., revised. and additional - M.: UNITY - DANA, 2010. - 479 p. - (Series “Golden Fund of Russian Textbooks.”)

Statistical collections, instructional materials, guidelines, abstract information, normative and reference materials.

5. Strategy for the development of the Russian metallurgical industry for the period until the end of 2020. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.minprom.gov.ru/activity/metal/strateg/2

6. Russian statistical yearbook. 2011: Statistical collection/Rosstat. -R76 M., 2011.

7. Russia` 2012: Stat. reference book/P76 Rosstat. - M., 2012. - 59 p.

Internet sites.

8. Official website of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation: [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://premier.gov.ru

9. Ministry of Industry and Trade: [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://www.minpromtorg.gov.ru

10. Metallurgical industry of Russia, industry portal: [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://rusmet.ru

12. Consulting company “Triumph” [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://triumph-db-ru.narod.ru

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In the conditions of the formation and development of market relations, the Government of the Russian Federation developed the concept of corporatization and privatization of metallurgical industry enterprises, which put forward a number of conditions for privatization most important tasks:

1. Maintaining optimal technological connections that make it possible to effectively use the production potential available in the metallurgical complex.

2. Creation and development of a competitive environment.

3. Attracting financial resources for technical re-equipment of enterprises.

In the process of implementing these tasks, all enterprises of the metallurgical industry (regardless of the scale of production and number of personnel) must be classified as federal property and transformed into joint-stock companies as objects of federal property. Assigned to property federal bodies stakes will be used to implement a unified state policy aimed at creating a balanced market metallurgical complex, stabilizing production and creating conditions for accelerated integration into the world economy.

Mandatory government regulation and the direct participation of the state in the activities of the metallurgical industry is confirmed by the experience of developed industrial countries, where a third of the steel produced in these countries is produced by state-owned companies.

It is necessary to solve the problem of interaction between technologically interconnected enterprises, from mining to the fourth stage. Such interaction, consistent with the nature of market relations, can be ensured by the creation of holding structures and the acquisition of shares by mutually interested enterprises, regardless of the share of federal property in their share capital.

Currently, various holding structures have been created and are being formed in the metallurgical complex of Russia. Thus, on the initiative of the Sverdlovsk region, the holding company "Uralaluminvest" was created, which united the share capital of the Ural aluminum, Polevsky cryolite, Kamensk-Ural metallurgical plants, Mikhailovsky non-ferrous metals processing plant, the Sevuralboxytruda association and the Uralgipromez institute. An investment holding company is created in agreement with the workforce of enterprises representing the full technological cycle of aluminum processing - from the extraction of raw materials to the production of highly processed final products (rolled products, foil, consumer goods).

The company will promote the cooperation of enterprises in order for them to implement an agreed investment policy, generate profits and invest them in these enterprises to maintain retiring capacities, ensure integrated use raw materials, secondary resources and production waste, introduction of resource-saving low-waste and non-waste technologies, reconstruction of existing technological complexes, organization of production, competitiveness in the foreign market, improvement of working conditions and health improvement environment in areas where enterprises are located.

Another form of corporatization of metallurgical enterprises is the creation of interstate companies (IK). Currently, MK are created in ferrous metallurgy, in the aluminum, titanium-magnesium and rare earth industries, as well as in the extraction of chromium and manganese ores and the production of ferroalloys.

The creation of interstate companies in the metallurgical industry should help overcome the crisis and provide a common domestic market with certain scarce types of metal products and reduce their imports from third countries, as well as successfully compete in foreign markets for metal products.

The formation of interstate companies will help solve the problem of organizational and economic integration of enterprises and the restoration of economic ties, regardless of the form of ownership.

Currently, on the basis of the joint use of iron ores and coking coals of Kazakhstan with the participation of the Sokolovsko-Sarbaisky and Lisakovsky mining and processing plants, Karaganda-Ugol Production Association, Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works JSC and the Karaganda Iron and Steel Works, a company has been created in the form of a consortium for the joint development of the coal and iron ore base covering financial investments through the export of additional metal products.

Cartel-type companies are possible for the production and trade of certain types of metal products of enterprises included in the cartel.

Thus, the creation of holding and interstate companies of various types is one of the real directions for stabilization and development of the Russian metallurgical complex.

The Committee of the Russian Federation on Metallurgy has developed proposals for the development of the raw material base of ferrous metallurgy for the period 1993-2000. and the Federal program "Development of the ore base of non-ferrous metallurgy." They provide for the technical re-equipment of existing mining enterprises, the construction of facilities for the opening and preparation of new sites to maintain the capacity of existing enterprises, and the completion of the construction of previously started facilities based on the possibilities of their actual implementation.

However, a chronic lack of capital investment, constant shortfalls in the supply of modern mining, transport, processing and metallurgical equipment, and the absence of many of its types in Russia aggravate the problem of reconstruction, technical re-equipment and modernization of metallurgical production. Currently, the metallurgical complex is in a difficult technical condition: production assets are worn out by 40-50%, and in some cases by 70%. At the same time, the branches of the metallurgical complex provide the national economy with construction materials by 92%.

Taking into account the current conditions of market relations, mining enterprises will be able to provide financing for capital construction from their own funds at the level of 50-65%. The remaining costs should be covered by attracting funds from consumers, commercial structures, foreign investors, funds from the industry off-budget investment fund, and also partially from government funds. Calculations by scientists show that new capacities in metallurgy should be introduced in favor of converter production. Consequently, in the next 15-20 years, when decommissioning open-hearth furnaces and workshops, the primary development of the oxygen-converter process is necessary. At the same time, it is advisable to introduce new capacities in converter and electric furnace production in a ratio of approximately 4:1.

In the future, it is planned to more rapidly develop the production of high-strength corrosion-resistant pipes for the country's fuel and energy complex (casing pipes, tubing pipes, drill pipes, etc.), which will make it possible to reduce annual purchases for the import of pipes of various assortments.

An increase in the production of cold-rolled sheets is planned for the automotive industry and the production of consumer goods, equipment for storing agricultural products, civil engineering, and the electronics industry, which will reduce purchases of imports of cold-rolled sheets.

In the aluminum industry, it is necessary to reconstruct alumina production with the installation of equipment with large unit capacity.

To maintain and strengthen the ore base, the Russian Metallurgy Development Program for the period up to 2000-2005. provides:

completion of the construction of new facilities at the Stoilensky GOK for the extraction of raw ore and the production of concentrate;

further construction of the Yakovlevsky mine;

reconstruction of Mikhailovsky, Lebedinsky.

Kostomuksha, Kovdorsky, Olenegorsky and Korshunovsky mining and processing plants;

completion of construction of technical re-equipment facilities at the Kachkanarsky GOK; construction of a new processing plant

deep enrichment at the Sheregesh mine of NPO Sibruda;

construction of the Odinochnaya mine to maintain the capacity of the Krasnokamensk mine;

construction of the Estyuninskaya-Novaya mine to maintain the capacity of the Vysokogorsky mining and processing plant;

construction of new mines and quarries (Sibaisky, Uzelchinsky, Uzalinsky, Rubtsovsky, Novo-Shirokinsky mines);

creation of a raw material base for the titanium industry in Russia through the commissioning of ore mining and titanium concentrate production capacities on the basis of the Tuganskoye, Tarskoye and Tulunskoye deposits;

construction of ore base facilities at new deposits to ensure the required production volumes after 2000 (Gorevsky, Ozerny GOKs, enterprises based on the Pravourmiysky deposit, Bugdainsky and Bom-Gorkhansky mines).

The problem of providing Ural aluminum enterprises with raw materials for the long term will be solved by the development of the largest Srednetiman bauxite deposits in Russia.

One of the most pressing problems At the present stage of development of the metallurgical complex of Russia, rational use of natural resources and environmental protection are important. According to the level of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere and water bodies, education solid waste metallurgy surpasses all raw materials industries, creating a high environmental hazard from its production and increased social tension in the areas where metallurgical enterprises operate.

Environmental protection in the metallurgical complex requires enormous costs. Sometimes it makes more sense to use a process that is less polluting than to control (at enormous cost) the level of pollution using traditional technologies.

At present, the reduction of social tension in the areas where metallurgical enterprises operate can be achieved primarily by reducing environmental hazards, introducing environmentally friendly technologies and creating waste-free industries. A waste-free technological system is a combination of organizational and technical measures, technological processes and methods of preparing raw materials and materials that ensure the integrated use of raw materials and energy. Transition to low-waste and waste-free technology, improving methods for recycling harmful substances, and integrated use of natural resources are the main directions for eliminating the harmful effects of metallurgical production on the environment.

In the foreseeable future, there should be significant changes in the technical condition of the metallurgical complex and in environmental management processes, which will largely solve many problems. ecological problems. Only in non-ferrous metallurgy, for example, by the year 2000 the amount of harmful pollutant emissions is expected to decrease by 12-15% and the vast majority of enterprises will achieve maximum permissible emission standards. An increase in the use of mining systems with backfilling of mined-out space in areas where raw materials are mined by 20%, as envisaged by the program, will, along with improving technical and economic indicators during ore mining, ensure the preservation of the earth's surface in the mining allotment, and significantly reduce the consumption of materials for fastening, including very expensive ones. metals

Huge reserves and opportunities for solving environmental problems lie in the complexity of processing raw materials, in the full use of useful components in its composition and in deposits.

The Russian metallurgy, despite a significant decline in production, continues to occupy one of the leading places in the world in the production and export of metal products, second only to Japan, China and the USA. Russia's share in world steel production is 6.9%, and in the export of metal products - 10%. Since 1995, there has been a stabilization of production and even some growth.

The main goals of the long-term development of the metallurgical industry are to bring production capacities into line with the requirements of the world and domestic markets, both quantitatively and qualitatively, and to increase the competitiveness of metal production through the use of modern technologies, which will increase the demand for Russian metal, primarily for domestic market.

Despite the difficult crisis situation, metallurgy has proven its viability and the possibility of self-development. The decline in production forced the decommissioning of obsolete production facilities: 10 coke oven batteries, 51 open-hearth furnaces, 8 electric furnaces, 14 rolling machines. The process of completely abandoning the open-hearth method of steel production as inefficient and environmentally hazardous and replacing it with the converter method is underway. At the same time, new capacities were introduced using advanced technologies at a number of leading enterprises - in Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Novokuznetsk, etc.

Currently privatized, i.e. became private, 75% of the country's metallurgical plants, and 20% were transformed into joint-stock companies and have state ownership in the authorized capital. Only 5% of enterprises remain completely state-owned.

The developed Program for the Development of the Metallurgical Industry until 2005 provides for the solution of many problems currently facing the industry.

The main sources of financing for the Program: 49% - own funds of enterprises, 30.6% - credits, 10% - loans and only 5% are budgetary funds, federal and local.

The main directions in the development of ferrous metallurgy in the future are the improvement, first of all, of product quality, which is significantly lower than in foreign developed countries.

The aging of the industry's fixed assets in the last decade was accompanied by an increase in specific costs of fuel, energy and material resources, a drop in labor productivity, a deterioration in the quality of finished products, and a rapid increase in the cost of repair work, which significantly exceeded the total volume of capital investments for the reconstruction and renewal of equipment.

Improving the quality of products is possible through the introduction of new effective and environmentally friendly technologies, blast-furnace-free production, the development of technologies for the enrichment of oxidized ferruginous quartzites, the introduction of an oxygen converter and the gradual abandonment of the ineffective open-hearth method, as well as improving the structure of rolling production by increasing the production of cold-rolled sheets, rolled products with strengthened heat treatment, high-precision and shaped rolled profiles, special and high-quality types of pipes, the development of powder metallurgy, special remelting, etc. A promising role will be played by the production of pipes for oil and gas pipelines of increased strength, which is especially important for creating a system of offshore pipelines.

The most important task is also the creation of market infrastructure, reform of ownership patterns in all sectors of the Urals economy, development of joint ventures with the attraction of domestic and foreign investments, as well as the creation of small enterprises and entrepreneurship development.

In the conditions of the formation and development of market relations, the Committee of the Russian Federation on Metallurgy developed the concept of corporatization and privatization of metallurgical industry enterprises, which, as the basis for the privatization of metallurgical industry enterprises, which, as the basis for privatization, put forward the solution of the following most important tasks:

1. Reduction of optimal technological connections that make it possible to effectively use the production potential available in the metallurgical complex.

2. Creation and development of a competitive environment.

3. Attracting financial resources for technical re-equipment of enterprises.

In the process of implementing these tasks, all enterprises of the metallurgical industry (regardless of the scale of production and number of personnel) must be classified as federal property. The blocks of shares assigned to the ownership of federal bodies will be used to carry out a unified public policy aimed at creating a balance in the market metallurgical complex, stabilizing production and creating conditions for accelerated integration into the world economy.

Mandatory state regulation and direct state participation in the activities of the metallurgical industry is confirmed by the experience of developed countries, where a third of the steel produced in these countries is produced by state-owned companies.

Metallurgy is one of the basic industries National economy and is characterized by high material and capital intensity of production. Metals today remain the main structural material, and without a developed metallurgical complex, progress in most sectors of the economy is impossible.

Ferrous and non-ferrous metals account for more than 90% of the total volume of structural materials used in Russian mechanical engineering. In the total volume of transport traffic in the Russian Federation, metallurgical cargo accounts for over 35% of the total cargo turnover. The needs of metallurgy consume 14% of fuel and 16% of electricity, i.e. 25% of these resources are spent in industry.

The state and development of the metallurgical industry ultimately determine the level of scientific and technological progress in all sectors of the national economy. In Russia, the quality of ferrous metallurgy products is very high, the products are quite competitive on the world market, unlike other aspects of Russian industry. The quality of Russian steel is not inferior to the products of ferrous metallurgy in Europe, Japan or the USA.

The Russian ferrous metallurgy has the necessary material, fuel and labor resources, production equipment and scientific and technical potential for successful operation. The industry should become one of the economic priorities in industrial policy. Its role should be assessed from the perspective of national interests and national security. From this point of view, a high share of foreign producers in the domestic market of ferrous metals is unacceptable. In order to develop ferrous metallurgy as an industry that provides economic security countries, development is needed state program its survival and modernization, in which the main attention should be paid to the problem of increasing the competitiveness of metal products.

One of the main prospects for the development of the industry is the revival of the domestic machine-building complex, including metallurgical engineering enterprises, an increase in capital investment for the purpose of technological modernization of ferrous metallurgy, increasing the efficiency and competitiveness of production, increasing labor productivity, improving the quality of products so that more products with a high degree of efficiency can be exported. added value. This strategy meets the interests of the entire domestic economy.

The country's great prospects are associated with technical re-equipment and the latest technologies. It's about on the modernization of existing enterprises.
A new direction in the development of ferrous metallurgy is the creation of electrometallurgical plants for the production of steel from metallized pellets obtained by direct reduction of iron (Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant), where high technical and economic indicators are achieved in comparison with traditional methods of metal production.
The main direction of development of ferrous metallurgy is improving quality and increasing the output of more efficient types of products. This will be achieved thanks to:
- rapid growth of the raw material base, increasing the content of iron, manganese and chromium in concentrates, mastering the technology for enriching oxidized iron quartzites;
- improving the structure of rolling production through accelerated growth in the production of cold-rolled sheets, rolled products with strengthening heat treatment, shaped and high-precision rolled profiles, economical and special types steel pipes, including multilayer pipes for gas pipelines;
- the use of advanced technologies, especially in connection with the direct reduction of iron from ores, the development of powder metallurgy, special remelting and after-furnace processing of steel, continuous casting of steel;
- more complete use of scrap ferrous metals and metal-containing waste.
The output of finished rolled products will increase without an increase in cast iron production; this will happen thanks to the introduction of technologies with reduced resource intensity. It is planned to improve the structure of metal products by producing rolled sheets, rolled products from low-alloy steel and with hardening treatment. It is planned to expand the production of pipes for oil and gas pipelines.

The most important promising task- establish the necessary proportions between the stages of metal processing for each metallurgical base. The existing territorial differences from the point of view of combining production are such that in terms of smelting iron and steel at full-cycle enterprises, the Urals are far superior to other regions producing ferrous metals.

However, despite the adaptation of the metallurgical industry to market conditions, its technical and technological level and the competitiveness of a number of types of metal products cannot be considered satisfactory.

Brazil is a country with enormous overall economic potential, and its metallurgical industry has shown a strong growth trend in recent decades, giving the country a stable position among the top ten major players in the global metals market.

Even objective difficulties caused by the global financial crisis, such as falling prices for steel and a decrease in its consumption, did not have a significant impact on the industry as a whole. Analysts from the Brazilian Steel Institute predict that more than 35 million tons of steel will be produced this year, and in the future this figure will steadily grow by 5-7% annually.

Looking ahead to Brazil, which currently ranks lower in the top ten largest economies world, in 20-30 years it can take one of the leading positions.

Prospects for the development of ferrous metallurgy.

Brazil is increasing its steel production capacity and now ranks 8th in the world in steel production. The country produces 47% of all iron and steel products in Latin America. And the increase in exports is due to developing processing industries - mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, and the aviation industry.

Analysts believe that the main problem affecting the prospects for the steel industry in Brazil is the global overproduction of steel in the world.

According to S&P, the country's metallurgy industry has suffered from a recent increase in the cost of raw materials, which has affected the profitability of the industry. Demand for steel has already increased due to the construction boom in the country. It is due to the fact that in preparation for the FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics, the country has begun implementing several large projects for the construction of infrastructure facilities.

Fitch Ratings analysts predict that in the near future the country will become a huge “construction site”, since a revival has been noted in the construction of residential and commercial real estate.

Local steelmakers expect to increase sales volumes by 7-8% in the short term.

Also, metallurgists' expectations are related to the introduction of new capacities, the construction of which involved partners from Germany, America, Japan, and China. Such metallurgical giants as Arcelor Mittal, Nippon Steel Corporation, ThyssenKrupp are investing or planning to invest in the production of high-quality metal. While Brazil's metallurgy industry will continue to provide low-cost metal to developed markets in the future, it also plans to increase its exports to Latin America.

Today, metallurgical corporations in Brazil have the cheapest production, using their own high-quality raw materials, cheap labor and energy resources. The lion's share of the metal produced in Brazil falls to four large corporations that are competitive in world markets both in technology and in the quality of their products.

Non-ferrous metallurgy of Brazil.

The reserves of non-ferrous metal ores in Brazil have not yet been fully explored, but almost all of them are being developed. So in Brazil, iron, uranium and manganese ores, bauxite, nickel, graphite, chromium, and tungsten are mined. Cassiterite deposits are being developed ( tin ore), zirconium, rare metals - thorium, tantalum, niobium, beryllium. For example, 88% of the world's niobium reserves are concentrated in Brazil.

Brazil today ranks fourth in the world in terms of bauxite reserves, which has allowed the development of the aluminum industry.

Nickel reserves, which are concentrated within several states that form the Brazilian “nickel-bearing” province, are estimated at more than 12.0 million tons. Brazil contains almost 2% of the world's lead reserves and 0.7% of zinc.

Brazil is increasing its output of zinc products: concentrate and refined metal from year to year. At the same time, 80% of the produced zinc (260 thousand tons) is consumed within the country, and only about 75 thousand tons are exported, of which 58% - to Peru and 39% - to Argentina.

It should be noted the high pace at which it is developing non-ferrous metallurgy in Brazil. Thus, over the past 10 years, the volume of zinc mining and production has increased by one and a half times, copper and aluminum by 2-2.5 times, and nickel by three times.

Protectionist policy.

The success of Brazilian metallurgists is predetermined state support. Thus, the Brazilian government is taking certain steps in the tax area and implementing an import substitution strategy. The country has an industrial development program - “Plano Brasil Maior”, the main goal of which is to increase the competitiveness of the national product by investing in industry. This program guarantees Brazilian exporters a partial tax refund and the opportunity to use funds from a special fund to finance export operations.

The steel industry in Brazil expects that the full implementation of this plan will avoid cheap, low-quality steel imports, mainly from China.

The level of development of the ferrous metallurgy in Ukraine lags behind the world level for many reasons, the most important of which was the decision of the central authorities of the former USSR, according to which investments were redirected to the development of only the eastern and central regions of Russia, which led to a technical and social lag in the metallurgy of Donbass and the Dnieper region.

The lag of ferrous metallurgy from the world level is a consequence of insufficient technical reconstruction, lack of internal and external investment, and significant losses of metal during smelting. It’s a paradoxical phenomenon: there is a commodity boom on the world and Ukrainian markets, prices for oil, gas, ore, coal, gold have doubled or tripled in two years, metallurgical plants are in need of raw materials, and in Ukraine, since the times of the USSR, no new mining and processing complexes have appeared, let alone , mines, wells, and even new fields. And this is with significant deposits of iron, manganese and titanium ores, the presence of explored reserves of gold, uranium, due to the huge potential for the extraction of rare metals such as zirconium and niobium. Projects for the construction of a new quarry at the Poltava Mining and Processing Plant, the construction of the Priazovsky Mining and Processing Plant in the Zaporozhye region and the Fedorovsky Mining and Processing Plant in the Zhitomir region still remain only on paper. Now even mining facilities built (or unfinished) in the 80s are idle: the Krivoy Rog oxidized ore mining and processing plant, the Tavrichesky mining and processing plant (mining manganese ore), the complex of mines in Zheltye Vody (mining zirconium, scandium, uranium, iron ore).

There are at least three reasons for this situation. The first is the specifics of the global raw materials market: selling your products on the foreign market is much more difficult than extracting raw materials in Ukraine. Most potential buyers of Ukrainian minerals are bound by long-term contracts with the world's largest mining monopolies: BHP Billiton, CVRD, Anglo, Rio Tinto. Accordingly, having purchased Ukrainian-made raw materials, even at low prices, the buyer will certainly come into conflict with the world giants. Losses on contracts with a “big” supplier are much higher than the potential benefits from a one-time purchase of even a very large batch of Ukrainian raw materials.

The second reason is the ownership structure of the Ukrainian mining industry: the raw materials business is not a core business for large domestic financial and industrial groups.

The third reason is that big Ukrainian business simply does not know how to extract raw materials. Many geologists of the Soviet school now work abroad - in Russia, Australia, the USA, or have lost their former skills by going into other business. Technologies for the construction of mining and processing plants and mines were either outdated or successfully sold abroad in the first years of independence.

Investments in production amount to hundreds of millions of dollars. However, the projects for the construction of the Azov Mining and Processing Plant and the development of the iron ore deposit in Gulyai-Polye failed not because of a lack of funds. Construction of a mining and processing plant, even on an explored deposit, takes at least three years, and this is with the availability of specialists and technologies. Another year will have to be spent searching for buyers of raw materials and signing contracts. During this time, the boom in demand for raw materials may end.

The ferrous metallurgy of Ukraine is profitable. Products mining industry- the main item of foreign exchange earnings. However, its potential is decreasing due to technical backwardness. About 44% of steel is smelted by the oxygen-converter method, only 10% by the continuous casting method, while the world average is 95%. As a result, metal losses reach 11% per 1 ton of rolled products. The wear and tear of equipment in the industry is significant (65%), the cost of cast iron production remains high, and the share of defects is significant. Therefore, domestic prices for ferrous metallurgy products are on average 25% higher than world prices.

Today, the latest metal smelting technologies are competitive. Their use requires raw materials with certain characteristics that are unusual for traditionally used ores. Until this time, blast furnace technologies for steel smelting made it possible to use low-quality raw materials, providing enterprises with super profits due to large production volumes.

However, the technology is becoming outdated - the world market requires high-strength and at the same time light alloys, which are produced using rare metals. Ukraine has abundant reserves of such ores, but continues to import raw materials from Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The state prefers not to spend money on developing its own deposits.

And it’s not just the need for large investments: the mined ores contain small amounts of rare metals. But at the same time, one kilogram of pure raw materials costs from several tens to several hundred dollars. Therefore, experts believe that such complex deposits are unprofitable to develop as a complex. For example, the Priazovskoe deposit, in addition to rare metals, also contains feldspar - one of the components for the production of earthenware, ceramics and electrical porcelain. Its extraction together with rare metals will economically justify the development of the entire deposit.

The situation is similar in the field of Ukrainian gold mining. Since the beginning of the 90s, scientists have discovered and explored six new gold-bearing objects on the territory of Ukraine. The State Geological Service is confident that the development of gold mines is profitable, although it requires large investments. The licenses for these deposits will soon be put up for sale, but in the meantime they continue to be prepared for industrial development. The first gold deposit discovered in Ukraine - Muzhievskoe (Transcarpathia) - has not yet paid for production. However, if other rare metals are mined along with gold, the mine will be able to generate greater profits [b, 18-20].

Construction of a mining and processing plant for enrichment noble metals, for example, gold and copper, costs foreign companies 30-50 million dollars. According to experts, investments are purchased within 5-10 years - the time frame depends on the mining method and the capacity of the rocks that need to be removed. Even a 15-year period of return on investment does not stop the company. On the contrary, now Western companies are very reluctant to take on gold mining sites with 5-15 tons of reserves, since with their technologies they can produce this amount in 2-3 years. Therefore, complex, long-term objects are more attractive to them - even if the payback period is 20 years, the company has a guarantee that this deposit can be developed for a long time and not have to look for a new one.

There are still few similar projects in Ukraine. The most famous of them is the construction of the Azov Mining and Processing Plant at the Kuksungur manganese ore deposit (Zaporozhye region) by two largest metal plants - MMK im. Ilyich and Zaporizhstal The facility is currently at the approval and design stage, but work is being carried out intensively - after all, the project promises to be highly profitable. The deposit contains a concentrate that can be used without prior enrichment. Construction of the plant will cost investors at least $150 million. The project will pay for itself in 10 years if the owners use Western technologies.

But the development of the world's largest Stremigorod titanium deposit will require $1 billion. You should not rely only on private investment in this deposit: even the state is not able to undertake such a project. To develop the field it is necessary to create transnational corporation, which will finance the project and engage in its long-term development.

The main tasks of the development of the country's ferrous metallurgy are the reconstruction of metallurgical plants, review of the structure in favor of profitable production, a radical improvement in the quality and increase in production volumes of metal products, production of new types of products, especially alloy and other types of steel, a proportional ratio between the production of steel and rolled products, a decrease in output volumes high-silicon steel, which does not meet international standards, as it quickly corrodes.

It is necessary to develop and improve the oxygen-converter process, increase the share of agglomerate and pellets in the iron ore part of the charge when smelting pig iron, reconstruct and modernize equipment, intensify technological processes, mechanize and automate them, improve the technology of rolled pipes and pipes, especially casing, suitable for deep drilling of oil and natural gas, special types of pipes, in particular multilayer pipes for gas pipelines, master the production of new grades of ferroalloys, improve the quality of metal products and expand their range.

According to the developed “Concept for the development of the mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine for the period up to 2010,” iron ore production should amount to 70 million tons, it is expected to increase the iron content in the concentrate and reduce energy costs. Some obsolete capacities at a number of enterprises were decommissioned, continuous casting of steel, as well as stainless sheet and transformer steel, and production of small-diameter oil pipeline pipes were introduced.

The production of large-diameter pipes should increase twofold, primarily for export needs. For this purpose, the K. Liebknecht and Comintern plants in Dnepropetrovsk began production of oil-grade pipes and galvanized water and gas pipes at the Khartsyzsk plant - medium-diameter pipes with an outer polyethylene coating for main gas pipelines.

At the same time, in ferrous metallurgy the growth rate of labor productivity (in mining production) has decreased, which is associated with an increase in the depth of mining operations, an increase in rock pressure, at a slow pace technical re-equipment of enterprises. Over a certain period in the ferrous metallurgy there has been a systematic decrease in capital investments and fixed production assets, due to the deterioration natural conditions mining of ore and non-metallic raw materials, exploitation of deposits with low iron content in ores and an increase in the cost of fixed production assets, which is associated with environmental protection. Successfully solving these problems is of great economic and social importance.

The main objectives of the development of non-ferrous metallurgy are primarily to expand the raw material base of non-ferrous metallurgy, defined in the developed programs "Concept for the development of the mining and metallurgical complex of Ukraine for the period until 2010", "Titanium of Ukraine", "Copper of Ukraine". The industrial organization "Ukrzoloto" was created. Of the seven gold deposits, five are planned to be developed in the central part of the country: the Sergeevskoye, Zolotaya Balka, Shirokaya Balka (Dnepropetrovsk region), Klintsy, Yuryevskoye (Kirovograd region) deposits.

The problem of providing the non-ferrous metallurgy with raw materials, funds for geological prospecting work and new equipment remains important. The problems of integrated use of resources have not yet been resolved.

There is an urgent need to solve the problem of developing environmental infrastructure, i.e. the set of necessary technological systems, structures, institutions, enterprises that would ensure comprehensive processing of raw materials and waste and thus contribute to the protection natural environment and maintaining people's health. To do this, you need to conduct a study of modern ecological state centers and regions of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, develop systems of administrative measures regarding regional use and nature protection.

According to statistics, the most harmful emissions into the air come from ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises in Mariupol, Krivoy Rog, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye, Donetsk, Makeevka, Debaltsevo. To neutralize them, construction of high pipes, installation of filters, and disposal of captured substances are relatively effective. The areas of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy today are still quite polluted, especially the cities of the Dnieper region, where powerful metallurgical plants stand on the high right bank of the Dnieper, which, with the westerly wind, creates a very difficult environmental situation for the population of these cities.

In parallel with the depletion of deposits (mainly ore), the number of so-called technogenic deposits, or “tails”, is increasing - waste of large industrial production. In Krivbass alone, where mainly iron ore is extracted from the rock mass, more than 12 billion tons of solid waste have accumulated - almost half of the total volume in the country (25 billion tons). And in the Donbass, each resident produces 4 thousand tons of waste.

Such “tails” are recycled by 70-80% all over the world. In Ukraine, their use does not exceed 10%. According to scientists, out of 1.5 thousand man-made objects in Ukraine, about fifty are deposits where it is possible to carry out industrial development of rare metals, gold, other ores and even diamonds. From the waste of the Zaporozhye titanium-magnesium plant, Nikopol ferroalloy and Nikolaev aluminum plants, you can obtain about 30 components, including rare metals, the cost of which is 5-15 times lower than their market price. The development of already explored technogenic deposits can provide Ukraine with yttrium, tantalum, niobium, scandium and mercury in full. About 60% of the “tailings” of Krivbass can be used in the production of building materials.

However, so far only a few Ukrainian enterprises, in particular the Central and Ingulets Mining and Processing Plant, MMK im. Ilyich, were engaged industrial processing waste, which means that businesses are afraid to change traditional technology extraction of raw materials.