Research work on ecology on the topic "the ecological state of our area." Key environmental research work for the world's population carried out at the interstate level
Environmental research"Ecological meaning in Russian folk tales"
Description. Research work on ecology aimed at finding ecological meaning in Russian folk tales. The author took part with her in the regional ecological competition-exhibition "Ecology and Fairy Tales", where she took 2nd place, spoke to the students of health camps of educational institutions of the Slutsk region in the framework of the ecological program "Ecology and Folklore". This development will be useful for teachers primary grades, teachers additional education, educators of institutions preschool education for fostering love for nature through Russians folk tales.
Author: Zhuk Irina, 12 years old, student of the interest association "Ecological tourism: pathfinders", State Educational Institution "Slutsk Ecological and Biological Center of Students", Slutsk, Minsk region, Republic of Belarus.
Leader: Yasenetskaya Svetlana Vadimovna, teacher of additional education, State Educational Institution "Slutsk Ecological and Biological Center of Students", Slutsk, Minsk region, Republic of Belarus.
Introduction
"A fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it, a good fellow - a lesson!"
Although fairy tales seem to be entertainment, they have a deep educational meaning. Fairy tales originated as oral folk art long before the emergence of various sciences. But already in those distant times for us, people spiritualized nature and worshiped its greatness, realizing that their life directly depends on Mother Nature. And even though man often endowed Nature with supernatural power, this only further emphasized their interdependence.
Nowadays, it is very important to explain environmental problems to a child in a language that is understandable to him. And this can be helped by fairy tales, where the heroes do not violate environmental laws and Nature treats man in the same way that Man himself treats nature.
Target: the search for ecological meaning in Russian folk tales
Tasks:
1. To trace the attitude of our ancestors to nature through the study of fairy tales.
2. Show the ecological meaning inherent in Slavic folk tales
3. To foster love for fairy tales and respect for nature.
Research subject: Russian folk tales
Research methods:
1) information search;
2) analytical.
Hypothesis: Russian folk tales carry ecological knowledge.
Main part
Research "Ecological meaning in Russian folk tales"
The world of Russian folk tales is original and mysterious. In it you can meet not only people, but also animals, and often - and friendship between them.
Fairy tale "Geese-Swans"
Let's remember the fairy tale "Geese-Swans". The sister goes to look for her brother, who was carried away by the geese-swans. He meets Yablonka on his way and asks her for help. And what does Yablonka say to her?
Here's what:
- Eat my forest apple - I'll tell you.
The tree is hard, there are many fruits on it.
And what does the girl answer?
“My father’s gardeners don’t eat either.
The girl Yablonka did not help - and Yablonka did not help her.
And with Rechka and Pechka it was the same.
But on way back when the girl with her brother ran away from
geese-swans, and Pechka, and Rechka, Yablonka helped her. And all why? Yes, because the girl helped them: she drank jelly, and ate a pie, and ate a forest apple.
A typical picture of mutual aid!
Fairy tale "The Frog Princess"
Let's remember another fairy tale, where mutual assistance between man and animals is also clearly traced - "The Frog Princess".
Ivan Tsarevich was walking in search of his bride. He met the Bear - he spared him, did not do anything bad to the beast.
He met the Hare and the Duck - he spared them.
Saved Pike from certain death on the seashore.
And what did the animals repay Ivan? They helped to get the needle, in which the death of Koshchei was. Further, according to the text of the tale, it becomes clear that there is nothing superfluous in nature, that every animal, from a bear to a hare, bears some kind of benefit.
Fairy tale "Ivan Tsarevich and the gray wolf"
But in the fairy tale "Ivan Tsarevich and Grey Wolf”The situation turned out like this: the wolf ate Tsarevichev's horse ... ... and then, in order to make amends, he himself carried Ivan through the forests and mountains.
Fairy tale "Turnip"
But the tale "Turnip" indicates to us that sometimes it is necessary for both animals and people to be on the same side, to unite in order to achieve a common goal. Based on this tale, you can see that as now, in our time, all living beings need to stand on one side in order to save our Earth! If you fantasize a little when discussing the tale "Turnip": instead of a turnip, we will have the whole globe. Our planet is the Earth! And the inhabitants of the house on personal plot will act as inhabitants of the entire planet. Here's the picture, it turns out: the inhabitants of the planet see that it is in danger and something needs to be done.
One person (grandfather) noticed this first and realized that he himself would not be able to cope, he needed help. All of humanity (grandfather, grandmother, granddaughter) of the planet has united efforts - they are saving the Earth! Yes, they cannot save in any way! And, now, when all living beings (grandfather, grandmother, granddaughter, bug, cat, mouse) united - they saved the Earth (turnip)!
Conclusion
After conducting a study of several Russian folk tales, we can conclude: folk tales teach not only the norms of human behavior, but are also based on observations of nature and contain a deep ecological meaning. They teach us to love nature, to take care of our smaller brothers.
***
The fairy tale brings us joy
The one who knows will understand
There is a lot of meaning in a fairy tale,
And love walks close there.
There are many adventures in a fairy tale,
Very happy excitement
Good wins in her,
After all, it is stronger than evil.
One who respects fairy tales
It certainly grows
Turning into a sage
Believes very much in miracles.
And a miracle comes to visit
Doesn't pass by
The main thing is to believe in him,
And it is already with you.
A fairy tale is a wonderful piggy bank
What you save up you take
And without a fairy tale in this life -
You will certainly be lost.
(E. Stepanova)
Presentation on the topic: Ecological meaning in Russian folk tales
Tasks: Tasks: Describe your home. Give a description of your home. Consider the main environmental factors affecting health. Consider the main environmental factors affecting health. Air condition in the apartment, temperature, dustiness. Air condition in the apartment, temperature, dustiness. Lighting characteristic. Lighting characteristic. Houseplants. Houseplants. Pets. Pets. Develop behavioral skills in your home. Develop behavioral skills in your home.
Introduction How biological species man appeared in natural habitat. Since then, he has made many outstanding discoveries, and one of them is the creation of an artificial habitat. Housing reduced a person's dependence on unfavorable environmental conditions and allowed him to spread widely throughout the globe... Nowadays in closed room(house, school, office) a person stays 80% of his time. As a biological species, man appeared in his natural habitat. Since then, he has made many outstanding discoveries, and one of them is the creation of an artificial habitat. The dwelling reduced the dependence of a person on unfavorable environmental conditions and allowed him to spread widely across the globe. Nowadays, in a closed room (house, school, office), a person stays 80% of his time. House and estate. Ancient words, indigenous peasant concepts, revived again today. Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl has the following explanation: a house with caregivers. Maybe not familiar to the ear now, nevertheless, it sounds now in a special way - expressive, gratifying, fresh in accordance with the current folk language and thoughts, and carrying echoes of the past, are perceived nowadays quite urgently. House and estate. Ancient words, indigenous peasant concepts, revived again today. Vladimir Ivanovich Dahl has the following explanation: a house with caregivers. It may not be familiar to the ear now, nevertheless, it sounds now in a special way - expressive, gratifying, fresh in accordance with the current of the national language and thought, and bearing echoes of the past, is perceived nowadays quite urgently. You can apply it to anything, but at all times you take care of it - this is something that you take care of with care, that you value, that you guard and cherish. This is exactly what the country house has been for centuries, the courtyard of a good, hard-working owner. You can apply it to anything, but at all times you take care of it - this is something that you take care of with care, that you value, that you guard and cherish. This is exactly what the country house has been for centuries, the courtyard of a good, hard-working owner. It is clear that when passing from natural environment habitat to artificial, the quality of the premises is of great importance, which largely serves human health. Unfortunately, with invaluable amenities, housing also creates some problems for a person, usually called unfavorable factors in the home, or risk factors. It is clear that in the transition from a natural habitat to an artificial one, the quality of the premises, which largely serves human health, is of great importance. Unfortunately, with invaluable amenities, housing also creates some problems for a person, usually called unfavorable factors in the home, or risk factors.
Characteristics of my home I want to tell you about my home, where I live, about what conditions for life lay down, what problems exist, how we overcome them. I want to tell you about my house, where I live, about what conditions for life lay down, what problems exist, how we overcome them. Our house was built in 1064, our family lives in it in 1996. The house is located on Molodezhnaya street, 2-apartment. Other houses are far from us. The estate is large, there is a swamp behind the garden. The house is built of cinder blocks, plastered inside and outside. Internal partitions are brick, doors, window frames are wooden. The floor and ceiling are also made of wood. The house has a veranda. The apartment in the house is 3-room: hall - 15 sq. M, bedroom - 10 sq. M, nursery - 10 sq. M, kitchen - 9 sq. M, corridor - 7 sq. M, total area- 51 sq.m. the optimal size is 17.5 square meters. m of living space for one person. My family consists of four people, therefore one has about 13 square meters, taking into account the kitchen and the corridor. But my brother is small, we occupy one room with him, so there is enough space for us. Our house is located so that it is illuminated by the sun for almost 3 hours during the day. Irradiation by the sun (insolation) is carried out through the windows, their area: hall - 2.3 sq. M, in the nursery, bedroom and kitchen, the windows are the same - 1.54 sq. M. the total area of the windows is 7.93 sq. m, and the floor area is 51 sq. m. according to the norm, the ratio should be 1/8, with us it is 0.15. which is quite normal. Insolation has not only a bactericidal effect, but also acts as a biological factor on people. In the skin glands, we contain provitamin, which turns into vitamin D., this protects against rickets. Our house was built in 1064, our family lives in it in 1996. The house is located on Molodezhnaya street, 2-apartment. Other houses are far from us. The estate is large, there is a swamp behind the garden. The house is built of cinder blocks, plastered inside and outside. Internal partitions are brick, doors, window frames are wooden. The floor and ceiling are also made of wood. The house has a veranda. The apartment in the house is 3-room: hall - 15 sq.m, bedroom - 10 sq.m, nursery - 10 sq.m, kitchen - 9 sq.m, corridor - 7 sq.m, total area - 51 sq.m ... the optimal size is 17.5 square meters. m of living space for one person. My family consists of four people, therefore one has about 13 square meters, taking into account the kitchen and the corridor. But my brother is small, we occupy one room with him, so there is enough space for us. Our house is located so that it is illuminated by the sun for almost 3 hours during the day. Irradiation by the sun (insolation) is carried out through the windows, their area: hall - 2.3 sq. M, in the nursery, bedroom and kitchen, the windows are the same - 1.54 sq. M. the total area of the windows is 7.93 sq. m, and the floor area is 51 sq. m. according to the norm, the ratio should be 1/8, with us it is 0.15. which is quite normal. Insolation has not only a bactericidal effect, but also acts as a biological factor on people. In the skin glands, we contain provitamin, which turns into vitamin D., this protects against rickets. Internal environment apartments or living environment - the result of the interaction of other physical, chemical and biological factors. By acting on us, they affect our physical and mental health, on emotional condition... The internal environment of an apartment or living environment is the result of the interaction of other physical, chemical and biological factors. By influencing us, they have an impact on our physical and mental health, on the emotional state.
Temperature regime I will try to characterize these effects on our life. I will try to characterize these influences on our lives. For a comfortable existence, our home must be warm and light. We have autonomous water heating in our apartment, there is a stove in the kitchen. And if hygienists believe that optimal temperature is For a comfortable existence, our home must be warm and light. We have autonomous water heating in our apartment, there is a stove in the kitchen. And if hygienists believe that the optimal temperature is hail, and it is desirable that it be maintained the same throughout the day, then in rural house It is almost impossible to withstand this, we heat the stove 2 times a day, so the temperature changes more sharply than necessary. What is acceptable for a city apartment is impossible for a village. Our temperature shows 23 degrees in the morning, drops to 15 degrees in the afternoon, rises again in the evening, and decreases again in the morning. So the whole cold season. In the summer we do not heat the apartment with hail, and it is desirable that it be maintained the same throughout the day, then in a rural house it is almost impossible to withstand this, we heat the stove 2 times a day, so the temperature changes more sharply than necessary. What is acceptable for a city apartment is impossible for a village. Our temperature shows 23 degrees in the morning, drops to 15 degrees in the afternoon, rises again in the evening, and decreases again in the morning. So the whole cold season. We do not heat the apartment in summer.
The lighting of the apartment is natural and artificial. Natural illumination of living quarters. The lighting of the apartment is natural and artificial. Natural illumination of living quarters. Premises Result sanitary and hygienic standards sanitary and hygienic standards Hall Children's bedroom Kitchen 0.21 0.21 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.25 - 0.17
The light coefficient (SK) is calculated using the formula: The light coefficient (SK) is calculated using the formula: S1 S 1 - window area S1 S 1 - window area SK = where SK = where S2 S 2 - floor area S2 S 2 - floor area Natural lighting almost corresponds to the norm. It also improves the light background of rooms, light doors painted with white paint, walls and ceiling are whitewashed with blue paint, which increases the reflectivity of surfaces. Natural light is almost normal. It also improves the light background of rooms, light doors painted with white paint, walls and ceiling are whitewashed with blue paint, which increases the reflectivity of surfaces.
The apartment also has artificial lighting, these are incandescent lamps. I calculated the power of the artificial lighting in all our rooms and compared it with the norms. Premises Premises Power density lighting Result Norm Hall Children's Bedroom Kitchen 20 W / m² 15 W / m² 40 W / m² 10 W / m² 17 W / m² 17 W / m²
Based on the norms, artificial lighting is below the norms. But for homework in the evening this is enough, for reading we additionally turn on the table lamps. Based on the norms, artificial lighting is below the norms. But for homework in the evening this is enough; for reading, we additionally turn on table lamps. The desk in the nursery is near the window and there is enough light to do homework. The desk in the nursery is near the window and there is enough light to do homework.
Reflectivity of painted wall surfaces. Room Room Surface color Reflective surface in% Reflective surface in% Hall Whitewashed walls light blue 30% 30% Children's whitewash almost white 70% 70% kitchen The walls are covered with oilcloth blue 6% 6%
Health and clean air Great importance has clean indoor air for health. This is also a problem. According to the available data, indoor air is four times worse than outside. Especially if we live in a village where the air is ecologically clean (we do not have industrial enterprises, cowsheds outside the village, there are relatively few tractors and cars, there are many green spaces). Clean indoor air is essential for health. This is also a problem. According to the available data, indoor air is four times worse than outside. Especially if we live in a village where the air is ecologically clean (we do not have industrial enterprises, cowsheds outside the village, there are relatively few tractors and cars, there are many green spaces). And yet the air environment of the dwelling has a lot of pollution: And yet the air of the dwelling has a lot of pollution: Building materials; Building materials; Human waste products; Human waste products; Work of household appliances; Work of household appliances; Cooking in the kitchen. Cooking in the kitchen. By using modern methods physical and chemical analysis established the qualitative and quantitative composition of air pollutants. With the help of modern methods of physical and chemical analysis, the qualitative and quantitative composition of air pollutants has been established. It turns out that various, individual compounds are found in the air we breathe. They are allocated to different sources. From those selected in relation to their apartment: It turns out that various, individual compounds are found in the air we breathe. They are allocated to different sources. Of those selected in relation to their apartment: Household dust - 80 Household dust - 80 Linoleum, film - 54 Linoleum, film - 54 Electrical equipment - 33 Electrical equipment - 33 Refrigerator - 88 Refrigerator - 88 Cooking in the kitchen - 67 Cooking in the kitchen - 67 Products human waste - 157 Human waste products - 157 Total: 479 - about the same amount of pollutants can be in an apartment. But all these objects surround us, Total: 479 - approximately as many pollutants can be in an apartment. But all these objects surround us, 5 5 we can no longer refuse this. we can no longer refuse it.
How do pollutants accumulate in our apartment? Pollution of the apartment Pollution of the apartment Concentration of pollutants The concentration of pollutants in apartments is 2-5 times of substances in apartments 2-5 times higher than on city streets higher than on city streets Asbestos CO Tobacco smoke Formaldehyde Radiation Carcinogenic Asbestos CO Tobacco smoke Formaldehyde Radiation Carcinogenic Substances Substances Gas Gas stoves Smoking in stoves Smoking in an apartment Chipboard, Plywood, Chipboard, Plywood, foam plastic foam SHF, SHF, Computer Computer TV TV Cellular Cellular Insulating glue, varnish telephone Insulating Glue, varnish telephone Material Solvents Material Solvents Detergents Detergents СО Formaldeg Asbestos Tobacco smoke Carcinogens Radiation
House dust The air environment of the apartment includes particles of house dust, these are objects of the material world destroyed to the smallest sizes, what our dwelling is made of: brick, sand, clay, lime, slag, cement. They form the mineral base of the dust. Finishing building materials also make their contribution: wood, varnishes, paints. We are surrounded in a house different subjects that make our life much easier: furniture, clothes, linen, books. But all of the above are also suppliers of dust. And every person is "dusty". On average, we have about 450 g of dead skin per year, and this organic substratum is an excellent food for living organisms: mites, fungi, etc. It has been established that 1 g of dead skin is enough to feed a thousandth population of mites. After all, we now sleep each in our own bed, but here it is warm, humid and abundant food for ticks. Up to 200 thousand of them can live in one meter. Characteristics of dust and its size, the behavior of dust depends on them, very small microns cannot be suspended for a long time. They settle everywhere. The air environment of the apartment includes particles of house dust, these are objects of the material world destroyed to the smallest sizes, what our home is built of: brick, sand, clay, lime, slag, cement. They form the mineral base of the dust. Finishing building materials also make their contribution: wood, varnishes, paints. We are surrounded in the house by various objects that make our life much easier: furniture, clothes, linen, books. But all of the above are also suppliers of dust. And every person is "dusty". On average, we have about 450 g of dead skin per year, and this organic substratum is an excellent food for living organisms: mites, fungi, etc. It has been established that 1 g of dead skin is enough to feed a thousandth population of mites. After all, we now sleep each in our own bed, but here it is warm, humid and abundant food for ticks. Up to 200 thousand of them can live in one meter. Characteristics of dust and its size, the behavior of dust depends on them, very small microns cannot be suspended for a long time. They settle everywhere. I checked it myself: I took the pieces of glass, smeared it with Vaseline and put it in the rooms. The result was checked in 5 minutes in the morning and in the afternoon, after school. In the morning, more dust particles settled in the nursery and the bedroom, apparently because we all got up, dressed, packed our things, made the beds, and the dust vibrated in the air. There were fewer dust particles in the hall both in the morning and in the afternoon, and in the evening, when the whole family was in the common room, there were more. But you can still fight with such specks of dust: it is to ventilate the premises, although in the village during the construction of apartments, transoms were not made in the windows, we did it ourselves later, but in winter, naturally, we do not open it, keeping it warm. These are the features rural life... In the summer we ventilate the premises, open the doors, and pull insect nets over the transoms. We also use effective technical means: wet cleaning and vacuum cleaner. I checked it myself: I took the pieces of glass, smeared it with Vaseline and put it in the rooms. The result was checked in 5 minutes in the morning and in the afternoon, after school. In the morning, more dust particles settled in the nursery and the bedroom, apparently because we all got up, dressed, packed our things, made the beds, and the dust vibrated in the air. There were fewer dust particles in the hall both in the morning and in the afternoon, and in the evening, when the whole family was in the common room, there were more. But you can still fight with such specks of dust: it is to ventilate the premises, although in the village during the construction of apartments, transoms were not made in the windows, we did it ourselves later, but in winter, naturally, we do not open it, keeping it warm. These are the features of rural life. In the summer we ventilate the premises, open the doors, and pull insect nets over the transoms. We also use effective technical means: wet cleaning and vacuum cleaner.
Chemicals released in the course of human life. Scientists have discovered and identified up to 400 anthropotoxins. We excrete them in the air, through the skin, urine, and feces. It turned out that their composition also depends on human health. All members of my family are healthy, we do not have any serious illnesses. Indoors, toxins will always accompany us and it is impossible to strongly influence the course of pollution of the built environment. You can weaken the effect of this factor, again more often ventilate the premises .. Scientists have discovered and identified up to 400 anthropotoxins. We excrete them in the air, through the skin, urine, and feces. It turned out that their composition also depends on human health. All members of my family are healthy, we do not have any serious illnesses. Indoors, toxins will always accompany us and it is impossible to strongly influence the course of pollution of the built environment. You can weaken the effect of this factor, again often ventilate the premises.
In our kitchen, we heat the stove with wood and coal, we cook food on a gas stove: this is a real chemical laboratory. Therefore, the kitchen is the dirtiest room in terms of air quality. The products of gas combustion ( carbon dioxide and water) are not dangerous, but nitrogen oxides appear during the oxidation of nitrogen in the air at the gas combustion temperature. And still not completely complete combustion of the gas. As a result, formaldehyde is formed, we heat the stove with wood and coal, we cook food on a gas stove: this is a real chemical laboratory. Therefore, the kitchen is the dirtiest room in terms of air quality. The products of gas combustion (carbon dioxide and water) themselves are not dangerous, but nitrogen oxides appear when nitrogen is oxidized in the air at the gas combustion temperature. And still not completely complete combustion of the gas. As a result, formaldehyde is formed, 6 6 carbon monoxide, polycyclic carbohydrates - the most famous of them is benzpyrene (this is an aromatic carbohydrate, on the example of which, back in 1915, Japanese scientists Yamagieva and Ishikova discovered the existence of chemical substances causing cancer - carcinogens). And again, harm and convenience of life in an artificial environment meet. And in this case, we only ventilate the kitchen more often. And we cannot refuse to cook food on a gas stove. Using gas is also cheaper for our family. carbon monoxide, polycyclic carbohydrates - the most famous of them is benzpyrene (this is an aromatic carbohydrate, on the example of which, back in 1915, Japanese scientists Yamagieva and Ishikova discovered the existence of chemicals that cause cancer - carcinogens). And again harm and convenience of life in an artificial environment dock. And in this case, we only ventilate the kitchen more often. And we cannot refuse to cook food on a gas stove. Using gas is also cheaper for our family.
Houseplants. Dieffenbachia Houseplants. Dieffenbachia In the village, many are engaged in the cultivation of Dieffenbachia, we also have this plant appeared a year ago. It grows quickly, does not require special care, fights formaldehyde, benzene, toluene (emissions from furniture, linoleum, etc.). In the village, many started breeding Dieffenbachia, we also have this plant appeared a year ago. It grows quickly, does not require special care, fights formaldehyde, benzene, toluene (emissions from furniture, linoleum, etc.).
Chlorophytum on the wall in the flowerpot comfortably housed chlorophytum, I learned that it cleans the air from sweatgens (by%), chlorophytum is comfortably located on the wall in the flowerpot, I learned that it cleans the air from pothogens (by%), from oxide nitrogen
Pelargonium Having become better acquainted with indoor plants, I myself have put fragrant geraniums in my room. They bloom beautifully and secrete special substances that reduce bronchial diseases. Having become better acquainted with indoor plants, I myself have put fragrant geraniums in my room. They bloom beautifully and secrete special substances that reduce bronchial diseases.
Thus, the introduction into our life in artificial conditions various plants will help cleanse the air of pathogens, toxins, dust, and will have an aesthetic effect. Increasing integration into our lives useful plants will reduce morbidity, strengthen the recovery functions of the body, increase efficiency and ultimately extend your life! Thus, the introduction of various plants into our life in artificial conditions will help cleanse the air of pathogens, toxins, dust, and will have an aesthetic effect. The increasing introduction of useful plants into our lives will reduce morbidity, strengthen the body's regenerative functions, increase efficiency and ultimately extend our life!
Pets Pets are a cat with kittens. There is a dog in the yard, my brother and I love to play with kittens. The cat is also a necessary tenant of our rural apartment. From pets, a cat with kittens. There is a dog in the yard, my brother and I love to play with kittens. The cat is also a necessary tenant of our rural apartment.
Conclusion. And so, man, decide one of global problems- created housing, artificial habitat. In this way, he protected himself from many natural surprises: cooling of the climate, rains, winds. Here he was able to retire from others "My home is my fortress." But as civilization developed, man surrounded himself with everything big amount objects and various devices, not always thinking about their effect on health. These are a variety of electrical appliances and household chemicals that pose a potential health hazard. And so, a person can solve one of the global problems - he created housing, an artificial habitat. In this way, he protected himself from many natural surprises: cooling of the climate, rains, winds. Here he was able to retire from others "My home is my fortress." But as civilization developed, a person surrounded himself with an increasing number of objects and various devices, not always thinking about their effect on health. These are a variety of electrical appliances and household chemicals that pose a potential health hazard. But this also made the living conditions easier. Man is a part of living nature, and the mental state depends on many factors. But this also made the living conditions easier. Man is a part of living nature, and the mental state depends on many factors. I think that a person who has solved the problem of an artificial environment will be able to create more Better conditions for life. I think that a person who has solved the problem of an artificial environment will be able to create even better conditions for life. Many scientists believe that in the future, the role of home will increase precisely as a place for a healthy lifestyle, as a place for creative activity in improving self-education. Many scientists believe that in the future, the role of home will increase precisely as a place for a healthy lifestyle, as a place for creative activity in enhancing self-education. Special rooms for teenagers will be created in apartments. Special rooms for teenagers, rooms for work and rest will be created in apartments. The role will increase housing construction... rooms for work and rest. The role of housing construction will increase. And I want to end with the lines I like from the poems And I want to finish with the lines I like from the poems of N. Zabolotsky: Man has two worlds: One that created us, Another that we have been creating for centuries, To the best of our ability ...
Introduction
1. Main part
1.1. State of the art Problems
1.2. Disposal of household waste
2. Research results, conclusions and proposals
Conclusion
Literature
Applications
Introduction
Recently, much more attention has been paid to environmental problems in the world than before. On average, every person in the world generates about 1 kg of household waste per day, but this amounts to hundreds of millions of tons per year, and in the United States, for example, this amount increases by 10% every 10 years. To remove this amount of garbage, 63 thousand garbage trucks are required. In 1991, Russia generated significantly less waste per capita than in America, however, due to the expansion of the Western lifestyle, which includes disposable free bags, disposable tableware, disposable aluminum cans for beer and other soft drinks, we catch up quickly. And if in some countries there is a system of separate collection and processing of individual components of garbage, then in our country so far all disposable packaging and other “benefits” of civilization are replenished by dumps growing like mushrooms.
In the process of development of human civilization, the absolute amount of solid household waste has steadily increased. This is due to the growth of the population, with its excessive concentration in cities and changes in the way of life of people. The theme for the project was not chosen by chance, it is relevant not only for large cities (for cities with a large population), but also for such small ones as the city of Bryansk.
Hypothesis, the basis of the work, sounds like this: “If, due to the use of disposable packaging, the amount of waste generated increases, then it becomes necessary to sort and recycling to reduce the amount of garbage. "
Target project - to develop possible options for reducing waste at the household level.
Based on the purpose of the project, the following tasks:
1) Study the literature on the problem of household waste;
2) Investigate and describe the trash accumulated in the trash can of one family;
3) Calculate the amount of garbage per family, per person per week, per month, per year;
4) Identify points of reception and processing of secondary raw materials in the city;
5) Propose options for reducing household waste: develop a booklet for residents, encouraging the use of recycling rules in everyday life.
1.1. Current state of the problem
The surface of the earth is experiencing the most significant and very dangerous anthropogenic load. If less than 1 billion tons are emitted into the atmosphere harmful substances(without CO 2), and about 15 billion tons of pollutants into the hydrosphere, about 85 billion tons of anthropogenic waste gets to the ground annually. According to some estimates, their total volume by the end of the 90s exceeded 1,500 cubic meters. km, which corresponds to the volume of 600 thousand pyramids of Cheops. Even if the predominant part of this volume is chemically inert, then in order to place it on the ground, a person destroys natural ecosystems over a large area.
In the Russian Federation, about 7 billion tons of industrial waste is generated annually. On the territory of the country, about 80 billion tons have been accumulated in dumps, dumps, landfills, storage facilities. solid waste, including more than 1.1 billion tons of toxic industrial waste. Their number annually increases by about 120 million tons. The main technogenic pollutants of the earth are heavy metals, pesticides, oil products and their highly toxic derivatives.
Household waste formed in living conditions, usually solid, consisting of solids (plastic, paper, glass, leather, etc.) and food waste. But they can also be liquid, represented by domestic wastewater.
One of the serious environmental problems is solid domestic waste (MSW). Every home generates a huge amount of unnecessary materials and products, from old newspapers, empty cans, bottles, food waste, wrapping paper to worn out clothes, broken dishes and out of order household appliances. According to 1994 data, for each of the 6 billion inhabitants of our planet there is an average of about 1 ton of garbage per year. Its quantity annually increases by about 120 million tons. In cities and large settlements of the Russian Federation, 140 million cubic meters are generated every year. m of solid waste, that is, almost a cubic meter per inhabitant.
The bulk of solid waste is food waste and paper, which can be seen from the above data.
Approximate morphological composition of MSW in Russian cities.
For different cities and regions of Russia, the composition of MSW varies widely. In addition, in each city, the composition of MSW depends even on the days of the week and the season of the year. For example, the content of food waste in the spring is 20 - 25%, and in the fall 40 - 50%, which is associated with a large consumption of vegetables and fruits. There is a tendency towards an increase in the content of paper and polymeric materials.
There are several reasons for the increase in the amount of garbage:
1. Increase in the production of disposable consumer goods;
2. Increase in the number of packaging;
3. Raising the standard of living, allowing usable things to be replaced with new ones.
In the country as a whole, only up to 5% of solid waste is processed by an industrial method (at incinerators), the rest goes to landfills. Moreover, more than 70% of waste is disposed of at unauthorized landfills, which occupy about 250 thousand hectares. land. Rubbish, despite the prohibitions, is dumped in completely inappropriate places.
The peculiarity of modern waste is the difficulty of their biochemical decomposition. The amount and variety of waste have become so great that the problem of their storage and disposal is becoming more and more urgent for any country in the world every year.
Research project "Protect our natural environment!"
Mukhina Svetlana NikolaevnaWork description: I bring to your attention a project on environmental protection, pollution of the city with household waste.
Theme:"Let's protect our native nature!"
Target: To draw the attention of citizens to the problem of household pollution in the city and direct their actions to prevent this situation.
Tasks: To study the opinion of citizens about the problem of household pollution.
Collect and analyze information about the placement of bins and garbage cans in the city.
Conduct conversations and mini-lectures with children and adolescents 5-17 years old in order to inform them about the problem of household pollution in the city.
To hold among teenagers the actions "Clean Coast", "Clean Forest", "Clean City".
“It is the ecological component that should become the key leitmotif of human activity” Vladimir Putin.
Relevance: global scale of household pollution.
The reasons for the pollution of the city territory:
1.Quantitative shortage of trash bins on the streets of the city;
2. lack of manners, irresponsibility of the townspeople.
Hypothesis: combating household waste on city streets will help keep the city clean environment, physical and moral health of a person.
Contradictions:
-between instilling ecological culture in the younger generation and the immoral, irresponsible behavior of a number of adults;
- between the growth of production of high-tech materials and the lag in their processing.
A questionnaire was conducted: "My contribution to the maintenance of cleanliness and order in my hometown."
100 people were interviewed.
Poll results:
1. Do you agree with the statement that the citizens of our city maintain cleanliness and order in the streets? (Yes -42, No - 58)
2. Do you always throw your household waste into the designated areas? (Yes - 84, No -16)
3. Have you ever left household rubbish at the entrance of your house? (Yes –3, No - 97)
4. Do you keep your entrance clean? (Yes -59, No -41)
5. Do you always use street bins, or can you afford to throw a cigarette butt, a piece of paper on the ground? (Yes -74, No -26)
6. Do you think you are contributing to the maintenance of cleanliness and order in the streets of the city? (Yes -65, No - 35)
7. Are you satisfied with the aesthetic appearance of the streets of our city? (Yes -45, No -55)
The main characteristics of household waste:
Food waste;
Waste paper;
Cans;
Foil;;
Products from plastics that do not contain chlorine;
Products from chlorine-containing plastics;
Batteries.
Garbage rotting time in landfills.
Transport ticket 1 month
Banana peel up to 6 months
Woolen sock 1 year
Wooden stick 4 years
Waxed glass 5 years
Painted board 13 years old
Tin cans 100 years old
Aluminum jars up to 500 years
Plastic bottles up to 500 years
Glass jars NEVER
Together with adolescents studying in associations, the actions "Clean Bank", "Clean City", "Clean Forest" were held, we created booklets about the dangers of household waste and distributed them among the residents of the city. We believe that people who themselves took part in the improvement of the city themselves will no longer litter, and perhaps they will stop those who want to throw a candy wrapper or a bottle of lemonade on the ground.
Love and take care of your city!
Research ecological water project"The ecological state of reservoirs within the village of Molchanova"
Project author:
Perkovskaya Olga Vladimirovna, biology teacher, head of the ecological club of friends wildlife WWF "Explorer".
Description of the material.
Dear colleagues, I would like to bring to your attention a research ecological water project "Ecological state of reservoirs within the village of Molchanova" with a social orientation. This work of schoolchildren in grades 7-9 was carried out within the framework of the III regional ecological marathon on water-ecological problems. With this winning project, the guys represented the Tomsk Region in Moscow.
The project will be useful for teachers of chemistry and biology, educational organizers, heads of children's associations of natural science orientation, class teachers.
Target: assessment of water quality in reservoirs located within the village of Molchanova, and comparison with the forest lake of the village of Sulzat, located 35 kilometers from the regional center.
Tasks:
1. Carry out water intake in summer, autumn and winter periods from six reservoirs for research.
2. To study bacteriological indicators by bioindicators of these reservoirs in summer and autumn periods.
3. Explore chemical composition water of the investigated reservoirs in the hydrochemical laboratory of JSC "Tomskgeomonitoring".
4. Examine the water for organoleptic characteristics (smell, transparency, color).
5. Make a water intake in the lake of the village of Sulzat and examine it for organoleptic, bacteriological and Chemical properties for comparison.
6. Study archival materials on water bodies.
7. Conduct meetings with the old residents of the village to draw up historical background to create
reservoirs.
8. Find out the sources of pollution of water bodies.
9. Organize actions to clean up three reservoirs within the village of Molchanov.
10. Compile, print and distribute 120 propaganda leaflets for the population.
11. To clean the banks of three reservoirs in the course of three actions: Lesnoy, Tokovoy, Gusinoe.
12. To acquaint the population with the research results.
Relevance research is due to the value of water reservoirs for the economic and recreational use of its population.
Physical and geographical characteristics of the study area.
Molchanovsky district is located in the central part of the Tomsk region and occupies the coast of the river. Ob,
R. Chulym. The entire territory is located within the middle taiga zone. A characteristic feature of the area is high forestedness and swampiness. Forest and shrub vegetation covers 68%, swamps 20%. The length of the region from west to east is 160 km, from north to south - 40 km. Distance from regional center- 200 km. The territory of the district is 6.4 thousand km2
Techniques and materials.
For the research, the following techniques were used:
1. Methodology for assessing the ecological state of water from reservoirs using bioindicators.
This technique is based on the fact that living organisms have different sensitivity to water quality.
First step- water sampling performed onshore. When taking water samples, several sweeps are made with the net, describing the eights. If possible, it is recommended to carry the net as close to the bottom as possible. Then, if a lot of silt has got into the net, then you need to rinse it in the net itself, after which the net is removed, and the captured organisms are shaken out into the bucket. On the reservoir, 3-10 samples are taken in different places. At each point, you need to carry out at least ten sweeps of the net. It is important that the samples taken at the surveyed sites contain benthic organisms of various biotopes: silty, stony, accumulations of vegetation, submerged trunks, branches, etc. The more diverse the site is in terms of the number of habitats, the more samples should be. However, even in an area with a uniform bottom, the number of samples should not be less than three.
The second stage of the study of samples is carried out in the office.
The method of bioindication according to the Mayer index does not require the identification of invertebrates with an accuracy of the species. The method uses the principle of confinement of various groups of aquatic invertebrates to water bodies with a certain level of pollution.
Indicator organisms are classified into one of three sections:
A - the inhabitants of clean water. B - organisms of medium sensitivity. C - inhabitants of polluted water bodies. Indicator organisms found in samples are assigned to one of the sections. The number of detected groups from section A must be multiplied by a factor of 3, the number of groups from section B - by a factor of 2, from section C - by a factor of 1. The resulting numbers add up A * 3 + B * 2 + C * 1 = S. The value of the sum S characterizes the degree of pollution of the reservoir.
According to the sum of points, the water quality class is assessed: from 17 and more - 1 and 2 qualities (very clean); 11-16 - 3 qualities (moderately polluted); less than 11 - 4-7 quality grades (very dirty).
Assessment of the ecological state of the reservoir using organoleptic indicators.
Water clarity.
We determined the transparency of water by its ability to transmit light. It is considered sufficiently transparent if an ordinary book text can be read through its thirty-centimeter layer.
Determination of odor.
Pour about 250 ml of water into the flask. We heat up to a temperature of 600 C, plug the flask with a stopper (this is if the smell is not immediately felt). Then we open the cork and inhale. If the smell is not felt, then we repeat the experiment.
1 point - very weak, which is difficult to detect;
2 points - also a faint smell that a person feels, if you pay attention to it;
3 points - already noticeable smell, which causes disapproval from the consumer;
4 points - a pronounced smell; 5 points - the smell is very strong.
Types of odors:
Z. Earthy (rotten, rotten). A. Fragrant (cucumber, floral).
C. Sulfur - hydrogen (odor rotten eggs). Bol. Swamp. G. Putrid (as in the toilet). R. Rybny. J. Ferruginous. N. Uncertain.
Determination of water color.
The color of the water usually depends on the content of iron salts and humic substances in the water coming from the soil. If the water is cloudy, it must be filtered. Take two test tubes: in one collect distilled water 10-12 cm, in the second test tube - water from reservoirs and compare two test tubes on a white background. The color can be yellow, pale yellow, yellowish (slightly yellow) or greenish.
Stages of work on the project.
Stage 1. Organizational.
Before conducting the research, our group received a package of documents within the framework of the regional ecological marathon "Clean water - for everyone." The publishers have included the required for the job methodological material, identifiers of invertebrates, etc.
By this time, an application was written for initial assessment project "Education" in the amount of 20,000 rubles, and by May it became clear that our grant was approved and the money would be allocated, which means that we will be able to implement the planned actions and conduct research on water in reservoirs. Before starting work on the project, we identified a circle of like-minded people. This group included the chairman of the district water commission under the administration of the Molchanovskiy district, the head of the territorial district, the chairman of the committee on youth policy and sports, the district environmental committee, the director of school No. 1, the director of the 37th lyceum and heads of summer children's sports and labor camps.
Stage 2. Local history.
In the land committee, we took a map of the area and plotted all the reservoirs on it.
After a tour of the locations of reservoirs, it became clear that some do not have economic value due to their small size, some are simply littered (they were turned into landfills). So out of ten reservoirs within the village of Molchanova, we had six left, which we had to study.
According to the documents of the land committee, only one Kolmakhtun was listed as natural, and the remaining five reservoirs were created by residents as they settled in the regional center.
When visiting the archive, it became clear that there was no material necessary for the work on water bodies, except for one document on Lake Kolmakhtun. Another task for our group is to find residents who could talk about the creation of reservoirs.
Pavchenko Alexander Frolovich, who has lived in Molchanovo since 1935, talked about the fact that the first reservoir is Lobanovsky. His father took part in the creation of the dam. Among the workers of the forestry, he transported the land with handcarts. So in 1940 - 1941 the first reservoir appeared.
Zharov Alexey Petrovich, a resident of Molchanov since 1935, lives on the banks of the Lesnoy reservoir. The reservoir was in the forest, then it was the outskirts of the village. In the early 60s, it was decided to build a bypass road in the ravine where the reservoir is to carry hay. The road was not built, but they began to fill the dam. The modern shores of this reservoir have existed since then.
Chepkasova Nadezhda Fedorovna, a resident of the village since 1937, remembered that before the war and during the war there was already a reservoir, but smaller, and the water in it was surprisingly clean. Women went to rinse his clothes.
Khrolenko Petr Dmitrievich - resident of Molchanov since 1961. Since 1965 he worked as a road construction foreman in the DRSU and participated in the construction of a road on the street. Grishinsky tract. The road became a kind of dam. Then the oilmen laid the slabs and then the asphalt.
After meetings with 50 residents of the village, the history of only three reservoirs became clear. Conversations with residents restored the picture of the work of enterprises on the territory of the village, located on the banks of water bodies, which made it possible to judge about water pollution.
Stage 3. Investigation of the degree of pollution of water bodies by the method of bioindication.
To study water by bioindication, we took from 3 to 10 samples from each reservoir. In the office, organisms were counted - indicators, assigned to one of three classes. In summer water samples, the larvae of dragonflies with different wings are more common than others (in all water bodies). The larvae of the long-stemmed mosquito and the bell-ringing mosquito were captured in five reservoirs. Caddis larvae met in four water bodies. Pseudo-Kon leeches were found in samples from three reservoirs. The common pond snail was caught in two reservoirs, and the common tubifex was caught in one.
In autumn water samples taken in six reservoirs, mosquito-belling larvae were found. In five reservoirs, dragonfly larvae and pseudo-cone leeches were caught. The larvae of caddisflies were found with water samples in three reservoirs. Common tubifex and bell mosquito larvae met in two reservoirs. The common pond snail and the coil mollusk were found in only one body of water. In summer and autumn, the same organisms were found in water bodies, but their numbers were higher in the fall (with the exception of the common tubifex and common pond snail).
Stage 4. Identification of sources of pollution.
Under the pollution water resources understand any changes in physical, chemical, biological properties in reservoirs due to the discharge of liquid, solid and gaseous substances into them, which cause or may create inconvenience, making the water of these reservoirs dangerous for use, causing damage national economy, health and safety of the population.
The main sources of pollution and contamination of water bodies are insufficiently treated wastewater from industrial and municipal enterprises. Pollutants entering natural reservoirs lead to qualitative changes in water, which are manifested in changes in the organic properties of water (in particular, the appearance of harmful substances in it), in the presence of floating substances on the surface of the water and their accumulation at the bottom of reservoirs.
Since 1977, the Kirzavodskaya reservoir has received wastewater from the COM plant (dry and skim milk). The plant carried out only rough cleaning, chlorination treatment, and two sedimentation tanks were in operation. Since 1983, this wastewater has been supplemented with wastewater from ul. Industrial, which was put into operation this year. Domestic wastewater, along with industrial waste, increase the pollution of the reservoir. The plant completed its work in 1999, and waste water containing fecal matter continue to be discharged into the body of water.
A fish factory has been located on the shore of the Tokovoy reservoir since 1978. He worked until 1998. And during this time, sewage was directed into the reservoir, without purification. Then, from the Raipov garages and the reclamation enterprise, the drains were drained into the Tokovaya reservoir. Until now, a land reclamation (irrigation and drainage) enterprise is located on the site of the plant. WITH melt water runoff from the territory of these enterprises flows there.
Lake Kolmakhtun, which according to archival documents belongs to the natural monuments, has been drained of sewage water from the collector for many years. In 1979, on August 21, a sewer collector was put into operation from st. Steppe. For 17 years, domestic wastewater has been polluting this lake, the only natural body of water on the territory of our village. 32 years have passed since its launch, and the treatment facilities were built only in 2012.
The rest of the water bodies are polluted with household waste. Industrial enterprises on their shores were not.
Upon completion of research on the topic of the project, we came to the following conclusions.
Conclusions on the project.
1. We carried out water withdrawals from six reservoirs in summer, autumn and winter periods.
2. Studied the bacteriological parameters of bioindicators.
2.1. Of the six reservoirs within the village of Molchanov, two showed dirty water in the autumn and summer period NS. These are the reservoirs of Lesnoy, (on Lesnoy S = 8.4 in the summer, and 8.5 - in the fall, on the Current S = 3.3 in the summer, and 6 - in the fall).
2.2. Samples from the reservoirs of Lobanovsky, Kolmakhtun and Aeroportovsky in summer showed very dirty water (S = 6.4; 3.3; 6), and in autumn, clean and very clean water (S = 18.3; 53.3; 18 ).
2.3. A water sample in the Kirzavodskaya reservoir both in summer and in autumn showed very clean water (S = 26; 50.3).
3. The data of the hydrochemical laboratory of OJSC "Tomskgeomonitoring" testify
about increased color and high content of substances that give water a yellowish tint: iron, humic acids, fulvic acids. The pH value characterizes the active acidity of water. The water in the reservoirs Lesnoy and Tokovoe is 7.2 and 5.6, which corresponds to acid rain... The Lesnoy reservoir is probably not technogenic pollution, since there is no manufacturing enterprises, and the high content of organic matter is due to humic substances. In the Tokovoy reservoir there is a possibility of industrial pollution. There are garages and a land reclamation company on the shore. There is a high value of such an indicator as permanganate oxidizability, which characterizes the presence of easily oxidized organic substances. The ammonium content exceeds the MPC 82.3 times in the Lesnoye reservoir, 104 times in the Kolmakhtun lake, and 134 times in the Tokovoe reservoir. The presence of ammonium nitrogen can be easily explained by the decay of substances of a protein nature, which come with household wastewater. The presence of sulfates and chlorides is in accordance with the standards.
We have determined ourselves such organoleptic characteristics as smell, clarity and color of water.
All samples were yellowish in color. The smell of water from all reservoirs, except for Kirzavodsky, was earthy, and at Kirzavodsky we determined a fishy smell. The transparency is higher than the norm, since the printed text was clearly visible through a thirty-centimeter layer of water.
4. After studying the water from the forest lake Shchuchye, data on bioindication were obtained. In summer S = 21, which corresponds to very clean water, and in autumn this index was even higher (S = 56.2). Organoleptic data. Smell - earthy (determined after heating to T = 600). The transparency is high. The color is slightly yellowish.
5. Based on the studied archival materials, it was found out that Lake Kolmakhtun was declared a natural monument by the decision of the executive committee of the Molchanovsky District Council of People's Deputies of October 24, 1986 local significance... There are no other documents on reservoirs within the village of Molchanova in the archive.
6. After meetings with old residents of the village, we found out the sources of pollution of water bodies (50 residents were interviewed).
6.1. Since 1977, the Kirzavodskaya reservoir has received wastewater from the COM plant. The plant was liquidated in 1999, and the waste water from the street. Industrial continue to be dumped.
These runoffs were the cause of organic pollution of water bodies.
6.2. Current reservoir. The reservoir was polluted by basic hydrocarbons (Сn Нm) - characteristic for modern conditions... Heavy fractions in a dissolved and suspended state settle to the bottom, oil products float. This reduces the amount of oxygen in the water, and harmful organic substances appear.
6.3. Lake Kolmakhtun. V household wastewater contains synthetic detergents, they are called surfactants - synthetic (means) surfactants. Petroleum hydrocarbons in the reservoir are processed slowly by bacteria. In this case, toxic substances appear.
These substances, entering the lake, have a significant effect on the biological and temperature regime of the reservoir. As a result, the ability of water to saturate with oxygen decreases, the activity of bacteria that mineralize organic matter is inhibited.
7. Drafted, printed and pasted 120 leaflets to be attracted to actions to clean up reservoirs.
8. Conducted conversations and meetings with the heads of sports summer playgrounds, pupils of schools and lyceum. We agreed with the chairman of the committee on youth policy and sports to provide containers for garbage collection, and with the deputy head of the district we agreed on a list of reservoirs for cleaning. We received a guarantee for the allocation of a car from the head of our district (and now a settlement).
9. We bought prizes for three actions and gloves. Conducted a quantitative accounting of the collected waste by the participants, purchased prizes and awarded the winners.
10. In the course of three actions, 9 tons of garbage were removed and taken out from the banks of the Lesnoy, Gusinoy and Tokovoy reservoirs (the actions took place on May 30, June 2, June 15).