Territories of Siberia. Natural zones of Siberia. Eastern Siberia Geographical position Geological structure. Relief Climate Water Soils Natural zones Resources Reserves. What natural zones are represented in eastern Siberia

The material contains information about geological structure region. Forms an idea of ​​the specifics of the plant and animal world. The article contains information about major waterways, which belong to the category of inland waters.

Northeast Siberia

This part of Siberia is located to the east of the Lena valleys and the lower reaches of the Aldan. It is washed by the seas of two oceans:

• the Arctic;
• Quiet.

The area of ​​the territory is over 2.5 million square meters. km.

Geographical position This part of the land, which occupies 1 area of ​​Russia, is such that it stretches from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to the border with Mongolia, and from the left bank of the Yenisei to the watershed ranges of the Far East.

Rice. 1. North-Eastern Siberia on the map.

Within the boundaries of the territory are the eastern region of Yakutia and the western tip of the Magadan region.
This is a land area where young and ancient structures coexist, which are expressed by mountain systems of different composition.

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The most famous ridge of northeastern Siberia is the Verkhoyansky and Chersky ridges.

The territorial relief combines ancient glacial forms and modern mountain glaciers. Northeastern Siberia lies in three latitudinal climatic zones: arctic, subarctic and temperate.

The nature here is quite harsh.

Most of local rivers freezes almost to the bottom.

The rivers of Siberia freeze for about six months. The ice cover of the lower reaches of the Yenisei, Lena and rivers of North-Eastern Siberia can reach up to 1.5-2 m.

Rice. 2. Ice on the rivers of North-Eastern Siberia.

In addition to the famous Lena River, inland waters The region includes the Kolyma, Indigirka and Yana rivers. The length of the Lena is 4400 km.

This also includes a significant number of lakes.

But in some valleys there are sub-permafrost hot springs that “warm up” freezing river flows. Massive areas are occupied by plain and mountain tundra. There are areas with typical steppe plants.

Most major cities regions are:

• Krasnoyarsk;
• Chita;
• Irkutsk;
• Ulan-Ude;
• Norilsk.

The geological structure is due to the fact that the orientation of folded structures mesozoic period influenced by ancient structures - Paleozoic and pre-Paleozoic. Once they were stable areas of land, and their configuration determined the intensity and vector of tectonic processes in the Mesozoic orogeny.

Minerals

The most common resources of the subsoil of these places are: oil, gas, brown coal and precious metals. Their occurrence is due to the processes of relief formation, which continue to this day, but go quite slowly.

Geological exploration for the presence of valuable natural resources in the depths of the territory is carried out in a constant mode.

The characteristic natural zones of northeastern Siberia are tundra and forest.

On the territory of the Northeast you can find breeds different ages, but Mesozoic and Cenozoic deposits are widely represented.

In the process of relief formation in the post-Mesozoic mountain building, two periods are distinguished:

• formation of widespread alignment surfaces;
• development of intensive newest tectonic processes.

The scarcity of vegetation can be attributed to the typical features of nature. Most of it is moss. However, due to the length of the territories, a variety of natural zones is noted - from the steppe to the Arctic.

feature local fauna is that in its composition there are steppe animals that are not found anywhere else in the far north. Here prevail small rodents, of which there are over 20 species.

Rice. 3. Mouse-like rodents.

The severe winter season in the North-East of Siberia lasts about 7 months.

The climate in this region of Siberia is sharply continental.

What have we learned?

Found out Interesting Facts about the rivers of North-Eastern Siberia. We learned what natural resources the territory is rich in. We received data on the duration of the winter season in the region. met with typical representatives flora and fauna. We supplemented the acquired knowledge about Siberia as a whole with new facts.

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Eastern Siberia occupies an impressive area - more than 4 million square meters. km. The diversity of local landscapes is due to the large extent of the region from north to south in Asian territory. Russian Federation. natural areas Eastern Siberia is represented by arctic deserts, forests and steppes, but the largest area is occupied by the taiga zone.

Climate

The climatic features of Eastern Siberia are due to its geographical location:

• great distance from the Atlantic Ocean;
• isolation from the Pacific Ocean;
• location at high latitudes.

The climate of this region is sharply continental, consistently severe. Its characteristic feature is significant daily and seasonal temperature fluctuations, low cloud cover and insufficient moisture level.

In the Far North of the region, polar night reigns in winter, when the sun does not appear above the horizon for two months. But with the onset of summer, the sun, on the contrary, shines constantly, even at midnight, for several weeks.

Rice. 1. Polar night.

Continental air currents cool very quickly in the ground layers, which leads to incredibly low temperatures in winter. -60 degrees Celsius and prevailing arctic winds are not uncommon for Eastern Siberian winters.

Summer is quite cold, the air temperature in July rarely exceeds +15 degrees. In addition, it is very short, and the growing season in these parts is 2-2.5 months.

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Vegetable world

Due to the large extent in the meridional direction, the nature of Eastern Siberia, as well as natural areas Central Siberia, lies in three climatic zones:

• arctic;
• subarctic;
• moderate.

The predominant territory of Eastern Siberia is occupied by taiga. Fir, larch, pine, cedar grow here.

Rich taiga forests with a length of several thousand kilometers make up almost half of all forest resources Russian Federation.

Rice. 2. Endless taiga forests of Eastern Siberia.

Also, an impressive part of the region is occupied by the tundra zone. Poor soils, excess moisture and low temperatures create not the most Better conditions for vegetation development. Dwarf trees, saxifrage, cotton grass, poppy grow here.

Animal world

Almost all regions of Eastern Siberia do not differ great variety fauna. The main reason for this is the poor development of plants, the lack of food in the right quantities and permafrost.

From large predators highlight brown bear, wolverine, lynx. There are also foxes, deer, elks, sables, ermines, ferrets, badgers. Due to the constantly cold soils, very few rodents live in this region. The world of birds, on the contrary, is very diverse. Capercaillie, woodpecker, crossbill, goose, nutcracker, crow, sandpiper and many other species of birds live here.

Rice. 3. Wolverine.

What have we learned?

Eastern Siberia occupies a very large area. Thanks to geographical location natural zoning its pronounced. The largest area is occupied by two zones: taiga and tundra. Eastern Siberia is especially valued for its impressive woodlands coniferous trees.

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Geological structure. Relief. o Approximately 4.1 million km². Most of it is occupied by the taiga Central Siberian Plateau, alternating in the north with tundra lowlands, in the south and east with high mountain ranges of the Western and Eastern Sayans, Transbaikalia and the Yano-Kolyma Territory. Here are located major rivers Russia Yenisei, Lena, Vilyui, Selenga, Olekma, Angara. o There are few swamps in Eastern Siberia, they are found mainly within the lowlands on flat, poorly drained interfluves. o Eastern Siberia has diverse landscapes and plant communities. Here you can also find arctic deserts, and dry steppes, and taiga, and peculiar alpine landscapes, and deciduous forests in Taimyr.

The climate of Eastern Siberia lies in the temperate and cold zone. The climate of Eastern Siberia is severe, sharply continental. Precipitation is less than in the western regions of the Russian Federation, the thickness of the snow cover is usually small, in the north it is ubiquitous permafrost. Winter in the northern regions is long and cold, the temperature reaches 0. Summer is warm, hot in the south. July in Eastern Siberia is sometimes warmer than in the same latitudes of the European part of Russia, and sunny days more. The amplitude of fluctuations in summer and winter temperatures reaches 40 ° -65 about

Waters Eastern Siberia "with its facade facing the Northern Arctic Ocean". The seas are the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea. The rivers Yenisei, Lena, Vilyui, Selenga, Olekma, Angara. The length of all rivers is 700 thousand km. All rivers of Eastern Siberia belong to the basin of the Arctic Ocean.

Soils The soils and vegetation of the taiga zone of Eastern Siberia develop under more favorable conditions than in the tundra and forest-tundra zones. The relief is more rugged than in neighboring Western Siberia; on the rubbly eluvium of bedrocks, stony, often thin soils are formed.

Resources Eastern Siberia contains about half of all forest resources in Russia. The main amount of wood reserves are valuable conifers: larch, pine, spruce, cedar, fir. About 80% of the reserves of stone and brown coal Russia. Eastern Siberia is rich in ore deposits: iron ore Korshunovskoye and Abakanskoye deposits, Angara-Pitsky district, copper-nickel ores of Norilsk, Altai polymetals, Eastern Sayan bauxites. In Eastern Siberia, the oldest Bodaibo gold deposit in the Irkutsk region, deposits of the Minusinsk depression and Transbaikalia; Olimpiadninskoe and other gold deposits in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. A significant amount of Russian oil is produced in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Eastern Siberia is rich in non-metallic minerals: there is mica, graphite, Icelandic spar, building materials, and salts. It was on the Yenisei, in the Yeniseisk region, that the first diamond was found in Russian Empire, there are also largest deposit diamonds in Yakutia.

Reserves The Stolby Reserve was organized in 1925. Krasnoyarsk region. Olekminskiy Reserve was established in 1984. Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Olekminsky district. Animals: sable, wolverine, chipmunk, forest lemming, elk, bear, red deer, roe deer, musk deer. Birds: hazel grouse, hawk owl, stone capercaillie, rubythroat nightingale, Siberian flycatcher, Siberian thrush. Plants: cedar, Siberian fir, blue spruce, Daurian larch, Scotch pine, Siberian spruce, dwarf birch. The Tunguska Reserve was established in 1995. The site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. Krasnoyarsk Territory, Tungussko-Chunsky District. Animals: sable, ermine, elk, reindeer, bear, fox, wolverine. Crested blackbirds, goldeneye, large merganser, kuksha, hazel grouse, capercaillie, black grouse. Ust-Lensky Reserve was organized in 1985. Animals: polar bear, polar fox, wild reindeer, ungulate and Siberian lemmings. Beluga whales, seals, and walruses are recovering.

Throughout the entire length of Central Siberia, 3 zones are distinguished: tundra, forest-tundra and taiga. The taiga is most fully represented, occupying 70% of the area. The Central Siberian Plateau includes only the forest-tundra and taiga.

The forest-tundra stretches in a narrow strip (up to 50-70 km); the boundary of the zone runs along the northern ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau.

The climate of the zone was assigned to B.P. Alisov to subarctic with a predominance of continental air in temperate latitudes in cold period and transformed arctic air in summer. The combination of the polar position with continentality with insignificant radiation and the dominance of anticyclone weather determines the severity of the winter period, which lasts about 8 months, from October to May. Snow cover lasts 250-260 days. Its thickness is 30-50 cm, slightly increasing towards the west. In summer, the soil and the surface layer of air warms up intensively. average temperature July is 12-13оС.

Enough high temperatures During the growing season, a decrease in the strength of winter winds favors the growth of not only herbaceous and shrubby vegetation, but also trees. From tree species Dahurian larch dominates here. The vegetation cover of the forest-tundra is dominated by shrub thickets of birch, alder, and willow. Trees are scattered in individual specimens or groups.

The taiga zone stretches from north to south for more than 2000 km from the northern edge of the Central Siberian Plateau.

Specific features of the Central Siberian taiga, which sharply distinguish it from the taiga Western Siberia, are a sharply continental climate and the almost universal distribution of permafrost, slight swampiness, the dominance of monotonous deciduous taiga and permafrost-taiga soils.

The climate of the zone is sharply continental, with severe winters with little snow and moderately warm and cool, moderately humid summers. Cold winter with persistent and severe frosts, lasts 7-8 months. On the western slopes of the Central Siberian Plateau, the largest number precipitation, which contributes to the formation of snow cover up to 70-80 cm thick. The relief and features of atmospheric circulation determine the variegated distribution of precipitation in the zone.

The zonal soils of the taiga are permafrost-taiga. In the central part of the taiga, the density of the tree layer and the height of the trees increase. In the undergrowth, in addition to shrubs, birch, there are bird cherry, mountain ash, elderberry, juniper, honeysuckle. The grass-moss cover is typically taiga. Acid permafrost-taiga soils develop under the forests. Diversity increases in the southern taiga coniferous forests. In the space of the taiga zone, intrazonal differences associated with the nature of the lithogenic base are clearly traced.

For the placement of forests on the territory greatest influence has an increase in the severity of winter and a decrease in the thickness of the snow cover from west to east. In this regard, dark coniferous spruce-cedar forests predominate in the Yenisei part. To the east, they are replaced by dark coniferous-larch and pine-larch.