Military topography. Reconnaissance of the area. Military reconnaissance Approximate limits of audibility of sounds at night

OBSERVATION

Observation allows you to obtain the most reliable information about the enemy and the terrain. In the combat formations of troops in all types of combat, it is conducted continuously by specially appointed observers and observation posts. Their number depends on the nature of the battle, the conditions of the situation and the terrain. An observer is usually appointed in a squad, in a platoon and in a company - one or two observers, in a battalion - an observer at the command and observation post and one or two observation posts.

Observation is organized so as to provide the best view of the terrain ahead of the front and on the flanks. At night and in other conditions of limited visibility, surveillance is carried out with the help of ground reconnaissance radars, night vision devices, terrain lighting equipment, and is supplemented by eavesdropping.

Observation is usually carried out in the sector. The width of the observation sector depends on the observation conditions (terrain, visibility, etc.) and the number of available posts (observers). Sometimes an area (object) can be indicated to an observer for its detailed study, clarification of the position on the ground of individual elements, detection or confirmation of the presence of targets in it. In addition, observers and observation posts can monitor the actions of their units and neighbors, aviation (helicopters) and the results of their artillery fire.

As practice shows, in the observation sector, it is enough to have five to seven landmarks. Objects that are clearly visible and most resistant to destruction are selected as landmarks - road crossings, stones, characteristic points of the relief, individual buildings, trees, etc. Landmarks are numbered from right to left and along the lines from oneself towards the enemy. One of the landmarks is designated as the main one. All landmarks indicated by the senior commander are mandatory, they retain the numbers and names assigned by this commander. On a terrain that is poor in landmarks (desert, steppe, snowy plain), engineering structures and enemy barriers can be selected as landmarks, or artificial landmarks can be created by artillery fire (places of ruptures).

The observation site must provide good overview in the indicated sector, camouflage and cover from enemy fire, have open approaches from their subunits.

Observation spot disguised as a local subject

OBSERVATION POST

Observation post - a group of military personnel assigned to jointly perform the task of observation. The observation post consists of two or three people, one of whom is appointed as a senior. The observation post must have observation devices, a landmark diagram, a large-scale map or terrain diagram, an observation log, a compass, a clock, a flashlight with an attachment that prevents the beam of light from scattering, communication and signaling equipment.

The senior observation post is obliged to: establish a procedure for continuous observation; organize the equipment of the observation site and its camouflage; check the serviceability of observation devices, communication and warning devices; personally conduct observation, plot the detected objects (targets) on the map (diagram) and promptly report to the commander who set up the post on the results of reconnaissance; immediately report on the detection of important objects (targets), about drastic changes in the actions of the enemy, as well as when signs of preparation for the use of weapons are detected mass destruction... The observation results, changes in the place and time of movement, and the surrender of the post are recorded in the observation log.

At 19.15 25.10 post, radio station R-148 No. 013921, LPR-1 No. 0214KS.

Passed .... (title, signature)

Accepted. ... ... (title, signature)

The observation post shall serve until the specified time or until it is replaced by another observation post; the post can only move to a new location with the permission or by order of the commander who set it up. The movement is usually carried out by the entire staff of the post simultaneously with observance of camouflage and security measures. The order of movement is determined by the senior observation post. With a long-term presence of an observation post in an area contaminated with poisonous, radioactive and biological (bacterial) agents, the personnel act in personal protective equipment, and the change of observers is made more often. If the situation permits, the senior post organizes partial special processing of the observation post, personnel and weapons. At the same time, observation of the enemy and the terrain does not stop.

An observer in a subunit is subordinate to the subunit commander and is responsible for the timely detection of the enemy in his sector (area). It should have observation devices, a reference chart, a compass and a clock, and, if necessary, communication and signaling facilities.

The observer must: know the reconnaissance and unmasking signs of objects (targets), signs of the enemy's preparation for the use of weapons of mass destruction, for an offensive, withdrawal, etc .; skillfully use observation devices, prepare them for their work and keep them in good order; know landmarks, conventional names local items and be able to quickly find them on the ground; conduct continuous observation, search for targets, determine ranges to them and their location relative to landmarks; promptly report to the commander on the results of observation; observe the strictest discipline and fulfill the requirements of disguise; know control signals and alerts.

An observer is a sentry on the battlefield; he has no right to stop observing without an order from the commander who appointed him, or until he is replaced by another observer.

Having received the task and clarifying the landmarks indicated to him on the ground, the observer determines the distance to them, if it was not indicated to him, studies tactical properties terrain, the most characteristic local items and charts the landmarks.

To draw up a diagram of landmarks, it is necessary to apply a conventional sign of the observation post in the lower part of the sheet in the middle and draw a north-south direction through it. Then determine the distance to the main landmark, the magnetic azimuth to this landmark and, orienting the sheet of paper in azimuth and distance, on a scale (for example, 5 cm - 1 km), apply the landmark to the diagram. Using the observation device, measure the angles from the main one to the remaining landmarks, and after determining the distances to them, also apply to the diagram on a scale; then apply characteristic local objects and distances to them and relief features on the diagram.

All landmarks are plotted in a perspective view, their conditional name, number and distance to the landmark are signed.

When conducting reconnaissance by observation during missions in the Republic of Afghanistan, experienced observers, when preparing a map of landmarks, usually drew directions for each landmark. This helped them quickly find landmarks on the ground and report the location of targets.

Studying the tactical properties of the terrain, the observer, first of all, proceeds from the received task.

For example, he finds out: where, according to the conditions of the situation on a given terrain, the enemy is most likely able to locate his observation and command-observation posts, artillery positions, fire weapons, engineering structures and obstacles; from what direction and in what places his tanks can go; where is most likely to hide living force and Combat vehicles and what are the possibilities for the concealed movement of the enemy.

Studying typical local objects, the observer remembers their relative position and appearance... Local items such as single bushes, tree stumps, large stones should be counted. Knowing the number, relative position and appearance of local objects in his observation sector, he will more quickly detect camouflaged observers, fire weapons, snipers and other targets.

The observer mentally divides the indicated sector by depth into zones: near - the area of ​​the terrain accessible for observation with the naked eye, usually to a depth of 400 m; medium - from 400 to 800 m; far - from 800 m and up to the visibility limit.

The boundaries of the zones are outlined conditionally on the ground according to landmarks, local objects and are not applied to the diagram. Observation usually begins from the near zone and is conducted from right to left by sequential inspection of the terrain and local objects. The observer, having examined the near zone, looks back along it, as if checking himself, then examines the middle and far zones in the same order.

With a sequential survey of the terrain, open areas are examined faster, and less open ones more thoroughly. Areas where signs of targets are found are inspected especially carefully. Observation in optical devices should be alternated with observation with the naked eye, since constant observation in an optical device tires the vision and, in addition, the field of view optical instruments limited. When observing with binoculars and other optical aids, they need to be stabilized. For target detection, long-term observation of individual areas of the terrain (objects) may be required, as well as verification by repeated observation of existing reconnaissance results.

Having found a target, the observer determines its position on the ground in relation to landmarks (local objects) and reports to the commander (senior observation post).

When determining the position of the target on the ground, the observer determines the distance to the target in meters from his observation post and the angular distance (right or left) in thousandths from the nearest landmark to the detected target.

The observation report should be concise and clear - what is found and where. For example: "Landmark 2, 0-10 to the right, 1200 meters, armored personnel carrier in the trench." In the absence of landmarks on the ground, the observer gives target designation, indicating the magnetic bearing to the target and the distance to it. For example: "Azimuth 150 °, 3800 meters - two helicopters landing."

The observer reports only what he sees. He reports his findings only at the request of the commander.

The change of observers is made within the time frame established by the commander (senior of the observation post). The shift time is determined depending on the situation and the weather: under normal conditions - usually after 3-4 hours, in unfavorable conditions - after 1-2 hours. When changing, the person being replaced informs the changing person about everything noticed in the enemy's location, necessarily showing the detected targets on the ground; informs what tasks were assigned to him and how they were fulfilled; transmits observation devices, terrain diagram and observation log (if it is maintained by an observer). After the transfer of duties, the replaced one reports to the commander (senior) about the change made. During the shift, observation of the enemy does not stop.

In mobile types of combat, unit observers are and move along with their commanders and observe on the move or from short stops. When operating on foot, the observer is five to eight steps away from the commander. Without stopping observing the enemy, he must hear the commands given by the commander and see his signals. When the commander stops, the observer is located in the immediate vicinity of him and, hiding behind local objects, observes the enemy.

LONG-TERM OBSERVATION STATION (LNP)

Long-term NP is a type of basing RG of special forces behind enemy lines and is intended for long-term collection of intelligence information through observation, eavesdropping, use of R and RTR equipment, reconnaissance and signaling, photo and video equipment with the subsequent transfer of this information to the Center.

In the future, leaving the DNP, the scouts can carry out special measures at enemy targets.

A variant of a long-term observation post.

DNPs are often used by sniper groups to conduct reconnaissance by observation and shoot off enemy command personnel.

DNP can be used in Peaceful time to monitor the headquarters, bases, safe houses of terrorists, separatists and other illegal formations. At the same time, photo and video equipment is widely used. In this case, DNP can be equipped both in residential and non-residential buildings, attics, sheds, etc.

Basing scouts on the DNP, replenishing their supplies, removing waste products and leaving it is carried out under the guise of searches, raids, etc. mass events conducted by police units.

As an example, let us cite the "control" of the caravan trail by scouts armed with night vision devices. While observing from a buried DNP, the scouts carry out selective detonation of landmines (mines) using the PD-430 radio link.

Preparation of DNP

The selection of the DNP personnel (as a rule, four scouts) capable of a long time (up to several weeks) is in a confined space, eat, sleep, relieve themselves in the presence of comrades, and carry out combat duty. This requires special training and truly angelic patience.

Selection and preparation of the necessary equipment, tools and materials for DNP equipment (timber, metal corners and mesh, floors, soil bags, shovels, saws, axes, etc.)

Selection and preparation of weapons, communications, surveillance and other equipment necessary for the performance of a combat mission

Selection and preparation of equipment

DNP equipment procedure

First, the pit comes off. Part of the soil (preferably dry) is folded into bags, the rest of the soil is secretly taken out and masked. The best option is to dump the excess soil into the river. For filling the bags, it is possible to use sawdust, pine needles, hay. The only requirement is that they should not rustle. The walls and floor, as a rule, are laid out with stuffed bags, supports and ceilings are installed, ventilation pipes (boxes) are inserted, a roof is installed, a layer of soil is poured and tamped at least 50 cm, the roof, the entrance hatch, loopholes for observation or shooting are masked, immediately in front of occupation of DNP by personnel, install equipment (seismic sensors, SRPN-1, etc.) and mine-explosive barriers.

The procedure for organizing combat duty at the DNP

A reconnaissance patrol consisting of four scouts was stationed on the DNP.

Two scouts are observers, and their duties may differ. For example, the first one is observing the object, the second one conducts reconnaissance "on himself", i.e. monitors the devices of technical means of protection (reconnaissance), encrypts and transmits messages by radio station to the Center. The third scout is ready to replace the observer, prepares food, maintains weapons and equipment, rests, etc. The fourth scout is resting (sleeping in a sleeping bag).

There should be only two sleeping bags for the resting shift in a four-bed DNP. Bags should have quick-release locks for emergency evacuation if necessary. The equipment is always assembled in backpacks. To accommodate it, four backpacks weighing no more than 40 kg should be enough. All scouts are required to be fully aware of the contents of all backpacks.

Working for the DNP, scouts need special equipment and uniforms, which allows them not to get sick from hypothermia and dampness in conditions of sedentary activity in limited space... Radio exchange with the Center should be minimized, and the radio communication equipment used should minimize the likelihood of bearing your transmitter as much as possible. The best radio facilities are satellite communication stations; stations using the speed and frequency hopping mode.

Particular attention should be paid to adherence to camouflage. Light, smoke, smell are unacceptable. This is especially true for cooking. Whole cooking kits are available, consisting of insulated thermos containers and chemical cartridges. It is also possible to use gas stoves. But even when using these containers, beware of the spread of odors.

Despite the fact that open fire contact between scouts and the enemy is highly undesirable. It is necessary to be in constant readiness to attack the DNP if it is detected by the enemy. The installed mine explosive and signaling means, silent weapons will minimize the accidental detection of DNP by single military personnel, but with a targeted search for DNP by the enemy and its detection, the scouts take the battle, stun the enemy and dissolve into space.

Serious attention should be paid to the packaging of scout waste (garbage, excrement, etc.). Waste should be carefully (hermetically) packed in double polyethylene bags of increased strength. At the same time, it is worth filling them by two-thirds, since they have to be taken out in backpacks upon completion of the observation. Until the end of the observation, the bags with waste on the DNP should not cause any inconvenience to the scouts.

OBSERVATION BY NIGHT

Observation at night is much more difficult. It is conducted under artificial lighting of the terrain, and in unlit terrain - with the use of night vision devices. Individual targets and actions of the enemy can be detected without lighting and the use of night vision devices by light and noise unmasking features: a cigarette light is visible at a distance of up to 500 m, a burning match - 1-1.5 km; the light of an electric pocket flashlight, the flashes of shots when firing from a machine gun or machine gun are visible at a distance of up to 2 km; bonfire, the light of the switched on car headlights is noticeable up to 8 km. At night, much further than during the day, various sounds are heard. For example, the noise of a smoothly running tank engine can be heard from a distance of 300-400 m during the day, and 1000 m or more at night.

The night requires special attention, caution and discipline from the personnel. An undisciplined scout can unmask himself and his comrades by careless handling of lighting devices, noise, smoking, etc.

When preparing for combat work at night, observers prepare before dark for work optical and electronic-optical devices, tablets and diagrams, means of lighting the terrain and illumination for work, cover the trench with a raincoat or tarpaulin, study the terrain, remember the outlines and relative position of night landmarks and local items.

They choose before dark as night landmarks tall trees, buildings, factory chimneys and other local objects that can be seen silhouetted against the sky. In addition, directions to landmarks can be fixed with white pegs, light alignments, seen from a compass or by angular values ​​on the scales of observation devices. Sometimes, in the absence of clearly defined landmarks, light landmarks (not observed from the enemy's side) are set at a distance of no closer than 50 m from the observation site.

Before the onset of darkness, observers adjust the installation of the eyepieces of optical instruments over their eyes and memorize the corresponding division. This allows, when observing at night, to quickly restore the lost pickup of the device.

To determine at night the direction to a target that briefly unmasks itself with light signs (flashes of shots, headlights, etc.), the observer pre-sticks a freshly planed (white) peg 30-40 cm high and a finger thick into the ground at a distance of several meters from him. Then he takes a shorter peg (about 20 cm) and, noticing the flash of a shot, sticks it into the ground right there in front of him so that it is in alignment with the previously exposed peg and flash (shine). The correctness of the position of the near peg is specified during subsequent observations of flares (brightness). After that, the position of the target on the ground is determined.

During the hostilities in the Republic of Afghanistan, military reconnaissance observers at the outposts at night time used a very simple but effective method of spotting the firing positions of enemy mortars (missile launchers). For this, a circle with a goniometric scale (like an artillery circle) with a movable sighting device attached to it was made from plexiglass, plexiglass or even plywood. This device (the post on which it was installed) was precisely tied to the map and oriented to the cardinal points.

For orientation, using precise angle measuring instruments (artillery compass, laser reconnaissance device, radar station, etc.), the angle was measured to some distant landmark visible from the post. Then the circle was aimed at this landmark and rigidly fixed in this position. As soon as the enemy fired a mortar shot (launching a rocket), one of the observers quickly aimed the sighting arrow at the flash of the shot and measured the target elevation angle. Another observer at this time with the help of a stopwatch timed the time during which the sound from the shot from the moment of the flash would reach the observation post, and determined the distance to the target.

At the same time, the accuracy of determining the location of the target on the ground with trained observers turned out to be sufficient to hit it with artillery fire. An increase in accuracy was also achieved by increasing (to reasonable limits) the diameter of the goniometric circle and decreasing the division value of the goniometric scale.

The scouts often used this method in the daytime, detecting the target's location by dust and smoke generated during the shot, but in this case the accuracy of determining the distance decreases, since the observer detects these signs with some delay from the moment of the shot.

The human eye is not able to immediately adapt and clearly distinguish objects during a sharp transition from light to dark. Therefore, before starting observation at night, you need to stay in the dark for 20-30 minutes and not look at the light source. When observing, it should be constantly remembered that, as soon as you look at the light for a short time, the adaptation of the eyes will be lost again and it will take at least 20 minutes to recover again. In order not to disrupt the adaptation of the eyes, it is necessary to close one eye when taking readings from devices, when working with a map, a circuit that is illuminated, and it is best to use a flashlight with a red light. You should not stare into the darkness for a long time, so as not to tire your eyesight. It is recommended to periodically close your eyes for 5-10 seconds. Resting this short will help you get rid of fatigue. Under artificial lighting, do not look at the light source; it is recommended to cover your eyes from illumination with a visor or palm and observe only the illuminated area and the enemy.

When determining distances by eye on a terrain illuminated by artificial light sources, it should be borne in mind that objects located in illuminated areas seem closer than in reality, and dark, unlit objects appear smaller in size and more distant.

An observer (observation post) can illuminate the terrain with missiles only at the direction of the commander.

In the dark essential has the attention of an observer, therefore, during reconnaissance at night, one should not be distracted by any extraneous thoughts, conversations, actions, but it is necessary to direct attention exclusively to observation - this increases the sensitivity of vision by 1.5 times. To increase attention and sensitivity of vision, it is recommended to observe in a sitting position.

Deep breathing (full inhalation and exhalation eight to ten times per minute), rubbing the forehead, eyelids, temples, neck, nape cold water cause a significant increase in the sensitivity of vision and reduce the time of full adaptation to darkness from 30 - 40 to 10 minutes. Pharmacological agents temporarily increase visual acuity, relieve drowsiness and fatigue: cola preparations, caffeine, glucose, etc. half an hour after ingestion and lasts 1.5-2 hours. These methods of increasing the sensitivity of vision and attention, relieving fatigue and drowsiness are applicable by scouts not only when acting as observers, but also when they perform combat missions in other ways.

Various night vision devices are widely used for night observation. Night binoculars and scopes do not require artificial illumination of the terrain in the infrared spectrum and therefore do not unmask observers. At the same time, night vision devices are most effective on a bright starry or moonlit night. Rain, fog, dust significantly reduce the detection range. Weak artificial illumination of the terrain using conventional lighting means significantly increases the range of night vision devices. Bright lighting means (searchlights, headlights, bonfires, fires, tracer projectiles) falling into the field of view of the devices interfere and impair the effectiveness of observation.

Finding and recognizing targets in night vision goggles requires certain skills acquired by training. This is due to the fact that when observed through night vision devices, the natural color of the terrain and local objects does not differ. Different objects are recognized only by their shape (silhouette) and by the degree of contrast.

The range of vision increases if the target is located against a light background (sand, snow), and decreases if the target is located against a dark background (arable land, tree trunks, etc.).

At night, observation of the enemy is also carried out with the help of radar stations, which make it possible to detect moving ground targets, determine their nature (type) and polar coordinates (range and direction).

Radar stations should be located in areas of the terrain that are elevated over the reconnaissance area. It is not recommended to place such a post in the immediate vicinity of large metal surfaces (bridges, cranes, equipment parking), power and telephone lines, large buildings; these objects distort the radiation pattern and increase the errors in determining the coordinates of the target.

When camouflaging radar stations, do not allow wet objects (branches, grass, camouflage nets, etc.) to fall within the radiation pattern.

LISTENING

Eavesdropping as a method of reconnaissance at night and in other conditions of limited visibility supplements observation and is used when troops operate in direct contact with the enemy, as well as when reconnaissance agencies operate behind enemy lines. In order to conceal its actions and intentions, the enemy will strive to carry out many measures at night: the withdrawal of nuclear attack weapons and artillery to positions, the movement of command posts and troops, the taking of an initial position for the offensive, etc. These actions, with all the caution of the enemy, will be accompanied by characteristic sounds and noise by listening to which experienced scouts determine where and what the enemy is doing.

Eavesdropping is conducted by observers and observation posts. If necessary, special eavesdropping posts can be created. The eavesdropping post is composed of two or three scouts, one of them is appointed senior. If conditions make it possible to hear the spoken speech of the enemy, then for eavesdropping it is necessary to appoint scouts who know the enemy's language.

The task of eavesdropping is, as a rule, set before dark on the ground. In this case, the following are indicated: landmarks visible at night; information about the enemy; place of post; what to install and what sound signs to pay special attention to; the time of reconnaissance and the order of the report. If the eavesdropping post is sent beyond the front edge (security line) of its troops, then the scouts are shown the order of advance and return, pass and recall. To cover their actions, fire weapons on duty are assigned.

In the presence of time, observers assigned to conduct reconnaissance by eavesdropping, in advance (before dark) study the enemy's location, the terrain in the specified area, the path of advance and return. At the indicated time, usually with the onset of darkness, the observers (scouts) secretly advance to the place indicated by them for eavesdropping and begin to perform the task.

Observation posts, eavesdropping posts, individual "listeners" and scouts operating behind enemy lines must be able to understand sounds, determine the direction to the sound source and the distance to it.

The direction to the sound source can be determined by pointing the device (sight) or by hanging the direction. The observer, having heard the sound, notices an object in this direction, points the observation device (sight) at it and waits for the target to be re-displayed. By correcting (refining) the aiming of the device (sight) at the sound source, the direction to the target is determined at each of its manifestations.

The approximate range to a sounding target, as well as its character, can be determined by the maximum audibility of sounds. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the individual capabilities of each scout and weather... On a calm night, in fog, with high humidity, after rain, in winter, audibility increases.

Approximate limits of audibility of sounds at night

The direction of the wind should also be taken into account: it not only impairs or improves audibility depending on the direction, but also carries the sound to the side, creating a distorted idea of ​​the location of the sound source.

Mountains, forests, buildings, ravines, gorges and deep hollows also change the direction of the sound, creating an echo. They generate echoes and water spaces, contributing to its propagation over long distances.

The sound appears to be different when the source is moving on soft, wet or hard soil, along the street, on a country or field road, on a pavement or leafy soil. It should be borne in mind that dry ground or railroad tracks are better at transmitting sounds than air. Therefore, they listen with their ear to the ground or to the rails.

For better listening to the enemy's earthworks, the scout puts his ear to a dry board laid on the ground, which acts as a sound collector, or to a dry log dug into the ground. You can use a medical stethoscope or make a homemade water stethoscope, which was often used by reconnaissance engineers during the war. To make it, you need to fill a glass jar or a bottle made of thin-walled glass with water to the beginning of the neck and close it with a stopper with a hole. Then insert a tube (preferably glass) into the hole in the plug, onto which to put on a rubber tube. The other end of the rubber tube, fitted with a tip, is inserted into the ear. The bottle is buried in the ground up to the water level in it. To check the sensitivity of the installed device, you need to hit the ground with your finger at a distance of 4 m from it - the sound from such a blow should be clearly heard through the rubber tube.

FEATURES OF OBSERVATION IN THE MOUNTAINS

When operating in the mountains, observers and observation posts are located at dominant heights with a wide outlook and a small number of invisibility fields. However, not every high point can be a good spot for observation. For observation, first of all, such places are selected that are distinguished by a good close outlook. You should not be located directly on the top of the mountain (topographic ridge) for observation, it is more profitable to choose a place for observation on inconspicuous slopes at some distance from the top. When placing observers near local objects, it is necessary to be located and observe from the shadow side of the objects. It is not recommended for observation to occupy trees with nests for birds, whose cries and anxious flight can unmask the observer.

Before starting observation in a mountainous area, it is necessary to understand the settlements lying ahead, where each trail goes, the conventional names of landmarks and characteristic local objects (heights, peaks, gorges, etc.). It must be remembered that in the mountains the distance to landmarks and local objects is greatly concealed. At each observation post, it is advisable to have a diagram of the invisibility fields and take measures to organize additional observation of them.

The safest spot for observers is the trench. But it is not always possible to equip it in the mountains, especially in rocky ground, therefore, stones must be used to equip an observation post: a parapet is made of them, and then covered with earth and carefully masked. It is advantageous to equip a position for an observation post from stones and boulders on rocky slopes, on which it merges well with the surrounding terrain.

At night, it is recommended to locate some of the observers at the foot and on the slopes of heights in such a way as to observe from the bottom up and see the enemy against the background of the sky, while remaining unnoticed. When observing with the use of terrain lighting means, it is necessary to take into account the formation of shadows that hide the movement of the enemy.

Watching in the mountains at night is complemented by eavesdropping. The sound in the mountains increases sharply, especially in fog, near the river, in the presence of snow cover, as well as after rain and in the morning hours, when the air humidity is increased. However, when organizing eavesdropping, it should be borne in mind that sounds in the mountains often change their original direction (mountain echo) and reach the scout from the side opposite to the actual position of the source.

The task of the eavesdropping post is set on the ground, as a rule, before dark, from such a point from where the place designated for eavesdropping can be seen. At the post, the scouts are located in a triangle (angle forward). The elder is usually in front. Responsibilities are distributed as follows: one listens to everything that is done in front of him and on the right, the second - in front and on the left, the third - behind. This method of action allows eavesdropping in all directions without scattering attention.

Military reconnaissance is one of the types tactical intelligence... It is driven by the miners intelligence agencies, dedicated units and divisions military intelligence, as well as designated motorized rifle, tank, machine-gun artillery and paratrooper units.

The purpose of military intelligence- to exclude the surprise of enemy actions and to provide the commander and the headquarters of the formation (unit, subunit) with data for the effective use of their forces and assets. This is achieved successful implementation tasks of obtaining intelligence information about the enemy and the terrain.

Intelligence missions depend on the specific conditions of the developing situation and are determined depending on the nature of the combat mission received.

They are subdivided:

In terms of completeness and volume - on general (covering a group of particular tasks) and private (depending on the tasks of the battle (combat operations);

By order of execution - for urgent (completed by a specific deadline), extra-urgent (deadlines have not been established) and extraordinary (requiring immediate implementation);

By destination- aimed at obtaining intelligence information about the enemy and the terrain in the area of ​​impending actions, information (collection, processing and delivery of intelligence information) and others.

Reconnaissance of the enemy conducted with tasks:

1. Establishment combat strength, affiliation, combat capability, position and grouping of troops (forces), especially means of nuclear, chemical attack and high-precision weapons, objects (targets) for destruction, their location (coordinates) and the degree of readiness for use.

2. Establishment of possible intentions (design) and the nature of the enemy's actions, strengths and weaknesses.

3. Determination of the locations of fire weapons, reconnaissance equipment, electronic warfare, air defense, control points, as well as airfields and landing sites army aviation.

4. Dissection of the extent and nature of the engineering equipment of boundaries, areas and positions.

5. Establishment of a system of barriers, especially nuclear mine.

6. Determination of the results of fire (nuclear, electronic strikes) strikes inflicted on the enemy.

7. Establishment of new means of struggle, techniques and methods of combat (combat operations).

8. Determination of the enemy's awareness of our troops.

9. Establishment of the moral and psychological state of the enemy troops and the local population.

Reconnaissance of the area underway with tasks to establish:

1. features of the relief, the presence of natural obstacles, the condition of the soil, roads, paths, water sources;

2. the nature of water obstacles;

3. the presence of crossings and fords;

4.the degree of influence of the terrain on movement and fighting troops, for the use of precision weapons, weapons of mass destruction and protection against them;

5. areas of destruction, fires and floods, zones (areas) of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, possible directions of their bypass (overcoming);

6.economic, sanitary and epidemiological and the epizootic state of the combat area.

Major efforts of military intelligence focus on the timely opening of the opposing enemy grouping, especially the location of nuclear and chemical attack weapons, precision weapons and electronic suppression systems, its concept of action, combat capability and readiness to deliver strikes.

Reconnaissance is the most important type of combat support. In modern conditions, it is a set of measures carried out by commanders of all levels, headquarters and troops to obtain and study information about the current or probable enemy and the terrain necessary for the preparation and successful conduct of further actions ...

M.Yu. Teplinsky

Surprisingly, professionalism in our today's army is becoming less and less in demand. This is especially evident in the units of military intelligence, that is, exactly where it is - a matter of life and death not only of the intelligence officers themselves, but above all of the units and subunits for which this intelligence is being conducted. There are many reasons for this state of affairs. Here and the low salaries of officers, the lack of a normal school for training scouts, a break in the continuity of combat experience, absolutization technical types military intelligence and much more. Recently, quite a few textbooks on military intelligence have been published, but they all suffer from the same drawbacks: the lack of depth and training system. Tolerantly describing the single training of a scout, they completely do not pay attention to the coordination of triplets, groups and larger units, there are also no options for using reconnaissance equipment when performing various kinds of tasks to obtain information, although now the equipment has reached such a level that in many ways can facilitate the work of scouts ... Practically in all army intelligence units there is a communication problem, since the means available to them do not provide efficiency, secrecy and mobility, although many special formations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Internal Troops, and the Ministry of Emergencies have the most modern communication equipment. Accordingly, the question arises: do they really need it more than the army intelligence units? After all, as the experience of conducting hostilities in Afghanistan, Transnistria, Chechnya shows, army units bear the main burden of collecting the necessary information.

There is intelligence the most important species combat support. V modern conditions it is a set of measures taken by commanders of all levels, headquarters and troops to obtain and study information about the current or probable enemy and the terrain necessary for the preparation and successful running further actions.

It includes the activities of commanders and headquarters in organizing reconnaissance, direct actions of reconnaissance forces and means to obtain the necessary information about the enemy and the terrain, as well as the work of headquarters officers to collect and process this information, and report them to those interested in this. In particular, this article is devoted to military intelligence, its place in the military intelligence system.

Military intelligence, depending on the goals, scale of activities and the nature of the tasks performed, is divided into:

1 strategic;

2 operational-tactical;

3 tactical.

Depending on the scope, forces and means involved military intelligence is divided into five types:

1 ground;

2 air;

3 sea;

4 space;

5 special.

In turn, tactical intelligence ground forces divided into ground and air. And here ground reconnaissance includes: military, radio and radio engineering, radar, chemical and bacteriological.

So we finally got to "our" military intelligence.

Troop reconnaissance is carried out by reconnaissance, motorized rifle, regimental, airborne and airborne assault subunits.

The methods of conducting military reconnaissance are: observation, eavesdropping, search, raid, ambush, reconnaissance in force.

In combined-arms formations, units and their subunits for conducting military reconnaissance, the following are assigned:

1 - from a division - reconnaissance detachments, reconnaissance patrols, reconnaissance groups, officer reconnaissance patrols, subunits for conducting searches, arranging ambushes, subunits for conducting reconnaissance in force, observation posts;

2 - from the regiment - reconnaissance detachments, reconnaissance patrols, officer reconnaissance patrols, subunits for conducting searches, arranging ambushes, observation posts;

3 - from the battalion - combat reconnaissance patrols, subunits for setting up ambushes, patrol squads, observation posts;

4 - from the company - patrol squads, observers, and sometimes combat reconnaissance patrols;

5 - from the platoon, squad - observers, sentinels.

Directly conducting military reconnaissance falls on regular and non-standard reconnaissance subdivisions and units. If we assess their capabilities, it turns out that they will not be able to set time to provide the commanders and staffs with an adequate amount of information.

Let's give a simple example.

In the airborne division, for military reconnaissance, there are regular reconnaissance units and subunits: this is a separate reconnaissance company of the division, regimental reconnaissance companies, contingent reconnaissance platoons paratroopers battalions.

As a rule, the Airborne Forces conduct combat operations behind enemy lines, which means that the role of reconnaissance units is enormous. But if we consider the capabilities of reconnaissance units (regular), then they will not be able to fulfill the volume of tasks assigned to them. The experience of the exercises and the results of research show that the standard forces and means of reconnaissance, especially when the division is carrying out an immediate mission, is not enough. The landing area of ​​the division, according to the most minimal option (with 3-4 landing sites), can occupy an area of ​​25-30 km2 with a perimeter of 75-90 km. With the removal of reconnaissance units from the landing sites up to 10 km, the perimeter of the reconnaissance area of ​​operations increases to 120-150 km. The division can select from the regular reconnaissance divisions a maximum of 12RDs, and taking into account the contingent reconnaissance platoons of battalions (9), this will make a total of 21 reconnaissance agencies (RD-12, RD-9). It is known that a taxiway or an airborne battleship as part of a platoon can view a strip up to 2 km wide in mid-rugged semi-open terrain. Thus, military bodies, even fully engaged, will be able to view no more than 40-50 km, that is, one third. This circumstance makes it necessary to attract additional forces from the composition of the paratrooper units. Consider the contingent reconnaissance platoons of battalions. Can they be considered scouts at all?

In the program for the training of the RAP, reconnaissance training is given seven hours during the trial of young replenishment (topics such as "Organization, armament and tactics of a potential enemy's subunit", "Reconnaissance signs of the enemy's location on the ground and preparing him for hostilities) and eight hours course tactical training to work out the topics "Platoon in reconnaissance", "Platoon in combat mobile security". Plus, with non-standard reconnaissance platoons of battalions, two-week field training sessions are conducted under the leadership of the unit's intelligence chief.

Is this really enough to train scouts from ordinary soldiers? Especially in modern conditions, when officers do not differ in deep knowledge and methodological skill. It should be added that not all reconnaissance units are fully staffed, contrary to the order of the commander of the Airborne Forces.

Sergeants

An officer in the intelligence unit is a king and a god, according to at least it should be. And the sergeant is his deputy. It is the sergeants who should conduct all the basic training of intelligence soldiers. However, such a situation in the units today exists only in words. There is practically no one left in the country educational institution, where would be trained intelligence specialists - junior commanders. As a rule, they are trained directly in the units, choosing from the most trained soldiers. The effectiveness of such training is extremely low, since there is almost no time for it, and the professional level of modern intelligence officers is low.

The prerequisites for a return to the normal state of affairs have been destroyed - the sergeants were equated with ordinary soldiers both in terms of rights and in terms of money, but this is fundamentally not true. Any officer who served in intelligence at least 10-15 years ago can say with confidence that in his time the sergeants independently conducted classes with personnel and were a cut above the real ones in their training.

Selection and acquisition

"Growth above 190, fist like a beer mug - in intelligence!" - This is approximately how scouts are selected today from among the young replenishment. Of course, the physical condition of a soldier is not the last question in the selection, but it is not the first either. First of all, you need to determine the level of his thinking, observation, memory, volitional qualities... A scout is a versatile warrior, but above all an observer.

Now a very weak draft contingent in all respects is entering the army, all the more a careful selection for intelligence is necessary, because the level of tasks is only increasing.

An important issue of recruiting squads, platoons, which must be taken very seriously. In ancient times, units could be completed according to height, hair color, nose shape, nationality, etc. Now the main principle is the principle of psychological compatibility of servicemen. What can be expected from, for example, a combat deuce, consisting of soldiers, is not at all suitable friend a friend neither in temperament nor in intelligence?

Even greater demands must be made on the manning of intelligence units with officers and warrant officers than for soldiers. First of all, it is unacceptable for an officer or warrant officer to get into a reconnaissance unit without at least one year of service in an officer's position. He must get into reconnaissance, having already to a certain extent revealed himself as a commander. If, on the contrary, an officer enters the unit immediately after school, he begins to retrain and this greatly affects his subordinates in the course of combat training.

Correctly carried out measures for the recruitment of a reconnaissance unit will greatly help at the stage of coordination in the combat training system.

Preparation

As noted above, there is a sufficient amount of literature on single and special training scout. At the stage of separate training, it is advisable to assign a certain officer for each specialty, who would be responsible for it during this period, that is, to create training groups for specialties, where the above-named officers would be leaders (the requirement for mastering all specialties is not removed from the officers).

At the end of the stage of separate training, training is needed on the interchangeability of personnel. The joint training period should be based on the issues of combat coordination of combat "twos", "threes"; groups, departments; platoons and companies. Be guided in this by the principles "from simple to complex" and "minimum conventions, maximum combat situation."

At this stage, the commander of the reconnaissance unit plays the main role. Here he, as an artist, must realize his "vision" of combat training. First of all, it is necessary to achieve such a relationship between the trainees so that they feel each other not only with their fingertips, but also subconsciously, they would understand from a half-glance, speak with gesture language, facial expressions, and certain signals. This is where the intracollective climate and psychological compatibility play a role.

The necessary feelings of comradeship, collective, personal responsibility cannot be achieved without the most serious tests for intelligence officers, and the harder the tests, the closer the relationship will be in the collective. Although this is prohibited, in some cases even the punishments must be collective. There is a huge field for the activities of the deputy. commander for educational work, the psychologist of the part, if there is one. This period is characterized by constant testing sessions in the form of competitions for the best "two", "three", etc.

Well, and the crown of this, of course, is tactical exercises, which should be a real indicator of the level of combat training of any unit.

Application

An extremely important role in organizing the process of combat training and reconnaissance as a whole is played by the combined arms commander, who must deeply understand the essence of modern combat and, accordingly, the place of military reconnaissance in it. It is this commander who will have to assign tasks to scouts in a real battle and if it is limited, not creative person then the trouble. The experience of the wars in Afghanistan, Transnistria, Chechnya shows that the creativity of the combined-arms commander is enough only to invent a "straight from the tin" task for the intelligence units, such as guarding the headquarters, escorting the column with mate. means or their use as simple combined arms units. Such commanders who use scouts for other purposes must be punished in the strictest manner. This is the "fifth column" within the army, their ignorance, they do more harm than the enemy. On the contrary, the competent use of intelligence units often allows many times to reduce their own losses and achieve success with fewer means.

For a good intelligence officer, his specialty becomes both a hobby and a lifestyle. I have repeatedly observed how intelligence officers, no matter what - pay delays, housing problems, working seven days a week, do their job as they should. They just, as professionals, do not know how to work badly. With these officers, I am ready to serve anywhere the globe... The essence of our service depends on ourselves, how we set it up and plan it, and how it will go.

How can you determine the difficulties that will arise?
from tourists, while in an unknown area?

Terrain reconnaissance is an integral part of tactical reconnaissance, which must provide unit commanders with the necessary information in the preparation and for the successful conduct of hostilities. Reconnaissance of the area includes: collection and systematization of information about the area and its individual elements (protective properties, observation conditions, camouflage and firing).

Tasks and methods of terrain reconnaissance... In preparation for combat operations, unit commanders cannot limit themselves to studying the terrain only from maps and aerial photographs. Their most important duty is to conduct constant and systematic reconnaissance of the terrain alongside enemy reconnaissance. Therefore, in order to obtain complete information about the terrain on which the troops are supposed to be stationed, it is necessary to conduct reconnaissance of the terrain constantly and under any circumstances.

Information about the terrain obtained by reconnaissance is necessary for commanders to assess the influence of the terrain on the fulfillment of a combat mission with the most effective use of their forces and means, and in the absence of information about the enemy, they will help determine the probable position of his subunits and the possible direction of action. Reconnaissance of the area should ensure the collection and systematization of information about the area and its individual elements (relief, water resources, settlements, road networks, land cover, etc.).

The main tasks of terrain reconnaissance in the area of ​​operation of the subunit:

1. Determine the terrain passability for combat and transport vehicles.
2. Establish the condition of roads, bridges and other road structures.
3. Determine the nature of water barriers and the conditions for their crossing.
4. Reveal the protective and camouflage properties of the terrain, the nature of natural shelters and shelters.
5. Determine hidden approaches to enemy targets.
6. Find out the state of the water supply.
7. Reveal terrain changes by referring to maps.

Reconnaissance of the area should be carried out continuously, purposefully and covertly (secretly). An equally important requirement for intelligence is its timeliness and reliability. The main methods of terrain reconnaissance are: observation and direct inspection of the terrain by patrols. In addition, unit commanders can receive information about the terrain from aerial and ground photography, testimonies of prisoners, and interviews with local residents. Terrain data can also be obtained by studying topographic and special maps, military-geographical descriptions and information about the terrain.

Reconnaissance by surveillance is conducted constantly, before and during all types of combat, but is most thoroughly carried out in defense, especially if the terrain is visible, but the enemy does not allow approaching it. Observation is carried out personally by subunit commanders and intelligence officers (observers) (Fig. 1).

Il. 1. Military intelligence officer (observer)

The place for observation is chosen so that there is a better view of the terrain, while it must be invisible to the enemy and inaccessible to his fire (trenches, ditches, ditches). It is more convenient for the observer to be: in the depths of the territory of grain fields and tall grass, on a tree in the depths of the forest, in locality- in the attics of houses.

Observers are provided with binoculars, a stereo tube, large-scale maps or terrain diagrams, observation logs, compasses, clocks, and communications equipment. At night and in conditions of limited visibility, surveillance is carried out using night vision devices and terrain lighting.

The efforts of the observer should be aimed at:

• a) identifying convenient approaches to the enemy's front line;
• b) determination of places and lines that are beneficial for organizing observation by the enemy;
• c) study of natural obstacles, identification of ways to bypass them;
• d) identification of terrain changes, etc.

At the same time, areas and objects to which you need to pay special attention are indicated, as well as information that is very important.

The observer is shown the sector of observation, landmarks and the procedure for reporting the results of observation. After receiving the assignment, the observer studies in detail the terrain in the specified sector, finds out the characteristic outlines and relative position of landmarks and local objects, marks them on the map and determines the distance to each landmark from it. If there is no map, then a diagram of the area is drawn up. Landmarks are applied to the diagram, the distances to which are determined by a rangefinder or by eye. A map (diagram) of the terrain with the indicated distances to landmarks is used in the future for drawing objects and targets, directions from them to landmarks.

The observer examines the specified area in this order: first, the near zone (up to 500 m) from right to left, then the middle zone (up to 1000 m), and then the far zone (more than 1 km) from right to left. Further, the observation is carried out in the reverse order.

The detected target or object is studied with the help of optical devices that determine its location on the ground in relation to landmarks and local objects, report it by means of communication and put it on a map (terrain diagram).

Intelligence service direct inspection terrain patrols... This type of reconnaissance allows you to better study the features of the terrain, assess its passability, protective and camouflage properties, and determine the conditions for firing. Direct inspection of objects is carried out when there is an opportunity to approach the objects, reconnoiter, examine them in detail, and take the necessary measurements.

Reconnaissance by direct inspection is carried out by reconnaissance patrols on the march, in the offensive, in defense in the absence of a collision with the enemy and in other cases. The order of movement, the distance from friendly troops and the methods of action of the patrol are determined by the task assigned to it and depend on the situation. Reconnaissance of the area is carried out by patrol while driving, as well as at short stops.

The results of the terrain reconnaissance are indicated on the map (diagram) with conventional symbols. An immediate report to the commander is provided with a conventional sign (Fig. 2) upon detection of data that significantly affects movement (destroyed bridges, hydraulic structures, flooded areas, fires and debris in the forest).

Il. 2. Conventional sign observer

Reconnaissance of the area. Surveillance intelligence. Reconnaissance by direct survey of the area.

1. What is terrain reconnaissance, what elements does it include?
2. What are the main tasks of terrain reconnaissance?
3. What are the requirements for terrain reconnaissance?
4. What are the main methods of terrain reconnaissance, their brief description?
5. How is reconnaissance by surveillance carried out?
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of reconnaissance by direct survey of the terrain?
7. How is reconnaissance data prepared and used for?