How are interethnic cooperation expressed? Interethnic cooperation and interethnic conflicts. Personal rights of spouses
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Lecture:Interethnic relations
Relations between different states, as well as between different peoples of the same state, are called interethnic. Let us consider two trends in interethnic relations in the modern world. First - integration – close mutually beneficial interethnic contacts, cooperation in politics, economics, and culture. In the modern global world, the rapidly growing productive forces are confined to one nation or one state. A process of broad cooperation between countries is underway. A striking example economic integration nations and states is the European Union, which unites about 30 European states. An example of political integration is a number of international organizations
led by the UN. An example of cultural integration is the celebration of Christmas, Halloween, etc. The integration of states contributes to the erasure of national borders and the unity of humanity. An important principle of building interethnic relations is tolerance and mutual respect between nations. The second trend in interethnic relations is differentiation
, this is the reverse process of integration, when nations strive for independence, separation and confrontation. A characteristic feature of differentiation is, for example, the strengthening of protectionist measures in international trade, nationalist and extremist views. The desire of nations for differentiation has led to the emergence of such socially dangerous phenomena as: nationalism
and its extreme form of chauvinism, expressed in hatred of other nations; segregation
– forced separation of one nation from another on some basis, for example, racial discrimination; genocide
– physical destruction of a nation is a particularly grave crime against humanity; separatism
, which consists in the desire of the nation to separate from the state and create its own independent state entity; ethnic cleansing
– the policy of forcibly expelling people of a different ethnic group from the territory of the country. The third trend in interethnic relations is globalization
(more details). Thus, there are two main forms of interethnic relations: peaceful cooperation (stable relations) and ethnic conflict (). We talk about peaceful cooperation when nations interact and benefit each other. The main forms of peaceful cooperation are ethnic mixing through interethnic marriages and ethnic absorption - natural or forced assimilation, in which one nation completely loses its language, culture and national identity. Ethnic conflict arises as a result of the clash of interests of different nations and often develops into armed struggle.
Causes of ethnic conflicts and ways to resolve them
The causes of ethnic conflicts can be:
territorial claims;
struggle for political power or political independence;
inequality in the possession of material resources and benefits;
infringement of the rights, values, interests of an ethnic group;
ethnocentrism - superior views of an ethnic group towards its own culture and rejection of another culture;
deterioration of the environmental situation in the territory of one ethnic group due to the actions of another, and others.
Ethnic conflicts lead to dire consequences, people die, cultural values are destroyed. The resolution of ethnic conflicts, on the one hand, depends on the activities of international organizations (primarily the UN) and commissions, which must take into account the interests of each of the conflicting parties. On the other hand, it depends on the internal attitudes of the person himself. It is very important that every person does not allow violence, adheres to humanistic views on resolving ethnic issues and supports tolerant interethnic relations.
Maintaining stable interethnic relations is the main goal national policy any state. Its main directions are:
ensuring the equality of all nations living in the state, for example, the laws of the Russian Federation guarantee the right of every citizen to determine their nationality;
creating conditions for preserving ethnic culture, for example, teaching the native language in schools;
organizing events that bring nations closer together and expand cultural connections, for example, conducting international festivals song and dance;
preventive measures aimed at promoting an intolerant attitude towards nationalism and chauvinism.
Social relations.
Social structure.
This is the structure of society as a whole, a set of interconnected and interacting social groups. The main types of social groups include classes, castes, estates. These groups have different position in society, have unequal access to such social benefits as money, power, prestige. This is what social inequality consists of. The formation of social classes in their modern understanding is associated with the formation of industrial society. The origins of class differences and inequality are in the economic sphere of society. For example, peasants, workers, employees, owners of firms and companies, farmers, and entrepreneurs have unequal opportunities to earn income and purchase goods.
2. Social relations – these are certain stable connections between people as representatives social groups. They arise independently of the will and consciousness of people in the process of their interaction with each other in conditions of this company. They can take on the nature of cooperation or social conflict.
Social groups.
This is any group of people who have some common socially significant feature (gender, age, nationality, profession, income, education, power, etc.)
According to their size, number, and the nature of relationships between members, social groups are divided into big and small.
Social groups include:
· family, classroom, company of peers;
· workers, peasants, intelligentsia;
· children, youth, veterans;
· urban and rural residents.
4. Social status – is the position occupied by a person with social structure society.
Some statuses (gender, age, nationality) do not depend on a person’s personal qualities, they are given from birth - prescribed (or innate)
Others require the individual’s own efforts - getting an education, mastering a profession, starting a family. This is an achieved (acquired) status.
Social roles.
A person’s social status gives him certain rights, imposes responsibilities and presupposes appropriate behavior. Expected behavior from a given person social status called social role.
Social conflict and ways to resolve it.
A social conflict is a collision of opposing interests, views, aspirations, and directions of social development. Participants in a social conflict can be individuals, social groups, various organizations and associations. All social conflicts go through three stages:
· pre-conflict (contradictions accumulate)
· conflict (clash of parties)
· post-conflict (measures are taken to finally eliminate contradictions)
Distinguish the following types behavior of participants in social conflict: suppressing the enemy, reaching an agreement, abandoning one's demands.
The best way prevention and resolution of social conflict - compromise (agreement through mutual concessions without damaging the fundamental interests of the parties).
The consequences of conflicts lead to negative and positive results.
Negative consequences increase bitterness, lead to destruction and bloodshed, and disruption of public order.
Positive consequences lead to problem resolution, enhance group cohesion, lead to alliances with other groups, lead to understanding of group interests.
Family.
Family - social group, based on family ties(by marriage, by blood). Family members are connected by a common life, mutual assistance, moral and legal responsibility.
The family performs a number of functions related to the needs of the individual and society:
· reproductive (biological procreation);
· educational (preparation younger generation to life in society);
economic and economic (maintenance household and guardianship of disabled family members);
· spiritual and emotional (personal development, spiritual mutual enrichment, maintenance friendly relations);
· leisure (organization of normal leisure);
· sexual (satisfaction of sexual needs).
Legal foundations of marriage and family.
Family law.
Totality legal norms, which regulate relations between people in connection with marriage, creating a family, giving birth and raising children, form one of the branches of private law - family law.
Main source family law is
Family code Russian Federation(RF IC).
Goals of family law.
According to Article 1 of the RF IC, the main goals family legislation are: strengthening the family; construction family relations on feelings of mutual love and respect, mutual assistance; responsibility to the family of all its members.
4). Basic principles of legal regulation (SC):
1. Voluntariness of the marriage union.
2. Equality of rights of spouses in the family.
3. Resolution of issues by mutual agreement.
4. Priority of family education.
5. Ensuring the protection of the rights and interests of minors and disabled family members.
To enter into a marriage, the parties to the marriage must have mutual consent and have reached the age of marriage (18 years is the age of civil majority).
5). Barriers to marriage:
1. Undissolved marriage.
2. Close relatives in the direct line (father, daughter, granddaughter) and between siblings.
3. Incapacity of a person recognized by the court (mental disorder or risk of transmitting a dangerous disease).
4. Between the adoptive parent and the adopted child (as long as the adoption exists)
6). Personal rights of spouses:
· the right to free choice of occupation, profession,
· place of stay and residence.
· choice of surname;
· have equal rights and responsibilities in relation to their children
7). The legal freedom of spouses is not unlimited. They are obliged:
· build family relationships based on mutual respect and mutual assistance;
· cares about the well-being and strengthening of the family;
· cares about the well-being and development of their children: educate, provide education (basic general education), protect their rights and interests.
Marital property.
The property of the spouses is divided into general (acquired during marriage) and personal (acquired before marriage, or received as a gift, inherited during marriage).
Personal property is the private property of everyone and is not taken into account when dividing property between spouses.
Common property is recognized by law as joint property and is called legal regime of their property. To such property, each spouse has the right to all property and enjoys equal rights. When the marriage ends, it is divided equally. Only the court can deviate from the principle of equality.
By mutual consent, spouses can enter into transactions to dispose of property (sell, donate). On movable enough property verbal consent, and on real estate property is necessary written agreement, certified by a notary.
9). Personal rights of the child.
1. The right to a name and citizenship.
2. The right to live and be raised in a family.
3. The right to communicate with parents and other relatives.
4. To express one’s opinion when resolving an issue affecting one’s interests (legal value from 10 years of age)
5. Right to defense. Until the age of 14, go to the guardianship and trusteeship authorities, and from the age of 14 to the court.
6. Right to content.
7. The right to the funds he has earned. Can manage independently.
Responsibility of children.
Children are obliged to take care of their parents, provide them with help and support.
Until adulthood, this obligation has moral character, and upon reaching 18 years of age acquires legal force
Ethnos.
ETHNOS - historically established ethnic community - tribe, nationality, nation.
Nation.
1. A historically established stable community of people, formed in the process of forming a community of their territory, economic ties, literary language, cultural features and spiritual appearance.
2. In some combinations: country, state (community of citizens of the state). Highest form ethnicity.
Interethnic relations can be direct (contacts between people of different nationalities in the process of work, everyday life, education, leisure, cultural and family life) And indirect(exchange of material and cultural values, information, relations between states). IN modern world There are two interrelated trends:
· one is manifested in the economic, cultural and political rapprochement of nations, the destruction of national barriers;
· the other is in the desire of a number of peoples to gain national independence, to protect national culture from the onslaught of mass culture.
The basis of interethnic cooperation is the principles equality, mutual assistance and respect for the national dignity of peoples, their interests and traditions. Non-compliance these principles leads to interethnic conflicts , overcoming which is difficult task. In the modern world, there are several ways to resolve it: negotiations, mutual concessions by the parties, mediation by a third party or the UN. All of them presuppose mutual recognition of universally significant and national values and the requirements of international legal documents. These actions are guided by the provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on the value of every person.
Social politics.
Social policy - the activities of the state and political parties, associations, movements in social sphere public life. This activity is aimed at implementing social programs that support living standards, material well-being population, ensuring employment. Purpose social policy is to achieve prosperity in society, harmonization of social relations, political stability and civil harmony.
Highlight social policy in the field of education, health care, employment and social and labor relations. There are also cultural, housing, family, pension, women's and youth social policies.
International cooperation. Interethnic relations have always been distinguished by their contradictory nature - a tendency towards cooperation and periodic outbursts of conflict. The modern division of labor also has national shades. (Thus, some nations succeed better in trade affairs, others in the production of high-tech products.) It would seem that there is nothing reprehensible in this, but in certain situations it provokes interethnic conflicts. For example, in economic crisis-stricken Indonesia, residents of Jakarta set fire to and looted stores owned by the Chinese, who monopolized the country's trading environment. At the same time, there is a process of interpenetration and mutual enrichment of cultures different nations. However, constructive interethnic cooperation is hampered by differences between nations, ignorance and misunderstanding of foreign cultures and traditions, and ethnocentric attitudes. It is the understanding of the culture and traditions of another national group that is the source of constructive, civilized interethnic cooperation. Researchers on the problem of interethnic contacts have developed a code of ethics that promotes communication between different cultures. 1. Treat other cultures with the same respect that you treat your own. 2. Do not judge the values, beliefs and customs of other cultures based on your own values. Each culture has its own value system, and the same values represent different degrees of importance (see Table 5.2). It is necessary not only to know this, but to take it into account when communicating with people of other nationalities. 3. Never assume the superiority of your religion over someone else’s. 4. When communicating with representatives of another religion, try to understand and respect it. 5. Strive to understand the customs of preparing and eating food of other peoples, which have developed under the influence of their specific needs and resources. 6. Respect other cultures' ways of dressing. 7. Do not demonstrate aversion to unusual odors if they may be perceived as nice people other cultures. 8. Remember that every culture, no matter how small, has something to offer the world, but no culture has a monopoly on all aspects. 9. Always remember that no scientific evidence confirms the superiority of one ethnic group over the other. Values Primary Secondary Tertiary Non-essential Individuality 3 P V M Motherhood h,v M,3 - - Hierarchy 3, V, M,A H - - Masculinity H, M, V, 3, A - - - Power V, A m, h 3 - Peace V h 3, A m Money 3, A, H m V - Modesty V H, A, M - 3 Punctuality 3 H m, VA Rescue 3 M - V, H, M Karma V - - M, 3,4, A Championship 3 h - V, A, M Aggression 3.4 m A, B - Collective responsibility B, A, M ch - 3 Respect for elders B, A, M ch - 3 Respect for youth 3 M, A, Ch, V - - Hospitality B, A Ch - 3 Inherited property V - M, A, Ch, V - Preservation of the environment V Ch, A 3 m Skin color V, 3.4 M - A Sanctity of arable land V A - 4, M,3 Equality of women 3 v, h A m Human dignity 3.4 V, A, M - - Efficiency 3 H V, M - Patriotism H, M, A, V 3 - - Table 5.2 Continuation of table. 5.2 Values Primary Secondary Tertiary Irrelevant Religion 3, Ch, M, A, V - - - Authoritarianism V, M, A z, h - - Education 3.4 V, A, M - - Spontaneity 3 H, V, M, A - - Source: See: Sitaram, K., Cogdell, G. Decree. op. P. 116. In table. 5.2 are indicated: 3 - Western cultures; B - eastern cultures; H - black cultures of America; A - African cultures; M - Muslim cultures. Interethnic conflicts. Social, including national, contradictions are an irremovable feature of our existence. Interethnic conflicts are also becoming inevitable. The subjects of interethnic conflicts are: ethnic groups, national communities (including indigenous peoples and national minorities), international entities, nation states, various national organizations. National movements are really involved in the conflict - organized groups, united national idea and mobilizing their supporters to fight to defend their interests. The nationalism of the participants in these movements is often caused by the infringement of the rights of their people, which makes it understandable. In this case, interethnic conflict can restore justice. Conflict becomes destructive in cases where national movements develop into nationalist ones, whose goal is to assert the superiority of one nation over another. The limit of this superiority is the desire to satisfy one’s national interests at the expense of other nations. An extreme form of nationalism is fascism, in which the interests of “inferior” races are sacrificed to the interests of one superior race. The practices and results of the actions of the fascists are notorious. Almost all corners of the world are engulfed in ethnic conflicts - Africa, Europe (for example, Northern Ireland, Spain, Serbia, Cyprus), North America(Canada), Asia (China, Indonesia, India), etc. There are many hotbeds of interethnic conflicts in the territory former USSR and present-day Russia (Karabakh, Transnistria, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, Chechnya, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Ingushetia, North Ossetia- Alanya, etc.). The causes of interethnic conflicts are determined by the socio-economic problems of the development of nations. The process of regulating and resolving a specific interethnic conflict is, as a rule, complex, lengthy, intense, multi-stage and unique. Interethnic conflicts on everyday grounds “do not have clear stages of development and resolution; they are spontaneous in nature, and their process can be regulated by general activities for the international education of the population and democratization of society”1. An important direction in preventing destructive interethnic conflicts is the prevention of nationalist sentiments by imparting to national claims and aspirations features acceptable to surrounding nations. Keywords and concepts of interethnic cooperation. Code of Ethics. Interethnic conflicts. Subjects of interethnic conflicts. Regulation of interethnic conflicts. Test questions and assignments 1. What prevents constructive interethnic cooperation in the modern world? 2. What role does the code of ethics play in organizing interethnic cooperation? 3. What types of interethnic conflicts exist? 4. Compare national and nationalist movements. 5. Prove that understanding another's culture and respecting cultural differences is the basis of interethnic cooperation. 9.
§ 9. Interethnic relations and nationalpolicy
Remember:
what is an ethnic community? What is the impact of ethnic diversity on the current situation in the country and in the world? What is the essence of social conflict?
Interethnic (international) relations are relations between ethnic groups (peoples), covering all spheres of public life.
Main scientific problem- determine based on the ideas of humanism, analysis of historical experience optimal ways regulation of interethnic relations. The problem is multifaceted, including issues of history and modern everyday life, the spiritual world of the individual, culture, education, sociology, psychology, economic, political, legal relations; Therefore, scientists use methods from a range of humanities. From the middle of the 19th century. comprehensively explores the problem ethnology- a science that studies the processes of formation and development of various ethnic groups, their identity, the forms of their cultural self-organization, their collective behavior, the interaction of the individual and the social environment.
Ethnology distinguishes two levels of interethnic relations. One level is the interaction of peoples in different areas public life: politics, culture, production, science, art, etc. Another level is the interpersonal relationships of people of different ethnicities in different forms communication - labor, family, educational, informal types of relationships.
Interethnic relations find their expression in human actions and largely depend on individual behavior and its motivation, which is based on personal experience, mastery of cultural norms, the influence of family and immediate environment.
For ethnic processes Modern times are characterized by two trends: integration- cooperation, unification of different ethno-state communities, bringing together all aspects of people’s lives; differentiation- the aspirations of peoples for national independence.
Interethnic relations can be friendly, mutually respectful or, conversely, conflictual and hostile.
^ INTER-ETHNIC COOPERATION
Spontaneously developing cooperation has been known for many centuries to humanity, consisting of huge amount communities, representing in the aggregate an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods, in Everyday life; the creation and preservation of national cultural values is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.
In the 20th century there is an increase integration tensdents twofold:
economic, political integration leading to
formation of unions of states;
integration of national entities within multinational
national country. This may be in the interest of
clans living in a single state, promote the
re-establishment of this unity.
Cooperation in cultural sphere ensured the elimination of illiteracy, the creation of a written language for 50 ethnic groups, and the flourishing of the bright, original art of small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the 20th century. Not a single small culture disappeared and in fact the entire ethnic mosaic of the huge state was preserved, while in other regions of the world hundreds of small cultures disappeared. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, and the environmental situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forced relocation of peoples unjustly accused of collaborating with the German occupiers caused big damage the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people, had a serious impact on their destinies. It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.
In Europe and other parts of the world in the last third of the 20th century. Integration in the sphere of economics and then politics developed widely. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.
One example of integration is the activities of the European Union (EU), which unites (2005) 25 states with
population of 450 million people speaking 40 languages. The EU has introduced a single citizenship and a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the Council of the EU, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been drafted. However, it can only come into force after it has been approved by all EU countries (by a parliamentary decision or a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:
in caring for the formation of a common economic, huma
nitarian legal space with several countries,
included in the Commonwealth created after the collapse of the USSR
Independent States;
in negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the areas
economy, justice, security, science, education,
culture. Great place in the partnership documents
joint actions to comply with the principle of non-
discrimination, including opposition to any forms
intolerance and racism, respect for human rights.
I “The more enlightened states are, the more they communicate
i share ideas with each other and the more the intensity increases.
I l and the activity of the universal mind." 1
\: K. Helvetia i
^ INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS
You know the concept of “social conflict”. Conflicts between ethnic communities are among those that are significant for the individual and humanity. IN scientific works ethnic conflict is often defined as any form of civil, political or armed conflict in which parties (or one of them) mobilize, act and suffer based on ethnic differences.
This definition has raised objections because it views conflict as a stage of extreme aggravation of contradictions. A broader interpretation has been proposed: ethnic conflict is any competition (rivalry) between groups, from confrontation over the possession of limited resources to social competition, in all those cases where the opposing side is defined in terms of the ethnicity of its members.
Interethnic conflicts are not generated by the existence of ethnic groups, but by political, social conditions, V
which they live and develop. Often, the creation of an “enemy image” is facilitated by turning to those pages of historical memory where former grievances and facts (sometimes distorted) of the distant past are imprinted.
Let's consider main causes of conflicts, clearly expressed in the goals and actions of the warring parties.
^ Territorial reasons - the struggle to change borders, to join another (“related” from a cultural-historical point of view) state, to create a new independent state. These demands are intertwined with the political goals of movements seeking to form their “own” sovereign state. Demands of a separatist nature are especially dangerous, because they directly affect large masses of people and are associated with issues of division or abolition of the state. " It's about about, writes one of the Russian ethnologists, what state to live in, who to obey, what language to speak, to whom to pray, how to move, who will protect the lives and property of people, and finally, what anthem to sing and what heroes and what graves to venerate "
^ Economic reasons - the struggle of ethnic groups for the possession of property and material resources, among which, in particular, land and subsoil are of great value.
^ Social reasons - demands for civil equality, equality before the law, in education, in wages, equality in hiring, especially for prestigious positions in government.
^ Cultural and linguistic reasons - requirements for preservation or revival, development of language, cultural community. Decreasing the role of the native language, which unites ethnic community into a single whole, is especially acutely perceived and often serves as a cause of conflict.
There are hundreds of national cultures in the world; each ethnic group has its own unique culture and treats it with care. Attempts to belittle its importance for the sake of the culture of another, larger ethnic group cause protest and can cause conflict. There is another danger: sometimes an ethnic group assumes that its culture is designed to dominate over other cultures.
The source of interethnic tension is nationalism - ideology, psychology, politics of groups of people who assert the priority of national values over all others, the supremacy of the interests of their ethnic group,
1 Separatism(here) are demands for sovereignty and independence for an ethnically designated territory, directed against the state power of the country of residence.
opposed to the interests of other ethnic groups. The idea of national exclusivity often takes the form of xenophobia 1 leading to the extermination of so-called “inferior” races and peoples.
The bloody results of chauvinism remain forever in the memory of mankind. This is the genocide of the Armenian people in 1915, when the actions Ottoman Empire led to the death of 1.5 million people. This is the greatest tragedy organized by the Nazis - the Holocaust (annihilation through burning), which led to the death of 6 million people - more than half of the Jewish population of Europe. These are the actions of the Nazis to destroy the Slavic population of the “eastern space” and turn those who remained into a labor force for the “superior race”.
^ REGULATION OF INTERETHNIC RELATIONS
The question arises: is it possible to exclude the emergence of conflicts with an ethnic component? For now, a positive answer is impossible due to the fact that many ethnic groups live in pre-conflict conditions, experience significant social difficulties, and feel (including in everyday life) neglect of their culture, language, traditions, and customs. All this causes mass protest sentiments, often leading to socially dangerous, destructive behavior (especially in the crowd).
Required for a long time so that the majority of people can become tolerant. But it is already possible to soften and preventing conflict situationsations by regulating interethnic relations. Let us remind you: to regulate means to organize, to establish.
^ Humanistic approach - the main guideline in the implementation of moral, political, legal regulation of interethnic relations. The main features of this approach are:
recognition and respect for the diversity of cultures
femininity to the ideas of peace, harmony, rejection of violence against
decisions between peoples;
development and continued functioning of democracy,
ensuring the implementation of individual rights and freedoms, ethnic
communities, regardless of their nationality
ti;
focus government agencies, mass media
howl of information, education, sports, all forms of literature
ry and art for the formation of citizens, especially young
dezhi, culture of interethnic communication. Necessary
upbringing tolerance- respect, trust, willingness to cooperate, compromise with people, their communities of any nationality, the desire to understand and accept their cultural values, way of life, character of behavior. Tolerance largely determines the consciousness and behavior of individuals, population groups, and representatives of government bodies, and contributes to the development of personal responsibility for the prudent solution of ethnic problems.
Scientists identify several paths that intersect with each other conflict resolution. First - application of legal mechanisms, first of all, changing legislation in multi-ethnic states, eliminating ethnic privileges. Second way - negotiation between the conflicting parties, both direct (between delegations of the parties) and through intermediaries (representatives of international organizations, public figures). Unfortunately, often the parties (or one of them), instead of a policy of negotiations aimed at cooperation and limiting access to weapons, rely on uncompromising dictatorship and armed violence. This leads to an intensification of the conflict, intimidation of society, mass casualties and destruction. Negotiations can be difficult and lengthy. But in a number of cases they contribute, if not to overcoming the conflict, then to mitigating it.
Third way - informational. It involves, first of all, the exchange of information between the parties about possible measures to overcome conflict situations. Public dialogue (in print, on television) between representatives of all ethnic groups is appropriate, with the goal of jointly developing proposals that meet common interests.
Joint peacekeeping actions by representatives of different faiths are effective, especially if conflicts have a religious overtone. A member of the Orthodox clergy, Alexander Men, said: “Understanding and tolerance are the fruits of the highest culture... Remaining Christians and Muslims, without insulting each other, giving a hand is our path.”
The psychological influence of the media (especially electronic) requires a careful approach to the methods of presenting information. Information, even neutral, about the facts of extremism can cause new wave conflict. It is necessary to abandon the sometimes typical reporters' dramatization of events, because this can become entrenched in historical memory and after some time revive the spirit of the conflict. We must not allow the glorification of terrorists and extremists to avoid turning them into heroes and leaders. We must remember that ill-considered words can shoot harder than a bullet.
Adjacent to the information path governmental support multicultural policy, which is especially important in connection with the increase in population migration. For example, in Canada, this policy aims to promote the development and preservation of the own culture of all ethnic groups, contacts and interaction between members of various groups in the interests of national unity. Immigrants are provided with assistance in mastering at least one of the official languages so that they can become productive members of Canadian society.
One of the causes of conflicts is the unsettled life conditions of ethnic groups, manifested in poverty, unemployment, low wages and pensions, poor housing, and difficulties in obtaining an education. An indispensable condition for overcoming conflicts is to improve the life of a citizen, to create and consolidate among ethnic groups a psychological sense of satisfaction with a favorable stability of life. This requires regulation social processes, including agreements between the warring parties on the fair distribution of resources, on increasing jobs, improving living conditions, on equality in employment, education, and access to power structures.
^ CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE STATE
RUSSIAN NATIONAL POLICY
FEDERATION
National policy - component political activity state regulating interethnic relations in various fields life of society. Its essence depends on the general direction of state policy. The basis of democratic national politics is respect for people representing any ethnicitycultural community, orientation towards cooperation and bringing peoples closer together.
The foundation of the ethnopolitics of the Russian Federation is the Constitution. In its preamble, two policy guidelines in the field of interethnic relations can be distinguished:
respect for
in memory of our ancestors who passed on to us love for the Fatherland; care
that is about preserving the historically established state
th unity of peoples united by a common destiny in their
earth;
political and legal focus on approval
human rights and freedoms, civil peace and harmony, equal
rights of peoples to ensure sovereign state
of Russia, the inviolability of its democratic foundation.
In the “Concept of State National Policy of the Russian Federation” (1996), the principles of this policy are formulated as follows:
equality of rights and freedoms of man and citizen regardless
Simo from his race, nationality, language;
prohibition of any form of restriction of the rights of citizens according to
characteristics of social, racial, national, linguistic
or religious affiliation;
preservation of the historical integrity of Russia
Siysk Federation;
equality of all subjects of the Russian Federation in
relations with federal government agencies
noah power;
guarantee of indigenous rights small peoples;
the right of every citizen to determine and indicate
your nationality without any coercion
nia;
promoting the development of national cultures and languages
peoples of the Russian Federation;
timely and peaceful resolution contradictions and
conflicts;
prohibition of activities aimed at undermining
state security, agitation of social, racial,
national and religious hatred, hatred or enmity;
protection of the rights and interests of citizens of the Russian Federation
tions outside its borders, support for compatriots, living
working in foreign countries, in the preservation and development
native language, culture and national traditions, in
strengthening their ties with their homeland in accordance with the norms
international law.
NIS ^ Basic concepts: interethnic relations, interethnic conflicts, national politics.
ShhTerms: ethnology, separatism, xenophobia, tolerance.
Test yourself
1) Name the levels of interethnic relations, show what is common and different in these levels. 2) What is the essence of two trends in the development of interethnic relations? Give examples of manifestations of these trends. 3) What is the essence of interethnic cooperation? 4) What are interethnic conflicts? Name their main reasons. 5) What are the ways to prevent and overcome interethnic conflicts? 6) Describe the principles of national policy of the Russian Federation.
Think, discuss, do
UN documents indicate that tolerance is
is a moral duty, legal and political requirement
ity, leads from a culture of war to a culture of peace; directions
Lena to respect and understand the diversity of cultures;
means an active attitude towards reality, forming
based on the recognition of universal rights and freedoms
catcher. Relying on personal experience, facts of history and modern times
minorities, show how the principles of tolerance can
be realized in interethnic relations.
Explain why it is especially important now to follow
the principles of tolerance and respect of peoples for each other,
overcome common difficulties together.
Scientists believe that humanity, becoming increasingly
more interconnected and unified, does not lose its ethno
cultural diversity. If you agree with this point
view, then confirm its correctness with facts from society
military development of the 20th century; if you don't agree, give reasons
those views.
Think over the answer to the question: how to professionally
the activity of a historian, lawyer, economist can
work interethnic cooperation, warning
conflicts?
Analyzing the main trend of modern politics
RF studies in the field of interethnic relations, gender scientists
They say that it consists of switching from national-territory
torial direction on cultural, educational and
cultural and educational. How do you understand this conclusion?
scientists, do you share this point of view?
Read a fragment of the work of ethnologist V. A. Tishkov.
Ethnonationalism in post-Soviet states
The most serious challenge for Russia and a number of other post-Soviet states is ethnonationalism in its radical and intolerant manifestations. So called
national movements in peaceful political and cultural forms among the peoples of the former USSR have played and continue to play an important role in the establishment of decentralized forms government system and management, in the preservation and development of the cultural integrity and distinctiveness of large and small nations, in the growth of socio-political activity of citizens. But the ethnic factor in a number of cases became the basis For formation of programs and actions, as well as to promote ideas and attitudes that provoke intolerance, cause conflicts and violence.
The nationalism of small peoples, being a reaction to past traumas and the degraded status of non-Russian cultures, often takes on aggressive forms in conditions of social crisis, political destabilization and weak modernization of the population. This is manifested in attempts to usurp power and prestigious positions in favor of representatives of one ethnic group, change the demographic composition of the population through the forcible expulsion of ethnic “outsiders”, change administrative or interstate borders, carry out spontaneous secession (secession from the state. - Ed.), including by force of arms. Instead of improving governance and socio-cultural living conditions, extreme nationalism offers seemingly simple, but essentially unrealistic solutions, attempts to implement which cause inter-civil tension and conflicts...
No less a threat to democratic transformations and social world It also represents a growing nationalism of the hegemonic type, formed on behalf of the numerically dominant peoples. In Russia, Russian nationalism is trying to gain the status of a national ideology, to appropriate the idea of all-Russian patriotism and to replace the formation of a common civic identity with the same unrealizable slogan of self-determination of the Russian ethno-nation. Extremist groups and individuals are increasingly promoting fascist ideas, anti-Semitism and disdain for minorities.
Tishkov V. A, Requiem for Ethnicity: Studies in Socio-Cultural Syntropology. - M., 2003.-S. 319-320.
NI ^ Questions and assignments to the source. 1) What is ethno-nationalism? 2) What is the difference between radical ethnonationalism and peaceful forms of national movements? 3) Illustrate with examples from history and modernity the position that radical ethnonationalism is a great danger for the peoples and states of the post-Soviet space. 4) What causes and how does the nationalism of small nations manifest itself? 5) What is the
What is the essence and danger of hegemonic type ethnonationalism? 6) The opinion is often expressed that the development of democracy, civic culture, stabilization of the socio-economic situation will have a positive impact on overcoming ethno-nationalism. Do you agree with this opinion? Give reasons for your answer.
There is some debate about this
The non-Russian population makes up 20% of the total population of the Russian Federation. This gives some authors a reason to consider Russia a mononational state. This point of view meets with objections, because it does not take into account the historical conditions of the development of Russia and the commitment of many peoples to their languages, culture and way of life. What is your opinion?
Spontaneously developing cooperation has been known for many centuries to humanity, which consists of a huge number of communities, collectively representing an ethnically mixed environment, where productive cooperation often operates in the production of material goods and in everyday life; the creation and preservation of national cultural values is combined with the knowledge of other cultures.
In the 20th century There is an increase in integration trends of two directions:
economic, political integration leading to
formation of unions of states;
integration of national entities within multinational country. This may meet the interests of the peoples living in a single state and contribute to the strengthening of this unity.
The domestic experience of interethnic cooperation is significant. Multinational teams worked fruitfully in all sectors of the economy and culture of the USSR. The unity of peoples was clearly manifested in battles, labor, and everyday life during the Great Patriotic War, and in the post-war revival of the country.
Cooperation in the cultural sphere ensured the elimination of illiteracy, the creation of a written language of 50 ethnic groups, and the flourishing of the bright, original art of small peoples. Scientists note that in the Soviet Union in the 20th century. Not a single small culture disappeared and in fact the entire ethnic mosaic of the huge state was preserved, while in other regions of the world hundreds of small cultures disappeared. At the same time, the mistakes and crimes of the totalitarian authorities led to grave tragedies for many people and entire nations. Centuries-old national ties were disrupted due to ill-conceived administrative-territorial division, and the environmental situation in the regions inhabited by indigenous small ethnic groups worsened. The forced relocation of peoples undeservedly accused of collaborating with the German occupiers caused great damage to the dignity of hundreds of thousands of people and had a serious impact on their destinies. It took a long time to restore the violated rights of the peoples of our country.
In Europe and other parts of the world in the last third of the 20th century. Integration in the sphere of economics and then politics developed widely. This is due to the process of globalization, the formation of a post-industrial, information society, as well as the need for unity in the fight against international terrorism.
One example of integration is the activity European Union(EU), uniting (2005) 25 states with a population of 450 million people speaking 40 languages. The EU has introduced a single citizenship and a single currency - the euro. Supranational authorities have been created: the European Parliament, the Council of the EU, the European Court. The EU Constitution has been drafted. However, it can only come into force after it has been approved by all EU countries (by a parliamentary decision or a popular referendum). Russia does not remain aloof from the integration processes of the 21st century. This manifests itself in particular:
in caring for the formation of a common economic, humanitarian legal space with several countries included in the Commonwealth of Independent States created after the collapse of the USSR;
in negotiations with the European Union on cooperation in the areas of economics, justice, security, science, education, and culture. Much space in the partnership documents is devoted to joint actions to comply with the principle of non-discrimination, including countering any forms of intolerance and racism, and respect for human rights.
Along with the trend towards international integration, there is also a tendency towards differentiation. It manifests itself in different forms. The formation of independent post-Soviet states and the division of Czechoslovakia into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia - took place largely peacefully. Armed action accompanied the collapse of Yugoslavia.