Management of Siberia in the early 19th century. Ensuring the efficiency of the public administration system in Siberia in the first half of the 19th century
Introduction
The main role in the conquest of Siberia was played by servicemen and industrial people, from whose midst came many famous explorers and warriors, who ensured the swiftness of the conquest itself. Moreover, if during the accession Western Siberia the state initiative prevailed, then the accession Eastern Siberia went mainly on the initiative and at the expense of the material resources of individuals - merchants, industrialists, service people.
The overwhelmingly rapid annexation of Siberia to Russia became irrevocable and durable only as a result of the fact that a wave of Russian settlers rushed beyond the Urals from Russia, and a system was established in Siberia itself government controlled... At the foundation of Siberia, historians distinguish two processes: government colonization, which included various measures for land development, carried out under the initiative and under the leadership public administration, and free people's colonization, expressed in the voluntary and spontaneous settlement of the region by Russian people. Both principles - the state and the free people - were closely intertwined in the course of the development of Siberia.
The purpose of this work is to consider the structure and implementation of the management of Siberia in the 17th - 18th centuries.
State administration of Siberia in the XVII
After the annexation of Siberia to Russia, a system of control over Siberia gradually took shape.
In the XVI century. Siberia as new edge obeyed the Ambassadorial order. In 1599, the management of Siberia was transferred to the Order of the Kazan Palace, which was ruled by the Order of the Kazan Palace, which ruled eastern part Russia (former Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates). Soon, the rapid expansion of Russia's territory to the east required the creation of a separate governing body for Siberia.
In February 1637, by decree of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, a special central governing body was formed - the Siberian Order, which existed from 1637 to 1708 and from 1730 to 1763. As a rule, it was headed by representatives of noble boyar families close to the tsar. In the XVII century. The Siberian order was successively headed by Prince B.M. Lykov (1637-1643), Prince N.I. Odoevsky (1643-1646), prince A.N. Trubetskoy (1646-1662), boyar R.M. Streshnev (1663-1680), prince I.B. Repnin (1680 - 1697), Duma clerk A.A. Vinius (1697 - 1703).
The Siberian Order dealt with issues of administrative management of Siberia (appointment and removal of governors, control over them, judicial functions, etc.), supply of Siberia, its defense, taxation of Siberia, its defense, taxation of Siberia, control of Siberian customs, reception, storage and fur trade, diplomatic relations with China, Dzungaria and Kazakh hordes.
The Siberian order consisted of territorial discharge tables and chambers. Through the territorial discharge tables, the direct management of the Siberian territories was carried out. V late XVI 1st century in the Siberian order there were four territorial discharge tables - Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yeniseisky and Lensky. The chambers dealt with finance and furs. In the Siberian order there were three chambers - the priced, the merchant and the state. The first chamber was engaged in the reception and evaluation of furs and other types of yasak that came from Siberia, the second was in the selection of merchants for the trade in state furs and control over them, and the third was in charge of all the financial affairs of the Siberian order. At the head of the tables and chambers were clerks, to whom the clerks were subordinate.
The territory of Siberia, like all of Russia, was divided into districts for the convenience of management. Soon large territory demanded to introduce an additional administrative structure in Siberia over the counties. To this end, at the end of the XVI century. the Tobolsk category was formed, uniting all Siberian districts. The Tobolsk voivode became the main Siberian voivode, to whom the voivods of other Siberian forts were subordinate.
The Tobolsk voivode was in charge of the general management of the defense and supply of Siberia. He belonged to the seniority in dealing with foreign policy and foreign trade issues. As a rule, noble people were appointed to this post, close to the king, but who fell out of favor for some reason. In the XVII century. the most notable Tobolsk voivods were Yu. Ya. Suleshev (1623-1625) and P.I. Godunov (1667-1670).
Yu. Ya. Suleshov, a native of the noble family of the Crimean Tatar beys who switched to the Russian service, during his stay in Siberia, carried out a number of significant transformations to improve its position. He organized the first census of the population and arable land, established a firm relationship between the size of the peasant land allotment and the size of the "sovereign's arable land" cultivated by him, and unified the salaries of service people.
PI Godunov focused on strengthening the defense of Siberia against the threat of nomadic raids from the south. He began the construction of fortifications on the steppe borders of Western Siberia and began to organize there Cossack settlements - stanitsa, and also created the regiments of the dragoon system. Under his leadership, the "Drawing of Siberia" was drawn up - the first of famous maps Siberia, which summed up the Russian geographical information about Siberia at that time and was a significant milestone in the history of Russian geographical science.
Gradually, as the development and settlement of Siberia, three more categories were formed - Tomsk (1629), Lensky (1639) and Yenisei (1677) and new districts.
After the formation of other categories, the role of Tobolsk as the main Siberian center survived. The Tobolsk voivode was, as it were, senior over the other rank voivods.
The rank governors were appointed by the Siberian order, as a rule, for three years. They led the district governors and decided all questions of the management of the category. The rank commander had the exclusive right to correspond with the Siberian order. He controlled the discharge through the Order Chamber - the discharge control body. The structure of the chamber copied the Siberian order and included territorial district tables. At the head of the chamber were two clerks appointed by the Siberian order, the tables were headed by a clerk.
The districts were led by voivods, who were also appointed by the Siberian order, and, as a rule, for three years. The county voivode appointed and dismissed clerks, yasak collectors, was responsible for the state of the county, and resolved all issues of managing the county. He ruled the county through Syezzhaya izba - the county governing body. The hut consisted of tables responsible for various areas life of the district - a yasak table, a bread table, a money table, etc. At the head of the hut was a clerk, the tables were headed by a clerk.
The Siberian districts were divided into Russian districts and yasak volosts. The composition of the adjudication included a prison or a settlement with adjacent villages. The clerks, who were appointed by the governors or elected by the population, managed the awards. The population of the prisuds united in communities and elected the elders. Yasak volosts united local tribes who were obliged to pay yasak. At the head of the yasak volosts was the local tribal nobility, which ruled according to local customs and traditions. Russians in the life and life of Siberian peoples in the 17th century. did not intervene, except that they tried to prohibit inter-tribal wars.
In Siberia, in contrast to Russia, the governors had broader powers. The Siberian order ordered them to manage "according to their discretion, how it will be useful and how God will give reason."
The broad powers of the Siberian governors, the remoteness of Moscow created favorable opportunities for various abuses. They were also facilitated by the support system of the Russian administration. In the XVII century. in Siberia, the "feeding" system was used. Governors and clerks did not receive state salaries. They were strictly prohibited from any commercial activity. They had to live off the offering. As a result, the abuse of the Siberian administration took on a very large scale. Almost all Siberian governors and clerks of the 17th century. were implicated in abuses, the main of which were all kinds of extortions and bribes.
The Russian government tried to somehow limit these abuses of the Siberian administration. His attempts to fight them boiled down to the following:
- "investigation" (calling suspects to Moscow, their interrogation and investigation);
Removal from office of persistent violators;
Search of the voivods and clerks at the Verkhoturye customs upon their return to Russia and the confiscation of part of their property.
However, these measures of the government did not give any noticeable effect.
Abuses of the Siberian governors, clerks and other officials became the cause of private mass unrest and uprisings, in which both Russians and local peoples took part. During the 17th century, there were several hundred of them. They covered almost the entire territory of Siberia from Verkhoturye to Yakutsk and Nerchinsk. The most frequent riots and uprisings took place in Tomsk and Yakutsk. The largest uprising took place in Transbaikalia in 1696, when the rebels made a campaign to Irkutsk and besieged it, outraged by the abuses of the local governor Savelov. The Russian government, as a rule, was forced to tolerate these actions and sought to settle conflicts peacefully.
Until the beginning of the XX century. Siberia was understood as the entire space east of Ural mountains before The Pacific, that is, this concept covered such regions as Western, Southern, Eastern Siberia and the Far East.
Unlike the European part of Russia, which was strictly subordinate to the central administration, Siberia had a certain administrative autonomy and a more ramified system of government. The various levels of this system, in some of their parts, formally corresponded to the institutions operating in other territories of the empire, but the specifics of the region introduced the necessary changes to each of them.
Regional factors of the formation of the specifics of the management of Siberia
Political and geographical factors played an important role in the formation of the administrative system of Siberia. The vastness of its territory and remoteness from the capitals of the state lay at the heart of many of the features of the management of Siberia. Though economic goals(primarily income from fur) was indeed one of the main incentives of the institution Russian authorities beyond the Ural ridge, but nevertheless, not the sable magpies, but the desire to prevent separatism and embezzlement by numerous Cossack and service chiefs, directly influenced the organization of management.
The government decided to establish in Siberia a special, parallel to the capital of the state, an administrative center, which would be subject to local authorities authorities. Tobolsk, founded in 1587, became the residence of the supreme Siberian governors. The Tobolsk governor headed the so-called "category" - a large district, which consisted of several county voivodships. Later (in the 18th - early 20th centuries), the administration of the region was built on the principle of organizing large districts, governorships and general governorships. The supreme administrator of Siberia received a much greater amount of power compared to his colleagues in other parts of the empire.
Harsh natural conditions and remoteness from the inhabited European Russia prompted the police department to use Siberia as a place of exile and hard labor.
The political and geographical factors undoubtedly included the proximity of Siberia to the Central Asian and Pacific countries; the great power of the heads of the Siberian administration facilitated the transfer of diplomatic and trade relations with neighboring states to them. Merchant caravans from China and Mongolia went through Siberia, so the organization of the customs service became one of the main foreign economic prerogatives of Siberian rulers back in the 17th century. In addition, the Tobolsk rank voivode received the right of diplomatic relations (sending and receiving embassies) with the Mongols and Kalmyks.
The most important prerequisite for the formation of the management system was the peculiarities of the settlement of the region by Russians. Siberia was inhabited, on the one hand, by service people who performed the functions of state administration, defense, and "bailing out"; on the other hand, Russian peasants crossed the Urals, attracted by the local open spaces, rich land and the absence of serfdom here. The Siberian authorities could not afford to exceed the measure of tax and political pressure, since the subjects always had the opportunity to move farther into the wilderness and be out of the reach of the state authorities. The peasants formed posad and rural communities, different from the Russian ones, since they were no longer based on the traditional community.
Posad self-government was practically absent, and the administrative bodies of the posad turned essentially into the lower police authorities, while in the European part of the country they stood guard over worldly interests and rights. There was no organized nobility in Siberia either. Representatives of the princely and boyar families, who were sent to the voivodeship, after leaving the service, returned "to Russia." Accordingly, therefore, the necessary conditions did not exist for the formation of representative bodies of the nobility, which formed the basis of local government in European Russia.
In conditions of a shortage of personnel, the local authorities were forced to replenish their ranks from strata that were not traditional for Russia - from merchants, industrialists, and sometimes peasants. It was the lack of qualified management personnel from the nobility, among other reasons, that forced the government to leave some of the administrative powers to the aboriginal nobility.
In Siberia, there was, as such, serfdom and its entire population was "state-owned", the central government, relying on regional bodies, had the opportunity to carry out any reforms there and change the administrative division of the region - after all, state institutions were the highest and only instance for all Siberians.
The task of turning into citizenship more and more tribes and territories, and then keeping them in subjection, prompted the central government to provide Siberian governors not only civil, but also military power.
So, the main factors that influenced the specifics of the management of Siberia were the following: political-geographical- the vastness of the territory, the absence of the old administrative division, proximity to Asian countries; socio-political- the absence of corporate estate organizations of the nobility and the posad, a shortage of managerial personnel, the absence of private land, the military-administrative nature of the organization settlements, spontaneous resettlement of the peasantry and small population; ethnosocial- the need to involve the native nobility in management.
1) the leading role of the state in the management and development of the region
2) Priority of executive power (military-administrative form of management)
3) The variety of forms of management, but there were no national principles for organizing management
4) Lack of organized nobility and posad self-government
5) Simplification of the apparatus, compact device
6) Inside was usually the law
7) The presence of areas of special management - mountain areas and protectorate, which was associated with the border position, social and class specificity of the region, border position
8) The main form of land tenure is monastic land tenure
9) The highest Siberian dignitaries also had the VP powers (especially in terms of customs control and diplomatic relations with neighboring states)
the main trend is centralization of management
In Siberia, regional divisions (categories) took shape early, which, in a sense, preceded the provincial administration of the 18th century. Since the end of the 16th century, the tsarist government has been striving to create an administrative center directly in Siberia. With construction in 1587. Tobolsk, the role of such a center was assigned to him.
The Siberian uyezd was divided into Russian "prisudki" (settlement or prison with adjoining wooden repairs) and yasak volosts.
In managing the yasak volosts, the administration relied on noble people. The tsarist authorities did not interfere in the internal affairs of the yasak volosts. The local nobility, the authorities tried to win over to their side, provided them with various privileges.
Offering "in honor" was widely developed in Siberia, and the governors easily crossed the line between "honor" and outright plunder.
In 1822, the "Charter on the Administration of Foreigners of Siberia" was put into effect, it divided the Siberian peoples into three groups, depending on their social development: nomadic, wandering and sedentary. The lands on which they roamed were assigned to the nomadic peoples. Aboriginal people were allowed to send their children to government educational establishments, to open their educational institutions. In relation to religion, the Charter stood on the position of complete religious tolerance. In an effort to weaken the guardianship of government officials, the Charter provided for the creation of tribal councils and Steppe dumas among the nomads. Officials were elected at general meetings of the kinsfolk. Nobles in their rights were largely equalized with their relatives. The hereditary principle in tribal administration was also allowed, but only where it existed earlier.
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, an administrative reform was carried out to govern the indigenous inhabitants of Siberia. Steppe dumas, foreign councils were replaced by volost administration bodies, arranged according to the Russian type. This indicated the decline of tribal relations in the life of the peoples of Siberia.
37. Formation of the border with China
For 100 years, Russian explorers crossed the vast expanses of Siberia and by the middle of the 17th century. approached the northern borders of a great power - China. Cossack detachments reached the Pacific Ocean and established control over the Amur and its tributaries. The annexation of Siberia took place peacefully, which contributed to such a rapid advance. 1618-1619 - Petlin's expedition to China (to establish diplomatic relations). The development of the Far East by the Khabarovsk: defeated a detachment sent by the Manchu dynasty. At the same time, a dip was sent to China. mission led by Boykov (mission failed, the first precedent of a territorial dispute.)
Clashes with the Manchus threatened to escalate into an armed conflict. The Russians, who were too far from the metropolis, could not fight at this stage, and the Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed in 1689. It established a border along the Argun River (a tributary of the Amur), Russia ceded almost all the lands to the Qing Empire along the Upper Amur and eliminated Russian settlements there. The border, in fact, was not demarcated, difficulties arose and due to confusion in geographic concepts, translation difficulties, the agreement turned out to be legally imperfect. The territory east of Argun remained undefined.
1727 - the Burinsky Treaty - established more precise boundaries along the lines of villages, natural boundaries. 1727 - the Kyakhta Treaty - rather a trade one, delimited the borders along the Sayan, the Chinese wanted to revise the Amur in their favor, the Russian ambassadors referred to the lack of authority, and this issue remained undefined, especially since the region was little developed. Under Governor Muravyov, attempts were made to examine the region in detail. The Crimean War demonstrated the inadequacy of Russia's fortifications and communications in the Far East. The complication of the situation in China, the threat of European penetration forced the governments of China and Russia to officially delimit the region - the Aigun Treaty (1858) - the border along the Amur River, to the Ussuri River to China, to the south - in common possession. The treaty also allowed trade between the local population and left the territories from the Ussuri to the Pacific Ocean undivided. The Tianjin Treaty of the same year expanded Russia's political and trade rights in China, providing for the definition of a part of the border between Russia and China that had not been established until that time. 1860 - the Beijing Treaty - confirmed the Aigun Treaty and annexed the Ussuri Territory to Russia. A detailed demarcation of the border was carried out, at the same time the final border with Korea was determined. The Russian government allowed the Chinese to stay in place and engage in their own activities. 1881 - Treaty on the Ili region - transferred the Ili region to the Qing empire, completed the demarcation of the Russian-Qing border, corresponding to the Russian-Chinese border in its modern form... The final clarifications and changes took place in 1911 - the Qiqihar Treaty. The river islands have not been identified. Mongolia gained independence and was included in the sphere of influence of Russia. Tuva is under the Russian protectorate, but the legal status of Tuva was not determined.
"The overwhelmingly rapid annexation of Siberia to Russia became irrevocable and lasting only as a result of the fact that a wave of Russian settlers rushed beyond the Urals from Russia, and a system of state administration was established in Siberia itself." Historians distinguish two processes in the development of Siberia: government colonization, which included various measures for the development of lands, carried out on the initiative and under the leadership of the state administration; and free people's colonization, expressed in the voluntary and spontaneous settlement of the region by Russian people. Both principles - the state and the free people - were closely intertwined in the course of the development of Siberia.
In the course of the annexation, the Siberian territories were included in the control system of the Moscow state. At first, the newly acquired lands were occupied by the Ambassadorial Prikaz, in charge of foreign policy Moscow state. In 1599, the administration of the annexed regions of Siberia was concentrated in the Kazan Palace. This government body dealt with the "eastern territories" - the Volga region and the Urals. As the Russians moved farther and farther eastward, the task of managing the vast Siberian region became more complicated, and in 1637 a special central institution for the administration of Siberia, the Siberian Prikaz, was separated from the Kazan Palace.
Administratively, the territory of Siberia was divided into counties, the centers of which were Russian cities. At the end of the XVI century. there were 8 counties, to early XVIII v. there were already 19. The districts were divided into Russian and yasak volosts.
As the territory expanded, the counties began to be grouped into larger administrative-territorial units - ranks for efficiency of management. "In 1629, Siberia, which had been mastered by that time, was divided into the Tobolsk and Tomsk categories. In 1639, the Lensky (Yakutsk) category was separated from Tomsk, and the Yenisei category in 1677."
"At the head of the ranks and districts were voivods sent from Moscow. Ostrog and settlements were ruled by clerks appointed by the voivods from among the Siberian service people, and the yasak volosts were ruled by clan and tribal elders (princes, toyons, shulengs, zaisans, etc.)" ... As a rule, two people were sent to the voivodeship in the county and rank cities: one as the "senior", "first" voivode, the other as the "second" voivode, "voivodship comrade". The provincial administration was represented by a clerk hut, a staff that consisted of a clerk, two or three clerks, an interpreter-interpreter, a watchman and an executioner - "the foreman's back affairs". The voivods' assistants in military and administrative affairs were representatives of the command staff of the city garrisons - Cossack and rifle heads, chieftains and centurions (Table 1). In addition, in the management of the Russian population, the provincial administration relied on elective peasant and township authorities - kisselovalnikov, elders, sotsky, ten's.
The posts of rank and first district governors, as a rule, were replaced by representatives of the titled nobility and holders of the highest court ranks - princes, boyars, okolnichy, stewards. The second voivods were usually appointed from among the service Moscow nobility. “Tobolsk became the administrative center of all Siberia since 1587. The governor who sat in it was considered the oldest among other Siberian governors.
The competence of the Tobolsk voivode included the general management of Siberia: the development of new lands, command armed forces and supplying them with everything necessary, the development of agriculture, the collection of taxes and yasak, the regulation of trade, diplomatic and trade relations with neighboring states, control over the activities of other Siberian governors, the court and the maintenance of law and order. His power extended to the whole of Siberia, in addition, he was in charge of the management of the Tobolsk discharge proper and the Tobolsk district. "The functions of other rank and district governors, as well as clerks, were similar to those of the Tobolsk governor, but within the territory under their jurisdiction."
The regional administration performed a number of functions that were essential for Siberia and for the Russian state as a whole. Among them is the integration function, the meaning of which was to find an optimal position for new territories in the national space. Thanks to this, all residents of the European and Asian parts of the country acquired the status of subjects. Of the Russian state... True, this was the status of inequality, since there were class, ethnic, and confessional differences. But these differences in the Siberian territory were less pronounced than in the western part of Russia.
Table 1. Organization of management of Siberia.
The government, realizing the importance of Siberia, sent here, as a rule, experienced and capable governors, among them there were active and talented administrators. "These include Prince Yuri Yansheevich Suleshev, who, being in 1623-1625 the Tobolsk voivode, organized the first census of the population and arable lands of Western Siberia, as well as carried out a land reform and a number of financial measures that significantly increased treasury revenues. governors, Prince Ivan Andreevich Khilkov (1659 - 1664) and steward Peter Ivanovich Godunov (1667 - 1670), are known for trying to conduct military reform- to transform the Siberian army according to a foreign model, turning service people into reitars, soldiers and dragoons. "By the instructions of Godunov, the first General Map of Siberia was drawn up. from the Mongols and Manchus.
Yuri Yansheevich Suleshev is a boyar, a native of the noble family of the Crimean Tatar beys. His father, "Crimean son of Sulesh-bika, Djigan-shah Murza (in the Russian pronunciation of Yansha)," transferred to the Russian service under Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich. Yuri Yansheevich, thanks to his marriage to Maria Mikhailovna Saltykova, was related to the Romanovs and quickly advanced in the service. He participated in the war with Poland in 1617. He held a number of domestic administrative posts: in 1623-1639. - in Novgorod, 1628 - 1630, 1633 - 1634 - the head of the Rogue Order.
Peter Ivanovich Godunov - before his appointment to Tobolsk as a voivode he did not make a big career, in 1654-1656. took part in the war with Poland with the rank of esaul "sovereign's regiment", in 1659 he was a voivode in Bryansk, rose to the rank of steward. As a governor, he sought to maximize the "sovereign's profit" by introducing new taxes and reducing salaries for servicemen, which caused a sharp discontent of the Tobolsk garrison, Tatars and arable peasants, who sent several petitions to Moscow complaining about the voivode oppression. The Siberian order, fearing the open indignation of the Tobolyans, dismissed Godunov from the post of governor.
But at the same time, the remoteness from the capital, the lack of real control "from above", the concentration of the full power of the governors family ties among Siberian administrators led in Siberia to massive abuses - "covetousness" - by representatives of the local administration. Despite all the prohibitions and threats of cruel punishment, the governors profited from the most different ways... They obliged the local population to bring them gifts in "honor", extorted bribes, were engaged in outright robbery; using their official position, they put in their pocket the salary due to servicemen; were engaged entrepreneurial activity- distilling and trade; did not disdain and direct embezzlement. Especially the governors liked to practice the substitution of yasak furs: instead of the "good" and expensive sables collected in the sovereign's treasury, they put their "thin" and low-value ones. The largest ones managed to make fortunes in Siberia: the Yakut voivode MS Ladyzhensky brought 21,480 sables to Russia.
"Foolishness" corroded "the system of state administration in Siberia, reduced its effectiveness, aroused indignation both in the Russian and aboriginal population, often leading it to armed uprisings"But the Siberian governors, clerks, clerks and service people never forgot about their main tasks - to govern and" seek profit for the great sovereign. "Therefore, on the whole, they successfully coped with their role.
An indicator of this is that by the end of the 17th century. almost all of Siberia was conquered; managed to organize their own production of bread and provide them with local needs. Peaceful relations with the aborigines were forged; went fast economic development the region by Russian peasants, industrialists, artisans and merchants; managed not only to secure Siberia to Russia, but also to organize the defense of its southern borders from the raids of the steppe nomads.
With regard to Siberia, in the depths of the imperial bureaucracy, there was a long dispute: to consider Siberia a part of the Empire or its colony. Last but not least, the protraction of this dispute in time was played by the fact that the development of Siberia, due to the huge spaces, the harsh climate and the practical uninhabitedness of the region, was carried out by military methods. The Moscow government ruled this "part of the world" with the help of the Siberian Order - a department born of the clerk Bartholomew Ivanov's family and which existed until the introduction in 1783 in Siberia Uch. lips. 1775 It is also interesting to note that a fragment of the order system in Siberia - the Prison Order - held out here until 1904.
The introduction of the provincial structure turned out to be not entirely successful, primarily because the delimitation of administrative-territorial units took place here for a rather long time. It is also necessary to mention here that Siberia in many respects, even in the 19th century. was a typical terra incognita the era of the great geographical discoveries.
In 1797, Paul I, in again changing the institutions of his mother, ordered the formation of two provinces in Siberia: Tobolsk and Irkutsk. In 1804, Tomsk was separated from the Tobolsk province, a year earlier Kamchatka region and Okhotsk preliminary management (PSZRI. 1st ed. T. XXVIII. N 20889)... In 1805, the Yakutsk region and the Nerchinsk regional administration were created. Finally, after publication in 1822. Siberian institutions all Asian Russia(beyond the Urals) was divided into two general governorships: West Siberian with the center in the city of Tobolsk and East Siberian - in Irkutsk. The West Siberian general-governorship included the provinces of Tobolsk, Tomsk, the Omsk region, the East Siberian - the Irkutsk and Yenisei provinces, the Yakutsk region, the Kamchatka and Okhotsk departments, and the Troitskosavsk border administrations. Soon they were joined by the regions of Transbaikal (formed in 1851), Primorskaya (formed in 1858), Amur (formed in 1858), Kyakhtinskoye city administration. At the same time, in 1884 the Primorskaya and Amurskaya regions were united into a special Primorskoye General Governorship, which, in addition to these two regions, included the Vladivostok Military Governorship; two years earlier, the West Siberian General Governorship was abolished, instead of it the Steppe General Governorship was formed, which includes the Akmola, Semipalatinsk and Semirechensk regions, and in 1887 the East Siberian General Governorship was renamed into the Irkutsk General Governorship. In 1884, Sakhalin Island became an independent administrative unit, and in 1909 the Kamchatka Region was re-created. It is easy to see that the process of delimitation in Siberia was greatly influenced by foreign policy Empire, its relations with neighboring Asian states.
Local Siberian legislation. True to its policy, the Empire believed for all Siberian indigenous peoples to preserve their customary law, a rare exception was made only for those peoples who were baptized. At the same time, in 1841 the publication of the so-called Code of steppe laws of nomadic aliens of Eastern Siberia, which, however, never entered into force, but, according to the remark of Senator N.N. Korevo, this code was used as a subsidiary source of law when applying Floor. about in. Vol. II St. Zac.
In 1822, as we have already said, the peculiarities of the local government of Siberia were reflected in Siberian institution, an active part in the compilation of which was taken by Count M.M. Speransky. The last edition of this act falls on 1892, however, the legislator in it has already significantly departed from the collegial beginning of management, since over 70 years of application of the act in practice, the principle of sole management has triumphed, i.e. principle laid down in Uch. lips. 1775 g.
Local Siberian institutions. The management of Siberia in practice shows how over 200 years this region has gradually been integrated into the general administrative system Empire. In 1879 in Western Siberia there is a spread of action The provisions dated February 19, 1861, in 1882 it Position introduced in Eastern Siberia. In principle, these measures of the government deserved fair criticism of contemporaries, since in fact they created a community of the Great Russian model that was completely alien to the Siberian peasantry. In 1896, the Judicial Charters of 1864 apply to Siberia.In fact, they were introduced only on July 2, 1897. Thus, one of the main distinctive features management of Siberia, before that date was tried by the pre-reform court. In 1905, zemstvos were introduced in Siberia. As a feature of the Russian possessions beyond the Urals, it should be noted the absence in this region of the nobility and noble land tenure, which determined one of the most serious distinctive features the whole edge.
From 1852 to 1864, a special Siberian committee operates at the rank of a department of the Committee of Ministers, however, even earlier, in 1821, a special committee was established to develop general position on management, which he did in 1822, which became at the same time the year when this committee ceased to exist. According to Siberian institution 1822 the highest representative state power in the province there was a governor-general, who combined, in addition to the traditional military power for him, civil and diplomatic functions - he was authorized to negotiate with neighboring states on border issues. Under the Governor-General, there was a Council of Main Directorates - something like a collegial body that governs the activities of the local bureaucratic apparatus and partly controls the actions of the Governor-General himself. The latter was due to the fact that such Councils were formed from central ministries (Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Ministry of Justice). A similar structure was established at the level of the Siberian provinces and regions.
Provincial or regional government was carried out by the governor (civil or military) through the provincial council, the latter being an extended version of the provincial government. Legal proceedings were concentrated in the general provincial court, and the law did not know its division into criminal and civil chambers. The provincial prosecutor was at the trial. The verdicts of the provincial court were subject to the approval of the governor, at the same time the law allowed for exemptions - those cases, the punishment for which consisted of deprivation of the rights of the state, were directly submitted to the Senate.
The districts into which the provinces and regions in Siberia were divided corresponded to the uyezd unit in European Russia. Due to the lack of habitation of the area, the district administration was of two types: full staff and reduced. In the first case, the district was headed by a district chief, under whom it was supposed to form a special council, which included the heads of special branch directorates: police, state administration, court, etc. In the second case, there was no district council under the district chief, and some types of directorates were also absent.
Cities in Siberia also had special governing bodies. The administration itself was subdivided into general (the mayor, his office and bailiffs) and private (apartment supervisors, the city Duma and the city court).
In the second half of the XIX century. the picture changes significantly. As we have already said, the principle of collegiality, embodied in special councils under governors and governor-generals, is becoming obsolete. However, structurally they continue to exist, but their members are now directly subordinate to the respective governor. In 1887, these councils were abolished altogether. At the district level, there is also a significant simplification of the management system. Now it consists of a police chief, a zemstvo court and government administration. A certain peculiarity in Siberia was distinguished by the volost administration, which was artificially created here by the reforms of 1879 and 1882.
In 1898, the institute of peasant chiefs was introduced in Siberia (PSZRI. 3rd ed. T. XVIII. N 15503)... The general and main source of this reform was Regulations on district zemstvo chiefs 1889 g.