T 90 weighs. The heaviest tank in the world during the Second World War. Comparison of military equipment

Classification:
Combat weight, t:
Layout diagram:	Classic
Crew, pers .:
Manufacturer:
Production years:	T-90: from 1992 T-90A: from 2004
Years of operation:	T-90: from 1992 T-90A: from 2005
Main operators:	India, Algeria, Turkmenistan, Uganda
Body length, mm:
Length with gun forward, mm:
Case width, mm:
Height, mm:	2230 (turret roof) 2865 (machine gun)
Track, mm:
Clearance, mm:	T-90 (S): 426..492 T-90A (CA): 404..467
Reservation
Armor type:	Combined projectile For T-90A with VDZ (equiv.): From BOPS: 1050 mm from CS: 1600 mm
Active protection:	KOEP Shtora-1 / 1M
Dynamic protection:	T-90 (A, C): "Contact-5" T-90SM: "Relic"
Armament
Caliber and brand of the gun:	125 mm T-90 (S): 2A46M T-90A (M): 2A46M-5
Cannon type:	Smoothbore
Barrel length, calibers:
Gun ammunition:	T-90 (S): 43 (22 in AZ) T-90A (CA): 42 (22 in AZ) T-90SM: 40 (22 in AZ)
Angles VN, city .:	5..+16−16..+20
Angles GN, city .:
Firing range, km:
	Gunner (day): 1G46 Gunner (night): Buran-PA, M or "ESSA" Commander (day / night): T01-KO4
Machine guns:	1 × 12.7 mm NSVT or Kord 1 × 7.62 mm PKT
Other weapons:	"Reflex-M"
Mobility
Engine's type:	B-84MS or B-92S2
Engine power, hp with:	T-90 (S): 840 T-90A (CA): 1000..1020
Highway speed, km / h:
Cross-country speed, km / h:
Cruising on the highway, km:	550 (700 with external tanks)
Cruising in store over rough terrain, km:
Power density, l. s / t:	T-90 (S): 18.6 T-90A (CA): 21.5 T-90SM: 24
Suspension type:	Individual torsion bar
Specific ground pressure, kg / cm²:	T-90 (S): 0.938 T-90A (CA): 0.97
Climbable:
Overcoming wall, m:
Overcome moat, m:
Overcome ford, m:	1.2 (1.8 with preliminary preparation; 5.0 with OPVT)

Description of the structure

Firepower

Smoothbore cannon

Secondary armament

Security and survivability

Ballistic protection

Active defense

Mobility

Engine

Transmission

Ergonomics

Maintainability

Modifications

Cars based on T-90

Other countries

In service

Combat use

Project evaluation

Firepower

Fire control system and sighting devices

Armament

Security and survivability

Mobility

General conclusion

Images

In popular culture

In modeling

V computer games

T-90 "Vladimir"- Russian main battle tank.

It was created in the late 1980s - early 1990s as a modernization of the T-72B tank under the T-72BU index, but in 1992 it was put into service under the T-90 index. After the death of Vladimir Ivanovich Potkin, the chief designer of the tank, by the decision of the government of the Russian Federation - Russia, the T-90 was named "Vladimir".

In the period from 2001 to 2010, the T-90 became the best-selling new MBT on the world market. In addition to the licensed assembly in India (1000 units), the volume of export deliveries of the T-90S amounted to more than 1000 tanks.

In 2010, the purchase price of the T-90 under contracts for the supply to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation amounted to 70 million rubles. As of 2011, the cost of the new T-90 increased markedly and amounted to 118 million rubles. Since the end of 2011, the purchase of T-90 tanks for the Russian Armed Forces has been discontinued.

On September 9, 2011, the T-90SM, a new export version of the T-90 tank, was first publicly presented at the NTIIM training ground in Nizhny Tagil as part of the VIII international arms exhibition REA-2011.

History of creation and production

T-90 is a deep modernization of the T-72, created in the Nizhny Tagil "Ural Design Bureau of Transport Engineering" in 1989 under the leadership of chief engineer Vladimir Potkin as T-72BU (factory name "Object 188"). In 1989, the tank was transferred to the GSE, which were successful.

Object 188 was developed in parallel with a much more advanced experimental tank Object 187, both objects passed under the program of bringing the T-72B tank to the level of the T-80UUD. Reservation of the T-72B of the late series (model 1989) corresponded to this level, and the main drawback was the lack of an automated fire control system. The very simple and reliable sighting complex 1A40-1 no longer provided modern requirements applied to tanks. To increase the firepower of the tank, it was planned to install a new FCS on it. The solution was to install the 1A45 "Irtysh" fire control complex, which was tested on the T-80U and T-80UD tanks. It was modified to function in conjunction with the automatic loader of the T-72 tank. The modified complex received the designation 1A45T.

In January 1989, the tank "Object 188" was submitted for state tests. Tests have shown the high reliability of the new tank. On March 27, 1991, by a joint decision of the Ministry of Defense and the Defense Industry, the tank was recommended for adoption by the USSR Armed Forces. The development of Object 187 had to be curtailed. However, the subsequent period in the life of the country and the conclusions drawn after receiving the results of the combat use of T-72 tanks in Operation Desert Storm did not make it possible to make a final decision. In addition, in December 1991 the Soviet Union ceased to exist.

In KB UVZ it was decided to increase the effectiveness of the protection of "Object 188". A complex of optical-electronic suppression TShU-1 "Shtora-1" was installed on the machine, and additional tests were carried out. On September 30, 1992, the first "Object 188" of the installation series went into run tests, and on October 5, 1992, the Government of the Russian Federation issued a decree No. 759-58 on the adoption of the tank into service with the Russian Armed Forces and on the permission to sell its export version abroad. It was believed that the tank would be adopted under the designation T-72BU, in accordance with the designation in official documents "Tank T-72B improved", but Russian President Boris Yeltsin ordered to assign the tank its own name - T-90.

Serial production of the tank began in 1992. 1992-1998 about 120 T-90s were produced for the Russian Armed Forces. Due to a decrease in funding for the armed forces, the production of tanks stopped and was resumed only in 2001 after the signing of an export contract with India on February 18, 2001. In 2001, the first 40 T-90S and 84 T-90S were delivered to India in 2002, which made it possible for the buyer to form four tank battalions.

In 2004-2006, the tank was significantly modernized and its production resumed for the Russian Armed Forces under the T-90A index. 32 T-90A tanks (model 2004) and 337 T-90A tanks (model 2006) were produced, including more than 50 T-90AK tanks from 2004 to 2011. In 2005, the T-90A was officially adopted by the Russian Armed Forces.

T-90A, a modernized version of the T-90 (originally "object 188A1"), which entered production since 2004, has a number of important improvements:

• the thermal imager "Buran-M" was installed as a night sight on the modification of 2004, later on the modification of 2006 they began to install a more modern thermal imager of the second generation "ESSA" with the matrix "Catherine FC", stabilized in two planes, integrated with the main sight and its rangefinder channel, which made it possible to increase the night vision range from 1800 to 4000 m;
• the former cast turret was replaced by a reinforced welded turret with a frontal part of up to 950 mm in size, which significantly increased its resistance against BOPS / KS;
• instead of an 840-horsepower engine, a 1000-horsepower V-92S2 diesel was installed. It was possible to install a 1200-horsepower V-99 diesel engine on the tank;
• the gun stabilizer was replaced, which doubled the aiming speed and improved the firing accuracy on the move.

According to official data, as of the beginning of 2012, the total production of the T-90 and its modifications for the Russian Armed Forces amounted to about 500 tanks: ~ 120 T-90, 32 T-90A (including 7 pieces of the "AK" modification) with a night gunner's sight "Buran-M" and ~ 337 T-90A (including 30-40 pieces of modification "AK") with thermal imager "Essa" with matrix Catherine FC.

According to them, as of 2012, the total production of the T-90 and its modifications amounted to at least 1335 tanks (not including those assembled under license in India):

• T-90 modification of 1992 (object 188) - ~ 120 tanks;
• T-90S "Bhishma" modification of 2001 (object 188S) - 657 (310 + 347) tanks. In 2006, the Indian government also signed a $ 2.5 billion contract for the licensed production of 1,000 T-90 Bhishma tanks at the state-owned HVF (Heavy Vehicles Factory) in Avadi (Tamil Nadu). In 2009, the Indian Armed Forces received the first 10 out of 1000 planned locally produced T-90Ss.
• T-90SA modification of 2006 (object 188SA) - 189 tanks;
• T-90A modification of 2004 (object 188A1) - 32 tanks with a gunner's night sight "Buran-M";
• T-90A modification of 2006 (object 188A1) - 217 (+120 until 2011) tanks with an Essa thermal imager with a Catherine FC matrix.

Description of the structure

The T-90 has a classic layout, with the control compartment in the frontal part, the fighting compartment in the middle and the engine compartment in the aft part. The crew of the T-90 consists of three people - a driver-mechanic, located along the longitudinal axis of the tank in the control compartment and the commander, located in the tower to the left and right of the gun, respectively.

On the T-90 of the first series ("Object 188"), in addition to the OMS 1A45T, unified with the T-80, the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex was installed, which provided the tank with protection from the most common guided anti-tank weapons, such as ATGMs with command semi-automatic guidance systems such as "TOW", "Hot", "Milan", "Dragon" and weapons with laser homing heads such as "Maverick", "Hellfire", "Copperhead" due to the creation of active interference with their guidance. 2 searchlights TShU-1-7 / 7M to create interference in the IR range, scopes and seeker.

Firepower

Fire control system and sighting devices

Firing from the main and auxiliary weapons of the T-90A is carried out by the 1A42 fire control complex, which consists of a 1G46 rangefinder sight, a T01-K04 commander's sighting and observation complex and a rear-view television system.

The main means of aiming a cannon and a coaxial machine gun at the target is the gunner's information and computing daytime complex 1A43, which is part of the fire control system. It, in turn, consists of a 1G46 guidance device, a 1V528-1 ballistic computer and a set of automatic sensors that determine the firing conditions.

The 1G46 sighting and rangefinder guidance device serves directly for aiming weapons at the target and combines a periscope sight with a continuously adjustable magnification within 2.7 ... 12X, a laser rangefinder that determines the range in the range of 400-5000 m, a system for their stabilization in two planes and guided missile guidance system. The electronic tank ballistic computer 1В528-1 automatically calculates the required elevation angle of the barrel and horizontal lead when firing at a moving target, corrects these parameters taking into account the meteorological conditions determined by the set of sensors and automatically guides the weapon in accordance with these data. In addition, as on other Soviet tanks, the T-90A gun is equipped with a side level and an azimuth indicator for semi-direct fire and from closed positions.

The tank commander has a T01-K04 sighting and observation complex, which provides fire from an anti-aircraft machine gun, as well as, in duplicate mode, from the main armament. The complex includes an electro-optical day / night periscope observation device PK-5, stabilized in two planes. The day channel of the observation device provides an increase of up to 8X, the night one - up to 5.2X. At night, the device operates in passive mode, at a distance of up to 1000 m, due to the enhancement of natural light, or in active mode, at a distance of up to 5000 m, due to target illumination with an OTSHU-1-7 infrared searchlight. In addition, a monocular telescopic is used to guide the anti-aircraft machine gun optical sight ROM-7.

For shooting at night, the T-90A is equipped with the Buran-M or ESSA TVP night complex, which makes it possible to recognize targets with a size of 2.3 × 2.3 m at night. The complex consists of a thermal imaging camera stabilized in two planes, with the help of which both the gunner and the commander can monitor the terrain from individual screens, as well as control the weapons using a standard fire control system.

Smoothbore cannon

The main armament of the T-90A (SM) is a 125-mm smoothbore cannon 2A46M-5, placed in a coaxial machine gun mount on trunnions in the front of the turret and stabilized in two planes by the 2E42-4 "Jasmine" system. The barrel length of the gun is 48 calibers. The cannon is equipped with an automatic loader and is capable of firing ATGMs. The automatic loader T-90, located on the rotating turret floor, is an electromechanical, carousel-type, similar to that installed on the T-72, but with a control system in automatic mode from the commander's seat. The rate of fire of the T-90A (CA) is 8 shots in 56 seconds when the automatic loader is operating, the loading time for one AZ shot is 7 seconds.

The ammunition load of the T-90A (CA) gun consists of 42 (43, 40 for other modifications) shots of separate-case loading, of which 22 are in the automatic loader, and another 20 are in stowages in the hull and turret of the tank and can be manually moved by the crew into the automatic loader as the ammunition is consumed in it, or directly loaded into the gun. The T-90 is capable of firing a wide range of ammunition of four types - armor-piercing sub-caliber 3BM42, 3BM46, 3BM42M (partially) cumulative ZBK29 (M), high-explosive fragmentation projectiles ZOF26 with a remote detonation system "Ainet", with an electronic explosive device 3VM-12 at a given point of the trajectory, this increases the efficiency of firing at hovering helicopters and manpower in trenches, guided missiles, which can be loaded into ammunition in any ratio.

Russian BOPS from the T-90 ammunition are somewhat inferior (and perhaps not inferior at all) in terms of armor penetration to American counterparts, but surpass them in speed. For example, the armor penetration of the ZBM-42M from the T-90A ammunition is estimated at 650-700 mm KGS, and the 3BM-46 650 mm (distance 2000 m), while the American M829A2 BOPS from the M1A2SEP ammunition at the same distance penetrates 710 (750 according to analytical data ) mm KGS (rolled homogeneous steel).

Guided weapons complex

Beyond the traditional artillery weapons, T-90 has the ability to fire ATGM "Invar-M". The missiles are launched using the main weapon of the tank, the missiles are guided by a laser beam in a semi-automatic mode. The T-90 guided weapon system allows firing, with a hit probability close to one, at stationary or moving targets at a speed of up to 70 km / h at a distance of 100 to 5000 m, from a standstill and in motion at a speed of up to 30 km / h ... This provides him with a much greater effective target destruction range than tanks equipped only with artillery weapons, for which, even with the most modern sighting means, effective shooting at targets of the "tank" type at a distance of more than 2500 m is already seriously difficult.

The guided weapon system consists of a laser control channel with a ballistic computer, an automation unit and guided missile rounds for a tank gun. The rounds with guided missiles, brand 3UBK14 or 3UBK20, have the same dimensions as standard 125-mm artillery rounds and consist of a solid-propellant rocket and a reduced propellant charge necessary to give the initial speed of the rocket, as well as to ensure the recoil of the gun and the opening of its bolt after shot.

Secondary armament

The auxiliary armament of the T-90 consists of a coaxial machine gun, an anti-aircraft machine gun and the crew's personal weapons. In a coaxial installation with a cannon, there is a 7.62-mm PKT or PKTM machine gun. The machine gun ammunition consists of 2000 rounds in eight belts of 250 pieces each, the combat rate of fire is about 250 rounds per minute.

The anti-aircraft machine-gun mount is located on the roof of the tower on the commander's cupola and is a remotely guided autonomous 12.7-mm machine gun, NSVT "Cliff" on tanks of the first issues or 6P49 "Kord" - on later machines. The aiming of the machine gun in the horizontal and vertical plane is carried out using an electromechanical drive. Machine gun ammunition is 300 rounds in two belts of 150 pieces.

Security and survivability

Ballistic protection

The T-90 has sharply differentiated anti-cannon armor protection. The T-90 armored hull is welded, the turret is cast on the T-90 and welded on the T-90SA and T-90A. The main body material is armor steel; the upper frontal plate of the hull, as well as the frontal part of the turret within the course angles of ± 35 °, consist of composite armor. The sides and roof of the tower and the side armor plates of the hull also have a multilayer structure.

The form armored corps The T-90 and its layout have not changed compared to the T-72, although the protection of the new tank has increased compared to its predecessor due to the use of more modern composite armor. The T-90 hull has a box shape, with a wedge-shaped nose section with a 68 ° angle of inclination to the vertical of the upper frontal plate, which is standard for the main Soviet battle tanks. The sides of the hull are vertical, their upper part consists of armor plates, while the lower one is formed by the edges of the bottom. The hull stern has a reverse slope. The roof of the hull consists of several rolled armor plates, while the bottom of the hull is one-piece stamped, of complex shape. The tower on the T-90A has frontal parts horizontally bent back by 60 °.

The exact data on the booking of the T-90 (model 1992) and other modifications, as of 2013, remain classified. Nevertheless, there are numerous assessments of both Russian and Western experts regarding the effectiveness of its frontal booking. The armor resistance of the frontal projection of the hull and turret against shelling by armor-piercing feathered subcaliber projectiles is assessed as a whole, taking into account the built-in dynamic protection, as equivalent to 900-950 mm (excluding the built-in DZ: tower 700 mm - from BOPS, from KS - 850 mm. Hull: 650 mm from BOPS and 750 mm from KS) rolled armor steel. The armor resistance of the hull and turret against shelling with cumulative ammunition, taking into account dynamic protection, is estimated at 1350-1450 mm.

After the appearance of the new turret on the T-90A, the armor resistance increased significantly and is estimated at 800 mm against the armor-piercing feathered sub-caliber projectile and 1000 mm against the cumulative projectiles (taking into account the built-in DZ "Contact-5"), respectively.

It should also be borne in mind that the tank has good angles of inclination of the frontal armor, this can positively affect the protection of the tank and adversely affect the action of the ammunition attacking the tank.

Active defense

In addition to traditional armor and reactive armor, the T-90 is equipped with active protection, which consists of the Shtora-1 optical-electronic suppression complex. The complex is designed to protect against tank damage by anti-tank guided missiles and consists of an optical-electronic suppression station and a curtain system. The optoelectronic suppression station is designed to protect against missiles with a semi-automatic guidance system and consists of OTSHU-1-7 two-infrared searchlights, two modulators and a control panel.

The system for setting up curtains is designed to counter guided missiles with laser homing or semi-automatic guidance along the laser beam, as well as to interfere with the operation of laser rangefinders and set up a smoke (aerosol) curtain. The system consists of a complex of laser radiation indicators, which includes two coarse sensors and two precise direction detectors, a control system and twelve aerosol grenade launchers. When a tank is detected by laser radiation, the curtain system determines the direction of irradiation and alerts the crew, and then automatically or at the direction of the tank commander fires an aerosol grenade, which creates an aerosol cloud when it bursts, weakening and partially reflecting laser radiation, disrupting the operation of the missile guidance systems. In addition, the aerosol cloud disguises the tank, acting as a smoke screen and can be used specifically for this purpose.

Mobility

Engine

T-90 of early modifications are equipped with a V-shaped 12-cylinder four-stroke multi-fuel diesel engine model V-84MS liquid-cooled with direct fuel injection and a driven centrifugal supercharger. The V-84MS develops a maximum power of 840 hp. at 2000 rpm.

On the T-90 of later releases, T-90A, C, the engine of the B-92S2 model is installed, which is an upgraded B-84 and differs from it by the installation of a turbocharger and an improved design, which made it possible to increase the power developed by the engine to 1000 hp. at 2000 rpm.

Transmission

Hydrocontrolled planetary gearboxes. The transmission provides 7 forward and one reverse gears. Turning the machine is carried out by engaging a low gear in the gearbox from the side of the lagging track. The transmission control drive is hydraulic with a mechanical drive of the spools. The brake drive is mechanical, but at the same time it provides effective braking and stopping of the machine, holding it even on steep ascents and descents.

Surveillance, communication and navigation equipment

Communication of the tank is provided by a VHF radio station R-163-50U and a receiver R-163-UP with frequency modulation and a step of 1 KHz. The communication range at VHF frequencies 30.025 to 79.975 MHz reaches 20 km for a two-meter whip antenna.

Command tank additionally has a HF radio station R-163-50K ("Crossbow-50K"), 2-30 MHz. The communication range to the whip antenna in motion reaches 50 km. In the parking lot, the range of external communication at frequencies from 2 to 18 MHz is up to 350 km. This range is achieved by installing a dipole antenna on an 11-meter mast.

Ergonomics

Some T-90s are equipped with the SKS-3 air conditioning system.

Maintainability

There are two types of repairs for the T-90: overhaul and current. Routine repairs are carried out as needed. With current repairs, the T-90 returns to an operable state in an average of 2 hours. After a run of 2500 km, maintenance is carried out for 12 hours. After running 5000 km - 30 hours. Overhaul is carried out after a run of 11,000 km, while the track resource is 6,000 km.

Modifications

• T-90- the first serial modification.
• T-90K- the commander's version of the T-90, with additional communication (radio station R-163-50K) and navigation equipment (TNA-4-3).
• - the T-90 modification has been produced since 2004, the V-92S2 engine with a capacity of 1000 hp is installed. with., the thermal imaging equipment was improved, a welded tower was installed instead of a cast one, a new PPO system.
• - the commander's version of the T-90A, with additional communications and navigation equipment, as well as a tactical combat control system.
• (2006) - modernization of the T-90A: a second generation "Essa" thermal imaging sight was installed, the automatic loader was improved, the reserved volume was increased by 100 liters and the protection of the fuel tanks was improved. It has been in service with the Russian Armed Forces since 2006.
• T-90S- export version of the T-90. There are no OTSHU Shtora searchlights on the tank; instead of them, additional ones are installed. VDZ blocks.
• T-90SK- the commander's version of the T-90S, with additional communications and navigation equipment.
• T-90SA- the export version of the T-90A, with a cooling system for night vision equipment and a modified system for detecting laser radiation, a new PPO system has been installed. There are no OTSHU Shtora searchlights on the tank; instead of them, additional ones are installed. VDZ blocks.
• T-90SKA- the commander's version of the T-90SA, with additional communications and navigation equipment and a tactical battle management system "T-BMS".
• - the newest modification of the T-90A, work on which was started at the initiative of the UKBTM in 2004 on the topic of the ROC "Breakthrough". For the first time, an export version of this modification of the tank under the name T-90MS was presented to the public on September 9, 2011 at the Prospector training ground in Nizhny Tagil as part of the VIII international arms exhibition REA-2011. The main features of the modernization of the tank were the replacement of the old turret with a new combat module, which is equipped with an improved Kalina fire control system with an integrated tactical level combat information and control system, a new automatic loader and an upgraded 2A46M-5 cannon, as well as a remotely controlled anti-aircraft gun UDP T05BV- 1". Established DZ "Relic" instead of "Contact-V". Particular attention was paid to improving the commander's ability to search for targets and fire control weapons equally effectively day and night. For the first time in a Russian main tank, steering wheel control and an automatic gear change system with the ability to switch to manual are used. Ammunition is placed in 2 stowage groups: 1 inside the tank and 1 outside, 22 shots are in the AZ, in the lower part of the hull, the rest of the shots and charges for them are located in an armored box located at the rear of the tower. To improve mobility and maneuverability, the upgraded tank has a new combined night vision device for the driver and a rear view camera. The mass of the new version, in comparison with the base model, has increased by one and a half tons and is 48 tons, which is still significantly less than, for example, the mass of American and German counterparts. The tank is equipped with a V-93 monoblock power plant with a capacity of 1,130 hp. with., developed on the basis of the V-92S2F2. Removed anti-neutron nadbay and replaced with fire-resistant anti-fragmentation material such as Kevlar, and also improved the fire extinguishing system. The firepower, security and mobility of the tank have improved markedly, the dimensions of the tank have not increased and in terms of weight it continues to remain in the class up to 50 tons.
• T-90SM- export version of the T-90AM tank.

Tactical and technical characteristics

TTX modifications T-90
Combat weight, t
Length with gun forward, mm
Body length, mm
Overall width, mm
Tower roof height, mm
Reserved volume of the tank, m³, including:
Department of Management
Fighting compartment
Engine-transmission compartment
Armament
	125 mm 2A46M	125 mm 2A46M / 2A46M-5	125 mm 2A46M / 2A46M-5	125 mm 2A46M-5
Ammunition, shots
Guided weapons	9K119 "Reflex"	9K119M "Reflex-M"	9K119 "Reflex"	9K119M "Reflex-M"
Sighting complex	1G46, TPN-4 / TVP 1st generation	1G46, 2nd generation TVP		FCS "Kalina", TVP of the 3rd generation
Coaxial machine gun	7.62 mm PKMT	7.62 mm PKTM
Ammunition, shots
Anti-aircraft machine gun	12.7 mm NSVT-12.7			7.62 mm 6P7K S UDP (T05BV-1)
Ammunition, shots
Security
Frontal turret armor type	Cast with filler (combined)	welded with filler (combined)
Frontal turret armor thickness
Frontal hull armor type	Combined, welded
Frontal hull armor thickness
Dynamic protection	Contact-5
Active defense			Radiation sensors only	Radiation sensors only
Mobility and patency
Engine	V-84MS, 840 hp with.	В-92С2, 1000 hp with.		V-92S2F2, 1130 hp with.
Fuel tank capacity, l
Specific power, l. s / t
Maximum speed on the highway, km / h
Maximum speed over rough terrain, km / h
Cruising on the highway, km
Cruising on rough terrain, km
Specific ground pressure, kg / cm²

Cars based on T-90

• BMPT - tank support fighting vehicle
• IMR-3M - engineering clearing vehicle
• MTU-90 - bridgelayer
• E300 - universal tracked chassis
• BMR-3M - armored demining vehicle

Export

Permission to sell abroad the export version of the T-90 under the designation T-90S was given simultaneously with the acceptance of the tank into service on October 5, 1992. Despite this, Russian Department For a long time, the defense industry did not allow the T-90 to participate in international arms exhibitions, allowing Uralvagonzavod to demonstrate only the T-72S, which many authors associate with the lobbying of the military personnel of the T-80U tank, which competed with the T-72 / T-90 on the international arms market. For the first time, permission to show a tank at the IDEX exhibition in Abu Dhabi was given only in 1997, but even then information about the T-90 was not provided to the organizers of the exhibition by the officials responsible for this, as a result of which the tank was not officially included in its program ... Nevertheless, the T-90 was nevertheless successfully demonstrated at the exhibition and attracted the attention of foreign military specialists.

India

India is the largest foreign buyer of the T-90. In 1999, a preliminary contract was signed for the supply of three tanks for testing. In 2001, the final contract was signed and the delivery of a batch of 310 T-90S began. The amount of the contract was $ 1 billion. Under the terms of the contract, the first 124 T-90S tanks assembled in Russia were delivered to India in 2001-2002.

In 2001, an agreement was reached on the licensed production of the T-90 in India. Between October 2002 and September 2003 the Russian side equipment and licensed technical documentation for the assembly of the T-90S in India was supplied. Technical assistance was provided in organizing production at the HVF (Heavy Vehicles Factory) plant in Avadi (Tamil Nadu state) and other enterprises of the Indian military-industrial complex. In 2003, Uralvagonzavod supplied the remaining 186 of 310 T-90Ss in the form of semi-assembled units and separate components for subsequent licensed assembly at the Indian HVF facilities. In total, under the 2001 contract, the Indian armed forces received 310 T-90S.

In 2006, the Indian government signed a $ 2.5 billion contract for the licensed production of 1,000 T-90 Bhishma tanks. In October of the same year, an additional contract was signed worth $ 795 million for the supply of another 330 T-90SA tanks during 2007-2008, providing for the assembly of part of this batch of tanks in India. Together with Russia and France, an Indian version of the T-90 "Bhishma" was created, which is distinguished by a modernized undercarriage, an improved fire control system with the French thermal imager "Essa" and the Indian dynamic armor Kanchan. The tank was named "Bhishma" in honor of the legendary hero of the ancient Indian epic.

In 2007, another contract was signed for the supply of 347 T-90SA for the amount of $ 1.237 billion in the form of supplies of 124 tanks and 223 vehicle kits for licensed production (small-scale assembly). In 2010, the contract was fulfilled after the remaining 20 tanks and about 160 tank kits were sent to India for assembly at the Indian state-owned enterprise HVF.

As of 2008, more than 500 tanks have been delivered and plans have been announced to increase the degree of localization and launch full-fledged production of the T-90. In 2008, Indian Defense Minister D. Singh called the T-90 "the second deterrent after nuclear weapons" in the conflict with Pakistan, which threatened to escalate into a large-scale nuclear war.

In 2009, the Indian Armed Forces received the first 10 out of 1000 planned T-90SAs of local production. In total, under the license contract for HVF, it is planned to produce 1000 T-90SA in 2009-2020. The production capacity of the state-owned plant HVF allows the production of up to 100 tanks per year.

Currently, Russian specialists are providing technical assistance in the production of supplied tank sets and warranty service for the T-90S / SA of the Indian army. As of 2010, Uralvagonzavod delivered more than 600 T-90S / SA tanks to India, of which about 400 tank sets for assembly at the HVF plant. In total, India intends to increase the number of T-90s in the army to 2,000 by 2020.

Other countries

In March 2006, during a visit to Algeria, Vladimir Putin signed a large package of contracts worth about $ 8 billion. In particular, it included 185 T-90S tanks. Kazakhstan is negotiating a purchase a large number tanks T-90A.

In 2011, an agreement was signed between the Ministry of Defense of Azerbaijan and Rosoboronexport for the supply of T-90S tanks. Information about the details of the contract, the number of tanks and delivery times were not disclosed.

In service

Combat use

• The first Chechen war - the T-90s turned out to be practically invulnerable to the anti-tank weapons of the Chechen fighters.
• Militants invaded Dagestan - one T-90 received seven hits from an RPG and remained in the ranks.

Project evaluation

Comparative performance characteristics of modern main tanks
Country and name of the tank
Appearance
Year of adoption
Combat weight, t
Gun caliber, mm
Guided weapons	Reflex-M
Ammunition, shots
Rate of fire, rds / min
Dynamic protection	Contact-5
Active defense
Engine power, hp with.
Specific power, l. s / t
Maximum speed, km / h
Cruising on the highway, km
Country and name of the tank
Appearance
Year of adoption
Combat weight, t
Gun caliber, mm
Guided weapons
Ammunition, shots
Rate of fire, rds / min
Dynamic protection
Active defense
Engine power, hp with.
Specific power, l. s / t
Maximum speed, km / h
Cruising on the highway, km
Country and name of the tank
Appearance
Year of adoption
Combat weight, t
Gun caliber, mm
Guided weapons
Ammunition, shots
Rate of fire, rds / min
Dynamic protection
Active defense
Engine power, hp with.
Specific power, l. s / t
Maximum speed, km / h
Cruising on the highway, km
Country and name of the tank
Appearance
Year of adoption
Combat weight, t
Gun caliber, mm
Guided weapons
Ammunition, shots
Rate of fire, rds / min
Dynamic protection
Active defense
Engine power, hp with.
Specific power, l. s / t
Maximum speed, km / h
Cruising on the highway, km

Firepower

Fire control system and sighting devices

The T-90 fire control system is assessed by experts as morally obsolete. The commander's sighting and observation complex does not have horizontal stabilization, the rangefinder post has limited angles of horizontal guidance of the panoramic view; the gunner's sights are made as separate complexes (in foreign and newest Russian control systems and the gunner's sight is a single multichannel device). In the process of modernization on the following modifications, some of the problems were eliminated.

Also, the early T-90s were equipped with outdated active night vision devices that were inferior in their capabilities, especially in the maximum target detection distance, to thermal imagers, which are the standard on western tanks. The T-90A and T-90SA are equipped with thermal imagers that are not inferior to foreign counterparts.

Armament

In terms of the power of its artillery weapons, the T-90 is at least as good as other modern main battle tanks. The ballistic characteristics of the 125mm 2A46M smoothbore cannon are so close to those of foreign analogues - 120mm Rheinmetall 120mm L44 and L55, GIAT CN120-26 or 120mm L30A1 rifled cannons that their actual effectiveness is much more dependent on the ammunition used.

Smoothbore guns, which have become the standard for main battle tanks, are distinguished by significant dispersion at ranges exceeding the direct firing range, which for targets such as a "tank" for 120-mm or 125-mm guns is a little more than 2200 meters for sub-caliber and 1500 meters for cumulative ammunition ... If for traditional artillery weapons of Western tanks effective destruction of targets at distances of more than 2800 meters is already significantly difficult, the guided weapon system provides the T-90 with effective destruction of targets at ranges of up to 5000 meters, although it requires appropriate terrain conditions that allow the detection of targets at such distances. Moreover, in the hands of an experienced gunner, the complex allows for more complex operations, first of all - hitting a much less protected turret roof of a stationary tank with a rocket, which is especially valuable given the low efficiency of modern tank guns against the frontal armor of all modern MBTs, practically capable pierce each other's frontal armor only when hitting vulnerable spots. However, new-generation guided weapon systems have now been developed abroad, for example, LAHAT, which surpass their Russian counterparts in range, allow firing as part of a subunit and hit the target at an angle, while being suitable for use in existing 105- and 120-mm guns.

According to most experts, the T-90 is superior to most Western tanks in the ability to defeat unarmored targets and the destruction of fortifications due to the presence of high-explosive fragmentation shells, but this opinion is controversial, since the role of high-explosive fragmentation shells on foreign tanks is played by cartridge shells (USA) or cluster shells. In particular, in Israel in 2010, the KALANIT multifunctional cluster projectile (Anti-Personnel Anti-Material Multi-Purpose Tank, M329 Cartridge) was adopted, designed to destroy manpower in open space and inside fortifications, and to destroy lightly armored vehicles.

Security and survivability

The fuel system on the T-90 is relatively vulnerable due to the extremely tight layout of the engine compartment. There is no room for fuel tanks in it anymore and they are moved partly to the fighting compartment, and partly to the frontal end of the hull, where the likelihood of their being hit by enemy fire is much higher (although on the M1 Abrams, despite the more spacious layout, two fuel tanks also are located in the bow, to the left and right of the driver, however, they are fenced off by a 5 mm sheet of steel, and as the tanks in the stern are exhausted, the fuel is pumped out of the front tanks). However, according to the experience of real combat use M1 "Abrams" in the Iraqi campaign in 2003, the defeat of the bow fuel tanks in two reported cases still led to the destruction of the tank. At the same time, the tanks are not isolated from the crew, unlike the tanks of the western school of tank building, where at least some of them are located in the engine-transmission compartment; a special danger is created by a storage tank, which combines storage of fuel and ammunition. Since 1999, in the T-90, the tanks in the driver's department have nevertheless been fenced off with sheets of steel. As a result of the refinement, a modern emergency fire extinguishing system (EPO) was installed on the T-90A (C), which increased the survivability of the tank. The protection of the fuel tanks has also been improved.

Another problem of the T-90 is the placement of its ammunition, which is located in the fighting compartment and is not isolated from the crew in any way, so that its detonation (in the absence of fire-fighting equipment) is guaranteed to lead to almost complete destruction of the tank. On the other hand, the practice of the Western school of tank building, in which the ammunition load is carried out behind the turret, also has a number of disadvantages: the tank's profile, its weight, and, consequently, its vulnerability increase significantly. At the same time, in real combat conditions, tank crews do not close the curtains that separate the turret from the external ammunition load. And in the event of a detonation of ammunition, the crew of the tank is doomed to defeat. Placing ammunition along the perimeter of the tower, as was customary in the Soviet school of tank building, makes the ammunition more protected from defeat.

The extreme explosiveness of the T-72, on the basis of which the T-90 was created, was revealed already in the 1980s. At the same time, according to some authors, the arrangement of the T-72 and T-90 ammunition load horizontally on the floor of the fighting compartment, in a less affected area, in practice showed a significant decrease in the probability of detonation in practice, even in comparison with the T-80, which also has ammunition. on the floor of the fighting compartment, but vertically. On western tanks, a common solution is to place ammunition (or part of it) in the aft recess of the tower, which is also susceptible to shelling, but allows the implementation of knockout panels (a similar solution was eventually implemented on the experimental late Soviet and Russian tanks "Object 292", "Object 640" and on one of the versions of "Object 187", but their production has not begun).

On the new modification of the T-90SM, the non-mechanized ammunition load was moved to the turret niche.

On October 20, 1999, extensive tests were carried out to protect the T-80U and T-90 tanks from various types of threats. The tests included firing from hand-held grenade launchers (RPG-29, RPG-7 with PG-7VR and RPG-26 shots) and several types of ATGMs (Malyutka-2, Metis -M, Konkurs, Kornet ). The tanks were also subjected to shelling with 3BM42M armor-piercing feathered projectiles fired from a T-80 tank from a distance of 1500 m. The shelling was carried out in the frontal (as well as in the side and stern) projection of tanks protected by the Contact-5 VDZ and deprived of it. During the test, it was revealed that the RPG-29 is the most effective weapon among those used. Practical research has confirmed the high level of protection of the T-90 against the above anti-tank weapons.

Mobility

On the T-90 of the first issues, chassis, completely borrowed from the T-72B tank. The latest releases of tanks use an improved chassis.

The suspension of the tank is an individual torsion bar with hydraulic paddle shock absorbers of increased energy intensity (at 1, 2 and 6 nodes). Double-acting hydraulic vane shock absorbers are installed on the first, second and sixth suspension nodes, rigid limit stops - on the first, second, fifth and sixth. With such a high energy intensity of the suspension, its breakdowns occur extremely rarely, mainly when hitting large obstacles at high speed.

Gearboxes - planetary with hydraulic control. There are 7 forward gears and one reverse gear. The reverse speed is 5 km / h. Turning the machine is carried out by engaging a low gear in the gearbox from the side of the lagging track. The tank's control system is outdated. On the T-90SM, the control levers were replaced with a modern control system based on the steering wheel.

The V-92 engine is a development of the V-2, developed in the 1930s. The engine design has been tested in production. The installation of the power plant requires laborious alignment operations, while most foreign tanks are equipped with a monoblock, which makes it possible to replace the power plant in less than an hour.

General conclusion

Some authors believe that a general theoretical comparison of tanks is impossible and even real combat operations do not give a final result - it is important to take into account tactics of use, training of crews, technical maintenance of equipment, interaction of units (especially the work of air defense against enemy aircraft and helicopters equipped with anti-tank weapons), which have often greater importance than the properties of the tank itself.

The T-90A has good firepower and mobility as well as excellent protection. Comparison of the T-90 and other modern MBTs has been repeatedly carried out by both military experts and journalists. However, the results of these studies are often contradictory. According to some sources, the T-90 (A, C) and T-90M, its modernized version, surpass all the best modern foreign tanks. According to other sources, the design of the T-90 is outdated and inferior to the latest modifications of the best foreign tanks.

One of the main features of the T-90, in comparison with foreign MBTs, is the use of an automatic loader, which made it possible to reduce the crew to three people and significantly reduce the booked volume while maintaining good protection, as well as increase the rate of fire throughout the entire battle, as opposed to manual loading ... The tank is distinguished by a relatively small mass and size, which contributes to strategic mobility, good maneuverability and less visibility on the battlefield.

An important and relatively objective assessment in peacetime is the commercial success of the T-90S, since before choosing combat vehicles, customers, as a rule, conduct independent multilateral and thorough tests of them. However, it should be borne in mind that in terms of tenders, preference for one or another tank is given for political reasons.

Dignity

• A good combination of "price-quality".
• Dynamic protection "Contact-5" and the complex of optical-electronic suppression "Shtora-1" in conjunction with passive armor protects the tank from most anti-tank weapons, including cumulative and subcaliber shells and guided missiles of the "TOW", "HOT", "Milan" , "Dragon".
• Exceptional unpretentiousness and reliability in operation.
• A wide range of ammunition, including BOPS, OFS (including with remote detonation and ready-made submunitions), KS and guided missiles.
• Excellent protection of the turret forehead (in the T-90A, M, C modification). Protection is provided by the large thickness of the armor of the frontal parts of the tower (950 mm), the angle of inclination, as well as their filler and the presence of built-in ERA.
• Excellent protection for the forehead of the body. Protection is provided by good armor, a large angle of inclination of the upper frontal part (on which the VDZ is also installed) and the small dimensions of the lower frontal part.
• Good protection of the hull sides in comparison with foreign MBTs is ensured by the presence of good armor (80-70 mm) and anti-cumulative shields (in the front), as well as rubber screens all over the side.
• Good roof protection, protection is provided by a decent roof thickness (~ 80 mm) and the presence of a remote control on it.
• The ability to fire ATGM at a distance of up to 5 km.
• Good maneuverability and small dimensions.
• High rate of fire throughout the battle.

disadvantages

• There is no complete isolation of the crew from the ammunition.
• On serial vehicles (except for the T-90AK) there is no on-board information and control system (BIUS), which provides information in real time on the battlefield, the position of the vehicles of its unit and the technical condition of the tank.
• Low reverse speed (5 km / h).
• Outdated manual transmission.
• Less specific power in comparison with foreign MBT).

Vulnerability

• Contact-5 is ineffective against BOPS type M829A3 and DM-63, as well as anti-tank guided missiles with tandem warheads, which overcome the Contact-5 missile defense without losses in penetration, but these data are not accurate, since it is assumed (according to sources) that after creation in USA BOPS М829А2, as well as the appearance in the world of OBTs with tandem warheads that overcome Contact-5 without losses in penetration, in Russia, Kontakt-5 was modernized in order to give it anti-tandem properties, which was subsequently installed on subsequent serial tanks.
• For the forehead of the T-90A, C turret, the most dangerous BOPS is the DM-63, but on condition that the projectile can overcome the Kontakt-5 dynamic protection without affecting the BOPS.
• Of all the known ATGMs, the most dangerous for the T-90A are HOT-3, MAPATS, also provided that they overcome Contact-5.

Operating experience in the Russian army

Senior Warrant Officer S. Shklyaruk:

Criticism

Chief Designer of UKBTM V. Nevolin:

The main complaints about the T-90S tank today are related to its survivability. Still, placing people, ammunition and fuel in the same circuit is fraught with the fact that if the armor is broken, it can lead to fuel ignition. Even with a fire extinguishing system, such options are not excluded. Therefore, the development of modern armored vehicles follows the path of separating people and fuel with ammunition. T-90K on MVSV-2008- International Exhibition for Ground Forces 2008: In popular culture In modeling Plastic models of the T-90 at a scale of 1:35 are produced by the Russian company Zvezda. In the near future, the release of the T-90A model from the Chinese company MENG Model is expected. In 1/72 scale, the T-90 is produced by the Ukrainian company ACE using LND technology. In computer games The T-90A tank is present in the games Battlefield 3, Battlefield 2, Battlefield Bad Company 2, Battlefield Play for Free, Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3, ARMA 2, Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Future Soldier, Confrontation: Europe 2015, Confrontation: Forced to the world, Confrontation 3D Reboot.

Tank T-90 - Design Description

The main T-90 tank entered service in 1993. T-90 missile and cannon tanks - including original design developments and the best layout and design solutions for T-72 and T-80 tanks. The T-90S tank was created on the basis of a thorough study and understanding of the tactics and strategy of using tanks in the real conditions of modern combat, taking into account the many years of experience in military operation of the T-72 type tanks different countries world, as well as the results of many years of intensive testing in the harshest conditions.

The T-90S tank retains the peculiarity of domestic tank building - the classic layout scheme, in which the main armament is located in a rotating turret, the power plant and transmission are in the rear of the hull, and the crew is separate: the tank commander and gunner in the fighting compartment, the driver-mechanic is in department of management. Almost every unit or system of the T-90S tank has a new quality.

The automated fire control complex is designed to conduct effective long-range aimed firing with artillery shells and a guided projectile from a tank gun on the move and from a place at moving and stationary targets by the gunner and commander, day and night, as well as from a coaxial machine gun. Provides an increase in the effective firing range and an increase in the night vision range, including by installing a television sight in the tank. A guided weapon system with a laser-beam control channel allows firing a guided missile through the barrel of a gun from a standstill and on the move at stationary and moving targets at a distance of 100 to 5000 m.

The optoelectronic suppression system protects the tank from being hit by anti-tank guided projectiles with semi-automatic guidance systems with tracer feedback. The system of automatic all-round visibility, detection and protection of the tank from anti-tank shells with semi-automatic laser homing heads provides interference to anti-tank vehicle control systems with laser rangefinders and target designators. The closed anti-aircraft gun allows the commander to aimed shooting using remote control drives for air, and in stabilized mode - for ground targets, while remaining under reliable armor protection. Built-in explosive reactive armor is effective against APCR and HEAT shells. The combination of built-in reactive armor and multi-layer armor gives the tank additional options for survival in extreme combat conditions.

The main armament of the T-90S is a smoothbore gun of 125 mm caliber with increased accuracy and high ballistics. The use of an automatic loader made it possible to achieve a high rate of fire (up to 7-8 rounds per minute), which favorably distinguishes the T-90S tank from most foreign tanks. The capabilities of the tank gun to combat ground-based armored and low-flying air targets have been expanded through the use of a guided weapon system, which makes it possible to destroy any most modern tank before it comes close to effective firing range from its cannon.

The tank is traditionally equipped with a diesel engine, the main advantages of which over a gas turbine engine, especially in hot climates and sandy soils, are:

Slight drop in power at high temperatures Oh environment;

High reliability in dusty conditions;

1.8-2 times less fuel consumption.

The T-90S tank can overcome water obstacles up to 5 m deep along the bottom with non-stop combat missions after overcoming the water obstacle. The machine has built-in equipment for self-digging, a device for hitching mine trawls and can be transported by all types of transport.

Tank T-90 - performance characteristics(TTX)

Total information
Year of adoption	1993
Combat weight, t	46,5
Crew, people	3
Length with gun forward, mm	9530
Body length, mm	6860
Overall width, mm	3780
Track width, mm	3370
Tower roof height, mm	2230
Reserved volume of the tank, m3	11,04
Reserved body volume, m3	9,19
Reserved volume of the tower, m3	1,85
Landing hatch in the bottom of the hull	there is
Armament
Gun brand	2A46M
Gun caliber, mm	125
Cannon type	smoothbore launcher
Barrel pipe length, mm (calibers)	51
Shutter type	horizontal wedge
Rollback length, mm	300
The location of the recoil devices	symmetrical
Barrel bleed, type	ejection
Maximum allowable for the trunk powder gas pressure, kgf / cm2	5 200
Heat shield	there is
Effective rate of fire, rds / min	8
Charging, type	machine
Ammunition, rds. (including in the vending machine loading)	43 (22)
Ammunition types	BPS, BKS, OFS, SGPE, UR
Shot type	split-sleeve
Initial speed of BPS, m / s	1715
Shot weight with BPS, kg	20,2
BPS weight, kg	5,9
BCS initial speed, m / s	905
Shot weight with BCS, kg	29
BCS weight, kg	19
Stabilizer, type	electrical machine software horizontal lines Electro-hydraulic vertical
Paired weapons, type (brand)	machine gun (PKT)
Caliber, mm	7,62
Ammunition, pcs.	2000
Anti-aircraft weapons, type (brand)	machine gun (NSVT-12.7)
Caliber, mm	12,7
Ammunition, pcs.	300
Remote control	there is
Guided weapons	9K119
Guided missile	9M119
Missile guidance system	by laser beam
Maximum firing range, m	5000
Fire control system
Maximum rotation speed of the tower, degree / s	24
Maximum elevation angle of the gun, hail.	20
Maximum angle of descent of the gun, deg.	7
Duplicate fire control	there is
Rangefinder, type	laser
Range measurement range, m	500-5000
Ballistic computer, type	electronic digital
Gunner's main sight, type	periscopic, combined with LD and thermal imager
Magnification, multiplicity	2,7-12
Angle of the field of view, degrees	20-4,5
Stabilization of the sight field of view	independent for HV and GN
Will help. gunner's sight	No
Gunner's night sight	thermal imaging
Vision range at night, m	2600
The main device of the commander	periscopic
Magnification, multiplicity	7.5 (days); 5.1 (n)
Angle of field of view, degrees	7
Anti-aircraft sight	there is
Commander's night sight	thermal imaging video surveillance device
Vision range at night	2600
Tank information and control system	No
Security
Armor protection, type	combined
The angle of inclination of the upper frontal part housing, deg.	68
Anti-cumulative side screens	there is
TDA system	there is
Smoke grenade launchers, pcs.	12
Optical-electronic complex suppression	there is
Dynamic protection, type	built-in
System of collective defense against weapons of mass destruction, type	general exchange
High-speed PPO system	there is
Mobility and patency
Maximum speed, km / h	60
Specific power, hp / t	18,1
Cruising on the highway, km	500
Fuel tank capacity, l	1200+400
Average specific pressure of caterpillars on soil, kgf / cm2	0,91
Clearance, mm	492
Overcoming obstacles: Vertical wall, m Maximum angle of elevation, degrees
The depth of the overcome water obstacles with OPVT, m	5
Power point
Engine brand	B-84MS
engine's type	Diesel multi-fuel
Maximum power, kW (h.p.)	618 (840)
Maximum torque, kgf m	340
Number of cylinders	12
Arrangement of cylinders	V-arr. 60 °
Tact	4
Cooling type	liquid
Overall power, hp / m3	700
Engine weight, kg	1020
Compression ratio	14
Piston stroke, mm	180/186,7
Cylinder diameter, mm	150
Working volume, l	38,88
Specific fuel consumption, g / h.p. h	180
Auxiliary motor	No
Transmission
Transmission type	mechanical planetary
Gearbox, type	two onboard planetary
Number of transfers forward / backward	7/1
Gear ratios for transfers	I - 8.713 II - 4.40 III - 3.485 IV - 2.787 V - 2.027 VI - 1.467 VII - 1.0 s.x. - 14.3
Swing mechanism, type	non-differential
The minimum calculated turning radius, m	2,79
Main brake, type	disc, oil-operated
Transmission weight, kg	1870
Final drive, type	planetary
Traffic control system, type	hydraulic
Chassis
Suspension type	torsion
Roller dynamic stroke, mm	320
Shock absorbers, type, number	hydr. paddle, 6
Caterpillar, type of connection of tracks	consistent
Track joint type	RMSh or OMSh
Track width, mm	2790
Track support surface length, mm	4270
Track width, mm	580
Number of tracks	97
Weight of one caterpillar, kg	1723
Track rollers per side	6
Track roller diameter, mm	750
Amortization type of road rollers	outdoor
Carrier rollers per side	3
Tensioning mechanism, type	worm
Running gear weight, kg	8570

Why?
Each tank was created by a country by the manufacturer, taking into account the defense of this particular country. When creating tanks, the climate, terrain, the level of training of the crews, the presence of electronic systems, satellite support, provision of spare parts, and this is just a small list.
For example, what will happen to the crew who will spend, say, 3 days in a tank in the desert in the heat, if this tank does not have an air conditioner?

Such a crew will think about how to survive in a tank at all - not to lose consciousness.

For mountainous terrain, the power density of the engines is important, otherwise overheating is inevitable. Can a tank run on poor quality fuel? If so, how long.
There are more questions than answers.

Engineers take into account all these data and problems due to technological capabilities, but here the cost of manufacturing a tank comes into force. Cost is not only how much it can be sold, but also the number of people and resources that are involved in production. And whether the country's economy can withstand, or it will be able to produce 5-10 tanks a year, no more.
The rating published below is conditional, you should not absolutely take into account that the number 5 tank is much better than a tank at number 7.

TOP10 most modern tanks:

In 2010, at the Eurosatory 2010 exhibition, the Germans showed a new modification of their main tank Leopard 2. The peculiarity of this tank is. That it is positioned as a tank adapted for operations in the city. The modernization affected almost everything: the tank hull, engine, transmission, mass centering, weapons, fire control and crew life support systems.
During battles in the city, additional protection against HEAT shells is attached to the tank.
The tank is designed to conduct combat for 24 hours a day. The driver received an all-round view of the area around the tank, like all crew members, and due to thermal imagers, everything is visible even at night.

Technical characteristics of the Leopard 2A7 + tank:

Armament:
120 mm L55 smoothbore gun
12.7 mm machine gun
40 mm grenade launcher
7.62 mm machine gun
Country of origin: Germany
Crew: 4 people
Tank weight: 67,500 kg
Cruising range: 450 km
Speed: 72 km / h
At the moment, there is no other data.

The tank entered service in 1980 when it was called the M1 and replaced the M60 main battle tank. Since 1994, the M1A2 modification has been produced, which differs from the previous guidance, observation and reservation systems.
What fundamentally distinguishes this tank from the rest? It is primarily the most powerful engine in the world. A turbine engine with a capacity of 3500 hp is installed on the tank from the very beginning of production, although the power of 1500 hp is indicated in all official documents. The tank even has a power and speed limiter installed, since the full power of the engine simply tears the tracks.
Since 1990, the tank has been equipped with an additional power plant to provide power to the tank in parking lots, so as not to start the main engine and not use batteries.
The tank also has disadvantages, as the loading of ammunition into the receiver of the gun is carried out manually.
Due to the large mass of the tank and the high power of the engine, the service life of the tracks is about 1100-1200 km.
For now, that's enough mass tank, so for 2012 more than 9000 tanks were produced. The decommissioned tanks are not destroyed, but disassembled, and the usable hull parts are reused in new tanks.

Technical characteristics of the M1A2 tank

Tank weight: 61.4 tons
Length with gun: 9.77 m
Hull length: 7.93 m
Width: 3.66 m
Height: 2.44 m
Crew: 4 people (commander, gunner, loader, driver)
Chobham armor, steel using depleted uranium
Armament:
105 mm M68 rifled cannon (installed on the M1)
120-mm smoothbore gun М256 (installed on М1А1, М1А2, M1A2SEP)
12.7 mm machine gun
2 machine guns M240 caliber 7.62 mm
AGT-1500C engine multi-fuel gas turbine engine
1500 h.p. (according to other sources, the engine power without a power limiter is 3500 hp)
Power ratio 24.5 hp / T
Ground clearance 0.48 m (M1, M1A1)
0.43 m (M1A2)
Cruising in store: 465 km
Highway speed: 67.72 km / h
Ground speed: 48.3 km / h

This tank deserves an honorable 3rd place after combat tests in Iraq. Only 1 tank was destroyed during the war in Iraq by enemy fire. In June 1991, the British government ordered the first 127 tanks for the Royal Army.
A feature of the tank can be considered that at the moment it is produced mainly for export and is adapted for operation in high temperatures.
The tank is equipped with the most modern system aiming and visual observation, including at night.
In terms of armor protection and resistance to cumulative shells, the tank can be called the most protected tank in the world in this regard.
The tank is equipped with a 1200 horsepower 12-cylinder diesel engine.
The disadvantage of the tank is the high cost of production, since about 400 such tanks were produced.

Technical characteristics of the Challenger 2 tank

Engine power: 1200 HP
Highway speed: 59 km / h
Tank weight: 62.5 tons.
Crew: 4 people
Cruising range: 450 km
Armament:
120 mm smoothbore gun L30
2 machine guns of 7.62 mm caliber
10 L8 grenade launchers

The Merkava Mark IV is the main battle tank of the Israeli army. The tank is quite modern, since it was put into service in 2004. Among the plans to modernize the tank is the installation of an active protection system against anti-tank grenade launchers on the tank. Israel is currently looking for a financial partner to refine this system.
The tank has a very original design, for example, the engine of the tank is located not in the back, but in the front, which creates additional protection for the crew from enemy frontal fire. The rear of the tank has hatches for the crew of the tank, which allows the crew to leave the tank under enemy fire, or to replenish ammunition. In the rear of the tank there is room for a landing party or additional ammunition.
The tank is equipped with a 1500 hp American-made diesel engine.

Technical characteristics of the Merkava Mark IV tank:

Tank weight: 65 tons
Length: 9.04 m with cannon
Length: 7.60 m without cannon
Width 3.72 m
Height: 2.66 m
Crew: 4 people (commander, driver, gunner, loader)
Armament:
armament 120 mm MG253 smoothbore gun
1 x 12.7mm machine gun
2 × 7.62 mm machine gun
1 × 60mm grenade launcher
12 smoke grenades
Engine 1500 hp turbocharged diesel engine
Power-to-weight ratio: 23 HP / T
Ground clearance: 0.45 m
Fuel tank capacity 1400 liters
Cruising range: 500 km
Speed ​​64 km / h on the highway

5. Tank T-90MS "Tagil"

This is a modern, but not yet serial, tank of the Russian army. The tank was created on the basis of the T-90 tank, which in turn is a deep modernization of the T-72 tank. Why 5th place and not first? Russian tanks have a number of shortcomings, first of all an eternal problem - a low-power engine, there were attempts to put a turbine on the T-80, but this tank was unsuccessful and did not go into production. Engine power is only 1000 hp. and its relatively small resource. The second disease that has been cured on the T-90MS "Tagil" tank is the weakness of the weaponry. The cannon should penetrate the frontal armor of any NATO tank from the first shot from a range of 1,500 meters. And the last - electronics and fire guidance systems. So, even on the T-90MS "Tagil" tank, the mechanic - the driver does not have a circular view, he was limited to installing a rear-view video camera. So far, apparently, the funds do not allow creating a fundamentally new tank, a tank of a new generation, everything has to be crammed into the profile of the outdated T-72 hull.
A positive distinguishing feature is the automatic cannon loading system, recall that the Americans do this by hand.
The T-90MS "Tagil" tank was shown to V.V. To Putin on December 7, 2009. What's new? New gun sight and, in fact, a new fire aiming system. New modular packages to protect against cumulative enemy fire. Installed a machine gun above the tower with remote control.
The armor protection, including the upper part of the tank, has been significantly increased. A new V-92S2 engine has been installed, but it is too early to say that it significantly outperforms foreign competitors.
So, the main difference between the T-90MS Tagil and its predecessors is the fire control system, which can already compete with Western models.

The performance characteristics of the T-90MS "Tagil"

Tank weight: 48 tons.
Crew: 3 people
Length with gun: 9530 mm
Body length: 6860 mm
Width: 3460 mm
Armament:
Cannon 125 mm 2A46M-5
Ammunition: 40 shots
Guided weapons: 9K119M "Reflex-M"
Coaxial machine gun: 7.62 mm 6P7K (2000 rounds)
Anti-aircraft machine gun 7.62 mm 6P7K S UDP (T05BV-1) (800 rounds)
V-92S2F2 engine: 1130 hp with.
Fuel tank capacity: 1200 + 400 l
Specific power: 24 hp s / t
Maximum highway speed: 60 km / h
Cruising on the highway: 500 km
Specific ground pressure: 0.98 kg / cm

6. "Oplot-M"

This tank is a big step towards improving self-propelled weapons, but still in many respects this tank is inferior to the best NATO tanks. The tank was introduced in 2009. Attention!
Do not confuse the tank "Oplot-M" and the tank T-84 "Oplot"
These are completely different tanks, they even differ in appearance, not to mention equipment. Tank "Oplot-M" was created in the Kharkov design bureau. What's new? The ability to quickly replace the gun without dismantling the tower, that is, replacing the cannon can be done in the field. 1200 strong diesel. In terms of power it is already equal to Western engines, in terms of power density the tank even surpasses many other NATO tanks, but again lack of engine, oil consumption is on average about 10 liters per 100 km, but it can run on gasoline and diesel and kerosene. electricity without starting the main engine.
A new targeting system that can already compete with Western models. New armor protection that can withstand the impact of cumulative shells.
It is planned to supply tanks to Thailand, according to the director of the plant, im. Malyshev, Nikolai Belov, the contract is currently being implemented in full (2012). If the contract is fulfilled, then another model of a modern tank will appear in the world.
One of the drawbacks of this tank is its weak test history. About 10 tanks have been built at the moment.

Technical characteristics of the tank "Oplot - M"

Tank weight: 51 tons.
Crew: 3 people
Power-to-weight ratio: 24.7 hp / ton
Power: 1200 HP
Cruising range: 450 km.
Highway speed: 70 km / h
Armament:
125 mm KBAZ smoothbore gun (46 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (1250 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (450 rounds)

The CI Ariete is the main battle tank of the Italian army. At the moment, the Italian army is armed with 200 CI Ariete tanks. The tank is designed and manufactured by Iveco - Fiat and Oto Melara. The tank has a modern digital guidance and fire control system, which allows firing on the move, day and night. The tank was put into service in 1995, currently it is produced in single copies.
Among the shortcomings of the tank of the first releases is the insufficient specific power of the engine. Throughout its history of modifications, it was possible to somewhat reduce the total weight of the tank, so that it weighed less than 60 tons, the tank received a new, more powerful engine - 1600 hp.

Technical characteristics of the CI Ariete tank

Start of production: 1995
Tank weight: 54 tons
Length: 9.67 m with cannon
Length 7.59 m without cannon
Width: 3.42 m
Height: 2.5 m
Crew: 4 people
Armament:
120 mm cannon (42 shots)
2x7.62 mm machine gun (2500 rounds)
Engine power: 1300 HP (in the latest modification)
Cruising range: 550 km
Speed: 65 km / h

8. Leclerc (France)

The AMX-56 Leclerc is the main battle tank of the French army. The Leclrc was designed to replace the outdated AMX 30 tank. The tank entered service in 1992. Currently, the production of tanks has been stopped. It will be replaced by a new battle tank, but which one has not yet been announced. When developing a tank Special attention was given to active protection against cumulative shells. For the tank, a fire control system was developed and in particular a system for recognizing friend or foe. Until 2001, the Leclerc was inferior to NATO tanks in terms of the level of armor and the quality of armor in general, but in 2001 the tank was already using the same armor as on the Challenger 2 and on the German Leopard. Diesel engine V8X-1500 with a capacity of 1500 hp. c. Allows the tank to reach speeds of over 70 km / h. The exhaust is cooled by a special device. There is also an original innovation - in the event of a projectile attack on the tank from the front, the engine is equipped with a hydrokinetic brake, braking is so sharp that the crew in the tank is wearing seat belts. In addition to France, the tank is in service with the UAE army.

Technical characteristics of the Leclerc tank

Tank weight: 54.5 tons
Length: 9.87 m without cannon
Width: 3.71 m
Height: 2, 53 m
Crew: 3 people
Armament:
120 mm cannon (40 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (1100 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (3000 rounds)
Power-to-weight ratio: 27.52 hp / ton
Cruising range: 550 km
Speed: 72 km / h

9.K2 Black Panther (Republic of Korea)

The K2 Black Panther is the most advanced tank in the Republic of Korea. To date (2012), several prototypes of the tank have been produced, full-scale production of the tank should begin in the second half of 2014. What else is notable about the tank? It got into the Guinness Book of Records as the most expensive tank in the world, its cost is $ 8,500,000. In 1995, the Korean government set the task of developing a tank capable of withstanding DPRK tanks (mainly T-55).
In 2006, after 11 years of development, the tank project was ready.
The tank is equipped with a modern fire control system, which is capable of detecting targets with a thermal imager at a distance of 9.7 km. The tank is capable of destroying low-flying aircraft.
A feature of the tank is a suspension that is variable in clearance, and each wheel is adjusted separately.
At the moment, there are some problems with the reliable operation of the engine and suspension, which served as some delay in the mass production of tanks.

Technical characteristics of the K2 Black Panther tank

Tank weight: 55 tons.
Length with gun: 10.8 meters
Length without gun: 7.5 meters
Width: 3.6 meters
Height: 2.4 meters
Crew: 3 people
Armament:
120 mm cannon (40 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (3200 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (12,000 rounds)
Engine power: 1500 HP
Power-to-weight ratio: 27.2 HP
Cruising range: 450 km
Speed: 70 km / h

10.Type 90 (Japan)

Type 90 is the main tank of the Japanese army. The tank was designed and supplied by Mitsubishi. The tank is quite expensive for 2008 and had a cost of $ 7,500,000. The task was set in such a way that the finished tank would successfully fight with the present and promising tanks of the USSR. The tank was adopted by the Japanese army in 1990. A German L44 cannon is installed on the tank. The tank uses an automatic projectile charger. The tank uses modular ceramics as armor, and composite armor made of high quality steel.
The tank is not shipped abroad, and it never took part in real combat.

Technical characteristics of the tank Type 90

Tank weight: 50.2 tons
Number of tanks built: 333
Tank length: 9.755 m
Tank width: 3.33 m
Tank height: 2, 33 m
Crew: 3 people
Armament:
120 mm smoothbore gun (35 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (1500 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (2000 rounds)
Engine power: 1500 HP
Specific power: 30 hp / ton
Cruising range: 350 km
Speed: 70 km / h

Modern battle tanks of Russia and the world photos, videos, pictures watch online. This article gives an idea of ​​the modern tank fleet. It is based on the principle of classification used in the most authoritative reference book to date, but in a slightly modified and improved form. And if the latter in its original form can still be found in the armies of a number of countries, others have already become a museum exhibit. And only for 10 years! Follow in the footsteps of Jane's handbook and not view this combat vehicle(very useful, curious in design and fiercely discussed at the time), which formed the basis of the tank fleet of the last quarter of the 20th century, the authors considered unfair.

Films about tanks where there is still no alternative to this type of weapons for the ground forces. The tank was and probably will remain a modern weapon for a long time due to the ability to combine such seemingly contradictory qualities as high mobility, powerful weapons and reliable protection crew. These unique qualities of tanks continue to be constantly improved, and the experience and technologies accumulated over the decades predetermine new frontiers of combat properties and achievements of the military-technical level. In the eternal confrontation "projectile - armor", as practice shows, protection from a projectile is more and more improved, acquiring new qualities: activity, multilayer, self-defense. At the same time, the projectile becomes more accurate and powerful.

Russian tanks are specific in that they can destroy the enemy from a safe distance for themselves, have the ability to make quick maneuvers on off-road, contaminated terrain, can "walk" through the territory occupied by the enemy, capture a decisive bridgehead, panic in the rear and suppress the enemy with fire and caterpillars ... The war of 1939-1945 was the most ordeal for all mankind, since almost all countries of the world were involved in it. It was the Battle of the Titans, the most unique period debated by theorists in the early 1930s, during which tanks were used in large numbers by almost all warring parties. At this time, there was a "test for lice" and a deep reform of the first theories of the use of tank troops. And it is the Soviet tank forces that are most affected by all of this.

Tanks in battle that have become a symbol last war, the backbone of the Soviet armored forces? Who created them and under what conditions? How did the USSR, which lost most of its European territories and with difficulty recruiting tanks for the defense of Moscow, could already in 1943 release powerful tank formations onto the battlefields? This book, which tells about the development of Soviet tanks "during the test days" from 1937 to the beginning of 1943 When writing the book, materials from Russian archives and private collections of tank builders were used. There was a period in our history that was deposited in my memory with a kind of oppressive feeling. It began with the return of our first military advisers from Spain, and stopped only at the beginning of the forty-third, - said the former general designer SAU L. Gorlitsky, - felt some kind of pre-storm condition.

Tanks of the Second World War, it was M. Koshkin, almost clandestinely (but, of course, with the support of "the wisest of the wise leader of all nations"), was able to create the tank that, a few years later, would shock German tank generals. And moreover, he did not just create it, the designer managed to prove to these foolish military men that it was his T-34 that they needed, and not another wheeled-caterpillar "motorway. Therefore, working on this segment of the history of the Soviet tank, the author will inevitably contradict something "generally accepted." during a frantic race to equip new tank formations of the Red Army, transfer industry to wartime rails and evacuate.

Tanks Wikipedia the author wants to express his special gratitude for the help in the selection and processing of materials to M. Kolomiets, and also to thank A. Solyankin, I. Zheltov and M. Pavlov, - the authors of the reference publication "Domestic armored vehicles. XX century. 1905 - 1941" since this book helped to understand the fate of some projects, unclear before. I would also like to recall with gratitude those conversations with Lev Izraelevich Gorlitsky, the former Chief Designer of UZTM, which helped to take a fresh look at the entire history of the Soviet tank during the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. For some reason, it is customary in our country to talk about 1937-1938. only from the point of view of repression, but few people remember that it was during this period that those tanks were born that became legends of the wartime ... "From the memoirs of LI Gorlinky.

Soviet tanks a detailed assessment of them at that time sounded from many lips. Many old people recalled that it was precisely from the events in Spain that it became clear to everyone that the war was getting closer and closer to the threshold and it was with Hitler that they would have to fight. In 1937, massive purges and repressions began in the USSR, and against the background of these difficult events, the Soviet tank began to transform from a "mechanized cavalry" (in which one of its combat qualities was emphasized by reducing others) into a balanced combat vehicle with powerful weapons at the same time. sufficient to suppress most targets, good maneuverability and mobility with armor protection, capable of maintaining its combat effectiveness when fired by the most massive anti-tank weapons of a potential enemy.

Large tanks were recommended to be added to the composition in addition only special tanks - amphibious, chemical. The brigade now had 4 separate battalions of 54 tanks each and was reinforced by moving from three-tank platoons to five-tank platoons. In addition, D. Pavlov substantiated the refusal to form three more mechanized corps in 1938 to the four existing mechanized corps, believing that these formations are immobile and difficult to control, and most importantly, they require a different organization of rear services. The tactical and technical requirements for promising tanks, as expected, were adjusted. In particular, in a letter dated December 23 to the head of the design bureau of plant No. 185 named after CM. Kirov's new chief demanded to strengthen the booking of new tanks so that at a distance of 600-800 meters (effective range).

The latest tanks in the world when designing new tanks, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of increasing the level of armor protection during modernization by at least one step ... "This problem could be solved in two ways. resistance. ” It was this path (the use of especially hardened armor) that was chosen at that moment to create new types of tanks.

Tanks of the USSR at the dawn of tank production, armor was most widely used, the properties of which were identical in all directions. Such armor was called homogeneous (homogeneous), and from the very beginning of armoring, the craftsmen strove to create just such armor, because homogeneity ensured stability of characteristics and simplified processing. However, at the end of the 19th century, it was noticed that when the surface of the armor plate was saturated (to a depth of several tenths to several millimeters) with carbon and silicon, its surface strength sharply increased, while the rest of the plate remained viscous. So, heterogeneous (heterogeneous) armor came into use.

Military tanks, the use of heterogeneous armor was very important, since an increase in the hardness of the entire thickness of the armor plate led to a decrease in its elasticity and (as a consequence) to an increase in fragility. Thus, the most durable armor, all other things being equal, turned out to be very fragile and often pricked even from the explosions of high-explosive fragmentation shells. Therefore, at the dawn of armor production, in the manufacture of homogeneous sheets, the task of the metallurgist was to achieve the maximum possible hardness of the armor, but at the same time not to lose its elasticity. Surface-hardened by saturation with carbon and silicon, the armor was called cemented (cemented) and was considered at that time a panacea for many ills. But carburizing is a complex, harmful process (for example, treating a hot plate with a jet of lighting gas) and relatively expensive, and therefore its development in a series required high costs and an increase in production culture.

Tank of the war years, even in operation, these hulls were less successful than homogeneous ones, since for no apparent reason cracks formed in them (mainly in loaded seams), and it was very difficult to patch holes in cemented slabs during repairs. But it was still expected that the tank, protected by 15-20 mm cemented armor, would be equivalent in level of protection to the same, but covered with 22-30 mm sheets, without a significant increase in mass.
Also, by the mid-1930s in tank building, they learned to harden the surface of relatively thin armor plates by uneven hardening, known from late XIX century in shipbuilding as the "Krupp method". Surface hardening led to a significant increase in the hardness of the front side of the sheet, leaving the main thickness of the armor tough.

How tanks shoot video up to half the thickness of the slab, which was, of course, worse than carburizing, since despite the fact that the hardness of the surface layer was higher than during carburizing, the elasticity of the hull sheets was significantly reduced. So the "Krupp method" in tank building made it possible to increase the strength of armor even slightly more than cementation. But the hardening technology that was used for thick sea armor was no longer suitable for the relatively thin armor of tanks. Before the war, this method was almost never used in our serial tank building due to technological difficulties and a relatively high cost.

The most advanced use of tanks for tanks was the 45-mm tank gun model 1932/34. (20K), and before the event in Spain it was believed that its power was quite enough to perform most tank tasks. But the battles in Spain showed that the 45-mm gun can only satisfy the task of fighting enemy tanks, since even the shelling of manpower in the mountains and forests turned out to be ineffective, and it was only possible to disable a dug-out enemy firing point only in case of a direct hit ... Shooting at shelters and bunkers was ineffective due to the small high-explosive effect of a projectile weighing only about two kg.

Types of tanks photo so that even one shell hit reliably disables anti-tank gun or a machine gun; and thirdly, to increase the penetrating effect of a tank gun on the armor of a potential enemy, since on the example of French tanks (already having an armor thickness of about 40-42 mm) it became clear that the armor protection of foreign combat vehicles tends to be significantly enhanced. For this there was Right way- an increase in the caliber of tank guns and a simultaneous increase in the length of their barrel, since a long gun of a larger caliber fires heavier projectiles with a higher initial velocity over a greater distance without correcting the aiming.

The best tanks in the world had a large-caliber cannon, also has a large breech, significantly more weight and increased recoil response. And this required an increase in the mass of the entire tank as a whole. In addition, the placement of large rounds in a closed tank volume led to a decrease in the ammunition load.
The situation was aggravated by the fact that at the beginning of 1938 it suddenly turned out that there was simply no one to give an order for the design of a new, more powerful tank gun. P. Syachintov and his entire design group were repressed, as well as the core of the "Bolshevik" design bureau under the leadership of G. Magdesiev. Only the group of S. Makhanov remained free, who from the beginning of 1935 tried to bring his new 76.2-mm semi-automatic single gun L-10, and the collective of plant No. 8 slowly brought the "forty-five".

Photos of tanks with names The number of developments is large, but in mass production in the period 1933-1937. not a single one was adopted ... "In fact, none of the five air-cooled tank diesel engines, which were worked on in 1933-1937 in the engine department of plant No. 185, was brought to a series. the upper levels of the transition in tank building exclusively to diesel engines, this process was restrained by a number of factors. Of course, diesel had significant economy. It consumed less fuel per unit of power per hour. high.

New tanks video, even the most advanced of them, the MT-5 tank engine, required a reorganization of the engine production for serial production, which was expressed in the construction of new workshops, the supply of advanced foreign equipment (there were no machines of the required accuracy yet), financial investments and staff strengthening. It was planned that in 1939 this diesel with a capacity of 180 hp. will go to production tanks and artillery tractors, but due to investigative work to find out the causes of tank engine accidents, which lasted from April to November 1938, these plans were not fulfilled. Also, the development of a slightly increased in height six-cylinder gasoline engine No. 745 with a capacity of 130-150 hp was started.

The brands of tanks are specific indicators that are quite satisfactory for tank builders. Tests of tanks were carried out according to a new method, specially developed at the insistence of the new head of ABTU D. Pavlov in relation to military service in wartime. The test was based on a 3-4 day run (at least 10-12 hours of daily non-stop traffic) with a one-day break for technical inspection and production. restoration work... Moreover, repairs were allowed to be carried out only by the forces of field workshops without the involvement of factory specialists. This was followed by a "platform" with obstacles, "swimming" in the water with an additional load, imitating an infantry landing, after which the tank was sent for inspection.

Super tanks online, after work on improvement, seemed to remove all claims from the tanks. And the general course of the tests confirmed the fundamental correctness of the main design changes - an increase in displacement by 450-600 kg, the use of the GAZ-M1 engine, as well as the transmission and suspension of the Komsomolets. But during the tests in the tanks, numerous minor defects appeared again. Chief designer N. Astrov was suspended from work and was in custody and investigation for several months. In addition, the tank received a new turret with improved protection. The modified layout made it possible to place on the tank a larger ammunition load for a machine gun and two small fire extinguishers (before, there were no fire extinguishers on small tanks of the Red Army).

US tanks as part of modernization work, on one production tank in 1938-1939. The torsion bar suspension developed by V. Kulikov, designer of the design bureau of plant No. 185, has been tested. It was distinguished by the design of a composite short coaxial torsion bar (long mono-torsion bars could not be used coaxially). However, such a short torsion bar showed insufficiently good results in tests, and therefore the torsion bar suspension did not immediately make its way in the course of further work. Overcoming obstacles: ascents of at least 40 degrees, vertical wall 0.7 m, overlapped ditch 2-2.5 m. "

YouTube about tanks work on the manufacture of prototypes of the D-180 and D-200 engines for reconnaissance tanks is not being conducted, jeopardizing the production of prototypes. "Justifying his choice, N. Astrov said that the wheeled-tracked non-floating reconnaissance aircraft (factory designation 101 or 10-1), as well as the variant of the amphibious tank (factory designation 102 or 10-2), are a compromise solution, since it is not possible to fully meet the requirements of ABTU.Variant 101 was a tank weighing 7.5 tons with a hull by hull type, but with vertical side plates of cemented armor with a thickness of 10-13 mm, since: "Inclined sides, causing a serious weighting of the suspension and hull, require significant (up to 300 mm) broadening of the hull, not to mention the complication of the tank.

Video reviews of tanks in which the power unit of the tank was planned to be based on the 250-horsepower MG-31F aircraft engine, which was mastered by the industry for agricultural aircraft and gyroplanes. First grade gasoline was placed in the tank under the floor of the fighting compartment and in additional onboard gas tanks. The armament fully corresponded to the task and consisted of coaxial machine guns DK of 12.7 mm caliber and DT (in the second version of the project even ShKAS is listed) of 7.62 mm caliber. The combat weight of the tank with a torsion bar suspension was 5.2 tons, with a spring suspension - 5.26 tons. The tests were carried out from July 9 to August 21 according to the method approved in 1938, with special attention paid to tanks.

The modern development of armored forces is aimed at increasing the compactness and maneuverability of vehicles, that is, at making them lighter. When creating them, high permeability and overwhelming firepower... Also important is the ability to quickly replace damaged modules. But more recently, designers have sought to create large vehicles with thick armor. We inherited the top of the largest tanks in the world from those times.

1. "Tsar Tank"

Russia decided to create such a tank at the height of World War I - in 1915. Whatever they called him: loudly - "Tsar Tank", "Mastodon", "Mammoth", or modestly - "Lebedenko's car". The parameters of the fortress on wheels are impressive:

• length 17.8 m;
• width 12 m;
• height 9 m;
• combat weight 60 tons.

Such a monster could be seen several kilometers away. The gun turret of this prototype rested on a gun carriage mounted on two huge wheels. The famous Russian engineers Stechkin and Mikulin had a hand in creating the drawings of this colossus. The tank had to be serviced by at least 15 crew members. On a flat road, he could move at speeds up to 17 km / h. Only one prototype of such a tank was produced, but it did not pass the initial tests. This structure was difficult to use in tactical mobile warfare, rather it was a fortress on wheels. The discovered serious shortcomings put an end to the whole idea, first of all they were due to the huge dimensions of the car. Therefore, the "Tsar Tank" never went into production, and its test copy was in for an unenviable fate - in 1923 it was dismantled for scrap.

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2. Char 2C

This colossus was already of French production, and it was she who became the largest tank put into mass production. It weighed 75 tons and, according to the plans of the designers, was supposed to easily break through the barrage lines on the front line. The tank's parameters were also very impressive:

• length 10.2 m;
• width 3 m;
• height 4 m.

But the tank turned out to be extremely clumsy, in addition, it destroyed an incredible amount of fuel (more than 1000 liters were required per 100 km). Therefore, in 1940 it was removed from service. The characteristics of the Char 2C crowned the development of the concept of a heavy tank capable of breaking through positional defenses, but this was typical of World War I. The big problem with these machines was their enormous mass, which made them very slow. In the case of trench warfare, for which this tank was designed, this was not a big problem, but in the early 1930s, military tactics began to change, where there was no longer a place for stable front lines. The time has come for a maneuver war in which super heavy tanks were useless. It was impossible to quickly transfer them to a new bridgehead, and their tactical use required trained logistic support.

3. Kolossal-wagen (K-Wagen)

In third place was this German tank, designed to break through enemy defensive lines. Its prototype was assembled in 1918, but when the Entente troops approached the factory workshops, the Germans decided to destroy the novelty. Its parameters were as follows:

• length 13 m;
• width 3 m;
• height 3.5 m;
• combat weight 150 tons.

Like all the first tanks during the Great War, it looked more like a massive steel movable fortress. Even if it went into mass production, it would hardly have been able to significantly influence the course of hostilities, rather, it would have diverted the attention and resources of the Germans themselves. Despite this, the K-Wagen became a significant milestone in the formation of world tank construction and one of the largest metal tanks.

Since ancient times, people have traveled the seas, gradually improving their ships. Modern shipbuilding is very developed, and the range of ships has become ...

4.FCM F1

This is another French tank that began development in 1939. He was equipped with two towers at once, located at different levels. The parameters of this monster are impressive:

• combat weight 145 tons;
• frontal armor thickness 120 mm;
• length over 12 m;
• width over 3.6 m.

The taller rear turret was to have a 105mm cannon, while the front turret was to have a 47mm rapid-fire anti-tank gun. The French intended to make a prototype of this tank in the late spring of 1940, but the rapid advance of the Wehrmacht ruined all these plans. Remained unknown further destiny half assembled prototypes.

5. Maus

This is followed by a German tank from the period of World War II, which received the ironic name "Mouse". It was developed on the personal instructions of the Fuhrer, who came up with the idea to strengthen the Wehrmacht with several dozen steel giants. The parameters of the tank were really impressive:

• length 10.2 m;
• width 3.5 m;
• height 3.6 m;
• curb weight 180 t.

At the end of the war, the Red Army was able to capture a couple of prototypes of the Maus tank and send them to the Soviet Union. Subsequently, one copy was collected from them, which was included in the exposition of the armored museum in Kubinka.

6.E-100

The heavy German E-100 tank was in sixth position. By the way, its development turned out to be the most advanced, but it still did not come to trials, since Germany had lost the war earlier. The E-100 had the following parameters:

• length over 12 m;
• width 4 m;
• height 3.2 m;
• curb weight 140 t;
• the main armament is a 152 mm cannon.

7.A-30 Tortoise

Next comes british tank A-30 Tortoise, which means "turtle". Its first prototype appeared in 1943 and had the following parameters:

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• length 10 m;
• width 3.9 m;
• height 3m;
• curb weight no more than 78 tons.

This tank was capable of accelerating to only 19 km / h. Not only the tank itself was slow, but also its development, which dragged on until the end of World War II, and then, due to the uselessness of the Turtle, it was completely curtailed.

8.T-28 Turtle

The Americans decided to make their own "Turtle" and also began to develop it in 1943, just getting ready to actively get involved in hostilities on the Western European fronts. The dimensions of the whopper were supposed to be as follows:

• length over 10 m;
• width 3.2 m;
• height 2.8 m;
• curb weight 86 t.

The developers were faced with the task of making such a frontal armor for the tank, which would withstand a shot from the German "Tigers" and "Panthers". But in the United States, bureaucratic delays are possible, because of which the tank never made it to real service in the American army, although along the way it changed its name to T-95.

9. TOG I

This is another British tank, which was created a little earlier - in 1940. But when developing it, they used technologies that were outdated by that time, so the assembled single copy of TOG I turned out to be useless for warfare. Here's what he was:

• length 10.1 m;
• width 3.1 m;
• height 3 m;
• curb weight 65 t.

Despite its considerable weight, this tank had rather weak armor.

10. "Object 279"

The top ten of the largest tanks in the world is completed by a Soviet vehicle with the mysterious name "Object 279", which appeared in 1957 with the following characteristics:

• length 9.8 m;
• height 3.6 m;
• combat weight over 60 tons.

Its body was made flattened, like that of a flying saucer. The tank had a hydraulic suspension and wide double tracks, which reduced the load on the ground and increased the vehicle's cross-country ability. But poor maneuverability became an insurmountable obstacle to the tank's admission to testing.

The German Technical Inspectorate issues reports on the defectiveness of different machine brands every year. Any brand that gets to the inspection is checked at least ...