Clay estate. Glinka's estate: the mysterious estate of the "Russian Faust". How did the future fate of the estate

The main house of an associate of Peter I Yakov Bruce in the Glinka estate was built in 1727-1735. and is the oldest surviving manor house in the Moscow region. There were legends among the peasants that on a hot summer day, their landowner froze the water from the ponds with a single word in order to go skating. Just on such a day, I flew to Bruce on a quadrocopter to capture a wonderful phenomenon and learn the secret from the owner.

In fact, there are scientific explanation Bruce's focus. In March, the ice was frozen to a thickness of 30-40 cm, then sprinkled with straw and covered with wooden shields. Then on top is a small layer of clayey, slightly permeable soil. So the ice could be stored all summer.

Who bought Glinka Ya.V. Bruce, an eminent military and statesman, diplomat and scholar was a descendant of the Scottish kings Robert and David, who ruled in the early 14th century.

Having settled in Glinkovo, Ya.V. Bruce does housework and scientific research. He equips the estate with stone buildings. The layout of the main house is subordinated to the goals of scientific studies, in particular, astronomy, for which he transports his astronomical observatory from St. Petersburg to Glinki.

On the roof of the main house is a light wooden turret specially designed for Bruce's astronomical observations.

The western wing "Bruce's pantry" - the building of the residential outbuilding (on the left), in the basement of which the pantry was located, was built in 1727-1735.

The economic complex is equipped with buttresses on the sides - here Bruce kept gunpowder.

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The garden pavilion, called in the literature "Bruce's laboratory", was built in 1727-1735. In 1991 there was a museum here. During the war, the estate was a hospital, since 1948 - the sanatorium "Monino".

In 1934, the People's Commissariat of the Food Industry leased the manor complex to build a rest home.

In 1972, next to the estate was discovered mineral water, and the sanatorium began to specialize in the treatment of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

On the left are the ruins of a church rebuilt into a dormitory building of a sanatorium. To the right is another building.

In the 1930s, the Temple, which was built by Earl A.R. Bruce in the 18th century (1756) was reconstructed in such a way that a sanatorium building was obtained from it ...

To the left of the refectory, a sleeping complex of a boarding house was attached. On the floor you can still see the remains of a mosaic. Countess P.A. was buried in the altar part. Bruce, over whose grave a magnificent marble tombstone by I. Martos was placed, in 1930 transferred to the necropolis of the Donskoy Monastery. In Soviet times, showers for a boarding house were made at the burial site at a depth of three meters.

And here is the pond that was covered with ice in the title photo. While you were reading the post, it melted.

On the right is the entrance to the altar of the temple.

General form to the estate.

View of Losino-Petrovsky and the place where the Vorya River flows into the Klyazma.

Glinka's estate after Bruce

After the death of Yakov Vilimovich, his nephew Alexander Romanovich became his heir, who in 1740 also received the title of count of his uncle. Alexander Romanovich retired with the rank of lieutenant general in 1751, and only after that he actually began to visit Glinka and take care of the estate. It was Alexander Romanovich who rebuilt the building of the observatory into a living space, adding premises on the second floor as rhizoliths, in place of the open areas that served J. V. Bruce as an observatory. The only thing that was saved from the observatory was an open area on the northern park facade, which looked like a niche until 1934. In Soviet times, when the building was rebuilt into a dormitory building for a holiday home, this open area was laid out and an extension in the form of a terrace was made there.

On September 2, 1753, Alexander Romanovich Bruce addressed a petition to the highest name, and on September 22 to the Moscow Theological Consistory, where it is noted that “in the Moscow district in Koshelev Stan in my patrimony in the village of Mizinov in Vokhonskaya tithe there is a church in the name of the holy Apostle John the Theologian , which began to be dilapidated, all grew up, the brick falls down and it is dangerous to perform the divine service ... ".

I must say that Mizinovo was acquired by J. V. Bruce in 1733. According to well-known researchers V. and G. Kholmogorovs, in Mizinov "a temple was built at the petition of deacon Mikhail Grigoryevich Gulyaev, who bought Mizinovo in 1706-1708." Since 1710, in the temple, consecrated in the name of the holy apostle and evangelist John the Theologian with a chapel of the blessed Prince Alexander Nevsky, divine services began.

In petitions A. R. Bruce notes that the walls of the temple began to undermine The groundwater, from that the walls became damp, therefore “it is dangerous to send a divine service,” and asks to be allowed to dismantle this temple, transport the brick to Glinki and build the same church on the estate. Mizinovo is located 7.5 kilometers from Glinka (four versts are indicated in the petitions) and the transfer of the parish to such a distance, especially to the central estate, was not unusual. Therefore, in 1754, A. R. Bruce began the transfer of the temple from Mizinov to Glinki. The temple was consecrated in 1756.

The church was small. The altar part was a quadrangle with an area of ​​100 square meters (10x10) with an altar apse, a small refectory, which had two floors with a wooden ceiling. On the second floor of the refectory there was a warm chapel of the holy noble prince Alexander Nevsky. The entrance here was from under the bell tower, that is, there was no room under the bell tower. This somewhat set off the room in the refectory. You had to climb the stairs to the second floor, which was right here in the refectory. In fact, a warm aisle was used only in winter. The refectory was much narrower than the main quadrangle in size. It was 9 meters long and 7.5 meters wide.

In 1760 the temple builder died. Alexander Romanovich was buried not far from the temple. His widow, Natalya Fedorovna Kolycheva, built the building of the tomb, in all likelihood, hoping that it would be a family tomb. But apart from Natalia Feodorovna herself, who died in 1777, no one else was buried in the tomb.

In the same 1777, the wife of Yakov Alexandrovich Bruce, Praskovya Alexandrovna Rumyantseva-Bruce (1729–1786), a well-known lady of state at the court of Empress Catherine the Great, settled in Moscow and often visited Glinka. Nearby, on site modern city Balashikha, there was the family estate of the Rumyantsevs Troitskoe-Kaynardzhi, in which her older brother P. A. Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky was buried.

Perhaps, according to the researchers, the lady of state in Glinka led a hermit's life. However a large number of buildings made during these years shows that until 1786 there was active activity. In all likelihood, this is due to the appointment in 1784 of Praskovia Alexandrovna's husband Yakov Alexandrovich Bruce as the Governor-General of Moscow, who used the estate as a country residence. It is no coincidence that it was during this period that the number of buildings increased from ten in 1767 to thirty-three (21 stone and 12 wooden) by the beginning of the 19th century. Knowing the sad fate of the heiress, it can be assumed that the buildings that came to I. T. Usachev in 1815 were built precisely under Y. A. Bruce.

P. A. Bruce died in 1786. She was buried in Glinka in the manor church. The husband ordered a famous sculptor I.P. Martos tombstone, which is considered one of his best works. This monument is a five-meter gray granite pyramid, on which there is a finely executed white marble bas-relief of the countess. On the foreground, on a stepped pedestal, there is a sarcophagus, to which a warrior, symbolizing the husband of the deceased, crouched in a sorrowful outburst, on the sarcophagus - a shield and a helmet. The stele is engraved with verses, the authorship of which is attributed to Y. A. Bruce:

WIFE AND FRIEND

Always grow flowers on this coffin,

Mind is buried in it, beauties are hidden in it.

In this place lies the rest of the mortal body,

But Bryusov's soul flew up to heaven.

A. N. Grech wrote about this tombstone as perhaps the best and most mature work of Martos: “... the inside of the temple is, as it were, illuminated by the rays of art from the excellent monument to Countess Praskovya Alexandrovna Bruce ... The historical and artistic significance of this tombstone is enormous. It is the best expression of the scheme of triangular composition, which found its implementation in a number of works by Russian and foreign masters of the 18th - early 19th centuries.

A high flat triangle of gray granite serves as a backdrop for the monument, rising on a stepped base. Above, framed by two bronze laurel branches, is a portrait medallion - the profile of Countess P. A Bruce, clear as an antique cameo. Below, on a slab of reddish granite, rises a sarcophagus lined with purple marble with yellow caps on it. On the left, it falls to him in a jerky movement male figure, personifying a grief-stricken husband, bowing his head low on his wrinkled hands. The face is not visible - and yet, in the back, in the impetuous movement, in the gesture of the wrinkled hands, there is such a drama that no expression of suffering on the face can achieve. Among the colored granites, this figure of Parian marble and a helmet placed on the lid of the sarcophagus are clearly drawn. Judging by Andreev's drawing, which happened to be in our collection, on the other side of the coffin was - or was only projected - a smoking antique censer. Bronze coats of arms, as well as inscriptions, decorated the monument…”

Here, A.N. Grech also cites the legend about this tombstone, in which, as expected, our hero is the main person involved:

“A touching legend reports, merging together various historical figures, that Count Bruce, returning from a campaign and learning about the recent death of his wife in his absence, hurried to the church, rushed to the coffin and turned to stone near him, heartbroken. His figure turned out to be with his back to the altar. Three times they rearranged him, but he again returned to his original position, until the bishop blessed him to leave him in his former position.

Unfortunately, the fate of burials and tombstones in Glinka turned out to be tragic. When the temple was destroyed in 1934, the tombstone of P. A. Bruce was taken to the Donskoy Monastery. There, in the Church of the Archangel Michael, it stood until 2000. Then it was dismantled in parts, packed in boxes and transported to the building of the Museum of Architecture. A. V. Shchusev on Vozdvizhenka street, house 5. All these years, the boxes have been in the basement of the museum. The burial place of P. A. Bruce itself was destroyed. As, however, the burial places of A. R. Bruce, his wife N. F. Kolycheva were destroyed, and the building of the tomb was dismantled and even the foundation was torn down in 1934. There were no reburials at the estate.

Exactly at late XVIII century, the regular park of the estate was actively used, the only description of which was given by Alexei Nikolaevich Grech, who visited the estate in the 1920s. He discovered unusual ravines in the park “with its regular curly paths, which form interesting complex figures in plan, in which Masonic signs can be seen. Schematically, the layout of this small French garden is reduced to four squares wide of the main house, divided by three wide avenues. The first alley of lindens goes along the slope, as if continuing the line of the guardhouse and the pavilion; the second passes by the rear street facade of the house, the third limits the park with inside. A polygon is inscribed in the quadrangle in front of the house, consisting of centuries-old lindens; together with the intersection of the path and the main alley, it forms a figure close to the planetary sign of Venus. The distant quadrangle is occupied by a square reservoir, along the axis of which, further, behind the park, there is a church. Two other rectangles to the right of the middle alley are occupied by one star-shaped intersection of alleys - the other lawn, where, according to popular belief, there was a gazebo with spontaneously playing music. Perhaps, the owner of the estate, as is known, a prominent scientist of his time, put an aeolian harp here. One must think that once these two-hundred-year-old lindens, now highly grown, were cut, and marble statues whitened in the walls of greenery, as expected.

AT early XIX century, the estate began to fall into decay, as evidenced by the repeated references cited by A.N. Grech in the Moskovskie Vedomosti of that time to the announcement of the sale of horses of the Glinka economy.

In 1815, the Kaluga merchant Ivan Tikhonovich Usachev became the owner of Glinka. In 1791, his father purchased from Yakov Alexandrovich Bruce a plot of land on the Vora River near the village of Glinkovo, where two dams remained from Elizar Izbrant, and part of the buildings from the former leather factory of Afanasy Grebenshchikov.

Having repaired industrial premises, Usachev in 1796 equipped a stationery factory in them, which produced writing, postal, printing, wallpaper, wrapping, card and other types of paper. This factory was considered one of the best in the Moscow province. On first Russian exhibition manufacturing products in 1829, the best grades of her paper were awarded a large silver medal. At subsequent exhibitions, Glinka paper was awarded a gold medal.

Since 1853, the Alekseev brothers became the owners of the factory, and in 1854 they were replaced by minor heirs, and the factory practically passes into the jurisdiction of the Bogorodsk Zemstvo Council, although it is listed under the Alekseev Trading House.

In 1862, the Kolesov company acquired the factory together with the estate. A completely different history of the estate begins.

The park began to turn into a wild forest. With the development of the enterprise, the hostess built a new dam on the Vora River. When laying the dam, due to the fact that it was not possible to find a rubble stone for its foundation, Kolesova ordered that the Bryusov sculptures that adorned the park of the estate and buildings be demolished from the pedestals, split them and throw them to the bottom of the river. Apparently, during her reign, the destruction and restructuring of manor buildings began.

Perhaps this happened due to the fact that a lot of different legends about Bruce as a sorcerer and warlock were composed in the estate and its environs, it was then that they began to talk about the estate as a place of witchcraft. The deeply believing hostess of the estate took these stories at face value, she never lived in the estate premises.

At the same time, the number of parishioners of the temple increased due to the development industrial enterprises and surrounding settlements. So, in the church register for 1866, it is indicated that the parish includes 230 households in the villages of Savinskoye, Mityanino, Corpus, Mityanino, Kabanovo, and the number of parishioners is 943 males and 991 females. There were also many donors from among the entrepreneurs who had their factories in the vicinity of Glinka. Suffice it to say that only on the territory of Losina Sloboda, located one verst from the estate, 21 textile enterprises were created in 50 years - from 1851 to 1900. Many of the entrepreneurs had relatives in the villages of the parish of the St. John the Theologian Church.

For several decades, the headman of the church of St. John the Theologian was the owner of a silk-weaving factory in the village of Korpus Vasily Averyanov, who, in all likelihood, initiated the restructuring of the church in the early 1880s.

In 1882, the community applied to the construction department under the Moscow provincial government of the Bogorodsky district to allow them to make a partial restructuring, "without touching the real Theological Church", to expand the meal "by 7 ? arshin to the right and left sides with a length of both sides of 7 arshins; demolish the chapel in the name of St. Alexander Nevsky from its present place and place it on the left side of the new meal, on the right side again arrange a chapel in the name of the Bogolyubsky icon Mother of God, leaving both the bell tower in its original place, which protruded into the meal, and the passage to both temples from under it, from the western side. The petition also noted that the amount of 17 thousand rubles collected for these works is quite enough.

The Moscow Spiritual Consistory gives a positive answer to this request on September 16, 1882.

However, a year later, the restructuring plan was completely changed.

The number of those wishing to help the church increased, which was reflected in the petition of the rector of the church and the headman, dated May 13, 1883. In it, the petitioners note that “we asked for such permission, bearing in mind only those funds that we had or could correctly count on, although we understood that the requested expansion of the temple would still not be quite sufficient for those who visited it.

Now, due to the desire of some parishioners and having secured their willingness to donate a fairly significant amount for this, we dare to trouble Your Eminence with the humble request to allow us the following to the previously unsolicited:

1. Break the bell tower and attach it to the temple in order to provide more light to those who pray;

2. in the same views, increase the new refectory church in width by one, and in length by two arshins and

3. the chapel, originally intended in honor of the Bogolyubskaya icon of the Mother of God, to dedicate to the Transfiguration of the Lord.

As can be seen from the petition, the restructuring plan did not just change dramatically, the name of one of the aisles also changed. Instead of the supposed chapel in honor of the Bogolyubskaya icon of the Mother of God, it is now supposed to make a chapel of the Transfiguration of the Lord.

The temple, rebuilt in the Empire style, with the main throne in the name of the apostle and evangelist John the Theologian and side chapels of the Transfiguration of the Lord and Alexander Nevsky, stood until 1934, until it was rebuilt into a sleeping building created on the territory of the estate rest house of the People's Commissariat of Food Industry.

This building, now better known as Building No. 2, was used as a dormitory building for a rest home, hospital (1941-1945), sanatorium (1947-1986), now it is in a collapsed state, since the reconstruction of the building, which began in 1991, was stopped and the destruction of the building began local residents. Only in 2006, a community was formed in Glinka, in 2009 a wooden church was consecrated in the name of Intercession Holy Mother of God and started new story church life at Bruce's estate.