North-Eastern Crimea and the Arabat Spit. Presentation on the topic "north-eastern Crimea" Natural areas of mountain ranges
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NORTHEASTERN CRIMEA Prisivashsko-plain region, located in the northeastern part of the Crimean Peninsula Composition of the region: Nizhnegorsky district Sovetsky district Kirovsky district
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Northeastern Crimea is perhaps the most unknown and least visited region of Crimea. But in this distant corner you can find a lot of interesting and unusual things. This is a place for those who pave their own paths. The recommended mode of transport is a bicycle, a motorcycle or ATV, an SUV or a regular passenger car. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
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Features of the nature of northeastern Crimea
Slide 6 STATE BOTANICAL RESERVE "PRISIVASHSKY" It contains protected virgin steppe with medicinal plants, including extensive thickets of chamomile - valuable and very popular medicinal plant
Lake Sivash, which frames the reserve, has no less health benefits. .
hornbeam - eastern hornbeam and two varieties of oak: downy and sessile.
narrow peninsulas elongated in the northeast direction are called “tyupas” or “kutas”, and land areas temporarily flooded due to surge currents are called “droughts”
Slide 9 Mount AGARMYSH is a classic karst of the Mediterranean type. Water, dissolving limestones, forms various grottoes, wells, mines, and caves. There is an interesting cave called “Bottomless Well”. The entrance to this cave is closed with a reinforced concrete slab. A bottomless well is an open mine. It is a failure leading into a chamber with a diameter of 4 m, from the bottom of which begins a 38-meter shaft expanding downward. There is a blocky pile at the bottom, and isolated sagging on the walls. There are many legends about this cavity, which are reflected in its names. The main feature is an increase in concentration during the warm period to life-threatening (up to 4 vol.%). The record CO2 content is 7.62%. Descent only in an insulating gas mask. The oxygen content drops to 1416%. In winter, the concentration of carbon dioxide decreases.”
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ARABAT STRITTA – A narrow and long (113 km) spit stretches from the Akmonai Isthmus in a northwestern direction. It separates from the Sea of Azov its shallow and very salty (up to 200 ppm) lagoon - Sivash. The Arabat Spit consists mainly of shell material, its width ranges from 270 meters to 8 kilometers.
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COAT OF ARMS OF THE REGIONS
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NIZHNEGORSKY Nizhnegorsky (until 1944 Seitler; Crimean Catholicate. Seyitler, Seyitler) is an urban-type settlement in the Sivash steppe region of the Republic of Crimea, the center of the Nizhnegorsk region. The largest and most significant enterprises in Nizhnegorsk include a plant for the production of animal feed, juices, oils, various cereals, flour and canned fruits and vegetables. The village has a bread factory and organizations providing housing and communal services. Numerous small enterprises in Nizhnegorsk are engaged in trade and construction activities
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Sovetsky (before 1944 - Ichki, Crimean Skotat. İçki) is an urban-type settlement in the Sovetsky district of the Republic of Crimea of Russia (Autonomous Republic of Crimea). In the village there are rural energy, regional agricultural construction, incubatory and poultry enterprises and other local enterprises that provide services to agricultural enterprises district. The largest enterprises: a bakery plant, a winery, a printing house. There are 449 enterprises operating in the district. Trade services to the population are provided by consumer cooperation enterprises and business structures.
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KIROVSKOE Kirovskoye (until 1945 Islam-Terek; Crimean Catholicate. İslâmTerek, Islyam Terek) is an urban-type settlement in the east of Crimea. The center of the Kirov region of the republic. Population – about 7 thousand people. The industry of the village is represented by the following enterprises: OATP "Kirov Repair and Transport Enterprise" (mechanical engineering and metalworking), printing house, OATP "Kirov Feed Mill".
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ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE REGIONS OF THE NORTHEASTERN CRIMEA The economy is based on agricultural production. last years Active work is underway in the area to develop tourism and recreation. Particularly promising are the territories on the coast of Sivash. Diversity natural landscapes(floodplains, spits, shallow waters, reed beds), deposits of unique medicinal mud, the presence of fish ponds, a large concentration of game bird species - all these factors create favorable conditions for the development of recreational and tourist activities in the area (primarily fishing tourism). Rural (“green”) tourism is developing rapidly, which is also due to favorable natural conditions. Much attention is paid to the development of folk crafts, mainly related to the processing of sheep products.
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ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS OF THE NORTHEASTERN CRIMEA First of all, these are mounds - the so-called “pyramids of the steppes”. One of them - the Nogaichinsky mound near the village of Chervonoye (Nizhnegorsky district) - in 1974 pleased with a unique find. The burial of a woman believed to have lived at the end of the second century BC has been discovered. – first century AD The woman’s head was crowned with a golden diadem, her neck was decorated with a massive gold hryvnia with the image of griffins, a gold brooch rested on her chest, there were bracelets on her arms and legs, and her hands were decorated precious stones The remains of the wooden box contained gold rings, incense bottles, beads, and a rock crystal necklace in the shape of a dolphin.
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The city of OLD CRIMEA is a tourist “Mecca” of the Kirov region
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Old Crimea- a city in the eastern part of Crimea. Population - about 10 thousand people. The main attractions of the city are the buildings of the XIII-XIV centuries, when Kyrym was the center of the Crimean Yurt. The current mosque of Uzbek Khan has been well preserved to this day. In the eastern part of the city there are the ruins of a mint, a caravanserai and the Kurshum-Jami mosque, and 5 kilometers west of Old Crimea there is the medieval Armenian monastery of Surb-Khach (Holy Cross), the revival of which has begun in recent years. In addition, the city has an ethnographic museum dedicated to the culture of the Crimean Tatar people.
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MOSQUE OF KHAN UZBEK IN OLD CRIMEA Khan Uzbek, who ascended the Golden Horde throne in 1312, becoming an adherent of Islam, ordered to build in Solkhat beautiful mosque and the highest Muslim religious school - madrasah. Construction of the mosque began in 1314. According to the Turkish traveler Evliya Chelebi, in 1512-1513, under Mengli Giray, the mosque was a cathedral. Now the mosque is a rectangular building of the basilica type with an entrance on the north side and a minaret built into the north-eastern corner. The longitudinal axis of the building is oriented in the north-south direction, so that the faithful in the building, praying, turn their faces to the south, towards Mecca.
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SURB-KHACH Surb-Khach - Armenian monastery. The church, named Surb-Nshan, was built in 1358, during the time of the Armenian colonization of Crimea. Later, a gavit (narthex) with a bell tower was added to the temple. And in 1719 - a fraternal building with cells for monks. The monastery is more like a fortress than a humble monastery. The windows were like loopholes, and from the bell tower, which looked like a watchtower, until the forest surrounded the monastery, the access road was visible.
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GREEN MUSEUM IN OLD CRIMEA The museum's exposition consists of two small rooms. One of them has been preserved completely in its original form. Alexander Stepanovich died here. An iron bed by the window, a couch on which Nina Nikolaevna Green was on duty at the sick bed, a badger skin, an old alarm clock, a flower vase. In the second room there are books, manuscripts, old photographs with views of the Old Crimea and Kara-Dag.
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HOUSE-MUSEUM OF K.G. PAUSTOVSKY The museum is located in a house with a shady old garden. The writer stayed here in the 1950s. To confirm this, an original open-air exhibition has been created - a wonderful garden, which presents quotes from Paustovsky’s works. It’s as if the writer himself is telling the visitor about his favorite corner. In four halls, the typological interior of a provincial bourgeois house of the early twentieth century has been recreated, and an exhibition has been displayed telling about the life and creative path of Paustovsky.
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TOPONYMS OF THE NORTHEASTERN CRIMEA
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Old Crimea - a city of museums Museum complex of the city Literary and artistic House-Museum of A. S. Green House-Museum of K. PaustovskyMuseum of Culture and Life of the TatarsMuseum of History and Local History Memorable places of Old Crimea Memorial complexMedieval ChurchSultan Beibars MosqueUzbek Mosque and madrasahKurshum-Jami MosqueRuins of a caravanserai Source of St. PanteleimonOld Crimean cemetery, including --- the grave of Alexander Green --- the grave of Yulia Drunina Memorable historical places North Eastern Crimea
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SOUTH - EASTERN CRIMEA
South-Eastern Crimea- a coastal-mountainous region located in the southeastern part of the Crimean Peninsula. The poetic toponym Cimmeria is closely connected with the concept of South-Eastern Crimea. Cimmeria is a legendary land that extends around Koktebel to the north, west and east for some not entirely certain distance, but probably to the Old Crimea, Sudak and Feodosia, respectively. Eastern Crimea includes the following cities and towns: Koktebel, Novy Svet, Ordzhonikidze, Kurortnoye, Beregovoe, Morskoye, Primorsky. Each of these names is associated with numerous legends and ancient history.
Eastern Crimea is an amazing place with majestic mountains, wild cliffs, mysterious grottoes and cozy fabulous blue bays. Here you can enjoy a bouquet of famous wines and cognacs, or champagne from the cellars of Prince Golitsyn. Business cards these places are New World, Koktebel, Sudak and Feodosia and, in contrast to them, many kilometers sandy beaches Sea of Azov on the Kazantip Peninsula. Genoese fortress, Bald Mountain and Golden Beach, Kara-Dag and Uzyn-Syrt, resort towns and wonderful nature - all this is Eastern Crimea.
Eastern Crimea is the literary Koktebel, where all the pictures and events are built around the House of the Poet, this is Feodosia with its Cimmerian artists and Old Crimea with Green’s first and last house. These are the Demerdzhi and Karabi passes, the rocks of the New World, undersea world in the bays of Kara-Dag or fabulous hang gliding flights.
Three quarters of Eastern Crimea are steppe plains with rich chernozem soils. Geography teachers who are not devoid of imagination compare the mountain range of the South-Eastern Crimea with the back of a whale emerging from the sea or that huge fish that Sinbad the Sailor mistook for an island. From lying on the surface for a long time, its back was overgrown with trees, lakes appeared on it, waterfalls began to rustle, and people even began to settle.
The region of South-Eastern Crimea includes many attractions, among them I would like to highlight:
- Genoese fortress, Sudak. Genoese fortress - monument medieval architecture world significance, the only Genoese citadel preserved in Crimea. Built by the Genoese between 1371 and 1469.
- Chaliapin's grotto, p. New World. An amazing grotto with a long history is now called the Chaliapin Grotto. The name of the grotto is associated with the visit famous singer. He loved to visit his friend the count, and of course, he could not ignore the grotto along with its contents.
- House-Museum of Maximilian Voloshin, town Koktebel. The House-Museum of Maximilian Voloshin is perhaps the only museum in the world that has survived the wars and has preserved the mystery and charm of the Silver Age in the atmosphere of its owner’s creative work.
- Feodosia National Art Gallery named after. I.K. Aivazovsky, Feodosia. Feodosia National Art Gallery named after. I.K. Aivazovsky is one of the oldest art museums in Ukraine, a unique, world-famous museum of marine painting, the first public museum in Ukraine.
The extinct volcano Kara-Dag, town Koktebel. The Kara-Dag volcano is the oldest volcano in Europe with a venerable age of 140 million years. His sea coast is a group of amazingly beautiful bays, many of which can only be reached from the sea. These bays are closed by overhanging rocks up to three hundred meters high with underwater grottoes and caves. One of the most amazing creations volcanic activity we can confidently call the rock in the sea the Golden Gate, through which a fairly large boat can easily pass.
Climate This resort region is moderate, characterized by the absence of sharp temperature fluctuations. Thanks to sea breezes, the summer heat is easily tolerated. Swimming season begins at the end of May and lasts until the beginning of October. The southern slopes of the mountains are covered with Mediterranean vegetation, to the east Crimean mountains smoothly transition into the steppe landscape. The beaches of South-Eastern Crimea are sand and pebble, with the addition of small shell rock.
South-Eastern Crimea provides ample opportunities for development various types tourism. Pedestrian routes in South-Eastern Crimea are carried out mainly parallel to the coastline and along river valleys.
Sudak provides great opportunities for cycling tourism. Sudak also has ample opportunities for active rest. This includes diving, horseback riding, paragliding. The New World has natural resources for the development of this type of tourism such as rock climbing. In the city of Feodosia there is a hang gliding center, tasting excursions to the Novosvetsky sparkling wine factory and a dolphinarium are held. The city hosts various festivals.
This area is attractive for those who prefer a relatively inexpensive and relaxing holiday. There are few luxurious health resorts here, like on the South Coast; small, cozy, fairly comfortable holiday homes and boarding houses predominate. Housing is slightly cheaper compared to the South Coast, prevailing private sector, not high-rise buildings.
The local coastline is very beautiful, somewhat exotic, with many cozy bays and rocks. The beaches are mainly small-pebble, and in Feodosia and to the east they are sandy.
This area has long been favored by autotourists, so almost all health resorts and the private sector are aimed at vacationers with cars. During the summer season, summer campsites and parking lots are equipped for autotourists in every city and town along the coast.
These places, especially the capes prominent in the sea - Meganom, Kiik-Atlama, etc. - are very convenient for lovers of various types of sailing due to the constantly blowing gentle winds. And the bays of Koktebel and the New World, the steep coast of Karadag attract fans of diving (scuba diving) like a magnet.
There are fewer attractions in this area than in the mountainous southwestern Crimea (especially historical ones), but there are quite enough magnificent and unusual landscapes and natural monuments.
Unearthly, deserted landscapes of Yayla Karabi, mysterious Valley of Ghosts with a giant stone chaos and the Funa fortress near Mount Demerdzhi, the medieval Armenian monastery of Surb-Khach near the Old Crimea, White Rock near Belogorsk, the Jur-dzhur waterfall, the partisan memorial at Kalan-Bair, the ruins of the “long walls” at Chigenitra and many other memorable places will always be of interest to travelers. And the breathtaking landscapes that open from almost every peak will not leave true connoisseurs of beauty indifferent.
Crimea is rich in recreational resources. Its geographical location and weather created conditions for the formation of unique biological complexes. We will look at which ones exactly in this article.
Natural areas of the Crimean Peninsula
There are three main natural zones:
- steppes;
- areas of altitudinal zonation;
- hard-leaved evergreen forests (Mediterranean).
Rice. 1. Detailed map of natural zones of Crimea
Most of the peninsula is occupied by steppes. This is a flat territory, completely developed by man. In the northeast, closer to the Sea of Azov, there are semi-desert steppes and salt marshes.
The greatest wealth of the plain part of Crimea is its fertile land. It is represented by chernozems and dark chestnut soils. Today, 70% of the steppe territory has been developed by humans. There are plantations of corn, rice, wheat, sunflowers, and grapes.
Rice. 2. Vineyards in Crimea
The predominant plants are feather grass, fescue, and perennial grasses. In spring, the fields are covered with plantations of amazing flowers: tulips, irises. Animals live in burrows. These are gophers, jerboas, ferrets, hamsters, and various mice. Many steppe birds.
Natural areas of mountain ranges
The foothills are represented by forest-steppe. The main representative of this part is oak. There are also many other Mediterranean plants: maple, hawthorn, euonymus, pistachios, sloe.
On the northern and southern slopes of the main mountain range - broadleaf forests. The soils here are mountain forest. A special place on the mountain tops is given to the Crimean pine. This tree is not tall, but with a very wide and spreading crown.
Rice. 3. Landscape in Crimea
The Yayls are covered with mountain steppes and meadows. The soils are appropriate: mountain-steppe and mountain-meadow. The flora is represented by cereal steppe plants and meadow flowers. In spring, the yaylas are covered with crocuses, and edelweiss is not uncommon.
Yayly is the Turkic name for pastures on mountain peaks.
The coastline of the Crimean peninsula is covered with dry juniper-oak forests and shrubs, characteristic of the Mediterranean climate. Plants grow in brown soils. Among unique species found: tree-tree, sumac, scumpia, cistus, Walnut, almonds.
Many types of animals mountain Crimea completely exterminated by man. Now in wildlife You can only find deer and roe deer, wild boar and mouflon. There are even fewer predators: marten, fox, weasel.
What have we learned?
Crimea is a rich fertile region, completely developed by man. wild forests There are practically none left in this region, and all the unique animals live in nature reserves. At the same time, there is very rich nature here: steppe region in the north of the peninsula, beautiful deciduous forests on the Southern and Northern slopes of the Mountain Range and an amazing hot Mediterranean region on the very shore of the Black Sea.
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While the peninsula is in a fever with every new news regarding the construction of a bridge across the Kerch Strait, in another part of Crimea they have planned to build another transport crossing across the reservoir. The bridge in the Nizhnegorsky district is an opportunity to attract tourists to the northern region of the peninsula, to give new life local villages, develop infrastructure. On this moment, in the minds of many tourists, Crimea is the western harbors, Tarkhankut, Sevastopol-hero, Balaklava bays, the unique Southern Coast, the Crimean Mountains, the gentle sea and beaches of Feodosia, the historical heritage on the coast of the Kerch Peninsula. For the average tourist, the North of Crimea is a blank spot on the map. Indeed, what could be interesting in an ordinary steppe, without significant attractions, without unique picturesque mountains, forests and noisy entertainment of resort towns. Residents of Crimea hope that there will be a skillful leadership who will be able to transform the northern depressed areas of the peninsula into a resort area that could compete with other tourist regions. An incredible miracle of nature that few tourists have seen is the Arabar Spit. It stretches from the north-west of Crimea to the east, separating the Sea of Azov from Lake Sivash. Throughout its entire length, the width of the arrow diverges from a minimum of 270 meters to 8 kilometers. Behind the Arabat Spit you can see lakes that were dug during Soviet times, when sand was mined here. 
The arrow originates on the territory of Ukraine, near Genichesk, and connects with Crimea in the Leninsky district. The longest river of Crimea, the Salgir, flows into the Gulf of Sivash. The most frequent visitors to the Arabat Spit are tourists - fans of a relaxing holiday, clean, long beaches, and lovers of yacht tourism. Here amazing sunsets and sunrises that do not interfere with observing the high Crimean mountains. Lives in local reed thickets great amount birds, lakes are filled with fish and shrimp. 
To attract tourists here, it is necessary to create a special innovative project, the basis of which is the construction of a bridge to connect the Crimean peninsula with the spit. To do this, they choose the narrowest place, and then three Crimean regions will become resorts at once - Dzhankoy, Sovetsky and Nizhnegorsky. In addition, it is necessary to draw up plans for the development of the recreational area so that the construction of roads and infrastructure does not destroy the local ecological state. It is planned to build a crossing almost 2 kilometers from the village of Izobilnoye. The future bridge will be a two-lane highway, a pedestrian zone and a path for cyclists. Empty areas near Sivash provide good prospects for the future construction of sanatoriums, recreation centers, hotels, and resort infrastructure. The Sovetsky district has its own reserves healing mud, on the basis of which it is possible to equip medical sanatoriums. In addition, on the Arabat Spit there is scope for the construction of a yacht club, which could become a competitor to Balaklava. Yachts can be delivered to the Sea of Azov by rafting along canals and rivers flowing into it. μ@
Lesson No. 13 “Crimean studies” 7th grade.
North-Eastern Crimea: the largest agricultural region." Geographical location, composition of the region, Short story settlement, development and development of the territory.
Features of nature.
Planned results:
Personal: Improving the geographical culture of students, fostering a caring attitude towards landscapes small Motherland, To environment;
Metasubject: development cognitive interest, creative abilities when studying individual regions of the Crimean Peninsula;
Subject: study of the features of the geographical location of the North-Eastern Crimea, the history of settlement and development of the territory, features of nature.
Equipment: demonstration card "Administrative - territorial division Crimea”, atlas p. 5, a notebook with a printed base “Crimean studies: a mosaic of the Crimean regions” edited by A.V. Suprychev for grade 7, a multimedia complex with direct Internet access.
During the classes:
I . Organizing time.
In previous lessons we studied “Central Crimea”, “Central-Northern Crimea”, so you have an idea according to what plan regional Crimea is being studied and what points you need to pay attention to. Today, dear students, you will help me in mastering a new topic.
II . Learning new material.
North-Eastern Crimea is a Sivash-flat region located in the north-eastern part of the Crimean Peninsula.
Carefully study the atlas map “Administrative and territorial division of Crimea” and answer the question: “Which areas are part of the region being studied, what are their centers?
Nizhnegorsky district with the center - Nizhnegorsky, Sovetsky with the center - Sovetsky, Kirovsky with the center - Kirovskoye. We can add that the Nizhnegorsky district is our eastern neighbor. You need to know your neighbors!
Study the map carefully and name the major settlements North-Eastern Crimea. These are Sadovoye, Zhelyabovka, Mikhailovka, Izobilnoye, Nizhnegorsky district, Pushkino, Nekrasovka, Chapaevo, Zavetnoye, Sovetsky district, Zolotoe Pole, Yarkoye Pole, Privetnoye, Vladislavovka, Kirovsky district. Even in the toponymy of the listed villages, we can safely say that the territory we are studying has an agricultural direction - “Golden and Bright” fields speak of the development of grain farming, and “Sadovoe” and “Izobilnoe” refer to the cultivation of fruits, grapes and vegetables. Near the village of Yastrebki, Nizhnegorsky district, a sign has been installed for the geographical center of Crimea.
Let's analyze the geographical location of the territory together: it is washed by Sea of Azov, borders on the strong central regions of the peninsula: Dzhankoysky, Krasnogvardeysky, Belogorsky. Not far from the region there is a large city - the port of Feodosia on the Black Sea coast, where the Salgir flows and the railway connecting Armyansk and Kerch passes through. The coast of the region in the northeast is washed by the Sivash Bay, which has a salinity of 200 ppm. The shores of the bay are extremely dissected and winding. Today, all Crimeans have heard a lot about the Tavrida highway, construction of which will begin in 2017. Transport interchange between the cities of Dzhankoy, Feodosia and Kerch will pass through Vladislavovka - Kirovsky district. For obvious reasons, the geographical position of North-Eastern Crimea will become even better, which means that the region’s economy will increase its sectoral structure of the economy.
Using additional material, fill out the table “Features of the nature of the North-Eastern Crimea”. We work with atlas maps (a creative atmosphere is established in the lesson, where work takes place in pairs between teacher and class). Flat terrain predominates, because At the base is the Scythian plate. Mineral resources the region is poor. Moderate climate zone With winter temperatures approximately zero degrees, summer - about twenty. The most low temperature air temperature was recorded in Nizhnegorsk on January 11, 1940 – minus 36.8 degrees. Annual quantity precipitation – 400 – 500 mm. The Salgir flows through the region; dark chestnut soils and chernozems are common. Vegetable world represented on saline soils - the grass Volosnets, kirmek, in untouched areas - fescue, feather grass (up to 70% of the territory is plowed and occupied by wheat, corn, sunflowers, orchards and vineyards). In the North-Eastern Crimea there is a unique natural object– the state botanical reserve “Prisivashsky”, in which virgin steppe with medicinal plants and large thickets of chamomile, a valuable, very popular and sought-after medicinal plant, are protected. The Agarmysh forest is more than 200 years old. In 1964 it was declared a protected area. Beech, hornbeam, oak are the main “inhabitants” of the Old Crimean forest. The Crimean beech, a rare species of hornbeam - eastern hornbeam, downy oak and sessile oak are protected here. Mount Agarmysh is a classic karst of the Mediterranean type. Water, dissolving Upper Jurassic limestones, forms various grottoes, wells, mines, and caves. Here is the “Bottomless Well” cave with an accumulation of methane gas and carbon dioxide at the bottom, which makes visiting it impossible for tourists, so the entrance to the cave is closed with a reinforced concrete slab. Animal world represented by rodents that take an active part in sowing seeds of various plants: foxes, mice, martens. This is how the region of North-Eastern Crimea appears before our eyes.
The region also has many interesting objects on its territory. Mounds - “pyramids of the steppes”. One of them is the Nogaichinsky mound near the village of Chervonoye, Nizhnegorsky district. In 1974, the burial of a woman who supposedly lived at the end of the 2nd century was found here. BC. – I century AD with gold jewelry and items decorated with precious stones.
The city of Old Crimea is an object of cultural and historical heritage. The history of the city begins in the distant XIII century and today invites tourists to get acquainted with the ancient mosque of Uzbek Khan, built in 1314, operating in Crimea, Surb Khach Monastery is an ancient monument of Armenian architecture. For literature lovers, we can offer more modern historical attractions - the house-museum of A. Green and K. Paustovsky. In a word, we were once again convinced that “Crimea is an open-air museum!”
Demonstration of the video “Old Crimea, Kirov region Crimea” duration 04.54 min. from 07/04/2015 (convenient, relevant and short video!)
North-Eastern Crimea is a huge section of the steppe, on which many villages and towns are scattered, the population of which is engaged in agriculture, but we will talk about this in the next lesson.
III . Summing up the lesson.
Thanks for your work in class! You made a very subtle point character traits nature of the North-Eastern Crimea, they worked wonderfully with notebooks and atlas maps, so taking into account your answers, the assessments are earned by the most hardworking guys.
IV . Homework: pp. 40-45 notebook!