Turbine roundabouts: Khan's traffic jams! Road junction Road junction level
Transport interchange- a complex of road structures (bridges, tunnels, roads), designed to minimize the intersection of traffic flows and, as a consequence, to increase the capacity of roads. Mostly traffic intersections are understood as traffic intersections at different levels,
Rice. 18.3. Scheme of clover-like traffic intersections in two levels:
a - full clover leaf; b - compressed clover leaf; c, d, e, f, g - incomplete clover leaf
Rice. 18.4. Roundabout routes at two levels:
a - turbine type; b - a distribution ring with five overpasses; в - distribution ring with three overpasses; d - a distribution ring with two overpasses.
Rice. 18.5. Diagrams of loop-shaped traffic intersections in two levels:
a - double loop; b - improved double loop
Rice. 18.6. Diagram of cross-shaped traffic intersections in two levels:
a - intersection with five overpasses of the "cross" type; b - intersection with attributed left turns
Rice. 18.7. Diamond-shaped traffic intersections at different levels:
a - with straight left turns; b, c - with half-straight left turns; d - in four levels
Rice. 18.8. Diagrams of complex transport intersections in two levels:
a - with one semi-straight left-turn exit; b, c - with one straight left-turn exit; d - with two half-straight left-turn ramps
Rice. 18.9. Transport connection schemes at two levels:
a, b - complete abutment of the "pipe" type; c - full abutment with two half-straight left-turn ramps; d, e, f - incomplete junctions
Clover crossings"+" Ensuring the interchange of traffic flows in all, or in the main directions with two intersecting highways; ensuring traffic safety; relatively low cost of building one overpass and connecting ramps.
“-“ limiting the scope of their application: a large area occupied by the interchange; significant overruns for left-turn traffic flows and flows that make a U-turn; the need for additional measures to ensure the safe movement of pedestrians.
Circular intersections- are characterized by the greatest simplicity of traffic organization, however, they require the construction of two to five overpasses, as well as a large area of land alienation.
Loop-shaped intersections, for example, "double loop" (Fig. 18.5, a) or "improved double loop" (Fig. 18.5, b), suit when crossing highways or main streets with secondary roads. "-" in addition to the need to build two overpasses, one should also include the insufficient provision of safe traffic conditions, since the traffic flow from the main highway flows into the secondary flows not from the right, but from the left side.
In the cramped conditions of urban development, cross-shaped intersections are used at different levels, for example, cross type"(Fig. 18.6, a), intersection at two levels with related left turns (Fig. 18.6, b), etc. In addition to the minimum area of occupied land, this type of crossing is characterized by minimal overruns for left and right turn traffic, however, it requires the construction of five overpasses and excludes the possibility of a U-turn within the transport hub. The intersection in two levels with spaced left turns is often used in urban environments.
Diamond-shaped interchanges(see Fig. 18.7) arrange at the intersections of equivalent highways with significant traffic in all directions. Occupying a moderate area, such junctions practically exclude overruns for left- and right-turn traffic flows, however, the need to build a large number of overpasses determines their very high cost.
Traffic jams are the curse of any modern metropolis. In order to save time for city dwellers and distribute the traffic flows, design engineers sometimes resort to amazing solutions, which we will discuss in our material.
Judge Harry Preggerson Interchange, Los Angeles
One of the most intricate road structures in the world, connecting passenger routes, the Harbor Transit Road, and the Los Angeles Metro Green Line, opened in 1993. Situated at the intersection of I-105 from El Segundo to Norwalk and I-110 from San Pedro to Los Angeles, this tricky web of roads bears the name of Federal Judge Harry Predgerson for a reason. Like the famous lawyer who managed to sort out the jungle of the court dispute over the construction of I-105, the road junction is a masterful steer of the endless streams of cars. In just one day, this labyrinth, which allows you to turn in any direction on all sections of the path, crosses over 500 thousand cars. There is only one problem - it is worth skipping one, the right turn, and the miracle of engineering will turn for you into an endless Moebius strip.
Cycle roundabout, Eindhoven
Government support for cyclists in the Netherlands has led to amazing results: in recent years, most of the country's population prefers to use environmentally friendly and economical two-wheeled vehicles in everyday life. For the convenience of those who preferred to give up cars, a special infrastructure began to be created - for example, the unique road junction The Honvering in Eindhoven. Suspended above a busy traffic hub, this circular steel bridge allows you to bypass highways. The amazing structure is held on a central 70-meter pillar with metal cables, and for reliability it is also reinforced with concrete columns. The creators of The Hovering claim: the future belongs to such technologies, which nullify road accidents and decorate landscapes with unusual futuristic designs.
Gravely Hill Interchange, Birmingham
It took four years to build the tangled, tangled road junction in Birmingham. Many technological problems and engineering obstacles stood in the way of designers who were forced to merge two railway lines and 18 road routes into one network, from the A38 national highway, leading from Cornwall to Northamshire, to narrow country roads without a name, and throw it all over three canals and two rivers. To ensure better traffic capacity and good stability, the builders were forced to re-pave almost 22 kilometers of road surface and install 59 columns, placing the highway at five different elevation levels. With the light hand of a local newspaper reporter, the result of hard work, which appeared to the world in May 1972, received the playful nickname "Spaghetti End." Painfully, this frightening design resembles "a mixture of a plate of pasta and an unsuccessful attempt to tie a Staffordshire knot."
Traffic interchange on Taganskaya Square, Moscow
Even those who know the "rules of the game" and have been moving along the Tagansky streets for a long time, often get lost on the Garden Ring. What can we say about those who for the first time found themselves at the intersection of the busiest roads in Moscow, stretching in the heart of the Central District of the capital. Where the Big Krasnokholmsky Bridge connects with Zemlyanoy Val Street, chaos always reigns. Several highways leading from Nizhnyaya and Verkhnyaya Radishchevskaya, Goncharnaya, Marksistskaya, Vorontsovskaya, Taganskaya, Narodnaya streets and numbering six or more lanes are teeming with endless rows of cars. The incessant noise of passing vehicles is cut through by sharp signals, and traffic jams at rush hours do not see either end or edge. The colorful picture of one of the scariest road junctions in the world is completed by two Moscow metro stations, a bus stop and almost complete absence of signs.
Interchange at Charles de Gaulle square, Paris
The ingenious French city planners who donated the Place de l'Evre to Paris were certainly not foresighted. Over the past centuries, the "patch" near the famous Arc de Triomphe, lively even by the standards of the 19th century, turned into a real hell for motorists. Despite the fact that 12 straight and wide avenues diverge from the central city parade ground, like the rays of a star, in different directions, and several metro, RER, bus routes and highways converge, there are no traffic lights or priority signs. It is no wonder that even Parisian taxi drivers who drive around the district a hundred times a day sigh sadly when they receive an order for the Place Charles de Gaulle. Neither intuition, nor a good knowledge of the rules of the road, nor many years of driving experience can save you from the horror that is happening here at rush hour: at the junction, which has got into the rating of the most difficult paths in the world, there are several accidents per hour.
CROSSING
1) Cloverleaf (fig. 1) is the most widely used scheme. Note at intersection 2 highways between each other or at the intersection of a motorway with roads of lower categories. Advantages:
Possibility of projecting right turn exits with curves of a large radius with small longitudinal slopes, which allows to increase the speed of movement; - the presence of only one overpass.
2) Incomplete cloverleaf is used: - when individual folding flows have low intensity => design of independent exits is not economical; - in order to save land allocation near the settlement; - when the road has any obstacle. Disadvantages: the presence of points of intersection at the same level, rounding of small radii requires a significant reduction in speeds.
a) with 4 single-track ramps (Fig. 2); b) with 2 double-track ramps, opposite in adjacent quarters (Fig. 3); v) with 2 double-tracked, located in intersecting quarters (Fig. 4).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Distribution ring a) from the 5th overpass. (fig. 5). To accommodate ascents and descents, a large radius of the ring is required, which requires a large area of land allotment. Left-handed cars make a lot of overrun. It has a simple configuration, easy to navigate; b) with 2 overpasses. Fewer overpasses => lower construction costs; v) improved ring type. Complex configuration, not economical; G) turbine type of crossing. Not economical
a) diamond type. Snake structure (9 overpasses); b) curvilinear triangle (16 overpasses); v) H-shaped type (9 viaducts).
All builds are of great value.
ADJACTIONS
TP based on cloverleaf elements:
a) according to the "pipe" type (Fig. 6). The main scheme of adjoining the secondary road to the main one is compact and not required. alienation of a large area of land. No intersection points on one level, simple configuration .; b) leaf-shaped type (Fig. 7). Greater safety, no mixing of different turning flows, simple configuration; v) as an incomplete cloverleaf;
TR based on the elements of the ring:
a) ring type (fig. 8); b) pear-shaped; v) mushroom-like
TR with parallel arrangement of right-turn and left-turn ramps:
a) T-shaped type; b) by triangle type
42. Designing ramps for right and left turns (norms and specifications).
Right-turn exit - movement along it is carried out by turning to the right.
Left turn exit:
1) indirect ("clover leaf")
2) half-straight (first turn right, then left);
Right-turn ramps at junctions are made in the form of a combination of transition curves, as well as straight inserts. Left-turn ramps, as a rule, are closer to a circle in shape. The radii of the curves are determined from the condition of ensuring the design speed at the ramps. For right-handed vehicles it is 60 km / h (for Cat III) and 80 km / h (for Cat I and II), the corresponding minimum radii are 125 and 250 m.For left-handed vehicles, this is 40 km / h (for Cat III .) and 50 km / h (for I and II cat.), corresponding to lines with radii of 50 and 80 m.
The values of the lateral slope of the bends at the ramps in areas with rare cases of ice formation are assumed to be:
For loops of left-turn ramps, “cloverleaf” intersections 60% o;
For right-turn exits, calculated at a speed of 60-90 km / h, 30% o, at a speed of 40-50 km / h - 60% o;
For straight, semi-straight and circular left-turn exits 30% o;
For other types of exits, calculated at a speed of 40-50 km / h, 60% o.
The cross slope on the sides of the ramps, reinforced with stone materials, is 50 (60% о, with asphalt-concrete roadsides 30-40% о.
The width of the carriageway at single-lane exits of transport interchanges is:
for loops of left-turn exits of “cloverleaf” type interchanges 5.5 m;
For right-turn exits, designed at a speed of 60-90 km / h, 5 m, at a speed of 40-50 km / h - 4.5 m;
For straight and semi-straight left-turn exits with a radius of more than 100 m - 5.0 m.
The width of the shoulders on the inside of the curves is 1.5 m, on the outside - 3.0 m.
When arranging ramps with several lanes, the width of the carriageway is assigned based on the recommendations for determining the width of the lanes on the curves of highways.
For more confident driving and better visual perception by the driver of the edges of the lane on the carriageway of exits, it is advisable to arrange edge stripes that differ in color from the main surface, 0.5 m wide for speeds of 40 (50 km / h and 0.75 m for higher travel speeds.
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Yesterday I showed you one photo of this interchange, and then I myself became interested in more detailed information. When it was built, what a name it was! It's interesting! I share with you, I hope it will be interesting.
The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange is a stacked transport interchange near Athens and Watts in Los Angeles, California. It is located at the intersection of the following highways:
- I-105 (Glenn M. Anderson Freeway) - El Segundo, Los Angeles Airport, Norwalk
- I-110 (Highway Harbor) - San Pedro, Los Angeles
Although the junction is open to all directions (unlike Hollywood Split, East Los Angeles Interchange), it also consists of passenger roads, the Metro Green Line, and the Harbor transit road. All this forms a tall, impressive structure, which is the denouement of Judge Harry Predgerson's name.
It was opened in 1993. The roundabout was named after Judge Harry Predgerson. He was a longtime federal judge and presided over the I-105 highway trial.
This junction is considered one of the most difficult in the world. It allows you to make a turn in all possible directions on any of the routes. The main thing is not to miss this very turn that you need :)
Clickable 1600 px
Transport entering a motorway junction from different directions can leave it in all possible directions of movement (full junction). However, the movement of passenger transport is limited on the highways. Motorists entering an east or west interchange via the I-105 passenger highway can access the I-110 passenger highway. Motorists entering from the south on I-110 passenger transport do not have direct access on I-105 and can simply drive further north. Passenger drivers who want to get onto a particular highway that does not have a direct connecting highway must leave the passenger traffic lane at the specified entry / exit point before the junction and move to the main connecting highway, as is usually done on all passenger lanes. in southern California.
The junction also contains the Harbor Expressway subway station, which is both the Los Angeles Metro Green Line and the Harbor transit bus lane, which runs down the middle I-105 and I-110 lanes.
In an article in the Los Angeles Times, this junction (later dubbed the Expressway of the Century) was called "the largest, tallest, most expensive transportation structure ever built by the California Department of Transportation. ". Reporters also noted that "for the first time, state transportation engineers have combined three transportation models - narrow-gauge trains, passenger vehicles, and cars - into one giant intersection."
Soon after its opening, the fork caught the attention of many filmmakers. This is how the film Speed appeared in 1994. In one of the most famous scenes in the movie, the bus had to fly over an unfinished section of a building on an unfinished raised ramp that was still being completed. The construction of the fifth level of the flyover (from I-110 south to I-105 west), which the bus jumped over, was already completed by that time, therefore, computer graphics were used for editing in this scene.
Here is the moment of filming
In 1996, the US Federal Highway Administration awarded Interstate 105/110 the Engineering Miracle Award for excellent road design. Thus, the government acknowledged that the project was implemented excellently: the number of traffic jams has decreased, traffic has become safer, and the air is cleaner.
Here are some more roundabouts:
modernization of the interchange at I-95 and I-695 near Washington
Here is the process itself ...
Clickable
Automotive denouement, Shanghai, China
The Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) hosted a second meeting with the Circle interchange Project Working Group (PWG)
For me, as a pedestrian, it all looks like this:
I like these roads like this :-)
One of the best highways in Arizona. goes through the center of Phoenix. It is made below ground level, as it were, in a hole like this, and due to this there is no noise, dirt and it does not divide the city into two parts. this is not a federal road - a state highway, but the quality and performance are at the highest level.
sources
http://beway.ru
http://www.skyscrapercity.com
http://grandstroy.blogspot.ru
Frankfurt, Germany
When arriving in Frankfurt, we advise you to sit at the portholes on the starboard side. This way you are more likely to see the "Frankfurt Cross", the busiest junction in Western Europe. Autobahns A3, A5, B43 highway converge on the “cross”, and two railway tunnels are laid under the large “clover”. The construction of the junction began back in 1933, but due to the war, it was finished only by 1957. Now 320 thousand cars pass here every day.
Los Angeles, USA
The junction was built in 1993 and named after Harry Predgerson - in honor of the famous and oldest federal judge in the States, who, among other things, led the process of building the junction itself. Highways 105 and 110 intersect here at right angles. Like almost all roads in Los Angeles, one runs from north to south, the other runs from east to west, towards the Pacific coast and Los Angeles International Airport. For tens of kilometers around there are square-nested suburbs of one-story America.
Atlanta, USA
Crashing straight into Atlanta, Highways 75 and 85 merge into one fourteen-lane road - Downtown Connector with daily traffic of more than 230-270 thousand cars. During its construction in the middle of the 20th century, a piece of the historic center of Atlanta was razed to the ground. And at the place where the connecting highway crosses Highway 20, the Labyrinth junction was created. We would rename it Framed Labyrinth: notice how it fits into the rectangle of typical American cities.
Gravely Hill, UK
In the suburb of Gravely Hill near Birmingham, two rivers merge, two canals diverge, and a double-track railway runs by. When the engineers decided to connect the M6 with the A38 (M) here, journalists dubbed the project "Spaghetti Interchange" - because you couldn't do it on purpose. Until you figure out who is where, you can move with your mind or disperse in eighteen directions, counting the numerous local congresses. The interchange was built in 1968-1972, having installed 559 reinforced concrete supports, the highest of which reach 24.4 meters.
Atlanta, USA
The Tom Moland Interchange is named after the chief engineer of the local Department of Transportation. Built in 1983-1987, twenty kilometers northeast of Atlanta at the intersection of the radial highway 85 and the ring road 285 - an analogue of the Moscow Region "Big Betonka". The interchange includes 14 bridges and overpasses, the highest of which rises 27 meters above the ground. Three hundred thousand cars pass through the junction every day. And some poor fellows also live below.
Shanghai, China
The Huangpu River, which flows into the Yangtze a few kilometers from the sea, not only divides Shanghai in two. Within the city limits, ten bridges are thrown across the river, but for the 24 millionth Shanghai this is not much. One of them, the Nanpu cable-stayed bridge, is interesting for the construction of the western approach - the Pusi viaduct. Three highways connect here and rise thirty meters along a three-level spiral to reach the level of the bridge. The navigable span of the bridge can pass a sea vessel up to 48 meters high.
Putrajaya, Malaysia
The city, born to be the capital, has been built since 1995, two dozen kilometers from Kuala Lumpur. Like St. Petersburg during the times of Peter I, Putrajaya was specially designed to take away from the disgruntled electorate and place all fur stores and government residences in an elite village. The main difference between Putrajaya and St. Petersburg is that there are almost no straight streets here, all the roads diligently follow the relief. And several streets around the 50-meter hill form an oval (0.85-1.29 km in diameter), which is considered the world's largest roundabout.
Paris, France
Until 1970, Charles de Gaulle Square had a more appropriate name for it - the Place de l'Etoile, or Place de Gaulle. Hiking tourists know this place as the square with the Arc de Triomphe, Parisian drivers - as a place where the police do not come, to tourist drivers - as a place where the navigator in a mocking tone commands: "Take the ninth exit." There have never been markings on the 40-meter roadway, and at rush hour this circle is like an anthill, where everyone drives along arbitrary trajectories. True, Paris is not Moscow, and if you are dull and do not know where to turn off, no one, except Arabs, Parisians, motorcyclists and bus drivers, will teach you about life.
Swindon, UK
Fortunately, there are markings on the "Magic Circle" in Swindon, but even with them it is difficult to understand how to get there, because five small ones are arranged around one large circle. Six small streets converge to the junction, and the best option for a beginner is to turn left at the entrance. However, the British are already used to it: in the 1970s, the scheme was popular in Great Britain, and they managed to build the same type of interchanges in several cities. There are also "light versions" where there are not five small circles, but, for example, two.
Osaka, Japan
Osaka's coastline is an endless origami-shaped quay wall. The coastal areas are almost entirely loose, there is no extra space on the lands reclaimed from the sea. Therefore, the Baishor toll highway is laid on the "second floor" over residential and port areas. And so that the bridges over the harbor are of sufficient height, spiral roads lead from the streets to the overpasses.
Newark, USA
Newark International Airport is the second of three airports serving New York and the surrounding area. It opened back in 1928, but traffic grew rapidly, as did the motorization of the population in New Jersey. In 1952, a complex junction of five highways was built here, which not only pass the transit stream, but also serve as entrances to the giant airport.
Kansas City, USA
A small six-kilometer ring unites nine highways and is called the Alphabet Loop. Inside is downtown Kansas City, and the 23 exits on either side of the loop are numbered sequentially from 2A to 2Y. If the Americans build three more congresses, they will have a complete Latin alphabet.
