What is the first color of the rainbow? The number of colors in the rainbow among different nations. Where is she observed?

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Ha, funny question! Even a child knows “where the pheasant sits,” that is, that the rainbow has seven colors. Well, what if you don’t operate with the stereotype laid down from school, but try to look at the rainbow with a critical eye yourself? The answer will not be so obvious. It all depends on many factors - on the weather, on the characteristics of the observation site, on the characteristics of the observer’s vision. Aristotle, in particular, identified only three colors in the rainbow: red, green and violet. All other colors, he believed, were a mixture of these three. IN Kievan Rus

you would be authoritatively assured that the rainbow has four colors. The Kiev chronicler wrote in 1073: “In the rainbow the essence is scarlet, and blue, and green, and crimson.”

But the aborigines of Australia count six colors in the rainbow, but some African tribes are still convinced that the rainbow has only two colors - dark and light.

Who saw exactly seven colors in the rainbow? It was Isaac Newton. Unlike his predecessors, Newton not only observed the decomposition of white light into a spectrum, but also conducted a lot of interesting experiments with prisms and lenses.

For the first time, the phenomenon of a rainbow as the refraction of sunlight in raindrops was explained in 1267 by Roger Bacon. But only Newton analyzed light, and by refracting a ray of light through a prism, he initially counted 5 colors: blue, green, yellow, red and violet (for him purple).

Later, while conducting research, the scientist took a closer look and noticed the sixth one. But Newton was such a believer that he did not like this number, and he considered it a demonic obsession. And then the scientist “spotted” another color. Newton thought of indigo as the seventh color. He really liked the number seven. It was considered ancient and mystical, there were seven days of the week, and seven deadly sins. This is how Newton became the founder of the principle of the seven-color rainbow.

The colors in the rainbow are arranged in an order that corresponds to the spectrum of visible light. There are phrases in Russian that help you remember their sequence:

How Jacques the bell-ringer once broke a lantern with his head.

Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant is sitting.

Many peoples, however, neglect the seventh color; their rainbow again has six colors. For example, Americans, Germans, French and Japanese believe that the rainbow has six colors. But besides the quantity, there is another problem, the colors are also not the same: red, orange, yellow, blue, indigo and violet. You may ask, where is the green one? It’s just that, for example, in Japan there is no green color at all. And this is not because they are color blind, they just don’t have the color green in their language. It seems to exist, but it is a shade of blue, like our scarlet - a shade of red. But the British do not have blue, for them it is light blue.

Therefore, the question “How many colors does a rainbow have?” - not within the competence of biology and physics. It should be dealt with by linguistics, since the colors of the rainbow depend only on the language of communication; there is nothing a priori physical behind them. In the rainbow Slavic peoples seven colors only because there is a separate name for blue and green.

It is very difficult for Yakuts to learn to distinguish colors. Even intelligent Yakuts mix shades of colors. They especially confuse blue, blue, violet and green. For this whole group of colors they have common name kyuoh, and although their eye is quite capable of distinguishing green from blue and dark blue, there are no individual names in the language. The rainbow (kustuk) is considered tricolor among the Yakuts. Differences in the perception of colors on the Asian mainland are noticeable even among different tribes of the same people. Thus, in the language of the Upper Kolyma Yukaghirs there are no names for “green” and “blue” colors; the Lower Kolyma Yukaghirs have “green” and “blue” colors, but do not have the word “yellow”; among the Alazeya Yukaghirs the words “green” and “yellow” are found, but there is no word “blue”. Researchers consider this fact to be evidence of the origin of the Yukaghir tribes from different ethnic ancestors.

Very interesting message about the inability of some peoples to see certain colors. Should have added known to science facts: the ancient Greeks and Persians did not see of blue color. In Homer, the sky is sometimes “iron” (apparently gray in cloudy weather), sometimes “copper” (that is, golden in sunny weather). Papuans do not see the color green, living in the green jungle!

What other colors will appear in the rainbow of our descendants?

Your baby is growing, actively exploring the world and surprising him with new achievements every day. You have read and heard a lot about the early development of children and pay close attention to this topic. All people are born with approximately the same abilities, says the Japanese scientist Shinichi Suzuki; it is their upbringing that makes them different.

Any child is capable of growing up smart and capable if he is given what is required for development and, most importantly, at a certain time. Dance, violin and in English V early childhood not at all in order to raise a child to be a brilliant violinist, linguist or dancer, but in order to give impetus to the development of his limitless potential possibilities. The baby's brain is actually Blank sheet paper, and what will be initially written on this sheet depends on how widely the child’s potential will unfold. Below we will talk about how to start small - remember the colors of the rainbow in order with your child.

When to start training?

To determine the answer to this question, let's turn to physiology. The human brain has about one and a half billion cells, but in babies more than half of them are not used. Most connections between brain cells are built during the first three years of a child's life. Thinking, creativity, feelings develop after three years, but the basis for this must be created from birth.

To briefly summarize, if you do not lay the foundation for future abilities in time, then there will be nothing to develop. Thus, starting from the age of three, it is advisable to teach a child simple and useful basic knowledge about the world around him.

So how can you help your child remember the colors of the rainbow?

To move on to memorizing the rainbow spectrum, the colors, as such, must already be mastered by the child. The colors of the rainbow in the spectrum have the following order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet. One of the most common ways to memorize a series of words or numbers is to link them in meaning into a text, sing them or rhyme them. There are a lot of rhymes and rhymes on the theme of the rainbow spectrum. About the hunter who wants to know, and about the bell ringer who knocked down the lantern - this is for everyone known methods

remembering the location of the colors of the rainbow. You can choose with your child what you like and start learning. We offer our version of the rhyming sequence:
What a miracle, look
There's a rainbow ahead!
The color red reminds
Tie on the chest.
The color is orange like the leaves
In the park behind the pond,
Yellow, it's like the sun
And it burns with fire
At the center of the rainbow is green,
At the very core,
Like a foolish child
In mom's arms.
The blue sky will change
Blue clouds are rolling in,
The night will come, putting on

Purple outfit.

Take markers (or pencils) and create a rainbow spectrum from them. Repeat with your child a verse or any other rhyme about the colors of the rainbow that you like best, pointing to each of the colors in the sequence. Looking at the markers, the child visually remembers the sequence, supported by an associative audio sequence.

Invite your child to remember the order of the markers laid out in front of him. When the child is ready, let him close his eyes while you remove one of the flowers. The child is given the task of remembering which color is missing. At the same time, he begins to use his memory, replaying the lesson he just repeated with you and determines (or not) the missing color.

To consolidate the results, you can complicate the task: remove one of the colors and mix the markers. We suggest collecting a rainbow on the table and determining which color is missing. But don’t demand everything from your child at once. Don't forget that the main thing is that the learning process brings pleasure to both of you.

Practice memorization using the principle of repetition cycles

Children absorb information very quickly, but forget just as quickly. You can extend the life of your memory by periodically repeating information, and at increasing intervals of time. More repetition cycles, better retention in memory. Remember the song from childhood “Okay, okay. Where were you? By Grandma!". It’s the same with rainbows - return to this topic again and again with your child in different ways. game forms

. Take, for example, watercolors or finger paints, remember the sequence together and draw a rainbow on a sheet of paper. Place the picture in a frame on the wall and this visual image will automatically work as a repetition of the previously learned “lesson” about the rainbow.

On a physical level, it works like this: after cycles of repetition and practice, the brain determines information as important and moves it from cell to long-term storage cell.

Yawn, chew, dance and remember Yes Yes. Yawning activates the supply of oxygen to brain cells. Chewing temporarily increases perceptual ability. This effect is also due to the fact that chewing produces insulin, which enhances the absorption of glucose, which means feeding the brain. Dancing, or any other physical activity , enhances metabolism in cells, including the brain. So feel free to take active breaks in learning and memorizing anything, and then active games

repeat the memorized material again. positive emotions and a positive attitude! Under stress, under duress, memory small child is blocked - this is a protective reaction of the child’s psyche from external threats. Choose the right time for classes, make sure that the child is comfortable and in good mood. Children's brain inquisitive - this is the main rule from which you need to build when starting to educate your child. Be patient, be creative, and share the joy of learning with each other. You will undoubtedly be pleased with the results of this approach.

How many colors does the rainbow have? It would seem that, children's question. Everyone knows that there are only seven of them - remember the sayings about “pheasant” and “Jean the bell ringer”. But not all nations agree with this “truth”. And if we turn to a scientific approach, the idea of ​​seven colors will burst like a soap bubble.

At first glance, a rainbow looks like a bright arc created from several colors. Their list is well known: from red to purple. In the scientific community, this figure was determined by Newton - in his work (“Optics”) he substantiated and expanded the theory of de Dominis and Descartes. The researcher explained the reasons for the interesting phenomenon and highlighted a list of colors. True, the sequence is somewhat different. Green is followed by blue, then indigo, and then violet. So it’s difficult to give an exact answer to the question, how many colors does a rainbow have?

The result differed depending on the people and period of history. Aristotle, for example, defined only three colors: red, green and violet. He shared his idea of ​​this phenomenon in the section of his work “Meteorology”. He later increased the number to seven.

Australian Aborigines believed that the rainbow had six colors. The same amount is now allocated in some English-speaking countries. In the Congo, the rainbow arc is even represented in the form of six bright snakes. Some African tribes When asked how many colors a rainbow has, they will give a laconic answer: two. They divide the entire spectrum of colors into light and dark. German, Japanese and French children are taught the concept of six colors.

It is curious that the Japanese do not have green color. The British do not have blue - in their opinion, it is just a shade of blue. So the perception of a rainbow depends on the specific culture. Therefore, the question of colors goes beyond physics and biology; philology should also deal with it. For example, on Kazakh language the number of colors coincides with our usual one. But the ideas themselves are different.

In a rainbow the spectrum is continuous - different colors transition into each other smoothly, through many intermediate shades. It is easy to find an infinite number of “colors” - you can select as many of them as you like. After all, these are conventional names, linguistic.

It is much easier to answer a practical question - for example, what to do if you have oily skin on your face? The problem is easy to solve and get visible results. And if we also remember that there are different rainbows? Arcs are more common, but there are others that arise for similar reasons, although they look almost the same. This is a foggy rainbow (white) - it appears on miniature droplets of fog, a fiery rainbow (halo type) - on cirrus clouds, and a lunar one appears in the dark.

Ecology

Many cultures have legends and myths about the power of the rainbow, and people dedicate works of art, music and poetry to it.

Psychologists say people admire it natural phenomenon, because a rainbow is a promise of a bright, “rainbow” future.

Technically speaking, a rainbow occurs when light passes through water droplets in the atmosphere, and the refraction of light leads to the familiar appearance of a curved arch of different colors to all of us.

These and others Interesting Facts about the rainbow:

7 facts about rainbows (with photos)

1. Rainbows are rarely seen at midday

Most often, rainbows appear in the morning and evening. For a rainbow to form, sunlight must hit a raindrop at an angle of approximately 42 degrees. This is unlikely to happen when the Sun is higher than 42 degrees in the sky.

2. Rainbows appear at night too

Rainbows can be seen even after dark. This phenomenon is called a lunar rainbow. In this case, light rays are refracted when reflected from the Moon, and not directly from the Sun.

As a rule, it is less bright, because than brighter light, the more colorful the rainbow.

3. No two people can see the same rainbow

Light reflected from certain raindrops reflects off other raindrops from a completely different angle for each of us. This also creates a different image of the rainbow.

Since two people cannot be in the same place, they cannot see the same rainbow. Moreover, even each of our eyes sees a different rainbow.

4. We can never reach the end of the rainbow

When we look at a rainbow, it seems as if it moves with us. This happens because the light that forms it does so from a certain distance and angle for the observer. And this distance will always remain between us and the rainbow.

5. We can't see all the colors of the rainbow

Many of us remember from childhood a rhyme that allows us to remember the 7 classic colors of the rainbow (Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits).

Everyone is red

Hunter - orange

Wishes - yellow

Know - green

Where is blue

Sitting - blue

Pheasant – purple

However, the rainbow is actually made up of more than a million colors, including colors that the human eye cannot see.

6. Rainbows can be double, triple and even quadruple

We can see more than one rainbow if light is reflected inside the drop and separated into its component colors. Double Rainbow appears when this happens inside the drop twice, triple - when three times, and so on.

With a quadruple rainbow, each time the beam is reflected, the light, and therefore the rainbow, becomes paler and therefore the last two rainbows are very faintly visible.

To see such a rainbow, several factors must coincide at once, namely a completely black cloud, and either a uniform distribution of raindrop sizes, or heavy rain.

7. You can make the rainbow disappear yourself

Using polarized sunglasses can stop you from seeing rainbows. This is because they are covered with a very thin layer of molecules that are arranged in vertical rows, and the light reflected from the water is polarized horizontally. This phenomenon can be seen in the video.

How to make a rainbow?

You can also make a real rainbow at home. There are several methods.

1. Method using a glass of water

Fill a glass with water and place it on a table in front of a window on a sunny day.

Place a piece of white paper on the floor.

Wet the window with hot water.

Adjust the glass and paper until you see a rainbow.

2. Mirror method

Place the mirror inside a glass filled with water.

The room should be dark and the walls white.

Shine a flashlight into the water, moving it until you see a rainbow.

3. CD method

Take CD, and wipe it down so that it is not dusty.

Place it on a flat surface, under a light or in front of a window.

Look at the disk and enjoy the rainbow. You can spin the dial to see how the colors move.

4. Haze method

Use a water hose on a sunny day.

Close the hole in the hose with your finger, creating a haze

Point the hose towards the sun.

Look through the haze until you see a rainbow.

We all know the saying from childhood: “Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant sits,” there is also a less popular version: “How once Jean the bell-ringer knocked down a lantern with his head.” Using the initial letters of these sayings, we remember the names and sequence of colors of such an unusual and beautiful natural phenomenon as a rainbow.

Humanity has associated the rainbow with many beliefs and legends. IN ancient greek mythology For example, a rainbow is the road along which the messenger walked between the world of the gods and the world of people, Iris. The ancient Slavs believed that the rainbow drinks water from lakes, rivers and seas, which then rains on the earth. And in the Bible, a rainbow appears after the global flood, as a symbol of the union of God and humanity. The rainbow has inspired and will continue to inspire many poets, artists and photographers to create the most vibrant works of art. She also appears in many folk signs related to weather forecasting. For example, a rainbow that is tall and steep foreshadows good weather, but low and flat is bad.

It is generally accepted that a rainbow consists of seven primary colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. It is believed that the seven colors of the rainbow were first identified by Isaac Newton; initially he designated only five (red, yellow, green, blue and violet), but then increased the number of colors to seven, which corresponds to the number of notes in the scale.

So how does a rainbow form? After rain, while small droplets of water are still held by air currents, the rays of the sun pass through them, are refracted, reflected and return to us at an angle of 42 degrees. When the sun's rays pass through the drops, the light is split into colors ranging from red to violet. Sometimes we see not one, but two rainbows in the sky; the reason for the appearance of the second, like the first, is the refraction and reflection of light in water droplets. Rays sunlight manage to reflect twice inner surface every drop.

How many colors are there in a rainbow?
The larger the water drops, the brighter and more saturated the colors of the rainbow. Two people standing next to each other cannot see exactly the same rainbow, because... The size and density of droplets may vary from place to place.

But gradually the number and size of water droplets decreases, they either evaporate or fall to the ground, the rainbow loses its brightness, and then disappears altogether...

Of course, a rainbow can be seen not only after or during rain; a rainbow also forms near waterfalls, fountains, and against the background of any curtain of water, including an artificially created one.

A rainbow can also be seen at night, but then it will be less bright, since moonlight is less intense than sunlight, and in low light the sensitivity of our eyes is lost; only the retinal receptors that perceive gray tones work. This phenomenon is rare, because... At night, a rainbow appears only if the moon is full and not covered by clouds, and there is heavy rain.

Sometimes there are rainbows in winter, so there is always a chance that we will see this miracle of nature.

Literature
1. Trifonov E.D. Once again about the rainbow
2. Geguzin Ya.E. Who makes the rainbow?