Resistance movement World War II. European resistance movement: myth and reality

home The national-patriotic forces of the countries occupied by German-Italian troops played a major role in the fight against fascism. The Free French movement, led by General De Gaulle, was the most important force in the Resistance, participating in the liberation of the country along with Anglo-American troops. In Yugoslavia, the liberation movement, whose leader was J.B. Tito, when the Allied troops approached, independently defeated the garrisons of the occupiers in the country. In Greece, an attempt by the British to disarm local resistance groups led to civil war . The USSR was very cool towards the non-communist factions of the Resistance movement in Poland. Their attempt to liberate Warsaw, not coordinated with the Soviet command, was suppressed by German troops

, which subsequently gave rise to serious mutual reproaches. The occupied countries of Europe and Asia suffered significant territorial changes. New states appeared on the world map: Slovakia (1939), Croatia (1941), Burma (1944), Indonesia (1945). But the independence of these states was discredited by cooperation with the aggressors. States such as Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia, Luxembourg, and Greece were liquidated. In Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, and France, pro-fascist (collaborationist) governments came to power. The allied states of Germany, Italy, and Japan received significant territorial gains. Thus, Hungary received Carpathian Ukraine, Transylvania, part of Slovakia and Yugoslavia, Romania - Transnistria, Bulgaria - part of Dobruja, Macedonia, Thrace, Finland returned the territories lost in 1940. Occupation policy in the occupied territory and the USSR was carried out according to the Ost plan. The occupied Soviet territories were divided into three parts. The rear areas of the German army groups were transferred to the control of the military command, while others were subordinated to the "Eastern Ministry" headed by Rosenberg and divided into two Reichskommissariats - "Ostland" (the Baltic states and most of Belarus) and "Ukraine". Western Ukrainian lands were annexed to the Polish "government general". The Nazis sought to create “living space for the German nation” in the territories they conquered. The local population must be transformed into essentially slaves, the intelligentsia liquidated. It was planned to resettle about 10 million Germans in the occupied territories. The local population was supposed to remain about 14 million people. All others were subject to destruction. One of the first colonies of German settlers was created in the Vinnitsa region. The main means that the fascists used to assert their dominance were pitting some nations against others and physical destruction. Peoples such as Gypsies and Jews were subject to complete destruction. Food, raw materials and other material assets were exported from the occupied territories to Germany. At first, the population in the occupied territories received nothing at all for their labor, then they began to receive meager rations for working for the occupiers. 5.5 million Soviet prisoners of war were in terrible conditions, 3.5 million of them died. To use cheap labor in Germany, deportations of the working population were carried out. About 4 million residents of the occupied regions found themselves living abroad in difficult conditions. In total, 10 million became victims of the occupation. Soviet people. The economy of the occupied countries became an appendage of the German war machine. There were about 30 concentration camps in Europe. The largest of them are Dachau, Buchenwald, Majdanek, Auschwitz. The resistance movement was led by socialist, communist, radical and nationalist parties. As a result of victories on the fronts of the anti-Hitler coalition troops, the Resistance movement against the occupiers in European countries is significantly strengthened. Many of them created partisan detachments , underground organizations. But there were also those who cooperated with the occupiers, becoming collaborators. In France, partisan detachments and underground groups led by communists and socialists fought against the fascist occupation and the collaborationist government of Marshal Pétain. The Free French organization created by de Gaulle in 1942-1943 established control over the African colonies of France. In November 1942, the French underground entered into a joint agreement with de Gaulle. In May of the following year, the National Council of Resistance was created, uniting all the forces that fought the occupiers. In June, the French National Liberation Committee was formed, declaring itself a government led by de Gaulle. The people's liberation movement in Yugoslavia gained significant momentum. Since 1941, active military operations against the Nazis were carried out here. In 1943, the government of the new Yugoslavia was created - the Anti-Fascist Assembly of People's Liberation of Yugoslavia, headed by Tito. Partisan armies were formed in Greece and Bulgaria. The communists played a significant role in this process. Anti-fascist sentiments also intensified in Germany. A group of officers and government officials attempted a coup d'état in order to destroy the fascist regime and end the war. On July 20, 1944, Colonel Stauffenberg left a briefcase with a time bomb in the room where Hitler was. The bomb exploded, but Hitler remained alive. The rebels' performance was brutally suppressed. In 1944, anti-fascist uprisings took place in a number of European countries. The uprising raised on August 1 in Warsaw by the Home Army ended in defeat. On August 29, the Slovak National Uprising began with the participation of partisans and the Slovak army. At the cost of great effort, the Nazis managed to suppress it. In the USSR, the struggle of the people's avengers reached a particularly large scale. It was headed by the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement. The main partisan base was Belarus. Here were the most formations and large partisan areas. In Ukraine, the center of the partisan movement was in the northern regions. The fight against the fascists was also carried out by units of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army. The partisan struggle had not only military but political significance. Large-scale sabotage operations of partisans and fighter raids made a significant contribution to the victory over the Nazis. Significant operations were carried out by partisan formations of Kovpak, Fedorov, Saburov, Naumov and others. . In total, over 6 thousand partisan detachments operated on the territory of the USSR, which destroyed about 1 million Nazis. The most large-scale sabotage was carried out in the summer of 1943 during the Battle of Kursk under the name “Rail War” and in September 1943 under the name “Concert”. The Nazis were forced to keep significant forces in their rear to protect their communications from partisans. The armed struggle against invaders usually went through several stages. At first these were the actions of individual combat groups and detachments, which gradually became more numerous and powerful. In some countries, the development of the partisan movement led to the creation of people's armies. In Yugoslavia, already in the summer of 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party, an open armed struggle against the fascist occupiers began. From the very beginning it took on a massive character; at the end of 1941, a special brigade and up to 50 partisan detachments were formed. Subsequently, divisions and corps appeared, and the armed forces began to be called the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia (PLAU).

In Czechoslovakia, the struggle against the fascist invaders acquired a particularly wide scope in the spring and summer of 1944. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, the proletariat became the leader of all liberation forces united in the National Front. Partisan detachments were active in the country. In August 1944, the Slovak National Uprising took place, and later the May Uprising of the Czech people in 1945. In Poland, small partisan detachments, the core of which were workers, first entered the fight against the Nazi invaders. Later, the Ludowa Guard (GL), created on the initiative of the Polish Workers' Party, joined the armed struggle against the occupiers, later transformed into the Ludowa Army (AL).

In Greece, in October 1941, a military center of the Resistance was established, which was later transformed into the Central Committee of the People's Liberation Army (ELAS). In Albania, with the leading role of the communists, the partisan couples in the summer of 1943 were transformed into the National Liberation Army (NOLA).

The Resistance movement in the countries of the Hitlerite coalition had its own characteristics in comparison with the occupied states. The anti-fascist struggle here was carried out under the most difficult conditions of mass repressions and executions, and the brutal persecution of all democrats. Moreover, the regime of terror and political lawlessness in the countries of the Hitlerite coalition was combined with particularly sophisticated nationalist and militaristic demagoguery, which made the anti-fascist struggle extremely difficult. Relying on an extensive system of ideological and political duping of the masses, the Nazis sought to erase democratic ideas from the consciousness of the working people.

An important role in the consolidation of anti-fascist forces was played by the All-Slavic Committee, the National Committee of Free Germany, the Union of Polish Patriots and other organizations created in the USSR. In Italy, in October 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party, an Action Committee was created to unite patriotic forces at home and abroad. Opposition to the terrorist fascist regime intensified in Germany and other countries. In the countries that joined the fascist bloc, the Bulgarian people were the first to rise up in a massive armed struggle against the reactionary regime. At the end of June 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party of Bulgaria, partisan groups were organized, the number of which subsequently grew rapidly. In the spring of 1943, the People's Liberation Insurgent Army was formed and a plan for military action on a nationwide scale was developed. At the beginning of September 1944, the partisan forces amounted to over 30 thousand armed fighters and acted with the support of more than 200 thousand partisan assistants.

Transferring actions Soviet army to the territory of the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe and the successful implementation of its liberation mission further inspired patriots and instilled in them faith in the final defeat of the fascist regimes. More and more new participants were included in the Resistance movement. Thus, the entry of the Soviet Army into the territory of Bulgaria created favorable conditions for the deployment of mass revolutionary actions. In areas controlled by the People's Liberation Rebel Army, people's power was established. On September 9, 1944, as a result of a nationwide, anti-fascist armed uprising in the country, the monarcho-fascist regime was overthrown and the government of the Fatherland Front was formed.

In Romania, in preparation for the armed uprising led by the Communist Party, a large number of militant patriotic groups were created. In the summer of 1944, the National Democratic Bloc was formed, which included the Communist, Social Democratic, National Liberal and National Tsaranist parties. He advocated the immediate overthrow of the fascist government and an end to the aggressive war. The successes of the Soviet Army, especially its outstanding victory in the Iasi-Kishinev operation, accelerated the development of the anti-fascist struggle in the country. On August 23, an armed uprising took place in Bucharest, which led to the overthrow of the fascist dictatorship.

Despite the cruelest terror, preparations were made for an armed uprising in Hungary, which was occupied by Nazi troops in March 1944. In May of the same year, at the call of the communists, the anti-fascist Hungarian Front was created, uniting almost all parties and trade union organizations. As the country was liberated by the Soviet Army, local committees were transformed into bodies of people's power, which played an important role in democratic and socialist transformations.

Under the influence of the successes of the Soviet Armed Forces, as well as the actions of American-British troops that landed in southern Italy in the fall of 1943, the first partisan formations arose in the northern part of Italy. On the initiative of the Communist Party, they were united in June 1944 into the people's army - the Freedom Volunteer Corps, which initially numbered 82 thousand, and by April 1945 - already 150 thousand people. A massive resistance movement developed in Italy under the leadership of the working class. The action of the armed forces of the Resistance in the second half of April 1945, supported by a general strike at the call of the Communists, led to the fact that in many industrial centers and the cities of Northern Italy, almost all fascist German troops and Blackshirts laid down their arms before the arrival of the Anglo-American troops.

Resistance to fascism also existed in Hitler's concentration camps, camps for prisoners of war and foreign workers, where the Nazis used them as slave labor. The prisoners, despite the inhuman living conditions, committed sabotage and sabotage at military enterprises, conducted anti-fascist propaganda, and organized mutual aid. Soviet officers and soldiers played an active role in this struggle, leading many underground organizations and groups.

The Resistance Movement was an integral part of the peoples' liberation struggle. This struggle was associated with great sacrifices.

The Resistance Movement was one of the significant aspects in the fight against Hitlerism and fascism. Almost immediately after the outbreak of World War II, many residents European countries volunteered for active army, and after the occupation - underground. The Resistance movement was more widespread in France and Germany itself. The main events and actions of the Resistance Movement will be discussed in this lesson.

Background

1944- a higher authority was created (Crajova Rada Narodova), which opposed the emigrant government.

1944 G.- Warsaw Uprising. The rebels sought to liberate the city from German occupation. The uprising was suppressed.

France

During the war, there were many anti-fascist organizations in France.

1940- “Free France” was created (since 1942 - “Fighting France”), which was founded by General de Gaulle. The troops of “Fighting France” in 1942 reached 70 thousand people.

1944- an army of French internal forces was created based on the unification of individual anti-fascist organizations.

1944- the number of participants in the Resistance movement is over 400 thousand people.

Participants

As mentioned above, the Resistance Movement was also located in Germany itself. The Germans, who no longer wanted to put up with Hitlerism, created an underground anti-fascist organization "Red Chapel", which was engaged in underground anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, maintained relations with Soviet intelligence, etc. Many members of the underground organization, created at the end of the 1930s. (about 600 people), occupied responsible civil and military positions and positions in the Third Reich. When, in 1942, the Gestapo (German secret police) uncovered the organization, the investigators themselves were surprised at the scale of the work being carried out. The leader of the Red Chapel, H. Schulze-Boysen (Fig. 2), was shot, like many members of the organization.

Rice. 2. H. Schulze-Boysen ()

The Resistance Movement reached particular scale in France. The Free French Committee, led by General de Gaulle, fought against the Nazis and collaborators(who made a deal to cooperate with the enemy) real war. Armed formations operated throughout France, carrying out military and sabotage operations. When in the summer of 1944 the Anglo-American army landed in Normandy and opened the “Second Front,” de Gaulle led his army to help the Allies and, together with them, liberated Paris.

The situation in Poland and Yugoslavia was quite complex and contradictory. In these countries there were two opposing anti-fascist groups. In Poland such organizations were "Home Army" and "Ludova's Army". The first organization was created by the exile government of Poland and was based not only on the fight against the fascists, but also against the communists. Created in 1942, with the help of Moscow, the Army of the People (People's Army) was the conductor of Soviet policy in Poland and was considered a truly popular organization. There were often skirmishes and conflicts between these two armies.

In Yugoslavia there was essentially a similar situation. On the one hand, the Nazis were opposed by the so-called. "Chetniks"(from the Serbian word "cheta" - combat unit, military detachment) led by General Draže Mihailović, speaking from pro-monarchist positions, and on the other - partisan detachments of the communist Josip Broz Tito, which formed the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. The Chetniks and partisans not only fought the enemy, but also fought among themselves. Despite this, and VIn Poland and Yugoslavia, pro-Soviet forces eventually gained the upper hand.

The Resistance movement was truly large-scale. It was not only in the occupied countries of Europe, but also in concentration camps of death. Underground anti-fascist organizations existed and operated in them. Many prisoners died trying to raise an uprising in Buchenwald, Dachau, Auschwitz etc., they were burned in crematoria ovens, gassed and starved (Fig. 3).

In total, by the summer of 1944, the total number of participants in the Resistance Movement in different countries numbered about 1.5 million people. It rightfully made its significant contribution to the fight against fascism and to the common victory over the enemy.

Rice. 3. Uprising in the Sobibor death camp. Some participants ()

1. Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - beginning of XXI century. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2011.

2. Zagladin N.V. General history. XX century Textbook for 11th grade. - M.: Russian word, 2009.

3. Plenkov O.Yu., Andreevskaya T.P., Shevchenko S.V. General history. 11th grade / Ed. Myasnikova V.S. - M., 2011.

1. Read Chapter 13 of the textbook by Aleksashkina L.N. General history. XX - early XXI centuries and give answers to questions 1-4 on p. 153.

2. Why did Great Britain become the center and “headquarters” of the Resistance Movement?

3. How can we explain the confrontation between various military and political groups in Poland and Yugoslavia during the Second World War?

RESISTANCE MOVEMENT, patriotic liberation democratic movement against fascist occupiers and regimes, as well as against collaborators in Europe during the Second World War 1939-45. It developed in territories occupied by aggressors and in countries of the fascist bloc. The Resistance Movement was also associated with the activities in exile of the governments of the occupied countries, patriotic organizations and parties. The main goals of the Resistance Movement were the liberation of European countries from fascist enslavement, the restoration of national independence, the establishment of a democratic political system, implementation of progressive social transformations. Members of the Resistance Movement used various forms and methods of struggle: failure to comply with the orders of the occupiers, anti-fascist propaganda, assistance to persons persecuted by the fascists, intelligence activities in favor of the allies anti-Hitler coalition, strikes, sabotage, sabotage, mass protests and demonstrations, partisan struggle (for partisan struggle, including in the occupied territory of the USSR, see Partisan Movement), armed uprisings. Various people participated in the Resistance Movement social groups and layers of the population: workers, peasants, intelligentsia, clergy and bourgeoisie. Prisoners of war, people forcibly taken to work in Germany, and concentration camp prisoners also joined the Resistance Movement. The USSR provided the Resistance Movement of many countries with a variety of direct assistance: training and transfer of specialists to launch partisan warfare; supplying anti-fascist forces with means of agitation and propaganda; providing participants of the Resistance Movement with weapons, ammunition, and medicines; evacuation of the wounded to the Soviet rear, etc. Other countries of the anti-Hitler coalition provided significant assistance to the Resistance Movement.

The radical wing of the Resistance Movement was led by communist and workers' parties, which created liberation organizations and armies that operated in Yugoslavia, Greece, Albania, Poland, France, Belgium, Denmark, Bulgaria, and Italy. The communists viewed the armed struggle against occupiers and collaborators as a way not only of national liberation, but also of implementing revolutionary changes in their countries. The moderate wing of the Resistance Movement, led by emigrant governments, bourgeois organizations and parties, fighting for the independence of their countries, sought to restore the pre-war order or establish a liberal democratic system. Influential bourgeois-patriotic organizations of the Resistance developed in France, the Netherlands, Norway and other countries. Anti-fascist fronts arose in Yugoslavia, France, Greece, Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Poland and a number of other countries, uniting anti-fascist patriots of various persuasions. An important role in the consolidation of anti-Hitler forces was played by the National Committee “Free Germany” formed on the territory of the USSR, the All-Slavic Committee, the Union of Polish Patriots, etc. At the same time, internal political contradictions in the Resistance Movement led in a number of countries (Poland, Greece, etc.) to dramatic struggle between his factions, especially at the final stage of the 2nd World War.

The development of the Resistance Movement was directly influenced by the course of military operations on the fronts of the 2nd World War, especially on the Soviet-German front after the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR in June 1941. There are several stages in the development of the Resistance Movement. The period from September 1939 to June 1941 was for the Resistance Movement a stage of organizational and propaganda preparation for mass struggle, the creation and strengthening of underground organizations, and the accumulation of forces. During this period, under the leadership of Charles de Gaulle, the Free France movement was formed, and the French communists began an anti-fascist underground struggle. In Poland, the formation of the Resistance Movement at this stage took place under the leadership of the exile government in London. June 1941 - end of 1942 - a period of expansion and intensification of the struggle, the creation of large military organizations and people's liberation armies, and the formation of national liberation fronts. In Yugoslavia, in July 1941, under the leadership of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, armed uprisings began in Serbia and Montenegro, armed uprisings in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the fall of 1941, Yugoslavia became a small “second front” in Europe for the countries of the fascist bloc. On November 26-27, 1942, the Anti-Fascist Assembly of People's Liberation of Yugoslavia was formed. Created in January 1942, the Polish Workers' Party (PPR) organized partisan detachments that united into the Ludowa Guard. The PPR did not reach an agreement on joint actions with the London government and its military organization, the Home Army. In Czechoslovakia, the first partisan groups were formed in the summer of 1942. In Bulgaria, on the initiative of the Communist Party in 1942, an underground Fatherland Front, who united all anti-fascist forces and began a partisan struggle. The partisan movement of the Albanian people was gaining strength. The most influential force in the Greek Resistance Movement was the Greek National Liberation Front (EAM), created in September 1941 on the initiative of the Communist Party of Greece. The partisan units were united in December 1941 into the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS). The struggle against the occupiers intensified in other European countries: France, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In 1941-42, the consolidation of an underground network of anti-fascist organizations in Italy took place. The end of 1942 - spring of 1944 was a period of expansion of the social base of the Resistance Movement, mass protests, the deployment of various forms and methods of struggle against the fascist occupiers, and the development of program documents on political and socio-economic issues. The victories of the Red Army at Stalingrad and Kursk contributed to a sharp intensification of the Resistance Movement. In France, Charles de Gaulle managed to enlist the support of most organizations of the internal Resistance. The French National Liberation Committee was created and began to operate actively in June 1943, uniting 16 organizations and parties, including the French communist party. On the basis of partisan detachments, people's liberation armies were created in Yugoslavia, Albania, and Bulgaria. In Poland, partisan warfare was fought by units of the Ludowa Army and the Home Army, and the Warsaw Uprising of 1943 occurred. The Patriotic Anti-Hitler Front was founded in Romania in June 1943. In Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and Northern Italy, entire regions were liberated, where the authorities created by the patriots operated. From the spring - summer of 1944 until liberation - a period of active mass struggle against the occupiers and fascist regimes, armed uprisings and the participation of the forces of the Resistance Movement in the liberation of European countries from the fascist yoke. The entry of the Red Army into the territory of Eastern Europe and the opening of the Second Front in Western Europe as a result of the landing of troops Western allies in Normandy at the beginning of June 1944 created the preconditions for a powerful upsurge of the anti-fascist struggle, which developed in a number of countries into nationwide armed uprisings (People's Armed Uprising on August 23, 1944 in Romania, the September People's Armed Uprising of 1944 in Bulgaria, the Slovak National Uprising of 1944, the People's Uprising of 1945 in the Czech lands). In Poland, after the defeat of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, raised on the initiative of the émigré government, which hoped to seize the political initiative, leadership in the Resistance Movement finally passed to the Polish Committee of National Liberation, created by the PPR in July 1944, which took over the functions of the provisional government. In Hungary, as the liberation of the country began Soviet troops On December 2, 1944, on the initiative of the Communist Party, the Hungarian National Independence Front was created, and on December 22, 1944, the Provisional National Assembly formed the Provisional National Government. In Yugoslavia, on November 29, 1943, the National Committee for the Liberation of Yugoslavia was created, which performed the functions of the Provisional Revolutionary Government, and on March 7, 1945, after the liberation of the country by Soviet and Yugoslav armed forces, the Provisional People's Government of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia was created. In Greece, patriots took advantage of the favorable situation created by the rapid advance of the Red Army in the Balkans and achieved the liberation of the entire territory of continental Greece by the end of October 1944. In France, in the spring of 1944, the military organizations of the Resistance united and created a single French internal force, which began an armed struggle against the German occupiers. Its apogee was the victorious Paris uprising of 1944. French patriots liberated most territory of France. In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan army was created - the Corps of Freedom Volunteers, which liberated vast areas in the north of the country. In April 1945, a general strike began there, which developed into an uprising, which ended with the actual liberation from the occupiers of Northern and Central Italy even before the arrival of the Anglo-American troops (see April Uprising of 1945). In Belgium, the armed struggle of partisans and patriotic militia ended in a nationwide uprising in September 1944.

Bulgarian partisans are fighters of the Fatherland Front. 1944.

The Resistance movement made a significant contribution to the defeat of fascism and had a significant impact on the post-war development of the world, contributed to strengthening the influence of democratic and leftist forces, and created the preconditions for the development of revolutionary processes in a number of countries in Central and Eastern Europe. In colonies and dependent countries occupied by the forces of fascist aggressors, the Resistance Movement merged with the national liberation struggle against colonial oppression (see the article Anti-Japanese Resistance Movement).

An important feature of the Resistance Movement was its international character; it united people of different nationalities, including Soviet citizens who found themselves on the territory of other countries (mostly prisoners of war who escaped from trains and concentration camps). In Poland, the total number of Soviet citizens who fought in 90 Soviet or mixed Soviet-Polish partisan detachments and groups was 20 thousand people. A total of 3 thousand Soviet partisans fought in Czechoslovakia, and over 6 thousand people in Yugoslavia. In France, at the beginning of 1944, there were up to 40 partisan detachments and almost the same number of groups, in which up to 4 thousand Soviet citizens fought. 5 thousand Soviet citizens took part in the partisan detachments of Italy in the fight against fascism. Soviet patriots also fought in the Netherlands (800 people), Belgium (800 people), Norway (100 people), Bulgaria (120 people), Greece (300 people) and other countries. Many representatives of the Russian emigration took part in the Resistance Movement in France, as in other countries.

Lit.: Resistance Movement in Western Europe, 1939-1945. Common problems. M., 1990; The Resistance Movement in Western Europe, 1939-1945. National characteristics. M., 1991; The Resistance Movement in Central and South-Eastern Europe, 1939-1945. M., 1995.

RESISTANCE MOVEMENT 1939–45, national liberation, anti-fascist movement in the territories occupied by Germany and its allies and in the countries of the fascist bloc themselves.

It acquired the greatest scope in Yugoslavia, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Greece, China, and Albania. The Resistance movement involved patriotic representatives of all segments of the population, as well as prisoners of war, people forcibly deported to work, and concentration camp prisoners. Significant role in the organization Resistance movements and the mobilization of its forces for the struggle was played by the governments of the occupied states in exile, patriotic organizations and political parties and movements.

Common goal Resistance movements there was liberation from fascists. occupation, restoration of national independence and post-war government system on the foundations of democracy. Powers Resistance movements used various shapes and methods of struggle: anti-fascist propaganda and agitation, assistance to those persecuted by the invaders, intelligence activities in favor of the allies in anti-Hitler coalition, strikes, sabotage, sabotage, mass uprisings and demonstrations, partisan movement, armed uprisings, which developed in a number of countries into a national liberation war.

The USSR provided resistance movement many countries provide direct assistance in the training and transfer of national personnel for the deployment of guerrilla warfare, in the supply of weapons, ammunition, medicine, evacuation of the wounded, etc.

Scope and activity Resistance movements largely depended on the course of the armed struggle on the fronts of World War II. On Sept. – Oct. 1939 in Poland, small partisan detachments began to fight against the German occupation forces; sabotage was carried out at enterprises and railway transport. In Czechoslovakia, political demonstrations, strikes, and sabotage at factories were held. In Yugoslavia, immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941), the first partisan detachments began to be created.

After the defeat of the Germans near Moscow resistance movement began to acquire the character of national movements led by the National Fronts in Poland, France, the Anti-Fascist Assembly of People's Liberation in Yugoslavia, the National Liberation Fronts in Greece, Albania, the Independence Front in Belgium, and the Fatherland Front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia, on June 27, 1941, the Main (from September - Supreme) headquarters of the people's liberation partisan detachments was created. By the end of 1942, the patriots liberated 1/5 of the territory of Yugoslavia. In the summer of 1942, the first partisan groups launched combat activities in Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. On Dec. In 1941, Greek partisan units united into the People's Liberation Army.

The time from the end of 1942 to the spring of 1944 was marked by the development of the most active forms of struggle. On August 1, the Warsaw Uprising of 1944 began in Poland. In China, the people's army, in battles with Japanese troops, liberated a number of regions of the country. Since spring 1944 forces Resistance movements directly participated in the liberation of countries from fascist occupation: Slovak national uprising 1944, anti-fascist armed uprising in Romania, the September people's armed uprising in Bulgaria 1944, the people's uprising in northern Italy, the May uprising of the Czech people in 1945. In Hungary, in the conditions of the beginning of the liberation of the country, the Soviets. The Hungarian National Independence Front was created by troops. The struggle against the occupiers in France grew into a nationwide uprising, the pinnacle of which was the Paris Uprising of 1944. French patriots liberated most of the country on their own. In Aug. 1945 The People's Uprising in Vietnam was defeated.

Resistance movement was international in nature. People of different nationalities fought in its ranks. In European countries there is an active struggle against fascism led thousands of owls. people who escaped from captivity, concentration camps, and places of forced labor. In Poland, the total number of owls. citizens fighting in partisan formations reached 12 thousand people, in Yugoslavia - 6 thousand, in Czechoslovakia - about 13 thousand. In France, several thousand owls operated. citizens, more than 5 thousand fought in Italy. In collaboration with German and Romanian patriots of the Soviet Union. people actively fought against the Nazis in Germany and Romania.

Thousands of owls. people who participated in resistance movement abroad, awarded owls. orders and medals, as well as signs of military valor of the countries where they fought.

The heroes of the anti-fascist struggle were: in Italy - F.A. Poletaev, M. Dashtoyan, in France - V.V. Porik, S.E. Sapozhnikov, in Belgium - B.I. Tyagunov, K.D. Shukshin, in Norway - N.V. Sadovnikov. Research Institute ( military history

patriotic, liberation democratic movement against fascist occupiers and regimes during WW II. It developed in territories occupied by aggressors and in countries of the fascist bloc. Its goals are liberation from fascism, restoration of national independence, establishment of a democratic system, and implementation of progressive social reforms. Its forms are failure to comply with the orders of the occupation authorities, anti-fascist propaganda, assistance to persons persecuted by the fascists, intelligence activities in favor of the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition, strikes, sabotage, sabotage, mass protests and demonstrations, partisan struggle, armed uprisings. Various social forces participated in the Resistance Movement: the working class, the peasantry, the patriotic intelligentsia, part of the clergy, the petty and middle bourgeoisie, prisoners of war, escaped concentration camp prisoners. In total, 2.2 million people took part in the movement. It made a significant contribution to the defeat of the bloc of fascist states

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RESISTANCE MOVEMENT

national liberation, anti-fascist democratic people's movement masses during the Second World War 1939-45 against Germany, Italy. and Japanese occupiers and local reactionaries who collaborated with them. elements. D.S. appeared as one of the creatures. factors that determined the transformation of the 2nd World War into a just war, liberation., anti-fascist. the war and anti-fascists who contributed to the victory. coalitions; the decisive role of the people was especially clearly manifested in it. masses in the life of society, their increased influence on the fate of the state. With its roots, D.S. was closely connected with the struggle against fascism and the war carried out by the people. masses in the pre-war years (armed battles in Austria, the Popular Front in France, the struggle against foreign interventionists and Francoist rebels in Spain), and was a continuation of this struggle in the conditions of war and fascism. enslavement. D.S. was a natural and legitimate struggle against fascism and its “new order” as an undisguised form of nationalism. and social oppression of peoples by imperialism. Participated in D.S. various classes and layers of the population, regardless of class. accessories, political and religious beliefs: workers and peasants, mountains. small and partly medium bourgeoisie, democratic tuned intelligentsia and part of the clergy. In Asian countries in the fight against the Japanese. The colonialists united even more heterogeneous layers of the population. In almost all countries occupied by the fascists, there were two currents in the D.S.: 1) people's democratic, led by the working class, led by the communists. parties that put forward liberation in their programs. struggle demands not only national, but also social liberation, and 2) right-wing, conservative, led by the bourgeoisie. elements, which limited its tasks to restoring the power of the national. bourgeoisie and the order that existed before the occupation of the country. Ch. The role in the D.S. was played by the working class and the peasantry, which were its active force, especially the working class led by the communists. and workers' parties. The vast majority of bourgeois. organizations that were part of the right wing of D.S. sought to keep the people. the masses from active struggle against the occupiers. In their plans for the liberation of occupied countries and the seizure of power, they were guided by the victory of the West. powers from here characteristic feature Their tactics were passively waiting for the arrival of Allied troops, hesitation and inconsistency. It means that she took the same position. part of the Social-Democratic leaders and socialist parties. In a number of countries (France, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, etc.), cooperation was established between the people's democratic and right-wing movements during the D.S. against a common enemy. In some countries (Yugoslavia, Albania, Poland, Greece, etc.) the bourgeoisie who were in exile. The pr-va, with the support of the ruling circles of Great Britain and the United States, created fascists in the occupied states. bloc territories of their reaction countries. organizations, which, although formally they advocated liberation from German fascists. occupation, in fact they fought against the people's liberation. movements, against communist parties and other democratic ones. organizations, often handing them over to the enemy. The communists collaborated with those elements in the right movement of the D.S. who were ready to carry out action. struggle against the occupiers and at the same time resolutely opposed the treacherous activities of the Antinars. bourgeois org-tions and technical bourgeoisie. representatives in D.S., who destroyed the unity of action in the fight against the occupiers, tried to seize the leadership of the National Liberation Party. struggle with the aim of weakening the D.S., striking a blow at the communist parties and democrats. organizations supporting the Communist parties. By its nature, D.S. in each individual country was deeply national, since it pursued national goals. liberation, which corresponded to the fundamental interests of the peoples of the countries occupied by the fascists. At the same time, it was international, because it had a common goal for all fighting peoples - the defeat of the forces of fascism, the liberation of the territories of the occupied countries of Europe and Asia from invaders, and the creation of conditions for a lasting post-war. peace. The internationalism of the D.S. was manifested in the interaction and mutual assistance of national D.S. and in the broad participation of anti-fascists from various countries in each national. D.S. In many European countries, the Owls fought bravely in D.S. people who fled from fascism. concentration camps. Many owls patriots were leaders of anti-fascists. groups, partisan commanders. squads. Ch. The goal that united heterogeneous layers of the population in the D.S. was the liberation of the occupied countries from the oppression of the Nazis. aggressors and restoration of national independence. Thanks people. character D.S. fight for the national. liberation was closely intertwined with the struggle for democracy. transformations and social demands of the working people, and in colonial and dependent countries and with the struggle for liberation from imperialism. and colonial oppression. In a number of countries during D. S. began and defeated the people. revolutions (Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia). In some countries. the revolutions that developed during the D.S. period successfully ended after the end of World War II (China, North Vietnam, North Korea). D.S. was distinguished by the variety of forms and tactics used by patriots in the fight against the invaders. The most common forms were: anti-fascist. propaganda and agitation, publication and distribution of underground literature, strikes, sabotage of work at enterprises that produced products for the occupiers, and in transport, weapons. attacks with the aim of destroying traitors and representatives of the invaders. administration, partisans war. The highest and most effective form of D.S. was the national one. armed an uprising in which the leading role belonged to the working class. Communist and workers' parties, which were the main ones. organizers and inspirers of D.S., developed national liberation programs in relation to the conditions of each country. anti-fascist struggle. Based on the fact that the fundamental problem in the life of the countries of Europe occupied by the Nazis was the destruction of the Nazis. occupier regime, program documents of the national liberation. movements oriented all patriots of these countries towards the development of a broad people. struggle for the overthrow of foreign domination, restoration of national. independence and establishment of democracy. free Thus, in the Communist Manifesto. Party of Czechoslovakia (CHR) dated March 15, 1939, it was indicated that the communists “will selflessly and courageously fight in the vanguard of the national Resistance for the restoration of complete freedom and independence of the Czech nation.” The Communist Party of Human Rights called on the working people of the city and countryside, all honest patriots of the country to unite in a broad national. front and decide to deploy. fight against fascists. occupiers and their accomplices. The same task of consolidating patriotic. forces were put forward in the proposals of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of France to the government on June 6, 1940 and in its Manifesto to the French people, published on July 10, 1940 in Gas. "Humanité", in the Address of the Communist Party of Greece dated November 2. 1939, in the decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Indochina (June 1940), in the Directive of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China dated March 6, 1940, in the Appeal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Romania dated July 8, 1941, in the Appeal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia dated April 15. 1941 and in the program documents of the communist. parties of other countries subjected to Nazism. occupation. The communist-led progressive forces of the Fascist countries. block your ch. the task was seen as self-sacrifice. the fight against fascism and reaction to contribute to the victory of freedom-loving peoples in their just war for the national. independence, overthrow the fascists. regime and establish a democratic orders. Thus, already in the first days of the war (September 1939), the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Germany, which was deep underground, appealed to party members, all of them. patriots with a call to join forces in the fight against fascism and the war unleashed by it. adventures. A similar appeal was made to Italy. to the people of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Italy (June 1940). The process of the emergence and development of D.S. in different countries did not take place simultaneously; its scope and forms of struggle were determined by a number of internal factors. and ext. factors, class ratio. forces, natural-geographical conditions, etc. In Slovakia and in some countries where partisanship has become widespread. movement (Yugoslavia, Poland, France, Belgium, Italy, Greece, Albania, Vietnam, Malaya, Philippines), it grew into a national liberation movement. war against the fascists. invaders. Moreover, this outgrowth occurred on different stages war, for several years, up to 1944 inclusive. In Yugoslavia and Albania, national liberation. the war against the occupiers merged with the civil society. war against internal reactions that opposed liberation. movements of their peoples. Due to a number of military and domestic politics. reasons in countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, armed. the struggle was not widely developed. The main and most widespread and effective form of civil society in these countries was the strike movement, anti-fascist. demonstrations. In Germany ch. The form of struggle was the carefully concealed activities of underground antifascists. groups to involve workers in the active struggle against fascism, disseminate propaganda. materials among the population and in the army, providing assistance to foreigners. workers and prisoners of war, etc. D.S. in its development (mainly developed in the countries of Western Europe) went through the following main stages. periods caused by the turning points of the 2nd World War and, above all, the situation at its decisive Soviet-German. front. (For the insert map about D.S., see between pp. 688-689). The first period (the beginning of the war - June 1941) was a period of accumulation of forces, organization. and the propaganda preparation of the mass struggle, when illegal antifascists were created and strengthened. org-tions. Communist parties in enemy-occupied countries developed anti-fascist programs. will release. struggle, rallied patriotic. forces, carried out will explain. work among the masses, trying to overcome the confusion and feeling of hopelessness that has gripped us. part of the population of occupied countries who fell under the yoke of fascist enslavers. Already from the first days of the 2nd World War, anti-fascists began in the occupied regions. speeches. In Poland in September-Oct. 1939 in the fight against Nazi Germany. occupier The troops involved separate military units and small partisans. detachments created by soldiers who escaped captivity and the local population. Basic the core of the first partisans. groups and detachments were workers, and their vanguard were the Polish communists, who, despite the dissolution of the CPP (1938), continued to lead the revolution. work. During the autumn of 1939 - summer of 1940, D.S. was embraced. part of Polish Silesia. Since 1940, sabotage spontaneously arose at enterprises and railways. transport, which soon became widespread. Basic Polish form of struggle. peasants during this period were sabotaged supplies, non-payment of numerous. taxes. Gradually, non-proletarian sections of the population and progressive Polish people were drawn into the struggle. intelligentsia. However, what has begun will liberate. the movement was still heterogeneous and unorganized, because in Poland in the first years of the occupation there was no political movement. a party capable of uniting and leading the patriotic struggle. strength In Czechoslovakia in the initial period of the German-fascist. occupation important form the struggles were political. demonstrations, boycott of fascists. press, there was also a strike movement (in total in 1939 there were 25 strikes at 31 factories). At the call of the underground Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Czech and Slovak patriots began to create groups to fight against the invaders, which began to carry out acts of sabotage and sabotage in factories, transport, etc. in the fall of 1939. The first partisans were in Yugoslavia. detachments that arose immediately after the occupation of the country (April 1941) Ch. arr. on the initiative of the communists, they consisted of small groups of patriotic soldiers and officers, who did not lay down their arms, but went to the mountains to continue the fight. Partiz. By the summer of 1941, the struggle in Yugoslavia had intensified, but was not yet of a mass nature. In France, the first participants in the D.S. were workers of the Paris region and the departments of Nord and Pas-de-Calais, as well as other industries. centers. The most common forms of resistance during this period were sabotage at enterprises and railways. transport, patriotic workers' demonstrations and strikes. One of the first major protests against the occupiers organized by the communists was a demonstration of thousands of students and working youth in Paris on November 11. 1940, on the anniversary of the end of the 1st World War. In May 1941 there was a powerful strike that swept St. 100 thousand miners of the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. At the call of the PCF, thousands of representatives of the French. The intelligentsia joined the working class in the struggle for the liberation of France. In May 1941, on the initiative of the PCF, a mass patriotic movement was created. association - National front that united the French. patriots of various social strata and views. Simultaneously with the creation of the National front, the FKP was preparing the conditions for the widespread deployment of weapons. fight against the occupiers. Already at the end. 1940 communists created the embryo of the military. organization, which received the name. The “special organization” was soon renamed into the organization “Frantirers and Partisans” (FTP). The peoples of other Europe also rose up to fight against the invaders. state - Albania (occupied by the Italian army in April 1939), Belgium and the Netherlands (occupied by the Nazi German army in May 1940), Greece (April 1941), etc. However, a characteristic feature of D.S. in the first period there was a predominance of elements of spontaneity and still insufficient organization. Attacks on occupiers and traitors were carried out by individuals or small groups of patriots. The national liberation movement, which began before World War II, reached great proportions during this period. fight whale people defending their independence from the Japanese. imperialists. After the July 1937 attack on China by the Japanese. The invaders, encouraged by the ruling circles of the USA, Great Britain and France, opened a new frontier in the implementation of their plans to seize all of China, D.S. whale. people became widespread. Due to the fact that two camps had emerged in China at that time - the democratic one led by the CPC and the bourgeois-landlord led by the Kuomintang, each with its own territory and its own weapons. forces, there were actually two independent states here. front: Kuomintang and CPC-led democratic. front of the liberated districts, and the latter was the main one. anti-Japanese front D.S. In the period from Oct. 1938 to Aug. 1945 intense struggle was waged in China. arr. between Japanese army and liberated districts. The guiding force is the national liberation. the war was the CCP. During the struggle, the forces of the 8th and New 4th armies and partisans led by the Communist Party grew. detachments behind Japanese lines. Aug 20 - 5 Dec. In 1940, units of the 8th Army were carried out in the North. China's attack on Japan. position, called the Battle of the "Hundred Regiments". Democratic democracies were held in the liberated areas. transformation, democratic representatives were elected through general elections. organs of power, the leadership of which the people handed over to the communists. Democratic the transformations strengthened the anti-Japanese base. struggle and prepared accordingly. transformation throughout China. The second period (June 1941 - November 1942) is characterized by the strengthening of the D.S. in the countries of Europe and Asia in connection with the entry of the USSR into the war against the Nazis. Germany and its allies in Europe as a result of the treacherous attack on it by the Nazis. Germany and other European countries state-in-fash. block. Under the influence of courage. struggle and first victories of the Red Army over the Nazis. D.S. troops in almost all European countries began to acquire the character of a nationwide. struggle against the occupiers and traitors, major success was achieved in uniting the patriotic. strength Will free you. the struggle of peoples was led by mass patriots. org-tions - National front in Poland and France, Antifash. Assembly of People's Liberation in Yugoslavia, National Liberation. front in Greece and Albania, independence front in Belgium, Fatherland. front in Bulgaria. In Yugoslavia, on June 27, 1941, the Communist Party formed the chapter. People's Liberation Headquarters partisan squads. On July 4, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia adopted a decision on armament. uprising On July 7, 1941, armament began. uprising in Serbia, July 13 - in Montenegro, armed at the end of July. the struggle began in Slovenia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Despite the terror and actions taken in September. and Oct. 1941 carats expeditions to eliminate the partisans. forces and suppress the uprising, the occupiers were unable to strangle the liberates. the struggle of the peoples of Yugoslavia. By the end of 1941, 44 partisans were operating in the country. squad, 14 separate battalions and 1 proletarian brigade (up to 80 people in total). The main headquarters of the people's liberation, which led their struggle. detachments on Sept. 1941 was transformed into the Supreme Headquarters of the People's Liberation Movement. partisan units of Yugoslavia. By the end of 1942, the patriots liberated 1/5 of the territory. Yugoslavia. 26-27 Nov. 1942 The Anti-Fascist Assembly of People's Liberation of Yugoslavia (AVNOJ) was formed, which elected the Executive. committee, which actually performed the functions of a government agency, which included, along with the communists, representatives of all anti-fascists. groups. An important role in the further development of the Polish struggle, which increased in 1941. people played created, in Jan. 1942 Polish Workers' Party (PPR), which organized the partisans. detachments and the leader of their weapons. fight against the occupiers. Partiz. The detachments united in May 1942 into the Ludov Guard. Following the example of the Ludova Guard on the path to arms. struggles became plural. detachments of the "Hlop Battalions" and the Home Army, created by the emigrant government of Poland and intended not to fight the occupiers, but to disrupt this struggle and seize power in the country at the time of its liberation. Soldiers and b. Some of the junior officers of the Home Army were honest patriots and were eager to fight the occupiers. In Czechoslovakia, the first partisans were created in the summer of 1942. groups. In Bulgaria, on the initiative of the Communist Party (BKP), the Fatherland Front was created underground in 1942, uniting all anti-fascists led by communists. forces and began a wide partisan campaign. anti-fascist war. For the leadership of weapons. The Center was created in the fight against the occupiers. military commission, transformed in the spring of 1943 into Ch. People's Liberation Headquarters partisan army. In Romania, the Communist Party (CPR) developed an anti-fascist program in 1941. fight room people. Under her hand. in the beginning. 1943 Patriotic was created underground. front, which, in addition to the CPR, included democratic. cross. organization "Front of Farmers", democratic. org-tion Hung. national minorities "Mados" and others. The partisans have expanded. fight alb. people led by the one created in November. 1941 by the Communist Party (CPA). In Greece he will be released. The fight was led by the one created in September. 1941 on the initiative of the Greek. Communist Party (KKE) National Liberation. front (EAM), the core of which were workers and peasants. Arose in the beginning. 1941 partisans. The detachments were united in December. 1941 in People's Liberation. army (ELAS). The leading role in EAM and ELAS belonged to the KKE. The fight against German fascists. The occupation of the occupiers also intensified in other European countries: Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In the 2nd half. 1941 anti-fascists intensified. and anti-war. speeches by workers in Italy protesting against Italy's participation in the war on the side of the Nazis. Germany. On the initiative of the ICP in September. 1941 the country was created " Set of actions for the unification of Italy. people", whose task was to organize the people's struggle against the war. As a result of the persistent activities of the communists in order to unite the efforts of the nation, in November 1942, the Committee of the National Front was formed in Turin, consisting of representatives of anti-fascist parties. The same -you were created in other cities. The anti-fascists, which did not stop during the war, intensified in Germany. difficult conditions Communists of Germany jointly with the best representatives of social democracy and non-party movement. workers. Despite the Gestapo repressions, in the end. 1941 - beginning 1942 The production of underground anti-war films increased significantly in the country. and anti-fascist. printed materials. Organized by anti-fascists. struggle were underground communist. groups of Urich, Schulze-Boysen, Bestlein-Jacob-Abshagen, Neubauer-Poser, etc. Under the influence of heroic. the struggle of the Red Army expanded the D.S. peoples of the countries of the East. and South-East. Asia, subjected to Japanese. occupation. The national liberation movement took on the greatest scope in Asian countries. fight whale people. In 1941-42 Japanese. The army launched a “general offensive” against the liberated areas, but at the cost of heavy losses it was only able to capture part of the territory. liberated districts of the North. China, and the territory of the liberated districts of Central and South. China continued to expand during this period. Inspired by the heroic resistance of owls German-fascist people The invaders launched an active struggle for the liberation of their countries from Japanese oppression. invaders patriots of Vietnam, Korea, Burma, Malaya, Indonesia, Philippines. In Vietnam in 1941, the communists created a core of partisans. army. In May 1941, on the initiative of the Indo-Chinese Communist Party, the Viet Minh League for the Independence of Vietnam was founded. In the provinces of Vietnam, partisans formed and fought. squads. D.S. also developed in other regions of Indochina - Laos and Cambodia. The first partisans in Malaya. detachments began to be created by the communists in December. 1941. At the end. In 1942, anti-Japan was created on their basis. Malayan People's Army. Among citizens the population was organized against Japan. union. In these organizations, the Communist Party rallied the workers and peasants of the three main nationalities. groups of Malaya - Malays, Chinese and Indians. In the spring of 1942, immediately after the Japanese. occupation of Indonesia, liberation began to unfold. Indonesian wrestling people, directed against the Japanese. invaders, against all colonial oppression. Acts of sabotage and sabotage were carried out at enterprises and transport, and the cross was raised. uprisings (in Singaparna, Indramayu, in the Karo region), there was an uprising of troops in Blitar. All these anti-Japanese. the protests were brutally suppressed by the occupiers. In 1942, the struggle against the Japanese began. occupiers in Burma. In the north and in some parts of the center. In areas of the country, communists who were underground created partisans. detachments and groups that fought against the occupiers and the local military that collaborated with them. administration. Anti-Japanese violence gained momentum. wrestling in the Philippines. The Communist Party of the Philippines united and led the working class, the working peasantry and part of the nation. bourgeoisie into a single anti-Japanese. front patriotic strength In March 1942, in addition to other anti-Japanese. organizations headed by representatives of national bourgeoisie, on the initiative of the Communist Party, the People's Republic was created. The army of Hukbalakhap, based on the support of the population, led the fight against the invaders. The D.S., which unfolded in Europe and Asia against the invaders, contributed to the strengthening of the anti-fascist coalition and significantly weakened the forces of the countries of the fascist bloc. The third period (November 1942 - end of 1943) is associated with a radical change in the war caused by history. victories of the Red Army on the Volga and near Kursk; D.S. in all occupied countries and even in some countries included in the Fascism. the bloc (including in Germany itself) sharply intensified; completed in basic national association of patriotic forces and unified national nationals were created. fronts. D.S. became more and more widespread. Communists of their courage. Through the struggle they won the trust of the people and became the leading force of the D.S. The partisan movement reached enormous proportions. movement and began to play a decisive role in anti-fascists. struggle. Based on the partisans. detachments were created by People's Liberation. armies in Yugoslavia, Albania, Bulgaria. The Ludowa Guard acted in Poland, captivating the Home Army units with their example, which was prevented in every possible way by its reaction. leaders. 19 Apr 1943 An uprising began in the Warsaw ghetto in response to an attempt by the Nazis. troops to take out another batch of Jews for destruction. population. Brutally depressed after weeks of heroism. struggle, the uprising contributed to the strengthening of the Polish struggle. people against the occupiers. New partisans emerged. detachments in Czechoslovakia, Romania. Liberation has reached a wide scope. wrestling in France, Italy, Belgium, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands. In Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia and North. In Italy, entire regions were liberated from the occupiers, on the territory of which the people's bodies created by patriots operated. authorities. In some countries there are partisans. the struggle grew into national liberation. war against the fascists. invaders and merged with the citizens. war against internal reactions. In a number of countries, preparations for the implementation of national nationalities were completed. armed uprisings; against occupiers and traitors. An example of the struggle against fascism for the peoples of the world was Soviet partisans(see Partisan movement in the Great Patriotic War 1941-45). Victory of the Red Army, struggle of the Soviets. people on the Sovs temporarily captured by the Nazis. territories - in Belarus, Ukraine, Karelia, the Baltic states, Bryansk region, Leningrad and other regions of the RSFSR, where Soviet formations. partisans actively assisted the regular troops of the Red Army and had a huge impact on the entire further course of development of the D.S. not only in Europe, but also in Asia. Arms have acquired a large scale. struggle in China, especially in those areas where it was led by the CCP. 8th and New 4th armies of China along with partisans. detachments and people The militia of the liberated areas not only successfully repelled Japanese attacks. troops, but they themselves went on the offensive. In the battles of 1943, the national revolutionary. army and other forces China. people were destroyed by more than 250 thousand invaders and their accomplices - the so-called. troops of the puppet "government" Wang Jing-wei, returned the territories of the liberated districts, lost in battles with the Japanese. troops in 1941-42. In Korea in 1943, despite persecution and police terror, the number of strikes and cases of sabotage increased sharply. There are many in Vietnam. partisan detachments expelled the Japanese by the end of 1943. occupiers from many districts in the north of the country. In the liberated districts, instead of the colonial authorities, the patriots created their own committees, which became the embryo of a new, democratic. building. In Burma, the center of patriotism. Anti-Fash, formed in 1944, became the country's strength. League of People's Freedom, which included the Communist Party, trade unions and other patriotic. strength of the country. The struggle of the patriots of Malaya, Indonesia and the Philippines intensified. Fourth period (late 1943 - May-September 1945). During this period, the Red Army carried out a fascist attack. will crush the invaders. blows, expelled them from the owls. land, suffered the war. actions on the territory of the countries of the East. and South-East. Europe, she played a decisive role in the liberation of these countries from the fascist occupiers. In the context of a successful Soviet offensive. troops nationwide anti-fascist. the struggle in many occupied countries resulted in weapons. uprisings that led to the establishment of people's democracy. building. After the start Iasi-Kishinev operation Red Army 23 Aug. 1944 anti-fascist occurred. adv. uprising in Romania, which marked the beginning of a radical turn in the history of this country. With the entry of the owls. troops in the territory Bulgaria began (September 9, 1944) armament. Bulgarian uprising people (see September People's Armed Uprising of 1944), which opened the era of socialism for Bulgaria. Aug 1 1944 began the anti-fascist movement that lasted 63 days and ended tragically. Warsaw Uprising 1944. 29 Aug. 1944 The Slovak uprising of 1944 began, which played a huge role in the development of the struggle of the peoples of Czechoslovakia against the Nazis. invaders. The command of the Red Army and the Soviets provided great assistance to the uprising. partisans. The final event in the liberation of Czechoslovakia was the Czech uprising. people in May 1945, the center of which was in Prague. Units of the Red Army that committed short term rapid transition (see Prague operation 1945), the Czechs came to the aid. to the people. Having expelled the occupiers and the traitors who collaborated with them from among the monopolists. bourgeoisie and landowners, the working masses of Czechoslovakia, led by the working class, took the fate of the state into their own hands and established a people's democracy in Czechoslovakia. system that ensured the development of the country along the path to socialism. As the Red Army's military successes in the fight against fascism grew, liberation expanded. wrestling in Poland, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Albania. Patriotic The forces of these countries, under the leadership of the working class, created revolutionary bodies. authorities who solved the problems of people's democratic. revolution. On Dec. 1943, when the victories of the Red Army brought the liberation of Poland closer, the Crajova Rada Narodova (KRN) was created in Poland on the initiative of the PPR, then local people's councils began to be created, and in July 1944 the Polish National Committee was formed. liberation, which took over the functions of temporary. pr-va. In Hungary, in the conditions of the beginning of the liberation of the country, the Soviet Union. troops 2 Dec. 1944, on the initiative of the Communist Party, Weng was created. national Independence Front, and 22 Dec. 1944 Temp. national the meeting in Debrecen formed the Provisional. national production In Yugoslavia it is still 29 November. 1943 National was created. liberation house Yugoslavia, performing the functions of Temporary. revolutionary pr-va, and on March 7, 1945, after the liberation of the country of the Soviets. and Yugoslav armed forces, - democratic. production Legislation was created in Albania. organ - Antifash. national liberation Council of Albania, which formed the Anti-Fascist National Liberation Council. to-t, endowed with the functions of time. pr-va. In Greece, patriots took advantage of the favorable situation caused by the rapid advance of the Red Army in the Balkans, and achieved the liberation of the entire territory by the end of October 1944. continental Greece from German-fascist. invaders. However, the Greek the people failed to consolidate their won independence and establish the people. power. German-fascist occupiers in Oct. 1944 replaced by English. troops, which, with the support of the United States, restored the reactionary forces in Greece. monarchic mode. Much success achieved D.S. in France. Created in May 1943 National. On March 15, 1944, the Resistance Council (RCC) adopted the D.S. program, which outlined the urgent tasks of the struggle for the liberation of France and provided for economic prospects. and democratic development of France after its liberation. In the spring of 1944, the militant organizations of the Resistance united and created unified army French internal forces (FFI) numbering up to 500 thousand people, in which the leading role belonged to the communists. Under the influence of the victories of the Red Army and the landing of Allied troops in Normandy (June 6, 1944), the struggle against the invaders grew into a national one. an uprising, the highest point of which was the victorious Parisian uprising of August 19-25. 1944. French. Patriots liberated most of the territory on their own. France, including Paris, Lyon, Grenoble and a number of other large cities. In Italy, in the summer of 1944, a united partisan force was created. the patriotic army of the Freedom Volunteer Corps, numbering St. 100 thousand fighters. Partiz. the army liberated vast areas of northern Italy from the invaders. In cities and villages, patriotic groups arose and fought. actions. Along with the partisans. struggle in the winter of 1944-45 in a number of industries. centers of the North Mass strikes took place in Italy. In April In 1945, a general strike began in the north of the country, which grew into a national strike. uprising that ended with the liberation of the North from the occupiers. and Center. Italy even before the Anglo-Americans arrived there. troops. By the summer of 1944, up to 50 thousand partisans were operating in Belgium. Armed the struggle of partisans and patriots. militia, thanks to the efforts of the communists, the national nationalization was completed. the uprising that took place in September. 1944 throughout the country and contributed to the liberation of many. cities and villages of Belgium. In Germany, despite the brutal mass repressions and executions, the victims of which were the leader of the Germans. communists Ernst Thälmann, most of the participants and leaders of anti-fascists. groups, the Nazis were unable to completely suppress the country D.S. The surviving communists. groups continued to fight against the fascists. mode. Outside Germany, in July 1943, on the initiative of the Central Committee of the KKE in the USSR, a national government was created and acted. the leading center of the struggle against Hitler's domination National Institute"Free Germany" (NKSG), which united representatives of various political parties. views and beliefs. The creation of the NKSG had great importance for activities in German anti-fascists who were in Germany itself, in German-fascists. troops, as well as in countries occupied by Germany. In France on November 1943 The Free German Committee for the West was formed. German Communists in France, Belgium and the Netherlands, with the help of local communists, waged anti-fascists. work among him. occupier troops and actively participated in D.S. organizations and detachments in these countries. The NKSG program and its activities provided significant assistance to anti-fascists in Germany itself. Antifash. fight Democrats under the leadership of the Communist Party contributed to the fight against fascism in Germany and played important role in education after the war, the first in German history. people of the workers' and peasants' state - German Democratic. Republic. D.S. achieved great success in Asia. In the Philippines people. The Hukbalahap army in 1944, with the active participation of the population, cleared the Japanese. invaders in a number of areas of the island. Luzon, where democrats were held. transformations. However, the progressive forces of the Filipino people failed to consolidate the achieved successes. In Indochina at the end. 1944 on the basis of the partisans organized in 1941. units, the Vietnam Liberation Army was created. D.S. became especially widespread immediately after the USSR entered the war against Japan, which led to the defeat of the Soviets. troops of the Kwantung Army (Aug. 1945) and their liberation of the North-East. China and Korea. Victory of the owls. troops allowed the 8th and New 4th armies to launch a general offensive. They liberated us from the Japanese. occupiers almost the entire Northern and part Central China. Will free you. fight whale people contributed to the defeat of the imperialist. Japan and laid the foundation for the further victorious deployment of the people. revolution in China. In Aug. 1945 saw the victorious Nar. uprising in Vietnam (see August Revolution of 1945 in Vietnam), which led to the creation of an independent Democratic Party. Republic of Vietnam. In Indonesia on 17 Aug. 1945 the people proclaimed the formation of a republic. There is anti-Japanese in Malaya. adv. the army liberated a number of districts of the country in 1944-45, and in August. 1945 disarmed the Japanese. troops even before the English landing there. armed strength In March 1945, a national meeting began. uprising in Burma, which completed the liberation of the country from the Japanese. occupiers. D.S., who made a great contribution to the defeat of the fascist bloc, influenced the further development of the national liberation struggle of the peoples of Asia and Africa. During the D.S., the peoples of the whole world were again convinced by facts of the truly international nature of the Soviet policy. socialist state Soviet Union provided to the peoples of all countries fighting against the Nazis. domination, huge political, economic. and military help. The ruling circles of the USA and Great Britain had a completely different attitude towards D.S. Despite certain differences determined by the imperialist. the goals of their policy, pr-va zap. The powers in their attitude towards D.S. agreed on the main thing. They feared the rise of politics. people's activity masses and outgrowth of national liberation. movements in the revolutionary fight against bourgeois regimes, and in the occupied countries of the East and South-East - against the imperialist. and colonial oppression. Throughout the war, formally recognizing the position. the role of D.S. and using his results to achieve victory over the Nazi troops. coalitions, the USA and Great Britain were guided by the bourgeoisie. and moderate liberal elements in the D.S. and, together with the emigrant pr-you of the occupied countries of Europe, supported only the D.S. organizations that were influenced by representatives of the bourgeoisie, and were not intended to expel the fascists. invaders, but to fight for the restoration of pre-war. conservative regimes. Based on the reaction forces in the occupied countries, the government of the United States and Great Britain, tried in every possible way to subjugate the D.S. in order to narrow its goals and scope, limiting the participation of the people. the masses through passive forms of struggle: gathering reconnaissance. information and carrying out sabotage in the rear. occupiers under the strict control of the Anglo-Americans. intelligence services In an effort to limit the scope of the truly popular D.S., the governments of the United States and Great Britain sent their agents into its ranks and sought to oppose other social groups and political groups to the working class and communists. the currents that participated in the D.S. created and armed the reactionary movement. antinar. formations, supported traitors masquerading as members of the D.S. ("Bali Kombetara" in Albania, Draž Mihailovic in Yugoslavia, etc.), and at the same time refused support to the democratic and especially proletarian elements and, together with the reactionary. the forces of the occupied countries tried to prevent nationals there. armed uprisings; they took advantage of the presence of their troops in countries liberated from the Nazis. invaders (Italy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway), and in the West. Germany against democrats. forces to restore monopoly power. bourgeoisie; disarmed the participants of the D.S., without stopping to use military force. forces (in Greece, Indonesia, Malaya, the Philippines); tried to send their troops into Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia in order to establish an antinar there. regimes, which was prevented by the Red Army and the democrats. the forces of these countries. Many heroes of D.S. died in the fight against the invaders. Largest quantity the victims were suffered by the communists, who were in the forefront of the D.S.D.S. played creatures. role in the defeat of f