Report: Pulp and paper industry in Russia. Components of the sub-sector of the pulp and paper industry

Pulp and paper industry in Russia: yesterday, today, tomorrow ...

Nikolay Dubina
[email protected]

The pulp and paper industry combines technological processes for the production of cellulose, paper, cardboard and paper and cardboard products (writing, book and newsprint, notebooks, napkins, technical cardboard, etc.).

In Russia, this industry originally arose and developed in the Central Region, where consumption was concentrated. finished products and there was the necessary textile raw materials, from which paper was previously made (it is no coincidence that one of the first centers of paper production in the country was named Linen Factory). Subsequently, the technology of paper production changed, wood raw materials were used for it, and the area of ​​the industry shifted to the north, to forest-abundant areas.

In 2013, the volume of production in the pulp and paper industry in Russia amounted to 766 billion rubles. ($ 24.0 billion). The share of the industry in the volume of output in the manufacturing industry is 3%.

The index of pulp and paper production, publishing and printing activities in 2014 compared to 2013 amounted to 100.4%, in December 2014, compared to the corresponding period of the previous year, - 94.5%. The index of production of cellulose, wood pulp, paper, cardboard and products from them - 104.5%.

The technological cycle of the industry is clearly divided into two processes: pulp production and paper production.

For a country that exports 84% ​​of its marketable pulp and 50% of paper and cardboard, the main reserve for the development of the industry is the growth rate of domestic consumption (more on this below). The enterprises of the industry provide about 5% of the total Russian volume of foreign exchange earnings.

Pulp production

In the USSR, some cellulose producers were located outside the forest zone and worked on reed raw materials (in Astrakhan, Kzyl-Orda, Izmail), but there are no such enterprises in modern Russia. In any case, the creation of a large pulp mill is possible only near a large watercourse or reservoir.

Such hydrological objects include the Northern Dvina (enterprises in Arkhangelsk and Novodvinsk), Vychegda (Koryazhma), Angara (Ust-Ilimsk and Bratsk), Volga (Balakhna and Volzhsk), Baikal (Baikalsk), Lake Onega (Kondopoga), Lake Ladoga (Pitkyaranta and Syasstroy).

Consumer orientation in the pulp industry is secondary, therefore, a significant part of domestic pulp is produced in the relatively sparsely populated Eastern Siberia.

Pulp in Russia is produced at pulp and paper mills (PPM), pulp and paper mills (PPM) and pulp and paper mills (PPM). In almost all of these mills, pulp is further processed into paper or cardboard. However, there are exceptions: in Ust-Ilimsk, Sovetsky (Vyborgsky District), Pitkyaranta, the stage of cellulose production is final - the market pulp obtained here is sent to other enterprises of the industry for further processing.

Pulp in Russia is produced by about three dozen enterprises. Production is located only in 14 regions, primarily in Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk, Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Perm regions, the republics of Komi and Karelia. Cellulose is not produced at all in the Central and Far Eastern Federal Districts. The capacity for the production of cellulose in the Southern and Ural districts is extremely small. Until recently, cellulose was still produced in Sakhalin, in the Khabarovsk Territory, Astrakhan region, but on economic reasons these industries had to be abandoned.

It is curious that an increased concentration of cellulose enterprises, albeit not very large ones, is noted in those parts of the country that were relatively recently - 60-70 years ago - included in the territories of economically developed neighbors. We are talking about the Karelian Isthmus, which was Finnish until 1940 (three enterprises, until the 90s - four, including the now closed plant in Priozersk); Kaliningrad region - part of the former German East Prussia (three enterprises); Southern Sakhalin (seven enterprises, by now all are closed), which was Japanese possession until the end of World War II. This is no coincidence, given the circumstances that, firstly, these areas for their countries were the most convenient place for the development of the industry, and secondly, the state of printing and book publishing in Finland and Germany was and continues to remain at a higher level than in ours. country. By now, all the pulp and paper mill and pulp and paper mill inherited from the neighbors are in need of reconstruction, and largely because of this, a significant part of them have already been closed.

The production of wood pulp and pulp from other fibrous materials is currently recovering. In terms of cellulose production, Russia is one of the top ten producing countries in the world. The production of pulp for cooking in 2014 reached the level of about 7503 thousand tons, an increase of 4.1%.

However, the increase in pulp production in the reporting year did not allow to make up for the lost production volumes of the previous year. It should be reminded that a year earlier the pulp production dropped by 6% mainly due to a number of bankruptcies and shutdowns of such enterprises as OJSC Kondopoga, Pitkyaranta, Solombala PPM. Also in 2013, the volume of pulp production at the Bratsk PPM fell due to technological shutdowns.

Today the pulp and paper mill in Bratsk reached 90% of its capacity, which contributed to an increase in the output of bleached sulphate pulp. In 2014, at the third stage of the Arkhangelsk PPM, the implementation of investment projects for the modernization of production was completed. For the first time among the enterprises of the Russian pulp and paper industry, the plant successfully reconstructed the washing department of the brewhouse and launched the fifth soda recovery boiler (SRK-5) after modernization, completely dismantling the equipment installed 40 years ago.

At the end of 2014, the Kondopoga PPM increased its output by 30%. The branch of Ilim Group in Koryazhma has set the level of 1 million 200 thousand tons of annual production of marketable products. No other pulp and paper mill in Europe has reached such volumes.

At the same time, in 2014, pulp and paper production at the Solombala PPM in Arkhangelsk did not resume. Moreover, the possibility of mothballing the enterprise and using this industrial site for another production is being discussed. On December 15, 2014, the Pitkyaranta Pulp Mill was sold at an auction. Since September 2014, Segezha PPM has had a new owner - the Financial and Industrial Group AFK Sistema. A number of enterprises in the industry are still in bankruptcy proceedings. Thus, the Karelia Pulp company, which is the customer of the Kondopoga PPM, is gradually replacing creditors in the bankruptcy case of Kondopoga OJSC. The Arbitration Court of the Perm Territory considered the application of the Interregional Engineering and Technical Center "ArmPrivodService" LLC on declaring insolvent (bankrupt) LLC "Pulp and Paper Mill" Kama.

The prospects for the development of the pulp industry in Russia are associated with the improvement of technological process, more complete use of forest resources at existing enterprises, as well as with the construction of new pulp and paper mills. At present, complexes for the production of cellulose and paper are being designed in the city of Aleksandrov (Vladimir region), city of Neya (Kost-Roma region), city of Turtas (Tyumen region), city of Amazar (Chita region). Pre-design surveys are being carried out in the Kirov, Vologda and Novgorod regions and some other regions.

Paper production

The capacity for the production of paper is distributed more evenly over the territory of Russia than for the production of pulp. Here, the factor of customer orientation becomes more important. The paper is produced in 29 regions of the Russian Federation. The leaders of the paper industry are Karelia, Perm and Nizhny Novgorod regions. Almost no paper is produced in the Southern Federal District (there is only a small production in the Rostov region). On the territory of Siberia and Of the Far East paper is made only in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Yenisei PPM). The pulp produced there is transported to the European part of the country.

The received paper for its purpose can be newsprint, book, writing, packaging, technical, banknote, sanitary, etc. The volume of newsprint production is more than half of all paper produced in the country. Today, 99% of the offer on this market consists of domestic products. In Russia, this type of paper is produced by eight enterprises, but three of them (OJSC Volga, OJSC Kondopoga and OJSC Solikamskbumprom) account for almost 95% of the total production.

Russian newsprint is one of the most competitive in the world market. In 2002, Russia exported 1,136.7 thousand tons of newsprint for 382 million dollars. The largest importers of Russian newsprint are India, Germany, Turkey, Great Britain, Iran, Pakistan and Finland.

The main consumer of newsprint in Russia is large printing companies. Approximately 12% of all Russian demand comes from the Moscow publishing house Press, another 9% - from the publishing complex Moskovskaya Pravda, 4% each - from PPO Izvestia and LLP Pronto-Print.

In 2014, the volume of paper production recovered and, first of all, newsprint. During the year, about 4943 thousand tons of various types of paper were produced, which is 3.7% more than in the previous year. Previously, within two years, the volume of paper production fell annually by 1%.

In 2014, Kondopozhsky PPM increased its newsprint output by 31.7%. A high level of production in the reporting year was also noted at the pulp and paper mill in Koryazhma (Ilim, Arkhangelsk region). In 2014, Koryazhemets at new capacities brought to the market two new brands of paper - the first domestic clean-cellulose coated paper “Omela” and the office one “Ballet Brilliant”.

A paper mill was opened in Kostroma. It will produce toilet paper, napkins, paper towels. Commissioning of a new paper mill in September 2014 in Yaroslavl region allowed Syktyvkar Tissue Group OJSC to almost double the production of pulp and paper products. At the same time, pulp and paper production at the Solombala PPM in Arkhangelsk will never resume.

“I don’t believe that the current owner of the enterprise in the current socio-economic conditions will be able to change the situation,” Igor Orlov, Governor of the Arkhangelsk Region, said at a press conference. As a reminder, due to the difficult financial and economic situation of the plant, in April 2013 it was decided to completely stop production.

Traditionally, the main type of paper produced by the domestic pulp and paper industry is newsprint - the share in the structure of all types of paper production at the end of 2014 was 33%.

In 2014, newsprint production began to grow again. Recall that in the previous two years, pulp and paper enterprises in Russia as a whole reduced the production of newsprint - first by 6% in 2012, and in 2013 the decline continued and reached 13%. In total, the production of newsprint in rolls or sheets in 2014 amounted to 1,636 thousand tons, which is 3% more than in 2013.

Recently, the export of newsprint, traditional for Russia, has been growing. Russian enterprises have reoriented themselves to new markets for their products. India is the leader in the import of Russian newsprint today. The domestic market for newsprint continues to shrink. Thus, the output of newspaper products in the reporting year fell again - the decline for the year amounted to 9.7%. A year earlier, newspapers were also published 10% less. Leading manufacturers of newsprint: OJSC Volga, OJSC Mondi SLPK, OJSC Solikamskbumprom and OJSC Kondopoga.

The release of writing and notebook paper fell again. The volume of writing and notebook paper in the structure of all paper produced in Russia is very insignificant - only 1.2%. Production of writing and notebook paper fell for the second year in a row: for the reporting year, its output fell by 8.4%, and a year earlier the decline was 4%. In 2012, growth was recorded at the level of 6%. In total, in 2014, the domestic pulp and paper industry produced about 57.5 thousand tons of writing and notebook paper.

At the same time, despite the reduction in the production of writing and notebook paper in the reporting year, the production of school exercise books was significantly higher than a year ago. So, at the end of 2014, school notebooks (12, 18, 24 sheets) in Russia as a whole were produced 650 million pieces, which is 13.7% more than in the previous year. However, it should be borne in mind that the increase in the production of exercise books in the reporting year only made up for the lost production volumes in the previous year. Recall that in 2013, school exercise books were made 14% less than in 2012.

The main manufacturers of writing and notebook paper: Arkhangelsk PPM, Paper Mill Kommunar, Kondrovskaya Paper Company, Krasnogorodsk Experimental Paper Mill, Mariyskiy PPM, Turin PPM, International Paper, Polotnyano-Zavodskaya Paper Mill, Okulovsky Bossumskbum, Solika Sokolsk PPM, PPM "Kama".

OJSC "Arkhangelsk PPM" remains the leader in the segment of exercise books: the share of the enterprise is 32%.

In general, in 2014 the production of paper and paper products showed a decline, with the exception of the production of exercise books. Thus, the release of albums and folders for drawing and sketching in the reporting year decreased by 13.3%, amounting to an average of 30.2 million pieces in Russia.

Cardboard production

Cardboard is produced in 46 regions Russian Federation all federal districts, except for the Ural (however, there is a very small production in the Sverdlovsk region). The first place in Russia is taken by the Arkhangelsk region, followed by the Leningrad and Irkutsk regions, the republics of Komi and Tatarstan.

The main use of cardboard is packaging materials. In Soviet times, packaging was not a priority in the development of production, which determined its low technological level.

Glass packaging was reusable; most of the food was not pre-packed, but wrapped in cheap, low-quality paper at retail outlets.

In modern Russia, packaging has become a kind of continuation of the product, part of the design, image, brand, and an additional information channel. Paper and cardboard account for 39% of the country's packaging production, and polymers that are more harmful to health - 36%. The bulk of the packaging materials - about 50% - goes to the food industry.

About 70% of all packaging board production in Russia is made up of corrugated board, which is produced using waste paper and pure cellulose.

Pure cellulose paperboard is of higher quality, stronger and softer than recycled paperboard, which is used primarily for shipping packaging. The largest producer of corrugated cardboard in the country is Arkhangelsk PPM. The highest demand for corrugated cardboard containers is in Moscow and other large cities, where the production of many consumer goods is concentrated. The Central Region accounts for about 40-45% of the consumption of corrugated packaging produced in the country.

Cardboard production in 2014 continued the growth of the previous year, although the growth was insignificant - by 1.7%. In total, in the reporting year, about 3069 thousand tons of cardboard of all types were produced at the pulp and cardboard mills in Russia.

Cardboard manufacturers continue to increase their output for the fourth year in a row, however, the pre-crisis production of cardboard has not yet been reached. We would like to remind that in 2013, in Russia as a whole, the production of cardboard increased by 0.5%.

Leading companies for the production of cardboard: Arkhangelsk PPM, Kotlassk PPK, St. Petersburg PPK, Bratsk PPK, Mondi Business Paper Syktyvkarsk LPK, Naberezhnye Chelninsky KBK, Perm PPK, Svetogorsk, Selenginsky PPK, Segezhskiy PPK.

Kraft liner produced 2% less. Half of the total output of cardboard in Russia (more precisely - 56%), according to the data for the reporting period, falls on the production of uncoated containerboard (kraft liner), the output of which in 2014 decreased by 1.9% to 1,732 thousand tons. In 2013 year, the production of kraftliner increased by 0.4%.

Leading manufacturers of kraft-liner in Russia: Arkhangelsk PPM, Mariisk PPM, Vyborg Timber Company, Selenginsk PPM, Baltic Cellulose.

Production of packs from non-corrugated cardboard in 2014 increased by 11.3%.

A slight increase in cardboard production in 2014 was caused, first of all, by an increase in demand for packaging cardboard products. So, against the background of a drop in the output of kraft liner in 2014, the output of single-layer corrugated paper and cardboard increased significantly.

Thus, the production of corrugated paper and cardboard, consisting of only one corrugated layer, more than doubled in 2014. At the end of 2014, the output of this product amounted to 631 million m2, which is 2.1 times more than in the previous year.

At the same time, the output of corrugated paper and cardboard, consisting of two corrugated layers, in 2014 decreased by 3%, amounting to 32.4 million m2.

Let us also remind that in 2013 the production of corrugated paper (paper and cardboard (multilayer) corrugated others) decreased by 3.5%. A year earlier, there was an increase of 12%.

Industry competitiveness

Pulp and paper production (including publishing and printing) is characterized by sufficient competitiveness in the domestic market and average competitiveness in the world market. In the domestic market, local products successfully compete with imports in most segments, weak point is the production of paper and cardboard products (including printing products) and the production of coated paper, which until recently was practically absent in Russia.

Raw materials (cellulose, newsprint) are the most competitive in the world market. The main problem of the sector is the high depreciation of fixed assets and the use of outdated technologies. Over the past 15 years, only a few enterprises have undergone deep modernization; during the same period, only a few new large production facilities have been put into operation.

Investment climate and prospects for the future

Today, production activities in the industry are carried out at 165 pulp and paper and 15 wood chemical enterprises. Despite the fact that Russia has the largest forest resources in the world (81.9 billion m3), and the pulp and paper industry could become the locomotive of the Russian economy, the technical condition of the industry and its share in the national economy leave much to be desired. Thus, the existing production capacity in the pulp and paper industry is used only by 35-50%. Depreciation of the active part of fixed assets in some places is 60-70%.

At the same time, 70-90% of technological equipment at enterprises was purchased from other countries and has not been updated for the last 15 years. About 80% of continuous digesters have been in operation for over 25 years, and half of batch digesters have been in operation for over 45 years. 40% of the installed stock of paper and board machines has been in operation for over 20 years. And only about 10% of the main technological equipment is up-to-date.

What needs to be done to harness the sources of economic growth?

First, it is necessary to ensure the efficient use of existing capacities, the creation of new capacities and new industries for the production of competitive products. For this, it is necessary to create attractive conditions for foreign and domestic investors. It is about introducing and improving laws that protect property and investment in Russia.

Secondly, to make wider use of the domestic scientific and technical potential, for which it is necessary to increase the amount of R&D funding.

Thirdly, it is very important to orient the customs and tariff policy towards the growth of domestic production and increasing competitiveness.

Fourth, it is necessary to improve tax policy and reduce the tax burden.

The imperfection of Russian legislation affects the economy in general and the work of the pulp and paper industry in particular. Largely because of this, enterprises lose their working capital. Absence state regulation economy led to sharp price imbalances, tax policy and practice turned into a tool for destroying domestic producers and curtailing the tax base of the state, there was an outflow of financial capital into the shadow economy and abroad, state support for exports and protection from imports became very weak.

A number of heads of enterprises, realizing the need to combine efforts for joint work, established the Russian Association of Organizations and Enterprises of the PPI "RAO Bumprom".

The RAO Bumprom Association was created to coordinate the development of common positions and interests of its members in all spheres of the economy, as well as to protect their rights and interests in government agencies, courts, international organizations... To this end, the Association entered into a cooperation agreement with the Ministry of Economy of Russia, the Guild of Periodicals, the Unicom / MC Consulting Group company and established the necessary contact in The State Duma to participate in the preparation of laws in which the industry is interested.

At the present stage, certain preconditions have matured and have been created in Russia for the implementation of intensive technical re-equipment of enterprises, updating equipment and technologies in order to increase the competitiveness of products, environmental safety of production and products, and more efficient use of production capacities. We have already mentioned this briefly earlier.

Pulp and paper industry of Siberia and the Far East

Siberia and the Far East have great potential. They account for 78% of the forest area of ​​the territory of Russia. These are mainly conifers: spruce, fir, larch.

However, the efficiency of using forest resources and export potential in Siberia is extremely low. One of the reasons for this situation is the lag in the creation and development of enterprises for the chemical processing of wood, the level of use of deciduous wood remains insufficient, the level of use of waste from logging and woodworking, and secondary forest resources remains low.

In the regions of Siberia and the Far East, illegal logging, offenses in the field of entrepreneurial activities related to forest resources occur. There are large losses of wood raw materials during logging and in the process of transportation and primary processing of timber in the lower warehouses, which is up to 30% of the volume of harvested timber.

For comparison: in Finland and Sweden, mainly products are exported from wood subjected to deep chemical processing (60 and 70%, respectively). The volume of procurements in these countries is more than two times less than in Russia, and foreign exchange earnings from exports are 2.5 times more. Finland, with 0.5% of the world's forest resources, accounts for 25% of the world exports of pulp and paper products, while Russia, with 21% of the world's forest reserves, provides less than 1% of the export of these products. The existing timber potential of Russia allows harvesting more than 500 million m3 of wood without harm to the environment, but it is used only by 18%.

One of the serious shortcomings of the pulp and paper industry in the Asian region of Russia is its focus mainly on the production of market pulp. The only enterprise in Siberia producing newsprint and writing paper is the Krasnoyarsk PPM. In addition, there are containerboard production facilities in the region, which also require significant funds for their renovation.

Even more significant problems of the industry are in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories, on the island of Sakhalin, which have significant unused timber reserves. There, mainly industrial wood is exported. Pulpwood and its waste remain in the felling areas, polluting the environment. Losses of wood in this case amount to millions of cubic meters. The previously operating enterprises - the Amur Pulp and Paper Mill and factories on Sakhalin - are practically stopped.

The region lacks the production of high-quality printing paper, coated paper and cardboard (primarily coated), paper for office equipment, sanitary and hygienic purposes, etc.

The regions of Siberia and the Far East possess huge reserves of renewable forest resources, which are currently not fully and efficiently used.

In countries with a developed forestry and pulp and paper industry (Finland, Sweden, Canada, USA), the return per unit of wood is four to six times higher than in Russia, due to its complex and deep chemical processing.

The development of forestry enterprises in Siberia and the Far East is of great national economic importance for the revival of the economy and improvement of the social sphere of Russia, and, first of all, of the regions themselves.

The forestry complex is closely related to related industries: printing, chemical, light, food, construction, railway transport, etc.

According to experts, one job in the pulp and paper industry provides up to ten jobs in related industries.

Industry Problems and Prospects

On the whole, in the Russian economy, the pulp and paper industry is far from being of paramount importance. In terms of raw materials, this is an export-oriented industry, forced to compete with global manufacturers. Given the economic uncertainty that is typical for European markets, Russian enterprises have found themselves in a very disadvantageous position.

Of course, the domestic market in Russia has a huge potential for the development of the pulp and paper industry. We are talking about consumer goods with high added value, such as sanitary and hygienic products, packaging, wallpaper, which until recently could compete with imported counterparts inside the country due to protective customs duties.

After Russia's accession to the WTO, there is a reduction in duties, which cannot but have an impact on domestic producers. Given the intense competition with Western companies, the conditions for Russian enterprises in the domestic market will worsen as rates decrease. It is clear that the backwardness of the applied technologies, high energy consumption, and difficulties with infrastructure do not add stability to Russian producers. If domestic enterprises are located in equal conditions with foreign companies, then, of course, they will lose the fight for the domestic market. Although the demand within the country is growing, it does not block the possibilities of Western companies that are ready to “close” the growing appetites of Russians with their products.

As for large enterprises, they certainly keep afloat. As a rule, they are part of international corporations that invest significant funds in modernization, have enormous experience in various markets, are not newcomers to the competition, and are able to quickly diversify production taking into account Russian realities. Another thing is small enterprises with obsolete and physically worn out equipment. I must say that there are quite a few such industries throughout the country.

According to available information, about 80% of all pulp and paper products are produced by the 15 largest enterprises. Moreover, foreign capital is present at least in every second such enterprise. The remaining 160-180 enterprises account for 20% of production. In conditions of aggravated competition, it is precisely these relatively small industries that are often located far from large industrial centers and perform city-forming functions for their own municipalities... It is clear that their withdrawal from the market will have an extremely negative impact on the social situation in small towns and villages.

In order to adequately assess the current state of the industry, one must be aware that the modernization taking place at Russian enterprises is reduced, as a rule, to the purchase of good, high-quality, but "used" foreign equipment. In the overwhelming majority of cases, we are dealing either with "second-hand" from Europe, or with Chinese equipment that is not always stable in quality. It is clear that such equipment is more affordable and allows the production of high quality products. But at the same time, by installing such equipment, Russian manufacturers objectively narrow their prospects to the possibilities of the domestic market, effectively cutting off their way to Europe. In European markets, products manufactured on sound, but not the most "fresh" equipment, will not be able to withstand the competition. In other words, Russian enterprises, even those at the forefront, are deliberately focused on the domestic market.

It is high time for the state to pay attention to industrial science, which is in full swing. After all, we have not developed a single new technology in recent years. In order to reach at least an average world level, we, like air, do not have enough engineering personnel who could be trained in cooperation with the world's leading institutions. You don't need to invent anything new. In other countries, the system of thoughtful government support has long proven its effectiveness.

In this regard, the main goal public policy in the field of the timber industry complex for Russia, which has a unique natural capital, is the realization of competitive advantages by maintaining quality, increasing the efficiency of use natural resources, the depth of processing of forest resources and reduction negative impact on the environment.

The factors (and conditions) contributing to the successful development of the timber industry in the medium term should be: low cost of production, its competitiveness, unrealized potential for the development of production, and an increase in its efficiency. The prospects of the industry as a whole and of each enterprise separately will depend on the dynamism of the changes taking place, on the speed and timeliness of decisions made. It is necessary to expand the domestic market and the markets of developing countries.

According to the FAO forecast (up to 2020), low growth rates of demand are expected in European markets (no more than 1.5% per year). At the same time, China, which has become the second largest importer of forest products after the United States, is expected to maintain an order of magnitude higher import growth rates. Expansion of Russian production is possible at the expense of the domestic market, both due to an increase in demand (4-7% per year), and as a result of the displacement of imports (the current share in the markets for final products is from one third to one half).

The growth in production until 2020 will also be associated with the processes of integrating Russia as a supplier of raw materials into the global chains of involving and processing the world's forest resources (similar to Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, etc.).

We have no shortage of various strategies, government programs, where on paper the future looks very optimistic. Somewhere it is planned to build eight new plants, in other documents 11 new plants are “drawn”. Of course, paper will endure everything, but such projects are too far from reality. It is not clear - who will build and for what money? It turns out according to the principle: the main thing is to crow, and then let it not dawn.

At the level of the country's leadership, conversations about the need for public-private partnerships are constantly heard. But it's time to finally move from words to deeds!

Used materials:

Statistics of the Federal State Statistics Service and the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation.

Analytics "RAO Bumprom".

There are over 5,000 grades or types of paper, which are usually divided into three main classes: 1.the actual paper (wrapping, hygienic, writing and printing) 2.cardboard (used for the production of paper containers) 3.construction (insulating, facing) cardboard used mainly in construction

PAPER MACHINES There are two types of paper and board machines - flat (canteen) and cylindrical (cylinder). Flat-mesh are used for the manufacture of single-layer paper, cylindrical - multilayer cardboard. Numerous mechanisms and adaptations have been created for these basic machines for obtaining various grades of paper and cardboard.

Flat-screening machine The paper web casting section of a flat-screening machine is a stretched uniform wire mesh with a length of 15 m or more. The fibers suspended in water are poured onto the front of the moving screen through a device called a headbox. Most of the water drains through the mesh as it moves, and the fibers churn into a weak, damp web. This canvas is moved by woolen cloths between several sets of rollers that squeeze out the water. Thereafter, the paper web enters the dryer section of the paper machine. Further, the paper web enters the finishing part. Here one or more calenders iron the paper. When moving between the shafts from top to bottom, the web becomes smoother, denser and more uniform in thickness. Then the web is cut into strips of the required width and wound into rolls.

Cylinder machine Cylinder (cylindrical) machine differs from a flat-mesh machine in that the paper ejection section in it is a cylinder wrapped in a net. This cylinder rotates in a bath filled with fiber suspension. The water drains through the mesh, leaving a kind of fiber mat that is peeled off by the woolen cloth on contact with the top of the cylinder. By placing several vats in a row and using the same cloth to remove matted fibers from each vat in succession, a layered structure can be obtained; the thickness of this sheet, or cardboard, is limited by the number of cylinders and the drying capacity. Residual water is removed by passing the web through press and drying sections similar to those used on a flat screen machine. The centrifugal action of the rotating cylinder tends to throw away the fibers on it. This forces the working speed to be limited to 150 m / min. The resulting paper web, after cutting, is suitable for high quality printing.

The raw materials for the pulp are wood and other cellulose-rich materials. Often, pulp and paper plants are one entity. Recycling shops or factories convert pulp into paper and cardboard, from which items such as envelopes, wax paper, food packaging, stickers, boxes and more are made.

Pulp preparation The bleaching process is independent of the pulp preparation process. Chlorine in one form or another is the main bleaching agent. Peroxides and bisulfites are used for clarification in mechanical pulping. Before and after bleaching, this mass is sieved and washed in a different sequence until it consists entirely of individual fibers, free from traces of chemicals. After that, the resulting pulp, especially if it contains products obtained from rags and sulfite paper pulp, must be further flattened. Then dyes, mineral pigments and organic materials (adhesives) are added, which impart moisture resistance, water resistance and facilitate ink adhesion.

Sources of raw materials for obtaining paper pulp Waste paper is increasingly used; first, ink and other impurities are removed from it. It is then usually blended with fresh pulp to provide additional strength in case of use for making higher grades of paper, such as book; without discoloration, waste paper is mainly used in the production of cardboard for boxes and other containers. To some extent, waste rags are also used, which makes it possible to obtain high-grade writing paper, paper for bonds and banknotes, pigment paper and other special types of it. Rough cardboard is made from straw pulp. Specialty products can use asbestos and natural and synthetic fibers such as linen, hemp, rayon, nylon and glass.

Making paper from wood pulp The peeled pulp is fed to a chipper, where it is turned into small chips. The chips are cooked in a digester for about three and a half hours, after which they enter the blow-down basin. The pulverized pulp is passed through a washing unit and sprayed; In the distribution tank, the wood fibers suitable for papermaking are fed through the filter nets to the bleaching tank. The pulp is flattened and then scuttled in a refiner so that the fibers stick together more firmly. A slurry of approximately 99.5% water and 0.5% pulp from the machine pool is evenly applied to the mesh of a flat bed paper machine. The water flows through the mesh into the suction box, and the roller presses and drying cylinders further reduce the moisture content. At the end of the drying section, the paper is ironed by calenders when winding on a reel. The roll is sequentially cut into pieces of the required width and weight and rewound. The wound roll is ready for transportation.

Processes for making pulp from wood Since paper can be made from almost any fibrous material, there are many different methods of making paper pulp, which differ according to the requirements for the final product. There are, however, three main processes for converting wood into paper pulp: mechanical, chemical and semi-chemical. Logs arriving at the plant unpeeled must be barked (debarked). Then the billet is passed through a chipper, which cuts it into 6-7 cm pieces (chips) to prepare the wood for chemical processing (this is not necessary for mechanical pulp production).

Mechanical process In a mechanical process, the bark-free logs are crushed. There is no chemical change and the resulting wood pulp contains all the components of the original wood. It is bleached with peroxides, but remains unstable and deteriorates over time. Since the shredding operation does not perfectly separate the fibers, resulting in clumping, mechanically pulp paper is relatively weak. Therefore, this pulp is used together with chemical pulp. The use of mechanically made pulp is limited to paper and board products such as newsprint and chipboard, where high quality and strength are negligible.

Sulfite process Pulp preparation by carrying out the sulfite process requires the processing of chips in a cooking liquid containing bisulfite ions in combination with calcium and / or magnesium, ammonia or sodium. The calcium-magnesium combination is used primarily in pulp mills. Among timber products, preference is given to spruce and western hemlock. The resulting wood pulp is easily bleached and resistant to mechanical abrasion. Unbleached pulp is used for carton board, mixed with mechanical pulp for newsprint, and bleached pulp is used for all grades of white paper, such as books, bonds, paper napkins and high quality wrapping paper. Neutral sodium sulfite can be used as a reagent for the production of paper pulp. It produces a pulp similar to that obtained from the acid-sulfite process. However, due to the high cost and complexity of disposal, its use in the production of high-quality paper pulp by a chemical method was insignificant. It is more widely used in the production of semi-chemical pulp, which is used for the manufacture of corrugated cardboard.

Soda and sulfate processes The soda process is one of the types of alkaline processes. Chips are cooked in a solution of caustic soda, or caustic soda (NaOH). Soda pulp is made mainly from hardwoods such as aspen, eucalyptus and poplar. It is used primarily in a mixture with sulphite pulp for the production of printing paper grades. The sulfate process is also alkaline. Sulfur is added to the cooking liquid, which is a caustic solution, which speeds up the process of making the mass, reduces the operating pressure and heat consumption and acts effectively on all types of wood. The sulphate process is used where product strength is needed, such as high quality wrapping paper and board. The dominant wood species used in this process is pine, which has long, strong fibers. Although sulphate pulp is more difficult to bleach than sulphite, the resulting white product can be of high quality.

Semi-chemical process This process is a combination of chemical and mechanical processing processes. The wood is heated with a small amount of chemicals enough to loosen the bonds between the fibers. One of the varieties of this process is the cold soda process, in which chips are weakly treated with sodium hydroxide solution at atmospheric pressure and temperature. After that, the chips, which retain their properties during such processing, are fed to an abrasive device that separates the fibers. The degree of "purity" of the pulp depends on the depth of chemical treatment. Depending on the chemicals used, this process is suitable for all types of wood; the chemical requirements are lower here than with chemical process, and the yield - the weight of the mass per cord of wood - is higher. Since the glomeruli of fibers are not completely removed, the quality of the pulp obtained in this way decreases with increasing yield to the quality of the pulp obtained in the mechanical process.

Now everyone reads books and magazines on the Internet, but I really love the smell of freshly printed books or new notebooks. I used to love getting ready for school for that. A whole branch of the forestry industry is responsible for the production of paper, but its products have a very wide range of uses.

What products do we have thanks to the pulp and paper industry

If you look around you now, you will surely find at least one object, on the creation of which the enterprise of this industry has worked. The most common products include:

• all kinds of paper;
• cardboard;
• stationery;
• sanitary and hygienic products;
• household goods.

This is all about paper, but cellulose is used in other industries:

• chemical industry;
• food production;
• perfumery;
• medicine and many others.

And if you look at the composition of some sweater or dress from your wardrobe, you may see viscose in the fabric. It is often used in the textile industry. And they get it from soluble cellulose.

Nothing will be lost in production, therefore, by-products of the pulp and paper industry are actively used in chemical industry, and also added to the thermal insulation material, and even used when laying asphalt.

What is needed for the development of the pulp and paper industry

We all know that our country is very rich in forests, and therefore the timber industry must be very well developed. But there are also problems here. For the development of the industry, as well as for the general increase in the economic level of the country, appropriate measures are required. Firstly, it is high time to renew outdated production facilities, and for this it is necessary to attract investments, including foreign ones.

It is also necessary to strengthen the scientific potential of the industry, and this also requires the allocation of funds to fund research in this area. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to legislative regulation so that enterprises do not curtail their activities under the pressure of taxes, but, on the contrary, increase their competitiveness.

To obtain high-quality paper, consisting of several fibrous semi-finished products, it is advisable to grind each of them separately, i.e. in different modes and on equipment separately installed for this purpose. However, in some cases, for fibrous semi-finished products, the content of which in the paper composition does not exceed 20-30%, joint grinding is allowed, since this eliminates the need to install additional equipment and the grinding process is simplified and proceeds more economically. It should be noted that there are cases when the joint grinding of softwood cellulose with the addition of straw and cane cellulose contributes to the better development of fibers due to the influence of the hemicelluloses of the latter, acting on grinding like hydrophilic additives. Therefore, the question of how best to grind semi-finished products, separately or together, must always be decided in relation to the specific conditions of production and the type of paper produced. [...]

To obtain paper, cellulose of various tree species and annual plants and wood pulp are used. Cellulose is also a valuable raw material for textile production. It is widely used in other industries as well. [...]

Bleached hardwood sulfate cellulose from a mixture of birch and aspen, without standardizing the ratio of species, is produced according to TU 814) 4-429-77: LB-0 - for the manufacture of high-quality types of paper and cardboard from 100% cellulose; LB-1 - for the production of writing paper, printing paper, notebook, white cover layers of multilayer cardboard; LB-2 - for writing paper and printing paper, some types of technical paper; LB-3 - for the production of sanitary and hygienic types of paper. [...]

Production of paper pulp and pulp from straw. In addition to wood, straw can be used as raw materials for the production of wrapping paper, cardboard and pulp. [...]

In order to emphasize the difference between aerobic process and fermentation, consider two examples of obtaining a valuable product from sulphite liquor waste. Sulphite liquor is the most dangerous water pollutant in kraft pulping and papermaking. Wood pulp is obtained by boiling debarked chopped wood in bisulfate lye. The cellulose fiber used to make paper is not soluble. Lignin, resins, sugars and other wood components are soluble. These materials account for about half of the total mass of wood. Waste sulphite liquor is dark brown in color, contains from 8 to 12% (by weight) dissolved solids, a small amount of suspended solids, 2% sugar, 0.6% sulfur dioxide and does not contain living organisms at all. For 1 ton of pulp produced, from 7500 to 15 000 liters of sulphite liquor are formed, that is, a huge amount of difficult-to-handle waste. Although many useful substances can be obtained from this waste, only 20% of pulp mills can economically benefit from the resulting materials, as one large pulp mill can satisfy most market needs for any of the manufactured products. [...]

Cellulose can be dispersed in hot concentrated solutions of a number of highly soluble salts. Back in 1852, Barresville discovered that paper swells and dissolves in hot concentrated zinc chloride solutions. Cellulose dissolved in zinc salts was used to prepare filaments and fibers, but later this was abandoned due to cellulose degradation. Until now, however, in the production of vulcanized fiber, solutions of such a concentration are used, at which swelling occurs. [...]

For cellulose fibers intended for papermaking, great importance has their output from wood, as well as a number of properties due to the presence of hemicelluloses. On the contrary, for iellulose used in chemical processing, the content of hemicellulose should be kept to a minimum. In accordance with these requirements, the modes of sulfate cooking are also different. [...]

Cellulose HC-2 is used for the production of wrapping, packaging, waterproof, lightproof, bobbin and other types of paper. When cooking cellulose grade NS-2, the addition of hardwood is allowed, provided that the quality indicators are met. [...]

For comparison, the data on water consumption for the production of some grades of pulp and paper in the Polish People's Republic, m3 / t. [...]

Pulp and paper. Solid waste in the pulp and paper industry is a settled sludge: for each ton of paper, approximately 9-72.5 kg of solid waste is produced, which must be discarded. Some factories use sludge to make chemicals such as vanillin, calcium oxalate, lignin and sodium sulfate. [...]

In the production of kraft paper and kraft cellulose, wood chips are heated in an environment containing a mixture of sodium sulfide and sodium hydroxide, and foul-smelling gases are generated in large quantities. The complexity of the process lies in the large spread in the amount of emitted gases, for example, for a salvo emission it can exceed 1000 times normal blowout.[ ...]

In addition to the production of wood-based panels and plastics, other branches of the chemical processing of wood have also been widely developed. One of the largest industries, the pulp and paper industry, is constantly developing. By the amount of wood used in the world for chemical processing, the production of cellulose takes the first place. Various types of paper and cardboard are produced from wood pulp and wood pulp. Wood pulp is the main raw material for the production of artificial viscose fibers. Cellulose nitrates are used to obtain smokeless powder, varnishes, films, plastics. Artificial acetate fiber, low-combustible films, varnishes and plastics are produced from cellulose acetates. [...]

In addition to cellulose, a mass semi-finished product in the production of paper is wood pulp - a product of mechanical abrasion of wood (white), with preliminary steaming of wood (brown), mechanical abrasion of wood with simultaneous heat treatment (thermomechanical or TMM) and thermomechanical with simultaneous treatment with chemicals (chemo-thermomechanical, or CTMM). By the type of equipment used for the production of wood pulp, a distinction is made between defibre wood pulp (DDM) and refiner wood pulp (RDM). [...]

Increasing production of bleached hardwood pulp is generally used in a mixture with bleached softwood pulp for the production of printing [...]

The principle of cellulose production is the fullest possible dissolution of lignin under the action of various chemical reagents / 27 /. In the most common methods, dolignifying solutions based on sulfite are used at different pH (acidic, weakly acidic, neutral and alkaline methods of delignification) or delignifying solutions based on alkalis (sodium, sulfate methods and their modifications). In addition to these methods, some others are also used. Currently, in the production of cellulose, they strive for a method in which only lignin and related substances would be selectively removed and all the polysaccharide part of the wood went to paper production. The most recent trend is to neglect the lignin content of the fiber as much as possible, but change its properties to such an extent and in such a way that it is suitable for papermaking. [...]

Bleaching of pulp for papermaking. Washing the pulp and using the wash water. Bleaching of cellulose for chemical processing. ... . [...]

Paper production does not require the production of chemically pure cellulose, therefore, to increase the yield, part of the hemicelluloses is retained in it. The content of wasp-cellulose in paper pulp usually does not exceed 60-80%. The purity requirements for pulp for the production of artificial fibers are much stricter. [...]

When bleaching pulp for paper production, in addition to obtaining a high and stable whiteness, it is necessary to maintain the mechanical properties at the proper level. For celluloses for chemical processing, physical and mechanical properties are of secondary importance, and the main ones are physicochemical properties, which are determined by the degree of purification of the cellulose and the conditions for bleaching and refining. Thus, the goals and objectives that are set when bleaching pulp are varied and their achievement depends on the type of processing to which the original pulp is subjected. [...]

Sources for writing this part of the project are the decrees of the party and the government, the journal "Paper Industry", abstract information "Pulp, paper and cardboard", "Express information on pulp and paper production". The specified periodicals must be reviewed for at least the last 3 years. In the abstract information "Pulp, paper and cardboard" No. 36 and in the journal "Paper Industry" No. 12, semi-annual or annual tables of contents are placed, from which you can find out in which issues of these periodicals articles on the topic of the project are placed. [...]

Refined cellulose is obtained as a result of alkaline refining in the process of bleaching cellulose obtained by the sulfate or sulfite method. This cellulose contains little lignin and hemicelluloses, so it is used for the production of durable and specialty papers with high absorbency. [...]

The most important raw material for papermaking is cellulose. For this purpose, the bulk of the cellulose produced in Germany is used. In this case, sulfite pulp is used almost exclusively for the manufacture of printing paper. For especially strong grades of paper (for bags, bags, etc.), soda cellulose (kraft cellulose) is used. Large quantities of wood pulp and waste paper are recycled to produce paper of lower strength and inferior quality, such as newsprint. Rags, rags and other waste of the textile industry are practically used only for the production of especially valuable grades of paper (paper for banknotes, certificates, documents), then for the production of tissue paper. Painted waste worst quality serve to obtain roofing cardboard. [...]

Pulp and paper production is usually subdivided into the production of semi-finished products (various types of pulp and wood pulp) and the production of various types and grades of paper. Cellulose is used for the manufacture of paper, artificial fiber, explosives, etc. For the production of cellulose are currently used mainly two methods: sulphite and sulphate, and the second method is prevalent, since it allows the use of more diverse types of raw materials. [. ..]

In sulfite pulping, especially in the production of high yield pulp, a part of the hemicelluloses remains together with the cellulose in the fibrous material (technical cellulose) used for the production of various types of paper. When pure cellulose is obtained for chemical processing, hemicelluloses are put into solution, and sulfite cellulose contains a minimum amount. [...]

In papermaking practice, mineral fillers are typically incorporated into the furnish to render the paper opaque. The greater the difference in the refractive indices of the rays between the mineral filler and the cellulose fibers from which the paper is made, the higher the opacity effect is. Table 18 provides information on the refractive indices of cellulose rays by various fillers and some substances introduced into the paper composition. [...]

Technical wood pulp, sulphite and sulphate, is used in papermaking and chemical processing. For chemical processing, cotton cellulose is also used as raw material. [...]

The use of bleached pulp for the production of high-quality paper and chemical processing determines the requirements for the purity of the semi-finished product. Thorough cleaning of the bleached mass is usually achieved in two stages: fine screening and cleaning on centricliners. [...]

Determination of the swelling capacity of cellulose is of great practical importance. There is a close relationship between the degree of swelling of cellulose and its grinding ability and, therefore, the properties of the resulting paper. Unground cellulose fibers are known to be relatively stiff and brittle. When using cellulose for papermaking, the increased plasticity and flexibility of the fibers is of great importance. These properties of fibers are largely related to their ability to swell, since significant swelling of the fibers contributes to less damage to them during the grinding process, which in turn affects the properties of the paper. The swelling properties of cellulose are of particular importance in the manufacture of artificial fibers. This property of cellulose determines its behavior during mercerization, during xanthogenation of alkaline cellulose, as well as during various other chemical reactions... The swelling of cellulose during mercerization helps to remove low molecular weight fractions from it. Carbon disulfide diffuses better into swollen cellulose during xanthogenation. The spinning and drawing of fibers are also associated with the swelling process. [...]

The main types of sulphite pulp: unbleached and bleached for the production of various types of paper or cardboard and bleached refined for chemical processing. [...]

The ash content in bleached pulp varies in a very wide range - from 0.02 to 1%. If the pulp is used for papermaking, the ash content and composition is in most cases of no practical importance. When cellulose is used for chemical processing, the effect of minerals increases. [...]

The characteristics of wastewater from the production of commercial unbleached sulphate pulp for sack and wrapping paper are given in Table 123. [...]

Requirements for water quality in the production of paper and pulp are established by the American organization TAPP1 (Technical Association for the Pulp and Paper Industry) for each type of product (fine paper, bleached and unbleached, kraft paper, various types of pulp). [...]

In terms of chemical composition, bleached cellulose contains less lignin, hemicellulose, ash and tar. However, it also has lower strength than unbleached pulp. The decrease in mechanical strength occurs due to the partial destruction of the cellulose fiber during bleaching. Bleached pulp is used to make many types of paper. [...]

In the tenth five-year plan (1976-1980), it was planned to increase the output of cellulose by 35%, and paper and cardboard by 15-25%. It was also envisaged to use more efficiently raw materials, to accelerate the build-up of capacities for the chemical and chemical-mechanical processing of wood waste, low-quality wood and soft-leaved species; to develop at an accelerated pace the production of paper for printing, for means of automatic information processing, paper and cardboard for packaging and packaging of food products and industrial goods. [...]

The gum formed during sulfite pulping. The acidic medium used in the sulfite cooking process does not dissolve the resin, so it remains in the pulp after cooking. When the pulp is then fed to the papermaking industry and vigorously mixed in rolls, the ray cells containing the tree resin break apart and the resinous substance is colloidal in the cooking liquor. These particles eventually stick together and settle in the form of a sticky mass on the fibers, and in particular on sieves, meshes and siphon boxes of the paper machine. It is this deposited substance that is meant when we speak of a "harmful" resin, and it consists not only of wood resin, but also of occluded materials such as fibers and dirt. [...]

Spruce is the main wood used for the production of sulphite pulp. This is due to the large length of fibers in this breed, which is necessary to obtain a high mechanical strength of the product, low resin content and high prevalence. Hardwoods are sometimes used: aspen, poplar, beech. However, such pulp is usually used in papermaking in the form of additives to spruce pulp, since the fiber length of hardwood is shorter than that of softwood. [...]

Methods of chemical processing of wood are widely used for the disposal of wood waste. An illustrative example is the production of paper: from 1 m3 of slats and slabs, 0.9 m3 of wood chips for pulping can be obtained and then about 220 kg of paper can be produced. [...]

The value of the products and the requirements for them are determined by GOST for wood (coniferous) sulphate unbleached pulp for the production of various types of paper and cardboard, which must be used when writing a course project. [...]

The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest sectors of the chemical industry and is constantly expanding as the world consumption of paper increases. This industry is active in the field of extensive research in the chemistry of wood, in the pulping of hardwood and wood waste from the forest and timber industry, in the development of new methods such as the semi-chemical process and the process of partial chemical treatment of wood, followed by grinding it into wood. mass. Currently, the pulp industry supplies pulp for the production of almost all rayon in the world. Increasing amounts of wood pulp, as well as some lignin, are used to make plastics and other chemical synthesis materials, of which, to name but a few, cellophane, radio tape, imitation leather goods, insoles for shoes and vanillin. [...]

Directives on the five-year development plan adopted by the 24th Congress of the CPSU National economy Soviet Union 1971-1975 provide for a sharp increase in the production of products of the pulp and paper industry. By 1975, compared with 1970, the production of paper will increase 1.3 times, cardboard - 1.8 times and cellulose 1.7 times. 1960-1970 the paper-making equipment factories manufactured more than 50 new paper-making and board-making machines, including the first wide domestic machines: board-making grade K-09 with edged width of 6300 mm, with a capacity of 500 g per day of baseboard for corrugation and paper-making grade B-15 with edged width 6720 mm , with a productivity of 330 g per day of newsprint. The volume of production at the factories of paper-making equipment by 1975 compared with 1969 will increase significantly. When designing new and modernizing existing paper-making and board-making machines, one of the important tasks is the choice of a rational scheme of the press section and the determination of its dewatering capacity. [...]

In the first years after the fire, mainly corrosive-type rot fungi develop, for example Irpex fusco violaceus Fr., Peniophora gigantea Mass. These rot causes a decrease in lignin, in connection with which the amount of cellulose increases relatively, so wood with rot of this type suitable for use in the pulp and paper industry (■ '. 12, 9). The question of using wood from burners in this production was raised at one time by AF Grigoriev (), who noted for the fires of the Mari ASSR that the "white rot" common on pine is suitable for the production of medium grades of paper and cardboard; wood infected with white rot contains more than 70% cellulose (based on the dry weight of all wood with rot). [...]

It is always, of course, useful to determine the entire chemical composition of wood according to the most rational analysis scheme. However, such research is too laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, the problem arises of choosing the components that need to be determined when conducting an analysis with a particular practical purpose. So, for example, in the production of cellulose, first of all, it is necessary to establish the possible yield of cellulose from wood raw materials. To do this, it is necessary to determine the content of cellulose and lignin in the wood raw material, which is removed during the release of cellulose. Hemicelluloses are also removed from wood during cooking, which leads to a decrease in the yield of the carbohydrate complex and an increased consumption of potassium chemicals. Therefore, in order to correctly build a technological process, taking into account the purpose (for the production of paper or for chemical processing) of the resulting wood pulp, it is necessary to know the content of these components in the wood raw material. Minor components of wood, such as extractives, etc., are usually of lesser importance. However, for example, a high content of resinous substances can have a negative effect on the production and subsequent processing of cellulose. In wood chemical industries, on the contrary, the content of extractives in wood is of paramount importance. [...]

A series of experiments was also carried out to modify kraft cooking in order to increase the amount of xylan deposited on cellulose fibers. So, when replacing part of the white liquor with black, selected at the end of the temperature rise of the previous cooking, it made it possible to increase the fiber yield by 1-1.2% of the weight of birch wood due to additional sorption of pentosans from the solution. The quality of the pulp for papermaking has not deteriorated.

Part one. Pulp production

The pulp and paper industry, one of the leading branches of the forestry complex, unites technological processes for the production of cellulose, paper, cardboard and paper and cardboard products (writing, book and newsprint, notebooks, napkins, technical cardboard, etc.). In Russia, this industry initially arose and developed in the Central Region, where the consumption of finished products was concentrated and there was the necessary textile raw materials from which paper was previously made (it is no coincidence that one of the first centers of paper production in the country was named Linen Factory). Later, the technology of paper production changed, wood raw materials were used for it, and the area of ​​the industry moved to the north, to forest-abundant areas.
The technological cycle of the industry is clearly divided into two processes - pulp and paper production. Cellulose is a carbohydrate compound of the polysaccharide class that is widespread in nature. Cellulose fibers serve as the basis for paper.
The main raw material for the production of cellulose is softwood, in which the cellulose content is 40-50% of the total mass. To isolate cellulose from wood, a thermochemical treatment is used - cooking. Technologically, it is permissible to add up to 10% of hardwood pulp during cooking. In production, sulphite, bisulphite or sulphate cooking of wood chips is most often used, therefore, for any cellulose process, it is necessary to use sulfur compounds, the harmfulness of which to nature and humans is widely known.

Table 1

Leading enterprises of Russia for cooking cellulose, 2003,
thousand tons

After sawing, the wood goes to chippers, where chips are formed from it. The chips are fed into the digesters. In sulfite cooking, wood is treated with a solution containing sulfur oxide. Simultaneously with this process, mechanical abrasion of another part of the wood occurs in the mines on special devices - defibrers. Its product is wood pulp (particle diameter of only 2-3 mm). To obtain 1 ton of wood pulp, 2.5 m 3 are consumed, and 1 ton of cellulose - 5 m 3 of wood. For the manufacture of wallpaper or notebook paper, cellulose and wood pulp are taken in equal proportions - 50% each, for newsprint - 70% wood pulp and 30% cellulose.
Wood chips and cooking acid enter the batch digester. Cooking cellulose is carried out at 100-150 ° C and a pressure of 6 atmospheres. After the end of cooking, the pressure in the boiler is reduced and the liquor is displaced. The liquor is passed through a filter, where cellulose fibers are captured, then the liquor enters the stripping column, where SO 2 is blown out of it. Further, the lye at many enterprises is transferred to the alcohol-yeast shop for further utilization of the biological substances dissolved in it. Pulp remains in the digester. After cooking, the pulp is impregnated hot water and then rubbed thoroughly. If cellulose is used for the production of paper at the same mill, then it is sent in a semi-liquid form to the paper shop. In the event that cellulose is intended for shipment to other enterprises, it is pressed, dried and turned into more or less dense gray sheets - market pulp.
Based on the technological features of cellulose production, the main factors in the location of the industry are raw materials (focus on forest-abundant and forest-abundant areas) and water (the need to use a large amount of water). In the USSR, some cellulose producers were located outside the forest zone and worked on reed raw materials (in Astrakhan, Kyzyl-Orda, Izmail), but in modern Russia there are no such enterprises. In any case, the creation of a large pulp mill is possible only near a large watercourse or reservoir. Such hydrological objects include the Northern Dvina (enterprises in Arkhangelsk and Novodvinsk), Vychegda (Koryazhma), Angara (Ust-Ilimsk and Bratsk), Volga (Balakhna and Volzhsk), Baikal (Baikalsk), Lake Onega (Kondopoga), Lake Ladoga (Pitkyaranta and Syasstroy). Consumer orientation in the pulp industry is secondary, therefore, a significant part of domestic pulp is produced in the relatively sparsely populated Eastern Siberia.

table 2

The largest Russian producers of market pulp, 2003,
thousand tons

The production of cellulose in Russia is carried out at pulp and paper mills (PPM), pulp and paper mills (PPM) and pulp and paper mills (PPM). In almost all of these mills, pulp is further processed into paper or cardboard. However, there are exceptions: in Ust-Ilimsk, Sovetsky, Vyborgsky District, Pitkyaranta, the stage of cellulose production is the final, marketable cellulose obtained here goes to other enterprises of the industry for further processing.
Pulp in Russia is produced by about three dozen enterprises. Pulp production is located only in 14 regions, primarily in the Arkhangelsk, Irkutsk, Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Perm regions, the republics of Komi and Karelia. Pulp is not produced in the Central and Far Eastern Federal Districts. The capacity for the production of cellulose in the Southern and Ural districts is extremely small. Until recently, cellulose was still produced in Sakhalin, in the Khabarovsk Territory, and the Astrakhan Region, but for economic reasons these industries had to be abandoned.
It is curious that an increased concentration of cellulose enterprises, albeit not very large ones, is noted in those parts of the country that until relatively recently - 60-70 years ago - were part of the territory of economically developed neighbors. We are talking about the Karelian Isthmus, which was Finnish until 1940 (3 enterprises, until the 90s - 4, including the now closed factory in Priozersk); Kaliningrad region - part of the former German East Prussia (3 enterprises); Southern Sakhalin (7 enterprises, by now all are closed), which until the end of World War II was a Japanese possession. This is no coincidence, given the circumstances that, firstly, these areas for their countries were the most convenient place for the development of the industry, and secondly, the state of printing and book publishing in Finland and Germany was and continues to remain at a higher level than in ours. country. By now, all the pulp and paper mill and pulp and paper mill inherited from the neighbors need reconstruction, and largely because of this, a significant part of them have already been closed.
The prospects for the development of the pulp industry in Russia are associated with the improvement of the technological process, more complete use of forest resources at existing enterprises, as well as with the construction of new pulp and paper mills. Currently, it is planned to create complexes for the production of cellulose and paper in Aleksandrov, Vladimir region, Nee, Kostroma region, Turtas, Tyumen region, Amazar, Chita region. Pre-design surveys are being carried out in the Kirov, Vologda and Novgorod regions and some other regions.