The administrative territorial structure of France is brief. Administrative-territorial division and local government in France. What you need for a trip to France
home In France, administrative reform territorial division at one time served as an effective tool for the consolidation of all parts of the country, “cutting up” the former fiefdoms of the French feudal lords - Burgundy, Anjou, Brittany, etc. New administrative units created as a result of the Great french revolution .
, began to be called departments, that is, literally divisions. Neutral names that did not evoke any historical associations were chosen for them. Most often, the names included the country's rivers (departments of Rhone, Haute-Marne, Seine-Maritime, Maine and Loire), orographic objects (Alpes-Maritimes, Pyrenees-Atlantiques, Jura, Vosges). The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1792 stated: “The Kingdom is one and indivisible. It consists of 83 departments, each department is divided into districts, each district into cantons.” For more than two hundred years, the grid of administrative-territorial divisions has changed slightly: if in late XVIII
V. In France there were 83 departments, now there are 100.
Historically, the administrative-territorial structure of the country was characterized by a tradition of centralization, but over the past 20 years it has undergone significant changes. At first glance it may seem complicated. According to the constitution, the territorial collectives of the Republic are communes, departments, and overseas territories. All other territorial collectives are created by law. In the decentralization law of March 2, 1982
France has 26 regions: 22 metropolitan and 4 overseas, the boundaries of which coincide with the boundaries of the four overseas departments (DOM). Established in 1955 for the purpose of developing the territory, the region became a territorial collective in 1982. His own competence includes mainly issues of planning, territory development, economic development, vocational training, as well as construction, material and technical equipment and financing of lyceums. The creation of regions as administrative-territorial units was due to the fact that the previous division into departments did not meet modern principles administrative organization. Centralized management was as ineffective as management at the level of small departments, and the creation of an intermediate level was required to solve certain problems. In this regard, regionalization is a structural reform aimed at dividing labor between levels of government.
As noted earlier, France has 100 departments: 96 in the metropolis and 4 in the overseas possessions (Martinique, Guadeloupe, Reunion and Guiana). The status of the departments established in 1789 has undergone significant changes: it has evolved from a semi-decentralized territorial collective to a full territorial collective (since 1982). The department is the main link in the administrative-territorial structure of the country. Its competence mainly covers issues of sanitation and social development, equipment Agriculture, maintenance and development of the road network on its territory, costs of construction and maintenance of colleges.
Established in 1789, the commune is the lowest unit of the French administrative division. As of 1990, there were 36,551 communes in France – much more than in other countries European Union. This is explained by the fact that in France all municipalities are called communes, regardless of the number of inhabitants (80% of communes have a population of less than a thousand people). As a result, the authorities were forced to regroup the communes, in particular through the creation of city territorial administrations and inter-communal associations. According to the law of February 6, 1992, new forms of cooperation were established in order to improve the efficiency of municipalities. .
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FRANCE.
Official name - French Republic;
Capital – Paris;
Form of government - Presidential-parliamentary republic;
Legislature- bicameral parliament (Senate and National Assembly);
The president - Francois Hollande;
Prime Minister - Jean-Marc Ayrault;
Administrative division: 27 regions (22 metropolitan and 5 overseas regions), including 101 departments (96 metropolitan and 5 overseas departments).
Territory - 48th in the world;
Official language - French;
Motto of the Republic- "Freedom equality Brotherhood".
The principle of the Republic- government of the people, by the people and for the people;
France is a nuclear power and one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council.
State-political structure.
Political system.
France is a sovereign unitary democratic republic.
The current Constitution, adopted on October 4, 1958, regulates the functioning of the authorities of the Fifth Republic: it establishes a republican presidential-parliamentary form of government ( Constitution French Republic ).
The head of state is the president, elected for 5 years.
The head of government is the prime minister.
The Council of Ministers is appointed by the President in consultation with the Prime Minister. Legislative power belongs to a bicameral parliament elected by universal suffrage.
There is also a Constitutional Council in France, which consists of 9 members and exercises control over the correctness of elections and the constitutionality of laws amending the Constitution, as well as laws submitted to it for consideration.
Legislature
Legislative power in France belongs to Parliament, which includes two chambers - Senate and National Assembly.
The Senate of the Republic, whose members are elected by indirect universal suffrage, consists of 321 senators (348 since 2011), 305 of whom represent the metropolis, 9 overseas territories, 5 French Community territories and 12 French citizens living abroad.
Senators are elected to six-year terms (from 2003, and 9 years before 2003) by an electoral college consisting of members of the National Assembly, general councilors and delegates from municipal councils, with the Senate being renewed by half every three years.
National Assembly, whose deputies are elected on the basis of direct universal suffrage for a period of 5 years, consists of 577 deputies, 555 of whom represent the metropolis, and 22 represent the overseas territories.
Members of the National Assembly are elected by direct universal suffrage for a five-year term.
In addition to your functions- control over the activities of the government, both chambers develop and pass laws. In case of disagreement, the final decision remains with National Assembly.
Executive power.
In the "Fifth Republic" the prime minister is responsible for current domestic and economic policies, as well as has the right to issue decrees general. He is considered responsible for government policy. The Prime Minister is in charge government activities and provides execution of laws.
The Prime Minister is appointed by the President of the Republic. The approval of his candidacy by the National Assembly is not required, since the National Assembly has the right to declare a vote of no confidence in the government at any time.
Typically, the prime minister represents the party that has the majority of seats in the National Assembly.
The Prime Minister draws up a list of his cabinet ministers and submits it to the President for approval.
The Prime Minister initiates the adoption of laws in the National Assembly and ensures their implementation, and he is also responsible for national defense.
The Prime Minister countersigns acts of the President and replaces him as chairman in the councils and committees specified in Article 15 of the Constitution.
Judicial branch.
Judicial system France is multi-stage, and its can be divided into two branches- the judicial system itself and the system of administrative courts. The lowest level in the system of courts of general jurisdiction is occupied by petty tribunals. Cases in such a tribunal are heard personally by a judge. However, each of them has several magistrates. The Tribunal of Small Instance considers cases with insignificant amounts, and the decisions of such courts are not subject to appeal.
In criminal cases, this court is called the police tribunal. These tribunals are divided into chambers: civil and correctional court.
Court of Appeal always makes decisions collectively.
The civil law part of the court of appeal consists of two chambers: for civil and social affairs.
There is also a Chamber of Commerce. One of the functions of the indictment chamber is the function of a disciplinary court in relation to judicial police officers (officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, military gendarmerie, etc.).
There is also a gendarmerie department for minors. Each department has a jury trial ( Cour d'assises).
In addition, special judicial bodies operate in France: merchant courts and military courts.
Highest court- Court of Cassation.
Local government.
The system of local governments in France is built in accordance with the administrative-territorial division. It is represented by communes, departments and regions where elected bodies exist.
Commune - the smallest administrative-territorial unit. In France, there are about 36 thousand communes governed by municipal councils, which are executive authorities. The council manages the affairs of the commune, makes decisions on issues affecting the interests of its citizens in all social problems: manages property, creates necessary social services.
Departments of France are the basic unit of administrative-territorial division of France. The departments are divided into domestic (96) and overseas departments.
The responsibility of the Departmental Council includes the adoption of the local budget and control over its implementation, the organization of departmental services, and property management. The executive body of the department is the chairman of the general council. Regions are the largest unit in administrative division countries. Economic and social committees and a regional borrowing committee have been established in each region. The region has its own Chamber of Accounts . The regional council elects its chairman, who is executive branch
in the region. France is a decentralized unitary state. The main features of its territorial structure are the presence of overseas departments and overseas territories, the multi-level territorial structure of the metropolis (with the inadmissibility of establishing relations of subordination between territories of different levels, which in practice is not always possible to observe), as well as the combination of local self-government of territories with public administration . Local self-government in the proper sense of the word is carried out in communes and departments, and regions can be considered unique territorial autonomous units; the issues resolved at this level are already difficult to classify as issues local significance
; do not have self-government districts. In addition, specific features include the unification of the organization of local authorities and the presence of a number of special territorial districts (military, school, etc.), which do not always coincide with general territorial units. These also include cantons, which now mainly perform the functions of judicial and electoral districts. The entire European territory of France is currently divided into 22 regions. Each region has autonomy, the task of its bodies is to ensure economic, social, cultural and scientific development
and protecting the identity of the territory concerned. Regions have their own budget and independently develop plans for economic and social development. In the socio-economic sphere they are endowed with broad powers. financial assistance. Departments are divided into districts in which local government is not carried out: their task is to supervise the communes and coordinate their activities, mainly in social sphere. Communes, of which there are more than 36,000 in the country, are a grassroots territorial unit. They are created in urban and rural settlements. At the same time, Paris simultaneously has the status of both a commune and a department. In addition, Paris, Lyon and Marseille are divided into intra-city districts, in which, unlike the above-mentioned supra-communal districts, local self-government is exercised. Authority between all specified levels public authority delimited by the 1982 Law on Decentralization and a number of other laws.
Overseas territories.
Overseas territories and departments refer to some territories and islands outside European France that previously had the status French colonies, over which France retained its sovereignty. Overseas territories - New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna Islands, Arctic lands- have broad autonomy. However, defense issues foreign policy, the judicial system is administered by France. The status of the overseas departments (Guadeloupe, Guiana, Martinique and Reunion) is similar to the status of both French regions and departments. This means that the bodies of the overseas departments simultaneously exercise powers belonging to European territory France, both regions and departments.
Corsica has a greater degree of autonomy than other metropolitan areas. Its status is determined by the 1991 Law on the status of the territorial collective of Corsica. This is primarily expressed in the greater scope of powers of its authorities, as well as in the presence of its own parliament - the Assembly. Providing Corsica with greater independence is due to the peculiarities of its national composition. In essence, there is national-territorial autonomy there.
51. System government agencies France.
France has a mixed (or semi-presidential) republican government. The system of government in France is built on the principle of separation of powers.
Modern France is a republic with a strong executive power, the bearers of which are the president and the government represented by the Council of Ministers. The president and the government together constitute the central executive.
The presidential term of office is 5 years. Presidential elections are held in two stages: at the first stage, candidates are elected by direct universal suffrage according to the majoritarian electoral system, at the second stage - according to the principle of relative majority.
The President of France is the head of the Republic and supreme commander countries. The President also acts as a guarantor of national independence and territorial integrity states. The President of France has broad powers regarding government.
The government or the Council of Ministers is a collegial body. The government consists of state administration and police, as well as national security and military forces. The government is completely subordinate to its chairman, who is the President of France.
The French Parliament is the highest representative and legislative body.
Parliament consists of two chambers, such as:
1) The Senate, its composition is re-elected every 9 years by indirect elections. Members of the Senate rely in their work on the interests of territorial collectives;
2) Lower house (or national assembly). Its representatives are re-elected every 5 years by direct universal suffrage. Members of the lower house are elected in two stages, just like the President.
The French judiciary consists of courts of general jurisdiction and administrative courts. All courts are subject to the general jurisdiction of the Court of Cassation. Courts have their own specific areas: Administrative courts, magistrates’ courts, criminal courts, etc.
The French Council of State is supreme body administrative justice.
Citizens who have reached the age of 18 by election day have the right to vote. From this time on, citizens became the owners of active voting rights.
Passive suffrage for elections to the National Assembly is acquired after 23 years of age. To be eligible to participate in Senate elections, citizens must be 35 years of age. There are no age restrictions for running for President.
In France, there is an electoral deposit for candidates nominating themselves: for the lower house - 1 thousand francs, for senators - 2 thousand francs, for candidates for the position of President - 10 thousand francs.
52. Party system of France.
Between 1958 and 1981. France had a dominant party system. It was based on the privileged position of the very influential Rally for the Republic (RPR) party. Despite the ideological nature, the name of the party changed several times.
The Rally for the Republic party is a bourgeois-centrist party, which was organized in 1958 by General Charles de Gaulle and his closest associates. This party is based on traditional liberal values. Its representatives seek to accelerate European integration, taking into account the interests of France. The main work of the party is carried out in the direction of creating and expanding the influence of creating its own political organization. Its leaders have the support of various sectors of French society. Their populist slogan is “Be Everywhere.” Associations in support of the Republic call for preserving the historical greatness of France and its culture. By engaging in political propaganda, representatives of the RPR promote the idea of strong presidential power and political stability in society.
Socialist organizations became visible in French politics only in the second half of the 19th century.
The modern French Socialist Party (FSP) appeared in 1971. It was founded as an association of small social democratic organizations. This party was led by the popular politician of the time, F. Mitterrand, who then became President of France for the period 1981–1995. The political platform of the FSP is democratic socialism. Their main ideas: fair, controlled distribution of the social product, protection of individuals without taking into account their citizenship, wage earners and small entrepreneurs. Since the late 1980s. The FSP is in a deep ideological and political crisis. The situation was aggravated by the defeat in the last presidential and parliamentary elections.
There is another political party - the French communist party(FKP), its founding date is 1920. In the middle of the last century, its popularity was very high among entrepreneurs engaged in industrial or partly agricultural production, as well as among intellectuals. Representatives of the FKP in last years reduced their level of influence and lost many supporters.
In addition to those mentioned, there are several more active bourgeois parties, blocs and movements: radical socialists, Center for Social Democrats, republican party radicals, republican party. The current far-right political party, the National Front, promotes its slogan “France only for the French.”
In France there is no specific legislative framework, which would establish norms for the activities of political parties. In order to organize your own political party, you are not required to undergo state registration.
53. French judicial system.
France is divided into 27 regions ( regions), of which 22 are located on the European continent, one (Corsica) is on the island of Corsica, and another five are overseas. Regions do not have legal autonomy, but can set their own taxes and approve the budget.
27 regions are divided into 101 departments ( départements), which consist of 342 districts ( arrondissements) and 4039 cantons ( cantons). France is based on 36,682 communes ( communes). The division into departments and communes is comparable to the division of Russia into districts and urban/rural entities.
The department of Paris consists of a single commune. Each of the five overseas regions (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Reunion, Mayotte) consist of a single department. The region of Corsica (including 2 departments) has a special status as an administrative-territorial entity, different from other regions of the metropolis (continental France). It has independent governing bodies that are not subordinate to the center. In 2003, a referendum on the unification of the two departments of Corsica failed. All these regions are part of the European Union.
It can also be said that the French Republic includes:
1. Metropolis (divided into 22 regions and 96 departments).
2. 5 overseas departments (DOM): Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana, Reunion, Mayotte.
3. 5 overseas territories (TOM): French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna Islands, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin.
4. 3 territories with special status: New Caledonia, Clipperton, French Southern and Antarctic territories
23. Politic system France
State structure and the form of government France is a typical unitary republic After World War II, the country's president, General de Gaulle, relying on his authority as a winner, abolished the land system (Lorraine, Champagne, Provence, etc.), which served as the basis for separatism and centrifugal processes, and divided the state into 94 small departments. The head of state is now the president, who appoints the prime minister and members of the government. The highest legislative body is the parliament. It consists of two chambers - the National Assembly and the Senate. The government is accountable to parliament.
The most active influence on political life provide political parties.
There are several dozen political parties in France (usually more than 40 participate in parliamentary elections, including parties from Corsica and overseas regions). The largest of them are: on the left flank - the French Socialist Party (about 900 thousand members), which is one of the main detachments of the Socialist International, and the French Communist Party (about 400 thousand members), which has now largely revised previous dogmas . Closer to the right center is the Association in Support of the Republic, founded in 1958 by supporters of General de Gaulle (about 900 thousand members), defending the independence of France in the international arena, and in domestic policy- "association of labor and capital."
On the right flank is the Republican Party (about 160 thousand members). The extreme right is occupied by the National Front (25 thousand members), which advocates racist positions, in particular in favor of expelling immigrants from former colonies from the country.
In elections, parties usually act in blocs; the fractional division into parties is increasingly being replaced by a division into left and right. Since 1997, there has been a left-wing government of the bloc of socialists and communists (3 communists out of 32 members of the government).
The fundamentals of the status of parties in French constitutional law were first defined by the Constitution of 1958. It establishes: 1) the principles of the creation and activities of parties (they are created and operate freely);
3) restrictions related to their structure and activities (must respect the principles of national sovereignty and democracy - this means that the internal structure of the party and its activities must comply with democratic principles). All these provisions are contained in one rather short article of the Constitution.
The state supports political parties on two grounds:
1) supports parties and political groupings that nominate at least 75 candidates to the lower house of parliament;
2) finances parties and political groupings depending on the number of their factions in parliament.
Parties must publish their financial reports annually, otherwise they will lose state support. Control is carried out by the National Commission for the Control of Accounts for Election Campaigns and Elections.