§1. The most ancient history of the Yaroslavl land. "Yar": a story with taste

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history of the Yaroslavl region of darkness, history of the Yaroslavl region of Ukraine

The Yaroslavl region was inhabited already at the end of the Late Paleolithic (about 20-13 thousand years BC) after the retreat of the last glacier, when its territory was covered with periglacial tundra, on which herds of mammoths grazed. The only known monument of that time in the region is a site near Uglich near the village of Zolotoruchye.

In the Mesolithic (12-5 thousand years BC), the territory of the region was covered with forests, inhabited by primitive hunters of the Butovo and Ienevo cultures, who mastered the technology of bows and arrows. These tribes subsequently evolved into the Upper Volga Neolithic culture.

In the Neolithic (5-3 thousand years BC), the local Cro-Magnons were supplanted by the lappoid hunting and fishing tribes of the so-called pit-comb ceramic culture. Hundreds of sites from this era have been discovered in the Yaroslavl region. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC. e. (Bronze Age) from the Middle Dnieper region, cattle-breeding tribes invaded here, subjugated the Neolithic tribes and partially mixed with them, they received the name Fatyanovo, the largest of the burial grounds subsequently found in the region - Volosovo-Danilovsky near the village of Volosovo (Dogadtsevo station), where archaeologist D. A. Krainov excavated about 170 burials in 1962-1970. Fatyanovtsy are being replaced Iranian peoples

Abashevo culture

• From the middle of the 1st millennium BC. e. until the middle of the 1st millennium AD. e. The region was inhabited by the so-called Dyakov tribes, who knew how to process iron, were engaged in cattle breeding and shifting agriculture, as well as fishing and hunting. In the second half of the 1st millennium AD. e. The territory of the region is inhabited by the Finno-Ugric people Merya. Several Meryan settlements (fortified settlement) and settlements (unfortified) have been excavated; these were centers of craft and trade: Sarskoe settlement on the Sarah River, which flows into Lake Nero, a settlement at Grekhov Stream, which flows into the Volga 7 km from Uglich, Popadinskoe (near the house recreation "Red Hill") (20 km from Yaroslavl), Kleshchino on Lake Pleshcheyevo and others. In the 9th-10th centuries, the Upper Volga region began to be peacefully settled by the Slavs, these were representatives of the Ilmen Slovenes and Krivichi, they gradually mixed with the Meryans.
  • 1 Old Russian period
  • 1.1 Specific time
  • 1.3 Subordination to Moscow
• 2 Imperial period
• 3 Soviet period
  • 3.1 Before the War
  • 3.2 War period
  • 3.3 After the War
• 4 Modernity
• 5 Notes
• 6 Links
• 7 See also

Old Russian period

The Yaroslavl region belongs to the core of Russian lands. The first Russian city on its territory was Rostov, which was mentioned in the chronicle already in 862. When in 882 the capital of the Russian lands shifted to Kyiv, Rostov turned into the administrative center of North-Eastern Rus' (Rostov Principality). Among the famous Rostov princes were Boris (one of the first Russian saints) and Yaroslav the Wise, who built the city of Yaroslavl in 1010. Came from Rostov epic hero Alesha Popovich. In 991 (just three years after the Baptism of Rus'), Rostov became the center of the diocese, which confirmed the high status of the city. However, Christianity took root with difficulty in the Yaroslavl region. In 1071, an Anti-Christian uprising broke out here, during which Leonty of Rostov was killed.

Specific time

Since the second half of the 11th century, centrifugal tendencies have been intensifying in Rus'. Since 1054, according to the will of Yaroslav the Wise, Rostov, along with other cities of North-Eastern Rus', became the possession of his son, the Pereyaslavl prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich, where he sent governors. In the 12th century, Yuri Dolgoruky ruled the Rostov land. In 1125 he moved the capital of the principality to Suzdal ( Vladimir region) - since then political role Rostov was constantly decreasing. During the reign of Yuri, Uglich was first mentioned in 1148 (known from local chronicles since 937), in 1152 he built Pereyaslavl (Zalessky) on Lake Pleshcheyevo near ancient Kleshchin, and in the second half of the 13th century the city of Romanov was founded.

In 1155, the son of Yuri Dolgoruky, Andrei Bogolyubsky, moved his residence to Vladimir, from that time the Yaroslavl region was ruled by the Vladimir princes. However, in early XIII century, the Vladimir Principality also disintegrated into appanage principalities. The centers of four principalities are located on the territory of the Yaroslavl region.

• The Principality of Pereslavl was founded in 1175 by Vsevolod the Big Nest. His successor is his son Yaroslav - the father of Alexander Nevsky, the grandfather of the first appanage Moscow prince Dmitry and the great-grandfather of Ivan Kalita, from whom the Moscow tsars count their numbers.
• The Rostov principality was created in 1207 by his son Konstantin Vsevolodovich, but after the bloody Battle of Lipitsa he managed to become the prince of Vladimir (he lost Rostov to his son Vasilko).
• The Uglich principality in 1216 went to Konstantin's son Vladimir
• The Yaroslavl principality goes to another son, Konstantin Vsevolod.

Tatar-Mongol yoke

In February 1238, North-Eastern Rus' was devastated during Tatar-Mongol invasion. Pereslavl defended itself for 5 days, almost all its inhabitants died, Rostov and Uglich surrendered without a fight, but were also destroyed, although to a lesser extent; nothing is known about the defense of Yaroslavl, but it was also destroyed. On March 4, 1238, a detachment from Temnik Burundai encountered a Russian army on the Sit River; Russian troops were completely defeated. Thus began the dependence of North-Eastern Rus' on the Golden Horde. In the second half of the 13th and early 14th centuries, the cities of North-Eastern Rus' were repeatedly devastated by the Horde. In 1257, the Battle of Tugovaya Mountain took place. The “summoning” of the Mongol-Tatars was also accompanied by the civil strife of the Russian princes. The Yaroslavl army under the command of Prince Vasily took part in the Battle of Kulikovo, inspired by the local saint Sergius of Radonezh.

Subordination to Moscow

In 1302, the Principality of Pereslavl annexed Moscow. In 1463, the territory of the Yaroslavl region peacefully became part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The former principalities, being transformed into counties, were then ruled by Moscow governors or governors, and were sometimes given out as food to visiting princes. In 1538 the city of Lyubim was founded. After the creation of Arkhangelsk, Yaroslavl became an important transshipment point on the way from Moscow to the northern port.

The territory of the Yaroslavl region suffered greatly during the Time of Troubles, the population was devastated, many died or fled; Rostov and Yaroslavl suffered especially heavy damage. Twice in April 1609 and in December 1615, Pan Lisovsky’s troops swept through the region like a tornado. From April to July 1612, the Second Militia was stationed in Yaroslavl, from where it moved south to liberate Moscow from the Poles. In Yaroslavl, the composition of the government - the “Council of the Whole Earth” - was finally determined. In March 1614, the Cossacks of Ataman Balovnya ravaged the Poshekhonsky district. In November of the same year, the army of governor Valuev set out from Yaroslavl to suppress the rebellion. September 1618 Hetman Sagaidachny with his huge Cossack army walked through the Yaroslavl region, acting on the orders of the Polish prince Vladislav.

In 1692, Rostov and Pereslavl came under the leadership of the Yaroslavl governor. On the eve of Peter's reforms in Rostov, a Slavic-Greek-Latin school was created in Rostov and postal communication with Moscow and Arkhangelsk.

Imperial period

In 1708-1710 Russian state was divided into 8 provinces: Yaroslavl, Uglich, Romanov entered the St. Petersburg province, and Pereslavl, Rostov and Lyubim - into the Moscow province. In 1719, a division into 45 (later 50) provinces appeared - on the territory of the modern Yaroslavl region there were the Yaroslavl and Uglich provinces of the St. Petersburg province and the Pereslavl and Kostroma provinces of the Moscow province. The provinces were divided into 5 districts. In 1727, the districts were renamed into counties, at the same time the Yaroslavl and Uglich provinces transferred to the Moscow province. In 1777, as a result of provincial reform, on the basis of most of the Yaroslavl, Uglich, and smaller parts of the Kostroma province, the Yaroslavl governorate (Yaroslavl province) was formed, which was divided into 12 counties. The centers of five districts became the old cities: Yaroslavl, Rostov, Uglich, Romanov, Lyubim. Since the center of the county had to be a city, the corresponding status was assigned to the following settlements: Mologa settlement - the city of Mologa, Rybnaya Sloboda - the city of Rybnoy (later Rybinsk), Borisoglebskaya Sloboda - the city of Borisoglebsk, the village of Pertoma - the city of Poshekhonye, ​​the village of Myshkino - the city Myshkin, the village of Danilovskoye - the city of Danilov, the village of Petrovskoye - the city of Petrovsk. All cities received new coats of arms and the first regular building plans. 1786, the department of the Rostov diocese (since then it has been Yaroslavl and Rostov diocese) was moved from Rostov to Yaroslavl. In 1796, governorships were abolished, and provinces became the main administrative-territorial unit; V Yaroslavl province The number of counties was changed to 10.

Map of the Yaroslavl governorship. 1792

Westernization led to the emergence of theaters (Russian Academic Drama Theater named after F. Volkov), museums (Museum at the Yaroslavl Natural History Society) and educational institutions as secular (Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K.D. Ushinsky, Demidov Legal Lyceum), and spiritual orientation (Uglich Theological School). Based on the synthesis of Western and local traditions, folk crafts (enamel) are created. At the same time, government measures led to resistance, which took on religious forms (Runners).

In the 19th-20th centuries, primary industrialization took place in the Yaroslavl region. In 1850, the Yaroslavl Tobacco Factory was created. In 1879, with the participation of Mendeleev, the Yaroslavl oil refinery was created. In 1870, the railway connected Yaroslavl with Moscow, and in 1872 - with Vologda. Local periodicals appeared (the newspaper Severny Krai and the magazine Dubinushka). In 1916, Russian industrialist V. A. Lebedev, as part of the government program for creating an automobile industry in Russia, created the Yaroslavl Motor Plant. Industry is also developing in Rybinsk (Russian Renault, Rybinsk Printing Machines Plant). Appeared public transport(Rostov horse-drawn horse).

During the Civil War, there were no active hostilities in the region, with the exception of the Yaroslavl and Rybinsk uprisings, which caused heavy damage to these cities. During the Civil War and in subsequent years, new authorities were formed, and the administrative-territorial division of the region changed several times. So, in 1921-1923 there was the Rybinsk province, in 1929 the Yaroslavl province was abolished, in 1929-1930 in its place there were the Yaroslavl and Rybinsk districts of the Ivanovo industrial region, in 1930 their territories came under the direct control of the administration of the industrial region.

On March 11, 1936, the Ivanovo industrial region was divided and formed Yaroslavl region from 36 districts and 15 cities, including 3 cities of regional subordination - Yaroslavl, Rybinsk and Kostroma. the region included the territory of the former Yaroslavl province (without the eastern part of the Rostov district), a significant part Kostroma province and Pereslavl district Vladimir province. The territory was 62 thousand km², and the population was 2.1 million people. In 1944, the Kostroma region was separated from Yaroslavl. The Yaroslavl region remained with a territory of 36.4 thousand km², which has remained virtually unchanged since then.

In the early years Soviet power Industrialization is being intensively carried out in the Yaroslavl region. Old factories are being modernized and new ones are being created. Developing chemical industry(Yaroslavl rubber-asbestos plant, SK-1). In order to meet the growing needs for electricity, in 1935 the construction of the Rybinsk Hydroelectric Power Station began, which led to the appearance of the vast Rybinsk Reservoir on the Volga and the flooding of the city of Mologa. Construction was carried out by Volgolag prisoners. The 1930s saw the collectivization of agriculture and “dekulakization.” By the spring of 1941, about 3,500 collective farms had been formed. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, the Yaroslavl region was one of the most industrially developed in Central Russia. At the end of 1936, there were 587 large industrial enterprises employing more than 200 thousand people. Most of the industry was concentrated in three largest cities: Yaroslavl - 53%, Rybinsk - 17%, Kostroma - 11% of production volume. In 1940-1941, the most important roads for the region Yaroslavl - Rybinsk and Yaroslavl - Kostroma were built. Rates of growth industrial production were significantly higher than in neighboring regions and exceeded the average growth rate for the country.

Along with industrialization, there was also cultural revolution, the number of schools and the publication of newspapers increased. In order to improve the ideological indoctrination of the masses, cultural institutions were created: the Yaroslavl Puppet Theater and the Yaroslavl Regional Philharmonic. At the same time, they are closing Orthodox churches, their premises began to be used for economic needs, restoration work was curtailed.

Since 1924, the only university in the region has been pedagogical institute. In 1931, an evening metallurgy college and a branch of the Leningrad Institute of Railway Engineers were opened in Yaroslavl. In the 1930s, the Higher Communist Agricultural School operated. In 1932, the Rybinsk Aviation Institute was opened. S. Ordzhonikidze, evacuated to Ufa during the war. 1943 in regional center was opened medical school, in 1944 - Technological Institute of the Rubber Industry and Agricultural Institute, Evening Institute of Marxism-Leninism. From 1918 to 1975, 18,155 people were convicted on political grounds in the region, of which 2,219 were shot. These figures do not include those who were unjustifiably dispossessed, those administratively expelled, and their family members. In 1937-1938, 544 regional-level executives were repressed in the region, including more than 40 heads of city and district party committees, 166 directors of industrial enterprises, about 40 heads and teachers of educational institutions; During these years, 1,660 people were shot, including 423 workers, 246 peasants and 256 employees.

During the War

During the Great Patriotic War, more than half a million residents of the Yaroslavl region went to the front, over 200 thousand people died (approximately every tenth resident of the region). In the fall of 1941 - winter of 1942, there was a real threat of enemy invasion into the region; two lines of defense with a total length of 780 km were built in it, part of the strategic enterprises were evacuated, and preparations were made for resistance. In 1941-1943, the region was subjected to bombing, the most destructive of which occurred on the nights of June 10 and 21, 1943. The Yaroslavl region received about 0.4 million wounded and about 0.3 million evacuees. The national economy quickly rebuilt itself on a war footing and became an important part of the country's defense production. In 1942, the Dyadkovo military airfield opened in Yaroslavl. During 1940-1944, the annual volume of industrial production increased by 12.2%, the region supplied the front with about 760 types of defense products. The Yaroslavl region, which previously imported more than half of the food consumed, in 1943-1945 provided itself with all food products.

After the war

During the IV Five-Year Plan (1946-1950), 15 buildings were reconstructed and built in the region. industrial facilities, the enterprises carried out the conversion of military production, the construction of the Rybinsk hydroelectric power station and the filling of the Rybinsk reservoir were completed, the Uglich Watch Factory, the Rybinsk Cable Factory, the Rybinsk Hydromechanization Plant, the Volgostroy Mechanical Plant, the Rybinsk Electrical Engineering Plant, and the Semibratovsky Gas Purification Equipment Plant were built. By the end of the five-year plan, the region's industry exceeded the 1940 level by 46%. In 1950, the consolidation of collective farms took place in the village - out of 3890, 962 were created. The electrification of the village began through the construction of low-power primitive power plants.

In 1957 television appeared and football club"Shinnik". In the 1960s, Poshekhonsky cheese began to be produced in the region. Jazz started playing on the banks of the Volga. In 1990, Yarsotsbank was created.

Modernity

Anatoly Lisitsyn became the first governor of the Yaroslavl region. In the 1990s, the regional brand Yarpivo appeared. The Muslim diaspora has grown stronger. Rock festivals (Dobrofest) began to be held, and goths appeared. At the same time, negative phenomena have also emerged. Residents of the Yaroslavl region were shocked by the ritual murder in Yaroslavl, committed by Satanists. The population of the area slowly began to die out. Migrants from Armenia and Kyrgyzstan began to replace local residents.

In 2006, the Yaroslavl region was the leader in the number of Internetized schools. Also in the region a project has been launched to assign regional fairy tale character. Baba Yaga lives in Kukoboe, Alyosha Popovich and Emelya with a pike live in Rostov, Tsar Berendey lives in Pereslavl, Norushka Mouse lives in Myshkin, Kurochka Ryaba lives in the Rybinsk region, and Vodyanoy lives in Poshekhonye. Well, here, in the Pereslavl forests, is the most fabulous place - the Far Away Kingdom.

Notes

1. Uglich
2. 1 2 3 Meyerovich M.G. This is how Yaroslavl began. Yaroslavl: Upper Volga Book Publishing House, 1984. - 63 p.
3. Krainov D. A. Ancient history Volga-Oka interfluve. M.: 1972.
4. There are already hafiz among us (interview with the leader of the Yaroslavl Muslim community, Kyuri Khalimov)
5. Yaroslavl Goths said that they have no worldview
6. Yaroslavl Satanists, who ate 4 teenagers, stabbed the victims 666 times
7. Yaroslavl residents continue to die out
8. Yaroslavl region leads in the number of internetized schools
9. The Yaroslavl region was chosen as the birthplace of the fairy bear

Links

see also

• List of renamed settlements Yaroslavl region

history of the Yaroslavl region in, history of the Yaroslavl region of Kazakhstan, history of the Yaroslavl region of darkness, history of the Yaroslavl region of Ukraine

History of the Yaroslavl region Information About

The village of Cherny Yar is located on the Volga in the Astrakhan region.

The name of the village of Cherny Yar is a combination of two words: one is native Russian – “black”, meaning dark color, and the other, Turkic – “yar”, which translates as “high steep bank washed away by the river”.

There is such a legend. The Astrakhan prince, returning by ship along the Volga from his trip to Nizhny Novgorod, was forced to make a stop. The prince and his retinue went ashore and they set up camp. The area was picturesque: a large green meadow surrounded by a birch grove, a steep bank above the Volga, against which the river water beat. The shore was so steep and high that, looking down, it seemed as if the water was completely black. The prince looked at the surroundings and said: “Let there be a settlement in this place in which people will live, and they will begin to work on this fertile land. And the name of this village will be Cherny Yar.”

There is a legend among local residents that the name of the village was given in memory of a terrible event that happened in this place a long time ago. There were several houses on the river bank in which fishermen and their families lived. Merchants passed by and carried with them many expensive goods. It was already beginning to get dark, and there were rumors that robbers had appeared in these places, so the guests decided to stop for the night in a fishing village.

The hospitable hosts fed the merchants and put them to bed. The robbers knew that the merchants were staying with fishermen and had a lot of valuables with them, so they waited until the lights in all the windows went out and the people fell asleep. The robbers attacked houses, killed many people, took away wealth, and left the bodies from the steep bank into the Volga. In the morning, the survivors looked from the shore into the water and saw that it was all black with blood, and from that time the village began to be called Cherny Yar.

For a long time in Rus', the word “black” was used to describe everything incomprehensible, mysterious, and terrible. This word was often used to define the “activities” of sorcerers and witches, the belief in which Russian people have retained to this day. Consequently, Black Yar could have received such a name because sorcerers, witches and other “servants” of Satan lived in it. This version can be confirmed by legends and beliefs that describe the machinations of those who sold their souls to the devil and received from him for this magical power sorcerers who damaged livestock and sent diseases to people, as well as stories about terrible rituals performed by mysterious priests Slavic gods and demons, etc. Chernoyarsk old-timers know a lot of legends of this kind, and that is why this place is so often visited by tourists and research expeditions.

Cherny Yar is also notable for the fact that it is located in very picturesque places on the banks of the Volga. Locals actively engaged in fishing, catching pike, catfish, roach and even such rare fish like a sterlet. Local residents claim that A.N. once stayed in this village. Ostrovsky, who since childhood was a big fan of traveling along the Volga.

The legendary restaurant "Yar" - the brainchild of the French chef Mr. Tranquil Yard - initially, on January 1, 1826, was located in the house of the merchant Chavannes on the corner of Kuznetsky Most and Neglinnaya. It soon became extremely popular among gourmets, who loved Yar for its exquisite menu and excellent wine cellars. One of the regulars at Yar on Kuznetsky was Alexander Pushkin, who captured the memory of the restaurant in one of his works.
Later - from 1848 to 1851. - “Yar” worked in the Hermitage garden, but not in the Hermitage garden on Petrovka, which we all know well, but in the old one on Bozhedomka. But it soon opened as a country restaurant in Petrovsky Park, on the Petersburg Highway, in the possession of General Bashilov, who rented out his estate for a restaurant. The fact is that, for the purity of morals, gypsies were forbidden to sing in city restaurants, and behind the outposts they had every right to perform. Merchants and young people, squandering their father's fortunes, sometimes organized crazy festivities at Yar and often simply destroyed the restaurant premises, but these facts, not entirely decent for a respectable establishment, did not discourage other audiences from it. Bryusov, Chekhov, Kuprin, Chaliapin, Stanislavsky, Gilyarovsky, artists, writers, lawyers often came to Yar...
In 1895, Yar was acquired by Alexey Akimovich Sudakov, a Yaroslavl peasant who achieved everything with his mind and talent. Sudakov, who agreed with the management of a nearby hippodrome on mutual customer service. The proceeds from this brilliant idea made it possible to rebuild the restaurant. In 1910, he rebuilt Yar (architect A. Erichson): from a wooden house, the restaurant turned into a solid palace with columns, with summer garden seats 250, with a fountain, stone grottoes and gazebos covered with ivy. Houses for employees were built next to the restaurant.
The restaurant in 1910 was valued at 10 million rubles in gold, a huge figure. The restaurant with its service buildings occupied an entire block, the restaurant had its own power plant, its own water pumping station, a car park, its own stables, a summer veranda, flower beds, the back of the property was framed by “mountains” - made of stones brought from the Caucasus.

The house to the right of the Sovetsky Hotel building is a house for restaurant employees. Previously, its side bay window tower was decorated with a spire. To the left of the restaurant was the house of Sudakov himself; unfortunately, it has not survived.

In pre-revolutionary times, "Yar" became famous for the revelry so colorfully described by Gilyarovsky. One of the regulars at Yar was Savva Morozov. One winter he went to his favorite restaurant, but they didn’t let him in - some merchant was walking around - he rented the restaurant “on farm.” Savva tried to be indignant, saying that he was a regular customer, he left a lot of money here, but they still refused to let him into the restaurant. Then the angry Morozov went to Petrovsky Park, picked up some stuff there, brought him to a restaurant and ordered him to break the wall so that he could drive through it into the restaurant in a straight three. The wall is being broken down, Savva Timofeevich is sitting in the troika, waiting. He does not give in to persuasion. I don't want to call the police either - I'm a regular customer. Somehow the gypsy woman from the choir persuaded him not to destroy the restaurant: “Dear father, what are you doing, we will be left without income,” in general, they persuaded him, he paid off all the “burglars,” gave up on everything and left.
The famous millionaire Khludov came to Yar accompanied by a tame tigress.
And the merchants also liked to play in the “aquarium”. They ordered water to be poured into a huge white piano to the brim and fish were thrown into it.
There was also a price list at Yar for those who like to indulge. The pleasure of smearing mustard on a waiter's face, for example, cost 120 rubles, and throwing a bottle at a Venetian mirror cost 100 rubles. However, all the restaurant’s property was insured for a substantial amount of money.
"Yar" was visited by Grigory Rasputin and Felix Yusupov, Chekhov and Kuprin, Gorky and Leonid Andreev, Balmont and Bryusov, Chaliapin, artists the Vasnetsov brothers, Levitan, Repin, Vrubel, Serov...
After the revolution, the restaurant was closed, stucco was torn from the ceilings, the fountain and garden were destroyed, and the restaurant's property was taken away. Sudakov was arrested. The fate of the owner of Yar is tragic - after the revolution, he and his children were often arrested, the Central Committee was summoned, they were regularly “shaken”, considering him the owner of a huge fortune, he could not emigrate abroad. Later, Sudakov worked as a simple accountant in an ordinary Soviet office. He went to live out his life in the village. He didn’t like to talk about “Yar”; this topic was closed to him. After his death, he was allegedly buried in Moscow at the Vagankovskoye cemetery. Such is the rise and fall of the owner of "Yar", who began his career as a "boy" in a tea shop, achieved everything with his work, intelligence and talent, turned a cult restaurant into almost an empire, and ended up as an ordinary employee in a government organization...
Until 1952, the building of the former restaurant housed a cinema, a gym for Red Army soldiers, a hospital, a film college, VGIK and the Pilot's House. In 1952, on the personal instructions of Stalin, a hotel complex in the Russian Empire style was added to the building of the Yar restaurant. Now the former building looks almost unrecognizable; only the arched windows can identify the Sudak Yar. "Yar" was renamed into the "Sovetsky" restaurant. A little later, the gypsy theater "Romen" moved in next to the hotel - the spirit of the old "Yar" and Anna Zakharovna's gypsy choir turned out to be attractive.
The Sovetsky restaurant became widely known as a “restaurant for the privileged” - diplomats, party leaders and associates. During these years, “Soviet” was repeatedly awarded with pennants and honorary awards. Vasily Stalin, King Juan Carlos of Spain, Indira Gandhi, Vysotsky and Marina Vladi, and " The Iron Lady"with Konrad Adenauer.
Over time, the restaurant fell into disrepair, but since 1998 it has experienced its next rebirth under the same name - “Yar”. The restaurant was restored - the pre-revolutionary interior was completely restored, the turn-of-the-century frescoes on the ceiling and walls were put in order, the chandelier from 1912 was repaired, and the fountain in the courtyard, based on the design of the Bolshoi Theater fountain, was recreated.
This is the history of the Yar restaurant.

In 1826, the Frenchman Trankiy Yar opened a restaurant in Chavan's house on Kuznetsky Most. The location was not chosen by chance: in the house of Ludwig Chavannes there were also fashionable shops of wines, snuff, perfumes, hats, fabrics and books.
“Moskovskie Vedomosti” wrote about this event as follows: “A restaurant opened with lunch and dinner tables, all sorts of grape wines and liqueurs, desserts, coffee and tea, at very reasonable prices.”
IN late XIX- at the beginning of the 20th century, the gypsy choir of Ilya Sokolov worked in Yar. Famous singers performed: Olympiada Fedorova (Pisha), and later Varvara Panina (Vasilieva).
In 1895, merchant Alexey Sudakov acquired his ownership of Yar. After 15 years, he commissioned the architect Adolf Erichson to build a new building in the Art Nouveau style: with large faceted domes, arched windows and monumental metal lamps along the facade. Inside there were the Big and Small Halls, the imperial box and offices, one of which was named “Pushkinsky”, in memory of the poet who wrote about “Yar”:
“How long will I be in hunger and anguish?
Involuntary fasting
And cold veal
Are you going to commemorate Yar’s truffles?”
Members of the imperial family, representatives of literary bohemia, railway concessionaires, bankers and stockbrokers spent their time here. The restaurant played the role of a meeting place for those who made history:
poet and writer Alexander Pushkin,
writer Alexander Herzen,
researcher Nikolai Przhevalsky,
artist Karl Bryullov,
artist Alexey Venetsianov,
composer Mikhail Glinka,
architect Domenico Gilardi...
In "Yar" students traditionally ended the celebration of Tatiana's Day. People came here to have lunch from St. Petersburg. In those years, one of the greats remarked: “they don’t go to Yar, they end up in Yar.”
The most frequent visitors to the restaurant were:
singer Fyodor Chaliapin,
writer Anton Chekhov,
writer Maxim Gorky,
writer Alexander Kuprin,
writer Leonid Andreev,
poet Konstantin Balmont,
merchant and philanthropist Savva Morozov,
historian Vladimir Gilyarovsky,
lawyer Fyodor Plevako...
After October revolution the restaurant was closed. Alexey Sudakov was arrested. For some time, during the NEP period, the restaurant was still operating in the Yara building. Later, a cinema, a gym for Red Army soldiers, a hospital, a film college, VGIK, and a pilots’ club were located here.
In 1952, the building was rebuilt again. And made in the Stalinist Empire style, the Sovetskaya Hotel with a restaurant of the same name was opened in it. He was considered official and was widely known in government and diplomatic circles. Therefore, the most important and famous guests were received here. IN different years restaurant visited:
General Secretary Central Committee of the CPSU Leonid Brezhnev,
Prime Minister of Great Britain Margaret Thatcher,
German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer,
Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi,
Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger
famous actor Jean-Paul Belmondo,
French singer Mireille Mathieu...
Since 1998, “Yar” has regained its former glory and reopened its doors to guests:
Yuri Luzhkov,
Boris Berezovsky,
Anatoly Chubais,
Alexy II,
Pierre Cardin…
No less famous is the visit of Alain Ducasse, who is considered the best chef in the world. The Yar restaurant is the only real Russian partner of the famous culinary specialist.
Today "Yar" is completely updated. The designers reconstructed and restored the pre-revolutionary appearance restaurant, frescoes from the Art Nouveau era were restored, a chandelier from 1912 was restored, and a fountain created in the image and likeness of the Bolshoi Theater fountain was installed in the courtyard.

Oksana Sergeeva-Little

Yaroslavl region during Kievan Rus

The early history of the Yaroslavl region is closely connected with the formation of Yaroslavl as a fortification to protect the route from the Volga to Rostov. Tradition connects the emergence of Yaroslavl with the name of Prince Yaroslav the Wise, who later became the Grand Duke of Kyiv. His warriors destroyed a pagan settlement called "Bear's Corner", whose inhabitants were engaged in fishing and hunting. According to legend, Prince Yaroslav the Wise conquered local pagan tribes by killing the “sacred” bear they worshiped with a battle axe. The coat of arms of Yaroslavl reminds of this event - “In a silver shield, a bear, standing, holds a golden ax in his left paw.” Almost a thousand years ago, in 1010, Prince Yaroslav the Wise built a fortress city on the site of a pagan settlement on the right bank of the Volga, at the confluence of the Kotorosl River, and named it “in his own name.”
In 1218, Yaroslavl became the “capital city” of an independent principality. The beginning of the brilliant prosperity of the rich Volga city was interrupted for many years by the Mongol-Tatar invasion. Like many other Russian cities, Yaroslavl was burned to the ground in 1238, but did not kneel before the enemy. There have been uprisings here several times. In memory of one of them, a low mountain behind the Kotorosl River is called Tugova, which translated from Old Slavonic means Mournful: Yaroslavl residents who died in the struggle for the independence of the Motherland are buried here.

Yaroslavl region in the XV-XVII centuries.

In 1463, the Yaroslavl principality became part of the united Moscow principality. IN XVI-XVII centuries Yaroslavl - important point trade relations with the countries of the East and Europe. Foreign merchants had numerous farmsteads in the city, from where they sent goods to Moscow, other Russian cities, and even to Persia (Iran).
In 1612, in Yaroslavl, with the money of local merchants, a 25,000-strong people's militia was formed, which, under the leadership of Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, liberated Moscow captured by the Poles. The most influential residents of Yaroslavl took part in the elections of the new Russian sovereign. Mikhail Romanov was called to the throne, marking the beginning of the 300-year Romanov dynasty.

Yaroslavl region in the XVII-XIX centuries.

The 17th century is a golden age for the Yaroslavl region, characterized by the flourishing of the original Yaroslavl school of architecture and icon painting.
The 18th century was the industrial heyday of the region, the transition from crafts to manufacture. In 1722, the Yaroslavl large manufactory (now the Krasny Perekop plant) was formed, and textile enterprises appeared in Pereslavl, Rostov, and Uglich.
In 1796, the Yaroslavl province was formed with its center in Yaroslavl, which included, in addition to the old cities (Rostov, Uglich, Romanov), newly established ones (Danilov, Myshkin, Rybinsk, etc.). This administrative structure remained until the beginning of the 20th century.
TO early XIX century in Yaroslavl there were already 12 manufactories and 69 factories. In 1838, the merchant A.F. Vakhromeyev built a plant for the production of lead white (now the paint and varnish plant of JSC Russian Paints); at the end of the 19th century, the first oil refinery for the production of mineral oils was built in the town of Konstantinovka, at the origins of which was the scientist-chemist D . I. Mendeleev. Waste trades received massive development, commercial agriculture grew, and livestock farming developed.
In 1870-1898, the Yaroslavl province was connected railways with Moscow, Vologda, Kostroma, St. Petersburg. In terms of the number of workers, Yaroslavl itself ranked eighth among 103 most important industrial centers Russia.

Yaroslavl region in the first half of the 20th century.

First World War burst into the life of the calm Yaroslavl province. Refugees appeared from the western provinces. Factories and workshops were rebuilt on a war footing. The owners of the Great Yaroslavl Manufactory and large mills received profitable orders. Foundry-mechanical and wire-nail factories, wool-spinning, cotton, and weaving factories were evacuated from the front-line areas to Yaroslavl.
Difficulties with the delivery of cars from abroad forced the development of the domestic automobile industry. In 1915, the tsarist government decided to build its own automobile factories, including in the Yaroslavl province.
The construction of the Yaroslavl plant was carried out by the V.A. Lebedev Joint-Stock Aeronautics Company. Vladimir Aleksandrovich Lebedev was a very competent engineer and worked as a test pilot at the aircraft plant named after. Shchetinina. Lebedev's interest in Yaroslavl was caused by aviation plans:
Initially, it was planned to build an aircraft plant in Yaroslavl. In January 1916, construction of a plant began on the outskirts of Yaroslavl behind the Romanovskaya Zastava. At the beginning of 1917, the plant already employed 100 people. They produced 285 cabins and 105 bodies for Renault ambulances. In March 1917, in Yaroslavl, following the example of St. Petersburg residents, factory committees were created and an 8-hour working day was introduced.
Started Civil War. Auto repair shops from Smolensk were evacuated to Yaroslavl, and in mid-August 1918, a merger between the auto repair shops and the plant took place.
In the troubled year of 1918, a White Guard rebellion broke out in Yaroslavl. The workers' committees of Yaroslavl created Red Army detachments and repelled the attacks of the White Guards. After these events, many workers did not return to their jobs, but joined the Red Army.
On June 28, 1918, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on nationalization. The Lebedev plant was also nationalized and received the name “Yaroslavl State Automobile Repair Plant.”
On August 11, 1919, a resolution of the Council of Labor and Defense was issued on the allocation of the most important defense facilities to the strike group. The Revolutionary Military Council allocated 200 skilled workers to the plant, as well as funds and equipment for completing the construction of workshops.
In 1929, the Yaroslavl province was abolished, and its territory was included in the newly formed Ivanovo region.
The administrative-territorial formation of the Yaroslavl region was established in 1936 as a result of the division of the Ivanovo industrial region into Ivanovo and Yaroslavl. Within the borders of the Yaroslavl region was the territory of the former Yaroslavl province, as well as most of the former Kostroma province and Pereslavl district of the former Vladimir province.
In 1944, the region was divided into Kostroma and Yaroslavl regions.

Yaroslavl region during the Great Patriotic War

In the fall of 1941, the Yaroslavl region found itself in the front-line zone. The country's leadership decided to establish the production of Shpagin submachine guns (PPSh) at the Yaroslavl Automobile Repair Plant.
On November 28, 1941, the Yaroslavl City Defense Committee decided:
“To organize the production of submachine guns (PPSh) at the enterprises of Yaroslavl and Kostroma, bringing up to 20 thousand sets per month by 02/01/1942.” Workers of some Yaroslavl enterprises received “reservation” from the Army.
In the fall of 1941, the Yaroslavl Communist Division began to form. Many men who have a “reservation” voluntarily signed up for it. The front was getting closer. Yaroslavl residents went in two echelons to build fortifications at the Bolshaya Vishera station and on the Kalinin Front.
Men who went to the front were replaced in production by women and teenagers. They mastered the difficult skills of welders and drivers. An 8-hour working day was established for teenagers. They provided additional food and opened a school. In 1942, an auto mechanic technical school was opened.
Many Yaroslavl residents fought and were awarded medals and orders for military merit. During the war, the documentary and feature film “The 69th Parallel” about the heroes - submariners commanded by the famous submariner Hero - was shown more than once in cinemas. Soviet Union ON THE. Lunin.
One of the real heroes of the film is Sergei Aleksandrovich Lysov from Yaroslavl. During the war, he was a captain of the 3rd rank on this submarine, which torpedoed 17 fascist warships.
Yaroslavl Communist 234th rifle division fought the most fierce battles in the Smolensk region in the Prechistinsky region. During the battles of 1942-1943, more than three thousand Yaroslavl residents lost their lives in this area.
On the initiative of division veterans and with the active participation of the Smolensk State District Power Plant, a monument to the Yaroslavl soldiers who died in the Smolensk region was erected at the site of the battles in the village of Ozerny for the 50th anniversary of the Victory.
Help for the front by residents of the Yaroslavl region was not limited to the production of military equipment.
In October 1941, in Yaroslavl, funds were raised for an armored train, which was sent to the front in the Velikiye Luki region. Yaroslavl Komsomol members collected funds for submarine"Yaroslavl Komsomolets", led by the famous Yaroslavl Rear Admiral Kolyshkin.

Yaroslavl region in the post-war years

The war caused enormous damage to the Yaroslavl region. By the end of 1945, some of the factories had not been restored after the bombing. Industrial equipment was worn out to the limit, since during the war it was not modernized or overhauled.
Enterprises had to short term switch to the production of civilian products, which required serious changes in technological process. As a result, in 1945, industrial production volumes in industry amounted to only 72% of the pre-war level.
Recovery National economy carried out within the framework of the 4th Five-Year Plan (1946-1950). In the industry of the Yaroslavl region during these years, 15 industrial facilities were reconstructed and built. By the end of the five-year plan, the general indicators of the industrial region should have reached the indicators of 1940 and surpassed them, which would have made it possible to solve a number of social problems: abolition of the card system, price reduction, housing construction.
During the Five Year Plan Special attention allocated to large heavy industry enterprises, which, if successful, were supposed to carry with them the entire industry of the region. One of such enterprises remained Yaroslavl automobile plant. The government paid a lot of attention to the automobile industry at that time. In the summer of 1945, in Moscow, on the territory of the Kremlin, a demonstration of new Soviet automotive technology took place. Among the many car models: ZIS-110, GAZ, UAZ, Pobeda, Moskvich.
Serious changes took place at other enterprises in the region. The Rybinsk Printing Plant has returned to the production of printing equipment. During these post-war years, the construction of the Rybinsk hydroelectric power station was completed. Four more power units were put into operation here. The station has reached its design capacity. The filling of the Rybinsk reservoir has been completed. Thus, the major hydraulic works that were carried out in the 30s ended. In addition to the above-mentioned enterprises, it should be noted the Rybinsk Electrical Engineering Plant, which initially emerged as a repair plant, but soon became a large independent production plant, as well as the Semibratovsky Gas Purification Equipment Plant.
Yaroslavl industry fulfilled the five-year plan by the end of 1948, and by the end of the five-year plan the industry exceeded the 1940 level by 46%. These were very significant indicators.
And yet, the years of the seven-year plan became a time of a real industrial boom for the industrial region. In seven years, about 300 new industrial facilities were supposed to appear on the map of the region, including such an industry giant as the Novo-Yaroslavl Oil Refinery.
In terms of production volumes, the Yaroslavl region exceeded the seven-year industrial plan by 57%. Basic production assets almost doubled.
All this indicated that the Yaroslavl region was industrially more developed than the entire USSR as a whole. Its indicators industrial development were significantly higher than the national average.