The main events in the history of Ancient Russia in the 9th - early 13th century
This period became one of the blackest in the history of the principalities. Kievan Rus... At the beginning of the new century, a constant struggle continued between multiple principalities in Russia. Constant wars led to the ruin and decline of cities, to a decrease in the population and to the weakening of all of Russia as a whole. Even in the face of the universal threat posed by the Golden Horde, the Russian principalities did not unite into a single state, and therefore could not give a worthy rebuff.
The Polovtsi, who had previously been at odds with the Russian princes, were the first to be attacked by a cruel enemy. They could not resist them alone, so they turned to the rulers of the eastern Russian principalities. However, their combined forces were not enough to repel the great threat. The united army did not have a single command, the princes acted according to their own reasoning and most of all were worried about their own benefit. In 1223, the battle on the Kalka River (modern Donetsk region of Ukraine) was lost. Then the Mongols reached only the edges of the Russian lands.
In 1237, Batu Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, entered the Ryazan principality with his army, starting the conquest of Russia. Yuri Vsevolodovich tried to stop his opponents, but the princes from the southern Russian principalities and the Novgorod army did not come to his aid, so in 1238 he was defeated. Subsequently, Batu captured and imposed tribute on almost all the eastern, southern and central territories of the former Kievan Rus. The most powerful Russian principality at that time was Novgorod Rus, but it had its own problems. Against him and the allied Lithuanian principality the Swedes and the Teutonic knights came out. The terrible enemy was defeated thanks to the skillful actions of Prince Alexander, the son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, the ruler of Vladimir. Novgorodians turned to him for help, and with joint efforts they first defeated the Swedes in the Battle of the Neva, after which Alexander received his famous nickname. Two years later, a battle took place, which went down in history as the Battle of the Ice, during which the Teutonic knights suffered a crushing defeat in a battle with the army of Alexander.
During the same period, it began to weaken Galician principality, which before that successfully repelled the raids of the Tatars on their lands. Despite some successes, in general, Russia in the 13th century, briefly described in this section, fell into decay. Most of it came under the rule of foreign invaders, who slowed down its development for several centuries. Only a few centuries later, the Moscow principality managed to defeat other Russian principalities in the struggle, to get rich with fire, sword and deception and capture almost the entire territory of the former Kievan Rus, and throw off the yoke of the Golden Horde.
The very first human settlements on the territory
Russia were found in Kostenki (Voronezh
region), they are about 45 thousand years old. Dwellings of people
were made of mammoth bones covered
skins.
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"Venus" from
Kostenok. Made
from a mammoth tusk.
20-30 thousand years.
At the beginning of the 13th century, the Mongol hordes through the Caucasus invade the Black Sea steppes, defeating the Polovtsians, and advance to Russia. A united army of Russian princes and Polovtsians came out against them. The battle took place on May 31, 1223 on river Kalka
and ended in complete defeat - only one tenth of the army survived.
Batu's invasion of Russia took place in the winter of 1237. The Ryazan principality was ruined first. Then Batu moved to the Vladimir-Suzdal principality.
In January 1238 Kolomna and Moscow fell, in February Vladimir, Suzdal, Pereslavl and others. Battle of the Sit River(March 4, 1238) ended with the defeat of the Russian army.
I kept the defense for 7 weeks " evil city"(Kozelsk). The Mongols did not reach Novgorod (according to the dominant version because of the spring thaw).
Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia. Briefly
History of the Old Russian State 9-12 centuries Briefly
In 1238, Batu sent troops to conquer southern Russia... In 1240,
having captured Kiev, his army moved to Europe.
During the invasion, the Mongols captured all Russian lands, except for Novgorod.
The Russian principalities paid tribute annually. The right to reign ( label)
Russian princes received in the Golden Horde.
Diorama of the assault of Vladimir by the Tatars (Exposition at the Golden Gate). On foreground- Golden Gate. The Mongols could not enter through them and made a breach in the wall. Photo by: Dmitry Bakulin (Photos-Yandex)
Slavic tribes. Baptism of Russia. The formation of the ancient Russian state.
Princes of the ancient Russian state. Feudal fragmentation in Russia.
Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia 1237-1240.
Old Russian state. Mongolian
Tata invasion.
1300-1613 biennium
1613-1762
1762-1825
9-13 centuries
1825-1917
1917-1941
1941-1964
1964-2014 biennium
Summary history of Russia. Part 1
(9-13 centuries)
History of the Old Russian state in the 9th-12th centuries
Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia.
A Brief History of Russia. A summary of the history of Russia. Russian history in pictures. History Old Russian State 9-12 centuries. The Mongol-Tatar invasion is brief. History of Russia for children.
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After the death of the prince Mstislav(rules: 1125-1132) Kievan Rus falls apart
into principalities that are comparable in size to Western European
kingdoms. In 1136, an uprising in Novgorod leads
to the emergence of an independent state - Novgorod
republics, which occupied the territory from the Baltic
sea to Ural mountains(in the north).
V 6th century the Great Migration of the Slavs takes place, the first political associations of the Eastern Slavs appear in the region of the Dnieper and Lake Ilmen. It is known about the existence of 13 tribes: glade, krivichi, drevlyans, uchiha, vyatichi, etc. At that time, the territory of modern Central Russia inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes, they are gradually assimilated with the Slavs.
The development of the craft in the 8-9 centuries led to the emergence
cities. Most often they were built at the confluence of rivers,
which served as trade routes. The most famous
trade route of that time - "From the Varangians to the Greeks", on
to the north of the path was Novgorod, and to the south was Kiev.
V 862 year residents of Novgorod called on the Varangian princes to rule the city
(according to Norman theory). Prince Rurik became the ancestor of the prince,
and in consequence of the royal dynasty. The Norman theory has been repeatedly refuted by famous historians and scientists (M. Lomonosov, V. Tatishchev, etc.)
After the death of Rurik, the Novgorod prince becomes
Oleg(Prophetic). He captures Kiev and takes it there
the capital of Russia. Subordinates to himself a number of Slavic tribes.
In 907 he makes a successful campaign against Byzantium,
receives tribute and enters into a lucrative trade agreement.
Prince Igor subdued the eastern tribes of the Slavs.
In 945 he was killed by the Drevlyans when he tried again
receive tribute from them. Princess Olga(spouse) took revenge
Drevlyans, but makes the tribute fixed.
In Constantinople, she accepts Christianity. In the 16th century, her
canonized.
Olga ruled during her childhood Svyatoslav and
continued to rule after her son became prince
in 964 Svyatoslav was in the military almost all the time
hikes. He defeated the Bulgarian and Khazar
kingdom. When returning to Russia, after an unsuccessful
campaign against Byzantium (971), he was killed by the Pechenegs.
The death of Svyatoslav led to an internecine struggle between
his sons. After the murder of Yaropolk's brother to power
the prince comes Vladimir.
In 988 Vladimir was baptized in Chersonesos
(now it is a museum-reserve in Sevastopol). Begins
stage of the formation of Christianity in Russia.
During internecine war(1015-1019), after the death of Vladimir, perish
at the hands of Svyatopolk, princes Boris and Gleb (became the first Russian saints).
In the fight against Svyatopolk, the prince wins
Yaroslav the Wise... It strengthens the state, relieves
Russia from the raids of the Pechenegs. Under Yaroslav began
creation of the first set of laws in Russia - "Russian Pravda".
After the death of Yaroslav the Wise (1054), a section takes place
Russia between his sons - " Yaroslavich Triumvirate".
In 1072, "The Truth of the Yaroslavichs" was compiled, the second part
"Russian Truth".
After death Kiev prince Svyatopolk (reign: 1093 - 1113), after
the insistence of the people of Kiev comes to power Vladimir Monomakha. During the years of his reign, the strengthening of Kievan Rus took place, and the princely feuds stopped.
As a result of the agreement at the Dolobian Congress of Russian Princes (1103), it was possible to stop the strife and in the following years, with a joint army, inflict spawn on the Polovtsian khans.
In 1169 Andrey Bogolyubsky ravages Kiev. He carries
the capital of Russia to Vladimir. Power centralization policy
leads to a conspiracy of boyars. In 1174, the prince was killed in his
palace in Bogolyubovo (suburb of Vladimir).
Its successor becomes Vsevolod the Big Nest.
862
945
988
1019
1113
1136
1169
1223
1237
1242
The Novgorod Republic escaped Mongol invasion but experienced
aggression from the western neighbors. July 15, 1240 took place Battle of the Neva.
The squad headed by Prince Alexander Yaroslavovich (who became - Nevsky) defeated the Swedish army.
On April 5, 1242, a battle of the Russian army, led by Alexander Nevsky, with the knights of the Livonian Order took place on Lake Peipsi. During Ice battle the German knights were defeated. In the 16th century. A. Nevsky was canonized.
History of Russia from ancient times to the end of the XX century Nikolaev Igor Mikhailovich
Consequences of the events of the XIII century.
Consequences of the events of the XIII century.
The events of this century marked the beginning of the lag of the Russian lands from the countries Western Europe... The yoke of the Golden Horde caused enormous damage to the economic, political and cultural development Rus. A significant part of the income in the form of tribute went to The Golden Horde... The old agricultural centers fell into decay. Farming frontier moved north, more fertile southern lands were abandoned and received the name "wild field". From the three-field there was a return to the two-field. Russian cities were subjected to massive devastation. Simplified, and sometimes even disappeared, many crafts. The loss of life was also high. Igo contributed feudal fragmentation, the ties between the principalities were weakened, the pace of cultural development slowed down.
However, the consequences of even hostile contact different cultures, civilizations are always ambiguous. The three-hundred-year yoke did not pass without a trace for the Russian people: in a situation of isolation from Europe in the political, economic and cultural life Rus took root in Asian traditions.
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V different years in past centuries, foreign conquerors have repeatedly tried to conquer Russia, and it stands, unbroken, to this day. Difficult times on Russian soil have arisen more than once in history. But such a difficult period as in the 13th century, which threatened the very existence of the state, did not seem to exist either before or after. Attacks were carried out both from the west and from the south by various aggressors. Difficult times have come on Russian soil.
Russia in the 13th century
What was she like? At the beginning of the 13th century, Constantinople as a center of spirituality had already lost its influence. And some countries (for example, Bulgaria, Serbia) recognize the power and supremacy of Catholicism. Stronghold Orthodox world becomes Russia, then still - Kiev. But the territory was patchy. Before the invasion of Batu and his horde, the Russian World consisted of several principalities vying for spheres of influence among themselves. The civil strife tore apart the relatives-princes, did not contribute to the organization of one united army, capable of providing a worthy resistance to the invaders. This paved the way for difficult times on Russian soil.
Invasion of Batu
In 1227, Genghis Khan, the great Eastern warrior, passed away. The usual redistribution of power between relatives took place. One of the grandchildren, Batu, had a particularly warlike character and organizational talents. He gathered a huge army in those terms (somewhere about 140 thousand people), consisting of nomads and mercenaries. In the fall of 1237, the invasion began.
The Russian army was less numerous (up to 100 thousand people) and scattered. Therefore, it lost in the tragic It would seem that this is an opportunity to unite and amicably confront the enemy. But the ruling elite of the princes continued strife, and in Novgorod, in the north, popular unrest broke out with renewed vigor. As a result - the further ruin of the principalities. First Ryazan, then - Vladimir-Suzdal. Kolomna, Moscow ... Having ruined Vladimir, Batu went to Novgorod, but before reaching it, he turned south and went to the Polovtsian steppes to replenish his strength. In 1240, the hordes of Batu ravaged Chernigov, Kiev, having entered Europe, the Mongol-Tatar warriors reached all the way to the Adriatic. But later they stopped the war in these territories. And then came hard times on Russian soil. The bicentennial yoke was established within two decades after the invasion and meant the payment of tribute by all the conquered lands to the Tatar rulers. According to historians, it ended only in 1480.
Threat from the West
The difficult times on Russian soil were not limited to the problems in the east and south in the 13th century. Whereas the invasions of the invaders were more of a punitive expedition, then in the western part there were constant regular military attacks. Russia opposed with all its might the Swedes, Lithuanians, Germans.
In 1239 it sends large army against Novgorod. But in the same year, the Swedes were pushed back and defeated (Smolensk was taken). They also won a victory on the Neva. Prince Alexander of Novgorod, at the head of the squad, defeated the well-armed and trained Swedish army. For this victory he was nicknamed Nevsky (at that time the hero was only 20 years old!). In 1242 the Germans were expelled from Pskov. And Alexander in the same year inflicts a crushing blow on the knightly troops in (Battle of the Ice). So many knights died that for another 10 years he did not risk attacking the Russian lands. Although many battles of the Novgorodians were successful, they were still rather difficult, difficult times on Russian soil.
The world around (grade 4)
Summing up, we can say, summarizing, that the entire 13th century was difficult for the ruling elite princes, and for the common people, who died and shed blood as a result of prolonged and numerous hostilities. Mongol yoke certainly affected the development Russian statehood, and on the material well-being of cities forced to pay tribute.
And the battles with the knights-crusaders, due to their importance, are glorified in films and literature. This material can be used for the lesson
The 13th century in the history of Russia began without any special external shocks, but in the midst of endless internal strife. The princes divided the land and fought for power. But soon the internal troubles of Russia were joined by danger from outside ... The cruel conquerors from the depths of Asia under the leadership of Temuchin (Genghis Khan - that is, the Great Khan) began their actions. The troops of nomad Mongols ruthlessly destroyed people and conquered lands. Soon, the Polovskoe khans asked the Russian princes for help. And they agreed to oppose the approaching enemy. So, in 1223 a battle took place on the river. Kalke. But due to the fragmentation of the actions of the princes and the lack of a unified command, the Russian warriors suffered heavy losses and left the battlefield. The Mongol troops pursued them to the very outskirts of Russia. Having plundered and devastated them, they did not move on. In 1237, the troops of Temuchin's grandson Batu entered the Ryazan principality. Ryazan fell. The conquests continued. In 1238 on the river. City, the army of Yuri Vsevolodovich entered into a battle with the army of the invader, but turned in favor of the Tatar-Mongols. At the same time, the South Russian princes and Novgorod remained on the sidelines, did not come to the rescue. In 1239 - 1240 replenishing the army, Batu undertook a new campaign against the Russian lands. At this time, the unaffected northwestern regions of Russia (Novgorod and Pskov lands) were endangered by the knights-crusaders who settled in the Baltic States. They wanted to force them to accept the Catholic faith on the territory of Russia. United by a common idea, the Swedes and German knights were going to unite, but the Swedes were the first to act. In 1240 (July 15) - the Battle of the Neva - the Swedish fleet entered the mouth of the river. Not you. The people of Novgorod turned to the great Vladimir prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich for help. His son, the young prince Alexander with the army, immediately set out on the road, counting on the surprise and speed of the onslaught (the army was inferior in number, even with the Novgorodians and commoners who joined). Alexander's strategy worked. In this battle, Russia won a victory, and Alexander received the nickname Nevsky. Meanwhile, the German knights gained strength and began military operations against Pskov and Novgorod. Again Alexander came to the rescue. April 5, 1242 - Battle on the Ice - troops met on the ice of Lake Peipsi. Alexander won again, thanks to a change in the order of the formation and well-coordinated actions. Yes, and the uniforms of the knights played against them, when they retreated, the ice began to break. 1243 - Formation of the Golden Horde. Formally, the Russian lands were not part of the newly formed state, but were subordinate lands. That is, they were obliged to replenish its treasury, and the princes were to receive labels for reigning at the khan's rates. During the second half of the 13th century, the Horde made devastating campaigns to Russia more than once. Cities and villages were ravaged. 1251 - 1263 - the reign of Alexander Nevsky. Due to the invasions of the conquerors, during which settlements were looted and destroyed, many cultural monuments also disappeared. Ancient Rus 10th - 13th centuries. Churches, cathedrals, icons, also works of literature, objects of religious worship and jewelry remained intact. The ancient Russian culture is based on the heritage of the East Slavic tribes. It was influenced by nomadic peoples, the Varangians. The adoption of Christianity, as well as Byzantium, the countries of Western Europe, significantly influenced. The adoption of Christianity influenced the spread of literacy, the development of writing, enlightenment and the introduction of Byzantine customs. This also influenced the clothing of the 13th century in Russia. The cut of the clothes was simple, and it differed mainly in the fabric. The costume itself has become longer and free, not emphasizing the figure, but giving it a static look. The nobility wore expensive foreign fabrics (velvet, brocade, taffeta, silk) and furs (sable, otter, marten). Common people used canvas fabric, hare fur, squirrels, sheepskin in their clothes.