Animals of the Darwin reserve. Central strip of Russia. Species and subspecies included in the Red Book of Russia

Located near the city Rybinsk and Cherepovets in and Vologda regions on the shore Rybinsk reservoir.

Entrance to the territory Darwin Reserve allowed only with a special pass, which can be obtained from the reserve office located in the scientific village of Borok.

The reserve is located on a large peninsula in the northwestern part of the Rybinsk reservoir. Its area, originally equal to 170 thousand hectares, was repeatedly reduced, and now it is 112,630 hectares, of which 67,176 hectares are on land and 45,454 hectares are in the water area. Two-thirds of the territory is in the Cherepovets region Vologda region and one third - in the Breytovsky district.

North, East and southern border reserve pass through the reservoir, in summer time they are indicated by milestones or buoys on the water, in winter - full houses and milestones installed on the ice. From the west, the lands of the Cherepovets region protrude into the territory of the reserve in large wedges, almost cutting it into three parts. The land border is marked by clearings and full houses.

Rybinsk reservoir(or the sea, as it is called locals) is huge. In the fifties, it was the largest in the world, and even now it remains in the top six in terms of the area of ​​the water surface. The length of the reservoir is 100 km, the width is 60 km.

Such a huge new man-made sea would undoubtedly have an impact on surrounding nature. Changing the environment had to be comprehensively studied. The tasks of the Darwin Reserve include protection natural resources and monitoring change natural communities under the influence of the Rybinsk reservoir.

Therefore, in addition to the research station in Bork, on the Rybinsk reservoir, in its northwestern part, on the border and the Vologda regions in 1945, immediately after the end of the Great Patriotic War, was organized Darwin Reserve.

The purpose of the creation of the reserve was to protect the unique natural complex, as well as holding scientific research in the fields of botany, zoology, archeology and geology.

The base village in which scientists live and work is also called Borok, by an amazing coincidence. To avoid confusion, they are called Borok Yaroslavsky and Borok Vologda.

Since 2000, the reserve has been included in the international network of biosphere reserves.

Such reference areas as the Darwin Reserve allow you to study nature in its original form. Reserved lands lie on the northwestern shore of the reservoir. They occupy part of a large peninsula formed after the flooding of the Mologo-Sheksna interfluve. The reserve occupies a unique position, it stretches from the Mologsky reach to the Sheksninsky reach on the peninsula, which is located in the northwestern part of the reservoir called Bogoy. The reserve is surrounded by forests and moss swamps.

In the first years after the flooding of the reservoir, aquatic organisms rapidly developed. Well-warmed shallow waters were densely overgrown with moisture-loving and aquatic vegetation. This immediately affected the number of waterfowl. The remnants of flooded forests, rich in food and convenient for rest, attracted migratory game. The ichthyofauna of the reservoir was recreated. Since the construction of the dam, the sturgeon and sterlet that used to rise up the rivers to spawn have disappeared. Other species - blue bream, bream, roach, ide, pike, pike perch, burbot - have taken root well and have become commercial.

Now there are a lot of fish in the reservoir. This is especially evident when spawning is in progress. The water literally boils when the fish that come up in shoals spawn. And the quieter and warmer the spring days, the more actively spawning takes place. The most impressive sight is spawning. Huge, more than a meter long, females, accompanied by several males, get out into shallow water and splash around the coast with noise. And during the rest period, their broad backs rise above the water, like floating logs.

Attraction of the reservoir - peat islands. The birth of floating peatlands is associated with raised bogs that have gone under water. Under the action of biochemical processes, part of the peat masses surfaced, while part of them remained under water without losing contact with the soil. And such newborn islands, resisting the winds, as if at anchor, are held in place. They are inhabited by gulls, ducks, sandpipers.

Most of the land area of ​​the reserve is covered pine forests. Many of them are swamped. The share of sphagnum bogs accounts for 17 thousand hectares. The largest of them are very ancient: the origin of the swamps dates back to the period of melting glaciers in Europe, and development continues to this day. These are huge reservoirs of fresh water.

As you climb the mane (a hill along the riverbed), you find yourself in the zone of pure white-moss forests. The appearance of such forests is amazing and unique. There is a lot of light, an abundance of sun, the air is dry and transparent. You can hardly see the soil in the white moss - it is completely covered with a patterned carpet of light lichens. Only individual, rarely scattered bushes of juniper, lily of the valley and small thickets of heather add variety. In dry weather, lichens break underfoot with a crunch, crumbling into tiny particles. That is why the employees of the reserve, keeping these places as a standard of nature, visit them only for scientific work.

Life on raised bogs comes alive in early spring. As early as in March, on the snow-white veil, chains of traces of large birds appear, trimmed on the side with winding stripes - this is the capercaillie begin to draw a crust. Forest beauties move closer to the currents, importantly walk between the trees, declaring their right to the currents. The very same time of display begins in April.

In the spring they lek here and red-browed grouse. The selfless displaying of males can be heard in silence for many hundreds of meters. In summer, females build nests here and hatch chicks.

In the protected forests there are martens, ermines, squirrels, beavers, otters, hares, lynxes. There are many moose and bears in the reserve. V last years wild boars and wolves bred. Rare raptors listed in the Red Book nest here: golden eagle, osprey, white-tailed eagle. Eagle owl, spotted eagle, black kite, hawk, falcon nest in the forest thickets.

The reserve created the first in the country experimental capercaillie nursery, a system for keeping adult birds, their reproduction in aviaries has been worked out. A garden has been grown on the central estate chokeberry which impresses with its size. There is also a nursery ornamental trees and shrubs.

is the kingdom of birds. A wonderful sight comes in spring and autumn, when they fly migratory birds. One after another, goose wedges float high in the sky, deployed formations of gulls, dense flocks of starlings. Some of them fly further north, some remain in our places.

On the swampy shore of the reservoir, seagulls founded their colony. Their hubbub during the nesting period is heard even in the village. A little further away you can see swan pairs that nest in impregnable swamps with a network of canals, streams and “mirrors” of water. In such places they feel safe.

Wild ducks are not so shy. In the spring they can be seen in the fields with winter. In the summer, they take off almost from under your feet when you go to swim in the canal.

In summer, it is interesting to observe, standing on the shore, the behavior of fish. Fry are swept out of the water with an unexpected silvery fan, and immediately a splash is heard - these are large fish hunting. Small things are hiding in coastal thickets, and 2-3-year-old perches and squints are also rushing here for prey. In the excitement of hunting, they break the water surface. big fish went to the depths, and undergrowth prefers flying insects: jumping into the air, getting dragonflies, butterflies, flies flying above the water.

In the nature reserve take up a lot of space spruce-lingonberry forests, blueberry spruce forests. In some places, it can be difficult to walk on a moss carpet - your feet get wet quickly from blueberry and lingonberry juice. There are places where eyes run wide from ripe cloudberries. Hectares of the poured yellow-red berries. Real berry pastures. V deciduous forests thickets of raspberries, meadows of wild strawberries. Total on the territory Darwin Reserve there are about 590 plant species.

In summer and autumn in forests and swamps expanse for mushroom pickers. Lovers " silent hunting” rejoice at the colorful hats, filling the baskets with the gifts of the forest. Mushrooms often cling to paths, edges, clearings. The best light for them is diffused: the hat turns pale in bright light, and darkens under dense trees. Over the summer, mushrooms can be three layers. The mushroom grows for about 12 days, then fades, rots and squats.

The best among mushrooms, of course, white. In dry places, in the forest, stocky, squat white ones grow - these are real mushrooms. In moss, they grow elongated, ankle-length.

The boletus also has several varieties. The aspen variety is more common, for which it got its name, less often spruce, birch and very rarely willow - the most red-headed. They differ from porcini mushrooms in that they darken on the medium.

Of the boletus, the best is birch, growing on dense soil. Especially massive collection of them falls on the autumn black-headed moss variety. They grow close to each other along the edges of small swamps that have dried up over the summer.

In autumn there are many milk mushrooms and their relatives - pine and spruce mushrooms. By the way, mushrooms kill the tubercle bacillus.

Few people collect greenfinches. The use of these mushrooms helps to thin the blood and eliminate blood clots in the blood vessels.

Grows in the surrounding forests and several dozen varieties of russula. In remote villages, where there are fewer residents and visitors, the old habit of collecting only caps of young mushrooms (the so-called “Yaroslavl hat”) has still been preserved.

In the territory Darwin Reserve there are crater lakes. These are the lakes Iskorskoe(Iskritskoe) and Morotskoe. Apparently, these are the wreckage of one celestial body, which was divided and forever left to lie in the swamps Vologda region. These are very small lakes. Their diameter is about five kilometers. Although the shores are overgrown with reeds, the outlines Morotskoye Lake guessed without difficulty - completely round, as if drawn with a compass. It is very beautiful surrounded by untouched nature.

Getting there is easy. To the villages Petryaevo and sparks goes quite a tolerable road. But at the same time, you need to remember the order of visiting Darwin Reserve and coordinate all your visits with the administration.

Vologda region, Cherepovets district and Yaroslavskaya oblast, Breytovsky district

History of creation
Darwin State Natural biosphere reserve established in 1945. He is engaged not only in the protection and study of nature in natural conditions, but also in the study of its changes occurring under the influence of the Rybinsk reservoir created in 1941.
In December 2002, the reserve was included in the international network of biosphere reserves.

Physical and geographical features
The territory of the reserve is part of the vast Mologo-Sheksninskaya lowland between the Sheksna and Mologa rivers, on the western bank of the Rybinsk reservoir.
The plain monotony of the territory is broken by elongated gentle hills - manes, traces of the retreat of the glacier. Somewhere along the coast they meet sand dunes covered with lichen forests. Two dozen small lakes are scattered among the swamps. The largest of them is Morotskoye (680 ha).
The temperate continental climate of the area of ​​the Darwin Reserve is characterized by cool summers and moderate frosty winter. The average July temperature is +18ºС, average temperature January -10ºС.

Diversity of flora and fauna
Most of the territory of the reserve is occupied by swampy forests and untouched swamps, whose age is from 10 to 17 thousand years - the formation of the reserve's swamps took place in the second half of the late glacial and all post-glacial times.
In the Red Book Russian Federation four species listed rare plants growing on the territory of the reserve: real slipper, pulmonary lobaria, leafless chin, Traunsteiner's fingernail.
Among mammals, elk, wild boar, Brown bear, wolf, fox, raccoon dog, badger, ermine, white hare, flying squirrel, inhabiting woodlands. Lynx and otter are much less common. In the 80s of the XX century, the territory of the reserve began to be populated by beavers, which have reached a high number by now.
15 rare species of birds listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation nest here, including black-throated diver, golden eagle, greater and lesser spotted eagles, eagle owl and a number of others. Over the past two decades, whooper swans have begun to nest again in the reserve and have significantly increased in numbers.

What to watch
Back in 1950, the Museum of Nature was created in the reserve, where numerous natural exhibits are presented. It will be interesting to visit the living collection of plants - the arboretum.
An excursion route has been organized along the periphery of the reserve, which will allow you to enjoy beautiful views of the typical landscapes of the territory.

According to oopt.info and zapoved.ru

Presentation on the subject of Geography, eighth grade

Darwin State Natural Biosphere Reserve- specially guarded natural area in Russia. It is located on the territories of the Cherepovets district of the Vologda region and the Breitovsky district of the Yaroslavl region.
It was organized on July 18, 1945 specifically to study changes in wild nature after the construction of the Rybinsk hydroelectric power station and the formation of the Rybinsk reservoir in 1941. Received the name of the English naturalist, the founder of the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin.

The protected lands are located on a large peninsula on the northwestern shore of the Rybinsk reservoir. The area of ​​the reserve is more than 112 thousand hectares, of which 67 thousand are land, and the rest - coastal waters.

Well-warmed shallow waters are densely overgrown with moisture-loving and aquatic vegetation: sedges, rushes, cattails, bent grasses, chastukhas, burdocks, amphibian buckwheat, pondweeds, urutyas, hornworts and others. Most of the land area of ​​the reserve is covered with pine forests. These lands are rich in valuable berries: cranberries, cloudberries, blueberries.

The reserve is inhabited by animals and birds typical of the Vologda region. Here there are: marten, ermine, squirrel, otter, wolves, badgers, foxes, elk, hare. There are many bears in the reserve. In recent years, wild boars have settled and multiplied. Eagle owls, capercaillie, black grouse, spotted eagle, black kite, goshawk, sparrow hawk and a number of small falcons nest in the forest thickets. Now here is the highest density of nesting white-tailed eagles listed in the Red Book in the world. throughout European territory former USSR there were no more than 500-600 breeding pairs of these disappearing winged giants. The reserve is familiar to ornithologists all over the world thanks to the unique colony of the "fish eagle", as the osprey is sometimes called. In this corner of Russia, the highest nesting density of these rare birds in Europe is observed.

The biologist of the Darwin Reserve Vyacheslav Vasilievich Nemtsev created the world's first capercaillie farm. For half a century of work in these parts, he managed to collect one of the richest collections of butterflies, which includes almost all the "fluttering" insects found in the North-West of Russia or flying here from their permanent habitats.
Peat islands have become a unique feature of the protected water area of ​​the Rybinsk Sea. After the reservoir was filled, many peat bogs were flooded. As the years passed, giant layers of peat surfaced and began to drift on the waves. Over time, grass and even trees appeared on them.
Since 2000, the reserve has been included in the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

On the territory of the reserve live the following types included in the Red Book of Russia:

• Mushrooms
• Mutinus Ravenel / Mutinus raveneli
• Lichens
• Lobaria pulmonaria / Lobaria pulmonaria
• Angiosperms
• Real lady's slipper / Cypripedium calceolus
• Leafless chin / Epipogium aphyllum
• Dactylorhiza traunsteineri
• Invertebrates
• Mnemosyne / Parnassius mnemosyne
• Common Apollo / Parnassius apollo

Birds:

• Golden Eagle / Aquila chrysaetos
• Curlew / Numenius arquata
• Greater Spotted Eagle / Aquila clanga
• European Blue Tit / Parus cyanus cyanus
• European Black-throated Diver / Gavia arctica arctica
• Serpent-eater / Circaetus gallicus
• Oystercatcher / Haematopus ostralegus
• Lesser Tern / Sterna albifrons
• Lesser Spotted Eagle / Aquila pomarina
• Common Gray Shrike / Lanius excubitor excubitor
• White-tailed Eagle / Haliaeetus albicilla
• Lesser White-fronted Lesser / Anser erythropus
• Peregrine Falcon / Falco peregrinus
• Osprey / Pandion haliaetus
• Central Russian Ptarmigan / Lagopus lagopus rossicus
• Owl / Bubo bubo
• Black Stork / Ciconia nigra
• Southern Golden Plover / Pluvialis apricaria apricaria

Darwin Reserve (Vologda Oblast, Russia) - exact location, interesting places, inhabitants, routes.

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Quite small, but surprisingly rich in flora and fauna, the Darwin Reserve is located on the territory of two regions at once - Vologda and Yaroslavl. The local forests are rich in berries and mushrooms, the water area is rich in rare species of fish, but the reserve gained fame among the scientific world thanks to bird populations. Every self-respecting ornithologist knows that this is where the highest density of nesting white-tailed eagles on Earth is. The unique “fish eagle”, or predatory osprey, echoes it in popularity.

What to see

The reserve is a closed territory, you can visit there only with a special permit and a guide, fortunately, it is not difficult to get both. The village of Borok is the center of the tourist and scientific life of the reserve. Here, in the main estate, there is the Museum of Nature, founded in 1965, where you can see 5 dioramas with typical landscapes of the reserve and their inhabitants. Immediately, not far from the museum building, an eco-trail begins, along which everyone over 14 years old can walk in groups. During the walk, the escort will show the "chess" of a wild boar and a bear, a coal pit, an observation platform for birds and eggnodes - birdhouses for a goldeneye. And all this in addition to the fabulous relic landscapes found in this protected area at every step.

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Darwin State nature reserve was established by the decision of the Council of People's Commissars on July 18, 1945. The present area of ​​the reserve is 112,673 hectares, the area of ​​the buffer zone is 27,028 hectares. In November 2002, the Darwin Reserve received the status of an international UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The Darwin Reserve is located on the coast of the Rybinsk Reservoir, at the junction of the Vologda, Yaroslavl and Tver regions. It occupies the very tip of the peninsula, deeply protruding from the northwest to the southeast into the water area of ​​the Rybinsk reservoir. This peninsula is an unflooded part of the vast Mologo-Sheksninskaya lowland, most of which was covered by the waters of the reservoir.

It has federal status, it was created in order to preserve unique nature Mologo-Sheksna interfluve and studying the influence of the Rybinsk reservoir on all elements of the natural complex. The earth and its subsoil, water, vegetation and animal world located on the territory of the reserve are completely and forever withdrawn from economic use and provided for use by the reserve on the rights provided for by the relevant federal laws. Their withdrawal or other termination of rights to them is prohibited.

There are four main departments in the reserve: Department of protection, which consists of four forestries - Central, Gorlovsky, Zakharinsky and Morotsky. Scientific department. The Department environmental education formed at the end of 1999. The department for ensuring the main activity solves mainly economic problems. The reserve has a Museum of Nature, with dioramas and an exposition about the reserve, a dendrological collection, an environmental education class, and an ecological trail.

Nature of the Darwin Reserve

The relief of the reserve is monotonous. This is a flat, slightly dissected lowland plain (102-107 m above the Baltic Sea level), with small elevations - manes. Large areas are occupied by arrays of untouched swamps. Any change in the swamps outside the reserve may adversely affect the state of the protected natural complex. Therefore, it is very important to keep intact the swamps of the entire peninsula, preventing their reclamation and industrial peat extraction.

Animals of the Darwin Reserve

The importance of the reserve and its buffer zone for the preservation of the fish productivity of the reservoir. Numerous shallow bays of the reserve are the main spawning grounds and feeding grounds for the entire commercial fish stock of the reservoir. To maintain the high fish productivity of the reservoir, it is necessary to ensure a regime of special protection throughout coastal zone peninsulas.

The reserve has become a hotbed for the conservation of rare species of birds listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation: black-throated diver, osprey, white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, greater spotted eagle, eagle owl, ptarmigan. The osprey population density on the peninsula is the highest in Europe, and possibly in the world. The highest population density in the reserve reaches the white-tailed eagle.

By concentration rare species birds, the reserve is completely unique for the entire north-west of the European part of Russia. The black-throated diver nests on the lakes among the swamps, which has disappeared by now in many areas of the European part of Russia and is extremely rare in other places of the Vologda region. Since the beginning of the 1980s, after a half-century break, nesting of swans began again on reserved lakes. These birds are extremely rare in all neighboring areas, while in the reserve their number has been constantly increasing in recent years. In connection with the rapid and widespread decline in the number of the Red Book of the Russian Federation in 1997, the ptarmigan was included, the focus of which is located in the reserve.

During the migration period, in the shallow water zone along the coast of the reserve, waterfowl: Bean geese and white-fronted geese form clusters of up to 10-15 thousand individuals in the spring. Diving ducks (crested and sea blacks, goldeneye, loot, mergansers, etc.) also gather in this zone in flocks numbering many hundreds, and sometimes thousands of birds. On spring and autumn migration swans stop in the shallow water zone, forming flocks of up to 50-70 birds.

A center for maintaining a high number of game animals. The second half of the 1990s is characterized by a rapid and ubiquitous for the European part of Russia reduction in the number of hunting and commercial animals: elk, wild boar and bear.

The process of reduction in numbers has practically not affected the populations of these animals living in the reserve, due to the fact that the animals find here a safe haven from almost universal persecution. In the 1980s, the territory of the reserve began to be inhabited by beaver, which has reached a high number by now.

Most protected species:

Birds: golden eagle, black-throated diver, goldeneye, bean goose, white-fronted goose, large merganser, white partridge, whooper swan, white-tailed eagle, greater spotted eagle, osprey, eagle owl, black sea, black crested

Mammals: beaver, wild boar, elk, brown bear