Question: "Describe the natural complex of the White Sea." Natural complexes of the Azov and White seas. White Sea It is located "on the threshold" of the Arctic, has a very cold climate. Summer is short and cool. The southern ones. Here live brave people - Pomors

"Describe natural complex white sea."

Answers:

WHITE SEA, inland sea Sev. Arctic approx., off the northern coast of the European part Russian Federation. 90 thousand km2. Major islands: Solovetsky, Morzhovets, Mudyugsky. In winter it is covered with ice. Tides up to 10 m (in the Mezen Bay). The White Sea in the north is connected by the Throat Strait of the White Sea with Barents Sea. The sea has low-lying, but strongly indented shores; this is the Kandalaksha Bay and lips (they are called estuaries). Onega, Dvinskaya, Mezenskaya. The White Sea is small in area. The bottom relief is uneven. The sea is not deep. Average depth- 67 m. maximum - 350 m. It is located on the continental shelf. The salinity of the White Sea is less than that of the Barents Sea, in the bays 10-14%o. In the north, salinity is higher (30%o) than in the south - 20-26%o. because in the south, the rivers Onega, S. Dvina, Mezen flow into the sea, which freshen the water of the White Sea, especially in the bays. biological resources The White Sea is poorer than the Barents Sea. The White Sea is colder than the Barents Sea, into which a warm current enters, the White Sea freezes. Of the fish, herring, salmon, trout, cod and others live here. Ports: Arkhangelsk, Onega, Belomorsk, Kandalaksha, Kem, Mezen. It is connected with the Baltic Cape of the White Sea-Baltic Canal, with the Azov, Caspian and Black Seas by the Volga-Baltic Waterway. The Kandalaksha Nature Reserve is located in the White Sea, where eider nests are protected. This bird lines its nests with its fluff, which has the ability to retain heat. The fluff is light. People collect eider down.

My grandfather was a navigator and lived in the northern part of Russia. He told me about his adventures in the waters of the White Sea on a merchant ship. I remember that this reservoir is very small and not deep at all. Another interesting thing was that some drank on a dare sea ​​water, after all, it turns out, it is practically not salty.

Natural complex of the White Sea

It is internal (that is, surrounded by land) and is located in the north of Russia ( European part). Northern Arctic Ocean is directly related to the waters of this sea. Among the reservoirs washing the territory of Russia, the sea in the north is inferior in its small size only to the Sea of ​​Azov. Its area does not exceed 91 thousand km². With depth, the situation is the same, greater value- 345 meters, and, on average, the indicator is no more than 70 meters. Despite the small size of the sea, quite a lot of water flows into its waters. big rivers:

• Mezen;
• Northern Dvina;
• Kem;
• Onega.

The coastline has a very curved shape, because of this, the White Sea is sometimes called the "Bay of Serpents". It also has adjacent waters: the Barents and Baltic Seas, which are connected by canals.

History and interesting facts about the sea

The oldest information about this reservoir dates back to the 11th century. Then he was very important in terms of trade. Since those ancient times, the winds blowing near the northern sea have received their names. For example, midday is the south wind, and siverko is the north wind. The northeast wind is called midnight, and the southeast wind is midnight, and so on.

The very first foreigners who came to the territory of the White Sea were the British, followed by the Dutch. This was obvious, given the great growth in the development of the trade in fish and valuable furs in those areas. It can be said that the coastal territories became large trading points. But already in the XVIII century, people began to understand more and more that the northern sea is not the most profitable trade route, because most of the year it is covered with ice. And when St. Petersburg was founded, then this salty object ceased to be in demand at all, all attention turned to the Baltic Sea.

For the first time, L. S. Berg wrote about the existence of natural complexes on the bottom and surface of the sea. Underwater natural complexes are similar to natural land complexes in terms of the unity and interaction of its constituent components: the underlying surface, water, flora and fauna.

In the era of scientific and technological progress, the problems of integrated study and development natural resources seas and oceans are becoming one of the most important for mankind.

Rational use resources of the World Ocean requires knowledge of the characteristics of the natural complexes of the seas.

Recall what you already know about ocean resources from the continent and ocean geography course. What resources are the seas of Russia rich in (see Fig. 7)?

On the example of the White Sea, we will show the specifics of its natural complex, the problems of its rational development by man.

A special natural complex is the White Sea - the icy sea of ​​Pomors, on the shores of which young Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov learned to understand nature. The White Sea goes deep into the land between the Kola and Kanin peninsulas. It is connected to the Barents Sea by a wide strait - the Throat of the White Sea. The boundary between these seas runs from Cape Svyatoy Nos on the Kola Peninsula to Cape Kanin Nos.

The Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea and the so-called bays - Onega, Dvinskaya, Mezenskaya - are deeply cut into the land.

Name and remember the ports of the White Sea.

In terms of its area (about 90 thousand km 2), the White Sea is almost 5 times smaller than the Black Sea.

Large islands - Solovetsky in the southwest, Morzhovets - in the north.

The Northern Dvina, Onega, Mezen flow into the sea.

The relief of the seabed is uneven: East End The White Sea is shallow (from 30 to 120 m), in the western part the depths exceed 200 m and reach 340 m, the average depth of the sea is 60 m.

Rice. 66. White Sea

The volume of water is 5400 km 3. This is only 1/20 of the Baltic and 1/100 of the Black Sea.

Rivers annually bring to the White Sea more than 200 km 3 fresh water. Its main mass flows in late spring - in May.

In the bays, especially in spring, the water freshens up to 10-14‰.

From November to May the sea is covered with drifting ice. Solid ice cover occurs in the bays.

The salinity of the water is - 30.0-30.8‰ in the north, and in the south - 20-26‰.

In summer, the greenish water of the White Sea is saturated, sometimes even supersaturated with oxygen, and plankton flourishes in it. However, the severity of winter, water desalinization, coldness and low aeration at depth sharply reduce the potential biological productivity of the White Sea.

In the White Sea, there are 194 species of algae, beluga whales, and two species of seals. Among the 57 species of fish, important are herring, salmon (salmon, trout), navaga, cod, saury, smelt, etc.

The magnitude of the tides in the White Sea is 1.1-3.5 m. In the Mezen Bay - up to 10 m.

The harsh nature of the White Sea is full of a peculiar charm inherent only to it. The slanting rays of the low sun and the scattered light of the white nights give its waters a clarified and ghostly tone.

In 1932, the Kandalaksha Nature Reserve was established in the Kandalaksha Bay of the White Sea to protect eider breeding colonies. At present, the area of ​​the Kandalaksha Reserve has been greatly increased: it includes the coasts and islands of the White and Barents Seas. Not only the eider is protected, but the entire natural complex and ancient monuments.

The White Sea was known to Novgorodians as early as the 11th century. Natural resources sea, comfortable geographical position contributed to the development of this sea.

As already noted, the role of the seas in human life and activity is increasing. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the nature of the seas will become increasingly important.

Questions and tasks

1. What are the components of the natural complex of the sea?
2. What factors influence the formation of this complex?
3. Why is it so important to know the properties of sea PC?
4. Describe the natural complex of the White Sea.

1) What natural complexes of the ocean do you know?

Large natural complexes are distinguished in the World Ocean - separate oceans, smaller ones - seas, bays, straits, etc. In addition, natural complexes of surface water layers, various water layers and the ocean floor are distinguished in the ocean.

2) How do they differ from natural land complexes?

The natural complexes of the ocean are distinguished by a different set of components and less diversity.

Questions in a paragraph

*Remember what you already know about ocean resources from the continent and ocean geography course. What resources are the seas of Russia rich in?

The oceans are rich mineral resources, which are mined from its bottom. Highest value has oil and gas that is extracted from the continental shelf. The main wealth of the deep-sea bed of the ocean is ferromanganese nodules containing up to 30 different metals. The potential of the energy resources of the waters of the World Ocean is enormous. The greatest progress has been made in the use of tidal energy. The oceans are a source of food - fish, algae, seafood. The seas of Russia have an important economic importance. First of all, these are cheap transport routes connecting our country both with other states and with its individual regions. The biological resources of the seas, primarily their fish wealth, are of considerable value. Increasingly increasing importance mineral resources seas. The energy of the sea tides can be used to generate electricity. The seas are also places of rest. Certainly, most of the seas of our country has too harsh natural conditions so that people can rest there. But south seas– Azov, Black, Caspian and Japanese attract a large number of vacationers.

*Name and remember the ports of the White Sea.

Arkhangelsk, Belomorsk, Vitino, Kem, Mezen, Onega, Severodvinsk, Kandalaksha.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

1. What components does the natural complex of the sea consist of?

Components of the marine PC - the underlying surface, water, vegetation and animal world.

2. What factors influence the formation of this complex?

very many natural features seas are determined by their position within certain climatic zones: water temperature, ice cover, fogs, wind strength, storms and hurricanes, currents. All these factors have a direct impact on the conditions of navigation, facilitate or complicate it. Big influence on the marine complexes rivers provide.

3. Why is it important to know the properties of sea PC?

In the era of scientific and technological progress, the problems of the integrated study and development of the natural resources of the seas and oceans are becoming one of the most important for mankind. The rational use of ocean resources requires knowledge of the characteristics of the natural complexes of the seas.

4. Describe the natural complex of the White Sea.

The White Sea runs deep into the land between the Kola and Kanin peninsulas and is connected to the Barents Sea by a wide strait. The sea has bays - Kandalaksha, Dvinsky, Mezensky, Onega, deeply protruding into the land. The rivers Northern Dvina, Onega, Mezen flow into the sea.

Underlayment surface. The relief of the seabed is uneven, the depth increases from east to west.

Water. The volume of water is 5400 km3. Rivers bring significant volumes of water into the small sea, which desalinate the sea water. The salinity of the water is about 30 ‰, in the south - 20-26 ‰. From November to May the sea is covered with drifting ice.

Flora and fauna. The biological productivity of the White Sea is low. It has 194 species of algae, 57 species of fish, beluga whales, and two species of seals.

White Sea It is located "on the threshold" of the Arctic, has a very cold climate. Summer is short and cool. Near the southern shores, the water warms up to S. The winter is long, from November to May the sea is covered with ice. There is a lot of precipitation, up to 500 mm per year. The White Sea is small in area. The bottom relief is uneven. The sea is shallow. Because located on the shelf of the mainland. The average depth is 60 m. Salinity is % o in the south, 30% o in the north. It is connected by the Gorlo Strait of the White Sea with the Bering Sea.

White Sea Low-lying, but heavily indented shores. Tides from 1m to 3.5m. Mezen Bay - up to 10m. Biological resources are poor. Fish: cod, Navaga, herring, salmon. Animals: harp seal, seal, white whale. eiders Kandalaksha Reserve. Eider nests protected

White Sea Here live brave people - Pomors. Available major port Kandalaksha. An artificial White Sea Canal was dug near the city of Belomorsk (it was built from 1933 to 1933 by prisoners). It connects the sea with the Baltic. Length km. At the entrance to the Onega Bay on Solovetsky Island, the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Solovetsky Monastery was founded at the beginning of the 15th century.

The Sea of ​​Azov The Sea of ​​Azov Amazing in its shallowness, its average depth is 7m, and the maximum depth is 15m. The climate is warm, dry, but the sea does not dry up and does not accumulate salts (Why?). The sea is freshened up to 11-13% o. Sivash - 60% o. The mouth of the Don and the Taganrog Bay are almost completely freshwater. This is a paradise for sturgeon and stellate sturgeon.

Sea of ​​Azov In December, the sea is covered with ice and freed at the end of March. Buvayut violent storms especially in autumn. In June, t water rises to C, July August C, in estuaries to C. Problem: fertilizers with water enter the sea, hence the bloom, algae. Living organisms die, hydrogen sulfide is released. More than salt water Black Sea. Violation of the salt balance leads to a decrease in fish resources.