North-eastern Crimea. Sivash-lowland region, located in the north-eastern part of the Crimean peninsula. The composition of the region: - Nizhnegorsk region. Southeast Crimea
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
Northeastern Crimea is perhaps the most
unknown and little-visited region
Crimea. But in this far away corner you
you can find a lot of interesting and
unusual. This is the place for those who
is laying
roads
myself
myself.
Recommended
view
transport
bike,
moto
or
ATV,
SUV or regular passenger car
a car.
plan
characteristic
Relief,
mineral
resources
The relief is flat. North Crimean lowland.
North-Kazantipskoye and East-Kazantipskoye
gas fields.
Climatic
conditions
It is characterized by a temperate climate with snow
and windy winters, short springs, hot and dry
in summer and rainy autumn. Winter temperature - -2.3,
summer - +23. Annual precipitation is from 340 to 350 mm.
Inland waters
Wet Indole, Churuk-Su, Biyuk-Karasu, Dry Indole
Soil
Chestnut, salt licks, salt marshes, meadow
Vegetable world
Wormwood, fescue, chamomile, oak, hornbeam
Animal world
Lark, partridge, quail viper, lizard,
ground squirrel, vole hamster The geographic center of Crimea
The Nizhnegorsk region has its own "zest". Also in
Soviet times here in the village of Yastrebki was
installed the sign "GEOGRAPHIC CENTER OF CRIMEA" STATE BOTANICAL RESERVE
"PRISIVASHSKY"
The virgin steppe with medicinal
plants, including extensive thickets of chamomile pharmacy - valuable and
a very popular medicinal plant.
Lake Sivash, which surrounds the reserve, has a health status. ... AGARMISH FOREST
Over 200 years old. In 1964, it was declared a nature reserve.
Beech, oak, hornbeam are the main species of the Old Crimean forest.
The unique Crimean beech is protected here,
rare species of hornbeam - oriental hornbeam and two varieties
oak: fluffy and rocky. SIVASH - the coast of the bay is extremely rugged and winding.
The coastline has no clear, stable outlines and
creates a picture of a complex natural labyrinth. Big
part of the narrow, elongated in the northeast direction
peninsulas are called "tyups" or "kutas", and
temporarily flooded due to surge currents
land areas - "droughts" Mount AGARMYSH is a classic Mediterranean type karst. Water dissolving
limestones, forms a variety of grottoes, wells, mines, caves. Here
there is an interesting cave "Bottomless Well". The entrance to this cave is closed
reinforced concrete slab. Bottomless Well - An Opened Mine. Presents
a dip leading into a chamber with a diameter of 4 m, from the bottom of which begins
38 meter shaft widening from top to bottom. At the bottom - a blocky bulk, on the walls
- separate incrustations. There are many legends about this cavity that have found
reflected in its titles. The main feature is an increase in the warm season
concentration of carbon dioxide to life-threatening (up to 4 vol.%). Record
CO2 content - 7.62%. Descent only with an insulating gas mask. Content
oxygen drops to 1416%. In winter, concentration
carbon dioxide goes down. " ARABAT ARROW -
From the Akmonai Isthmus in the northwest direction
a narrow and long (113 km) spit stretches. She separates from
The Sea of Azov, its shallow and very salty (up to 200
ppm) lagoon - Sivash. The Arabat Spit consists mainly of
from shell material, width from 270 meters to 8 kilometers. COATS OF ARTS NIZHNEGORSKY
Nizhnegorskiy (up to 1944 Seitler; Crimean Cat. Seyitler, Seyitler) - settlement
urban type in the Sivash steppe region of the Republic of Crimea,
center of the Nizhnegorsk region. The largest and most significant enterprises
Nizhnegorsky include a plant for the production of feed, juices,
oils, various cereals, flour and canned fruits and vegetables. The village has
a grain combine and organizations providing housing and communal services. Numerous small enterprises of Nizhnegorsk
are engaged in trade and construction activities Soviet
(until 1944 - Ichki, Crimean Cat. İçki) - urban settlement
type in the Soviet region of the Republic of Crimea of Russia (Autonomous
Republic of Crimea). In the village there are sellenergo-, rayagrostroy-,
hatchery and poultry enterprise and other enterprises of the local
values that are engaged in the maintenance of agricultural
enterprises of the region. The largest enterprises: a bakery plant,
winery, printing house. On the territory of the district there is
449 enterprises. Commercial services to the population are carried out
consumer cooperation enterprises and business
structures. KIROVSK
́ -Terek; Crimean cat. Islâm Terek, Islyam
Kirovskoe (until 1945 Islam
Terek) is an urban-type settlement in the east of Crimea. Kirovsky Center
district of the republic. The population is about 7 thousand people. Industry
the village is represented by such enterprises: OATP "Kirovskoe
repair and transport
company"
(mechanical engineering
and
metalworking), printing house, OATP "Kirovskiy feed
plant". ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF AREAS
NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA
At the heart of the economy
- agricultural production.
In recent years, active work has been carried out in the region to develop
the sphere of tourism and recreation. Particularly promising are
territory on the coast of the Sivash. Variety of natural
landscapes (floodplains, spits, shallow waters, reed beds),
deposits of unique medicinal mud, the presence of fish ponds,
a large concentration of hunting bird species - all these factors
create a favorable soil for the development in the area of recreational and
tourist activities (primarily fishing tourism).
Rural ("green") tourism is developing rapidly, which
also due to favorable natural conditions. Big
attention is paid to the development of folk crafts, mainly
associated with the processing of sheep products. ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS OF NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA
First of all, these are mounds - the so-called "pyramids of the steppes" One of them
- Nogaychinsky mound near the village of Chervone (Nizhnegorsky district) - in 1974
pleased with a unique find. The burial of a woman was discovered,
which supposedly lived at the end of the second century BC - first century A.D.
The woman's head was crowned with a gold diadem, her neck was adorned with a massive gold
hryvnia with the image of griffins, a gold brooch rested on the chest, on the arms and
bracelets were on the legs, and the hands were adorned with precious stones. Remains of
wooden caskets contained golden signet rings for incense bottles,
beads, dolphin-shaped rhinestone necklace City OLD CRIMEA - tourist "Mecca" of Kirov
district Old Crimea is a city in the eastern part of Crimea.
Population
-
about
10
thous.
people
The main
sights
cities
are
buildings of the XIII-XIV centuries, when Kyrym was the center
Crimean Yurt. Well preserved to the present day
operating mosque of Khan Uzbek. In the eastern part of the city
ruins of a mint, a caravanserai and
the Kurshum-Jami mosque, and 5 kilometers west of the Old
Crimea, there is a medieval Armenian monastery SurbKhach (Holy Cross), the revival of which began in
last years. In addition, the city has
ethnographic
Museum,
dedicated
culture
Crimean Tatar people. MOSQUE OF KHAN UZBEK IN OLD CRIMEA
Khan
Uzbek,
joining
on
the throne of the Golden Horde in 1312, becoming
adherent of Islam, ordered to build in
Solhata beautiful mosque and higher
Muslim religious school madrasah. The construction of the mosque was
started in 1314. According to the message
Turkish traveler Evliya elebi,
v
1512-1513
years
at
Mengli Girey I was a cathedral mosque. Now
the mosque is rectangular
in the plan is a basilica-type building with
entrance on the north side and built into
northeastern
injection
minaret.
The longitudinal axis of the building is oriented in
north-south direction, so that
the faithful in the building,
praying, their faces turned to the south, in
side of Mecca. SURB-KHACH
Surb-Khach
Armenian
monastery. Church wearing
name
Surb-Nshan,
was
built in 1358, during
times
Armenian
colonization of Crimea. Later,
a gavit was added to the temple
(porch) with a bell tower. And in
1719 - fraternal corps with
cells
for
monks.
The monastery is more like
a fortress than a humble
abode. Windows are like loopholes
but from the bell tower, similar to
watchtower while the forest
did not surround the monastery, was
the access road is visible. GREEN MUSEUM IN OLD CRIMEA
The exposition of the museum consists of two
small rooms. One of them saved
completely intact. Here
Alexander Stepanovich died. Iron
the bed by the window, the couch on which
Nina was on duty at the bedside
Nikolaevna Green, badger skin, old
alarm clock, vase for flowers. In the second
room - books, manuscripts, old
photographs with views of the Old Crimea and KaraDag. HOUSE-MUSEUM K.G. PAUSTOVSKY
The museum is located in a house with
shady old garden. Here
the writer stayed in the 1950s. In support of this
established
original
exposition
under
open
the sky is a wonderful garden, in
which quotes
from the works of Paustovsky.
As if
myself
Writer
tells the visitor about
your favorite corner. V
four
halls
recreated
typological
interior
provincial bourgeois
houses of the early twentieth century, deployed
exposition telling about
life and creative path
Paustovsky. TOPONYMS OF NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA
AGARMYSH - "White"; mountain range in
Crimea, the easternmost part of the Inner Ridge
Crimean mountains
Seytler - Nizhnegorsky village
Sivash- "sticky"
Solkhat- distorted from the Armenian Surb-Khach
Surb-Khach- translated from Armenian "holy cross" Memorable historical sites of the North-Eastern Crimea
Old Crimea - a city of museums
Museum complex of the city
Literary and artistic
House-Museum of A.S. Grin
House-Museum of K. Paustovsky
Museum of culture and life of the Tatars
Museum of History and Local Lore
Memorable places of the Old Crimea
Memorial Complex
Medieval church
Sultan Baybars Mosque
Uzbek Mosque and Madrasah
Kurshum-Jami Mosque
The ruins of the caravanserai
The source of St. Panteleimon
Starokrymskoe cemetery, incl.
--- grave of Alexander Green
--- the grave of Yulia Drunina
SOUTH - EASTERN CRIMEA
South-East Crimea- a coastal mountainous region located in the southeastern part of the Crimean Peninsula. The poetic toponym Cimmeria is testually connected with the concept of South-East Crimea. Cimmeria is a legendary land stretching around Koktebel to the north, west and east for some not quite definite distance, but probably to the Old Crimea, Sudak and Feodosia, respectively. The Eastern Crimea includes the following cities and urban-type settlements: Koktebel, Novy Svet, Ordzhonikidze, Kurortnoe, Beregovoe, Morskoe, Primorsky. Each of these names is associated with numerous legends and ancient history.
Eastern Crimea is an amazing corner with majestic mountains, wild cliffs, mysterious grottoes and cozy fabulous blue bays. Here you can enjoy a bouquet of famous wines and cognacs, or champagne from the cellars of Prince Golitsyn. The visiting cards of these places are Novy Svet, Koktebel, Sudak and Feodosia and, as a contrast to them, the many kilometers of sandy beaches of the Azov Sea on the Kazantip Peninsula. The Genoese Fortress, Lysaya Gora and the Golden Beach, Kara-Dag and Uzyn-Syrt, resort towns and wonderful nature - all this is the Eastern Crimea.
Eastern Crimea is literary Koktebel, where all the paintings and events are built around the House of the Poet, this is Feodosia with its Cimmerian artists and Old Crimea with the first and last house of Green. These are the Demerdzhi and Karabi passes, the rocks of the New World, the underwater world in the Kara-Dag bays or fabulous hang-gliding flights.
Three quarters of the Eastern Crimea are steppe plains with rich black earth soils. Not deprived of imagination, teachers of geography compare the mountain range of the South-Eastern Crimea with the back of a whale that emerged from the sea or that huge fish that Sinbad the sailor mistook for an island. From lying on the surface for a long time, her back was overgrown with trees, lakes appeared on it, waterfalls rustled, and even people began to settle.
The region of South-East Crimea includes many attractions, among them I would like to highlight:
- Genoese fortress, the city of Sudak. The Genoese fortress is a monument of medieval architecture of world importance, the only Genoese citadel that has survived in the Crimea. Built by the Genoese between 1371 and 1469.
- Chaliapin's grotto, p. Novyi Svet. An amazing grotto with a long history is now called Chaliapin's grotto. The name of the grotto is associated with the visit of the famous singer. He loved to visit his friend the Count, and of course, he could not ignore the grotto along with its contents.
- House-Museum of Maximilian Voloshin, smt. Koktebel. The House-Museum of Maximilian Voloshin is, perhaps, the only museum in the world that survived the wars and preserved the mystery and charm of the Silver Age in the atmosphere of the life-creation of its owner.
- Feodosia National Art Gallery. I.K. Aivazovsky, city of Feodosia. Feodosia National Art Gallery. I.K. Aivazovsky is one of the oldest art museums in Ukraine, a unique, world-famous museum of marine painting, the first public museum in Ukraine.
Extinct volcano Kara-Dag, smt. Koktebel. The Kara-Dag volcano is the oldest volcano in Europe with a venerable age of 140 million years. Its sea coast is a group of amazingly beautiful bays, many of which can only be accessed from the sea. These bays are closed by overhanging rocks up to three hundred meters high with underwater grottoes and caves. One of the most amazing creations of volcanic activity can be safely called the Golden Gate rock in the sea, through which a fairly large boat can safely pass.
Climate this resort region is temperate, characterized by the absence of sharp temperature fluctuations. Thanks to the sea breezes, the summer heat is tolerated quite easily. The swimming season starts at the end of May and lasts until the beginning of October. The southern slopes of the mountains are covered with Mediterranean vegetation, to the east, the Crimean Mountains smoothly turn into a steppe landscape. The beaches of the South-Eastern Crimea are sandy and pebbly, with the addition of small shell rock.
South-East Crimea provides ample opportunities for the development of various types of tourism. Hiking trails in the South-East Crimea are carried out mainly parallel to the coastline and along river valleys.
Sudak offers great opportunities for cycling tourism. Sudak also offers ample opportunities for active recreation. These are diving, horseback riding, paragliding. The New World has natural resources for the development of such a type of tourism as rock climbing. In the city of Feodosia, there is a hang-gliding center, tasting excursions to the Novosvetsky Champagne Factory and the Dolphinarium are held. Various festivals are held in the city.
This area is attractive for those who prefer a relatively inexpensive and relaxing holiday. There are not many luxurious health resorts, like on the South Coast, small, cozy, rather comfortable rest houses and boarding houses prevail. Housing in comparison with the South Coast is a little cheaper, the private sector prevails, and not high-rise buildings.
The local coast is very beautiful, somewhat exotic, there are many cozy bays and rocks. The beaches are mostly small-pebble, and in Feodosia and to the east - sandy.
This area has long been chosen by car tourists, therefore, almost all health resorts and the private sector are focused on vacationers with cars. In the summer season, in every city and village on the coast, summer car campings and parking lots are equipped for auto tourists.
The local places, especially the promontories in the sea - Meganom, Kiik-Atlama, etc. - are very convenient for fans of various types of sailing because of the constantly blowing gentle winds. And the bays of Koktebel and Novy Svet, the steep coast of Karadag, like a magnet, attract fans of diving (scuba diving).
There are fewer attractions in this area than in the mountainous southwestern Crimea (especially historical ones), but there are quite enough magnificent and unusual landscapes and natural monuments.
Unearthly, uninhabited landscapes of Yaila Karabi, mysterious Valley of Ghosts with a giant stone chaos and the Funa fortress near Mount Demerdzhi, the medieval Armenian monastery Surb-Khach near the Old Crimea, White Rock near Belogorsk, the Dzhur-dzhur waterfall, the partisan memorial near Kalan-Bair, the ruins of the "long walls" near Chigenitra and many other memorable places will always be of interest to travelers. And the breathtaking landscapes opening from almost every peak will not leave indifferent true connoisseurs of beauty.
Slide 2
NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA The Sivash-lowland region located in the northeastern part of the Crimean peninsula Region composition: Nizhnegorsky district Sovetsky district Kirovsky district
Slide 3
Northeastern Crimea is perhaps the most unknown and least visited region of Crimea. But in this distant corner, you can find a lot of interesting and unusual things. This is the place for those who make their own way. The recommended mode of transport is a bicycle, motorcycle or ATV, an SUV or an ordinary car. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
Slide 4
Features of the nature of northeastern Crimea
Slide 6
STATE BOTANICAL RESERVE "PRISIVASHKY" The virgin steppe with medicinal plants, including vast thickets of chamomile, a valuable and very popular medicinal plant, is protected in it. Lake Sivash, framing the reserve, has no less health benefits. ...
Slide 7
AGARMISH FOREST More than 200 years old. In 1964, it was declared a nature reserve. Beech, oak, hornbeam are the main species of the Old Crimean forest. Here are protected the unique Crimean beech, a rare species of hornbeam - oriental hornbeam and two varieties of oak: fluffy and rocky.
Slide 8
SIVASH - the coast of the bay is extremely rugged and winding. The coastline has no clear, stable outlines and creates a picture of a complex natural labyrinth. Most of the narrow, elongated in the northeastern direction of the peninsulas are called "tyups" or "kuts", and temporarily flooded due to surge currents, land areas are called "droughts"
Slide 9
Mount AGARMYSH is a classic Mediterranean type karst. Water, dissolving limestone, forms various grottoes, wells, mines, caves. There is an interesting cave called "Bottomless Well". The entrance to this cave is closed with a reinforced concrete slab. Bottomless Well - An Opened Mine. It is a sinkhole leading into a chamber with a diameter of 4 m, from the bottom of which a 38-meter shaft expanding downward begins. At the bottom there is a blocky heap, on the walls there are separate incrustations. There are many legends about this cavity, which are reflected in its names. The main feature is an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide during the warm period to life-threatening (up to 4 vol.%). Record CO2 content - 7.62%. Descent only with an insulating gas mask. The oxygen content drops to 1416%. In winter, the concentration of carbon dioxide decreases. "
Slide 10
ARABAT ARROW - A narrow and long (113 km) spit extends from the Akmonai Isthmus in the northwest direction. It separates from the Sea of Azov its shallow and very salty (up to 200 ppm) lagoon - Sivash. The Arabat Spit consists mainly of shell material, the width is from 270 meters to 8 kilometers.
Slide 11
COATS OF ARTS
Slide 12
NIZHNEGORSKY Nizhnegorsky (up to 1944 Seitler; Crimean cattle. Seyitler, Seyitler) is an urban-type settlement in the Sivash steppe region of the Republic of Crimea, the center of the Nizhnegorsk region. The largest and most significant enterprises of Nizhnegorsk include a plant for the production of compound feed, juices, oils, various cereals, flour and canned fruits and vegetables. The village has a grain combine and organizations that provide housing and communal services. Numerous small enterprises of Nizhnegorsk are engaged in trade and construction activities
Slide 13
Sovetsky (until 1944 - Ichki, Crimean Cat. district. The largest enterprises: a bakery plant, a winery, a printing house. There are 449 enterprises in the district. Trade services for the population are carried out by consumer cooperation enterprises and business structures.
Slide 14
Kirovskoe Kirovskoe (until 1945 Islam-Terek; Crimean cat. IslâmTerek, Islyam Terek) is an urban-type settlement in the east of Crimea. Center of the Kirov region of the republic. The population is about 7 thousand people. The industry of the village is represented by such enterprises: OATP "Kirovsky repair and transport enterprise" (mechanical engineering and metalworking), printing house, OATP "Kirovskiy feed mill".
Slide 15
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE REGIONS OF NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA The economy is based on agricultural production. In recent years, active work has been carried out in the region to develop the tourism and recreation sector. Areas on the Sivash coast are especially promising. A variety of natural landscapes (floodplains, spits, shallow waters, reed thickets), deposits of unique medicinal mud, the presence of fish ponds, a large concentration of hunting bird species - all these factors create favorable conditions for the development of recreational and tourist activities in the area (primarily fishing tourism) ... Rural (“green”) tourism is developing rapidly, which is also due to favorable natural conditions. Much attention is paid to the development of folk crafts, mainly related to the processing of sheep products.
Slide 16
ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS OF NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA First of all, these are the mounds - the so-called "pyramids of the steppes" One of them - the Nogaychinsky mound near the village of Chervone (Nizhnegorsk district) - in 1974 made me happy with a unique find. The burial place of a woman was discovered who supposedly lived at the end of the second century BC. - first century A.D. The woman's head was crowned with a golden diadem, her neck was adorned with a massive golden torch with the image of griffins, a golden brooch rested on her chest, bracelets were on her arms and legs, and her hands were decorated with precious stones. in the form of a dolphin
Slide 17
City OLD CRIMEA - tourist "Mecca" of the Kirov region
Slide 18
Slide 19
Old Crimea is a city in the eastern part of Crimea. Population - about 10 thousand people. The main attractions of the city are the buildings of the XIII-XIV centuries, when Kyrym was the center of the Crimean Yurt. The current mosque of Khan Uzbek has been well preserved to this day. In the eastern part of the city are the ruins of a mint, a caravanserai and the Kurshum-Jami mosque, and 5 kilometers west of the Old Crimea is the medieval Armenian monastery Surb-Khach (Holy Cross), whose revival has begun in recent years. In addition, the city houses an ethnographic museum dedicated to the culture of the Crimean Tatar people.
Slide 20
MOSQUE OF KHAN UZBEK IN OLD CRIMEA Khan Uzbek, who ascended the throne of the Golden Horde in 1312, became an adherent of Islam, ordered to build a beautiful mosque and a higher Muslim theological school - madrasah in Solkhat. The construction of the mosque began in 1314. According to the Turkish traveler Evliya Chelebi, in 1512-1513 under Mengli-Girey I the mosque was a cathedral. Now the mosque is a rectangular building of the basilical type with an entrance from the north side and a minaret built into the northeast corner. The longitudinal axis of the building is oriented in the north-south direction, so that the faithful in the building, while praying, turned their faces to the south, towards Mecca.
Slide 21
SURB-KHACH Surb-Khach - Armenian monastery. The church named after Surb-Nshan was built in 1358 during the Armenian colonization of Crimea. Later, a gavit (porch) with a bell tower was added to the temple. And in 1719 - a fraternal building with cells for monks. The monastery is more like a fortress than a humble abode. The windows are like loopholes, and from the bell tower, which looks like a watchtower, until the forest surrounded the monastery, the access road was visible.
Slide 22
GREEN MUSEUM IN OLD CRIMEA The exposition of the museum consists of two small rooms. One of them has been completely preserved in its original form. Alexander Stepanovich died here. An iron bed by the window, a couch on which Nina Nikolaevna Green was on duty at the patient's bedside, a badger skin, an old alarm clock, a flower vase. In the second room - books, manuscripts, old photographs with views of the Old Crimea and Kara-Dag.
Slide 23
HOUSE-MUSEUM K.G. PAUSTOVSKY Museum is located in a house with a shady old garden. The writer stayed here in the 1950s. In support of this, an original open-air exposition has been created - a wonderful garden, in which quotes from the works of Paustovsky are presented. As if the writer himself tells the visitor about his favorite corner. In four rooms, the typological interior of a provincial bourgeois house of the early twentieth century has been recreated, an exposition that tells about the life and creative path of Paustovsky is displayed.
Slide 24
TOPONYMS OF NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA
Slide 25
Old Crimea - a city of museums Museum complex of the cityLiterary and artHouse-Museum of A.S.GrinHouse-Museum of K.PaustovskyMuseum of culture and life of the TatarsMuseum of history and local history Memorable places of Old Crimea Memorial complexMedieval churchMoscow of Sultan BeibarsMosque of Uzbek and the medreseum of Dzhami Panteleimon Old Crimean cemetery, including - - the grave of Alexander Green --- the grave of Yulia Drunina Memorable historical sites of North-Eastern Crimea
View all slides
Northeastern Crimea is perhaps the most unknown and least visited region of Crimea. But in this distant corner, you can find a lot of interesting and unusual things. This is the place for those who make their own way. The recommended mode of transport is a bicycle, motorcycle or ATV, an SUV or an ordinary car. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION
Features of the nature of northeastern Crimea plan characteristic Relief, mineral resources The relief is flat. North Crimean lowland. Severo-Kazantipskoye and Vostochno-Kazantipskoye gas fields. Climatic conditions It is characterized by a temperate climate with snowy and windy winters, short springs, hot and dry summers and rainy autumn. Winter temperature - -2.3, summer Annual precipitation from 340 -350 mm. Inland waters Wet Indole, Churuk-Su, Biyuk-Karasu, Dry Indole Soils Chestnut, salt licks, salt marshes, meadow flora Wormwood, fescue, chamomile, oak, hornbeam Fauna Lark, partridge, quail viper, lizard, snake, gopher, vole Hamster
STATE BOTANICAL RESERVE "PRISIVASHSKY" It contains a protected virgin steppe with medicinal plants, including vast thickets of chamomile, a valuable and very popular medicinal plant. Lake Sivash, framing the reserve, has no less health benefits ..
AGARMISH FOREST More than 200 years old. In 1964, it was declared a nature reserve. Beech, oak, hornbeam are the main species of the Old Crimean forest. Here are protected the unique Crimean beech, a rare species of hornbeam - oriental hornbeam and two varieties of oak: fluffy and rocky.
SIVASH - the coast of the bay is extremely rugged and winding. The coastline has no clear, stable outlines and creates a picture of a complex natural labyrinth. Most of the narrow, elongated in the northeastern direction of the peninsulas are called "tyups" or "kuts", and temporarily flooded due to surge currents, land areas are called "droughts"
Mount AGARMYSH is a classic Mediterranean type karst. Water, dissolving limestone, forms various grottoes, wells, mines, caves. There is an interesting cave called "Bottomless Well". The entrance to this cave is closed with a reinforced concrete slab. Bottomless well opened mine. It is a sinkhole leading into a chamber with a diameter of 4 m, from the bottom of which a 38-meter shaft expanding downward begins. At the bottom there is a blocky heap, on the walls there are separate incrustations. There are many legends about this cavity, which are reflected in its names. The main feature is an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide during the warm period to life-threatening (up to 4 vol.%). Record CO2 content of 7.62%. Descent only with an insulating gas mask. The oxygen content drops to 1416%. In winter, the concentration of carbon dioxide decreases. "
ARABAT ARROW - A narrow and long (113 km) spit extends from the Akmonai Isthmus in the northwest direction. It separates from the Sea of Azov its shallow and very salty (up to 200 ppm) lagoon - Sivash. The Arabat Spit consists mainly of shell material, the width is from 270 meters to 8 kilometers.
NIZHNEGORSKY Nizhnegorskiy (until 1944 Seitler; Crimean cattle. Seyitler, Seyitler) is an urban-type settlement in the Sivash steppe region of the Republic of Crimea, the center of the Nizhnegorsk region. The largest and most significant enterprises of Nizhnegorsk include a plant for the production of compound feed, juices, oils, various cereals, flour and canned fruits and vegetables. The village has a bread factory and organizations that provide housing and communal services. Numerous small enterprises of Nizhnegorskiy are engaged in trade and construction activities of the Crimean cattle. Republic of Crimea Nizhnegorskiy region
Soviet (until 1944 Ichki, Crimean Cat. İçki) urban-type settlement in the Soviet region of the Republic of Crimea of Russia (Autonomous Republic of Crimea). In the village there are sellenergo-, rayagrostroy-, incubator-poultry enterprises and other enterprises of local importance, which are engaged in servicing agricultural enterprises of the region. The largest enterprises: a bakery plant, a winery, a printing house. There are 449 enterprises in the district. Commercial services to the population are carried out by consumer cooperative enterprises and entrepreneurial structures.
KIROVSKOE Kikurovskoe (until 1945 Islam-Terek; Crimean Cat. Islâm Terek, Islyam Terek) is an urban-type settlement in the east of Crimea. Center of the Kirov region of the republic. The population is about 7 thousand people. The industry of the village is represented by such enterprises: OATP "Kikurovskoe repair and transport enterprise" (mechanical engineering and metalworking), printing house, OATP "Kirovskiy feed mill". Crimean cattle. Kryma, Kirovsky district
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF AREAS OF NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA The economy is based on agricultural production. In recent years, active work has been carried out in the region to develop the tourism and recreation sector. Areas on the Sivash coast are especially promising. A variety of natural landscapes (floodplains, spits, shallow waters, reed thickets), deposits of unique medicinal mud, the presence of fish ponds, a large concentration of hunting bird species - all these factors create favorable conditions for the development of recreational and tourist activities in the area (primarily fishing tourism) ... Rural (“green”) tourism is developing rapidly, which is also due to favorable natural conditions. Much attention is paid to the development of folk crafts, mainly related to the processing of sheep products.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL OBJECTS OF NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA First of all, these are mounds - the so-called "pyramids of the steppes" One of them - the Nogaychinsky mound near the village of Chervone (Nizhny Russian region) - in 1974 made me happy with a unique find. The burial place of a woman was discovered who supposedly lived at the end of the second century BC. - first century A.D. The woman's head was crowned with a gold diadem, her neck was adorned with a massive gold torch with the image of griffins, a gold brooch rested on her chest, bracelets were on her arms and legs, and her hands were decorated with precious stones. in the form of a dolphin
Old Crimea is a city in the eastern part of Crimea. The population is about 10 thousand people. The main attractions of the city are the buildings of the XII-XIV centuries, when Kyrym was the center of the Crimean Yurt. The current mosque of Khan Uzbek has been well preserved to this day. In the eastern part of the city are the ruins of a mint, a caravanserai and the Kurshum-Jami mosque, and 5 kilometers west of the Old Crimea is the medieval Armenian monastery Surb-Khach (Holy Cross), whose revival has begun in recent years. In addition, the city houses an ethnographic museum dedicated to the culture of the Crimean Tatar people. Medieval Armenian monastery Surb-Khach (Holy Cross)
MOSQUE OF KHAN UZBEK IN OLD CRIMEA Khan Uzbek, who ascended the throne of the Golden Horde in 1312, became an adherent of Islam, ordered to build a beautiful mosque and a higher Muslim theological school - madrasah in Solkhat. The construction of the mosque began in 1314. According to the Turkish traveler Evliya elebi, in the years under Mengli-Girey I the mosque was a cathedral. Now the mosque is a rectangular building of the basilical type with an entrance from the north side and a minaret built into the northeast corner. The longitudinal axis of the building is oriented in the north-south direction, so that the faithful in the building, while praying, turned their faces to the south, towards Mecca.
SURB-KHACH Surb-Khach - Armenian monastery. The church, named after Surb-Nshan, was built in 1358, during the Armenian colonization of Crimea. Later, a gavotte (narthex) with a bell tower was added to the temple. And in 1719 a fraternal building with cells for monks. The monastery is more like a fortress than a humble abode. The windows are like loopholes, and from the bell tower, which looks like a watchtower, until the forest surrounded the monastery, the access road was visible.
GREEN MUSEUM IN THE OLD CRIMEA The exposition of the museum consists of two small rooms. One of them has been completely preserved in its original form. Alexander Stepanovich died here. An iron bed by the window, a couch on which Nina Nikolaevna Green was on duty at the patient's bedside, a badger skin, an old alarm clock, a flower vase. In the second room there are books, manuscripts, old photographs with views of the Old Crimea and Kara-Dag.
HOUSE-MUSEUM K.G. PAUSTOVSKY Museum is located in a house with a shady old garden. Here the writer stayed in the years. In support of this, an original open-air exposition has been created - a wonderful garden, in which quotes from the works of Paustovsky are presented. As if the writer himself tells the visitor about his favorite corner. In four halls, the typological interior of a provincial bourgeois house of the early 20th century has been recreated, an exposition that tells about the life and creative path of Paustovsky is displayed.
TOPONYMS OF THE NORTH-EASTERN CRIMEA AGARMYSH - "White"; mountain range in Crimea, the easternmost part of the Inner ridge of the Crimean Mountains Seitler - the village of Nizhny Russian Sivash - "sticky" Solkhat - distorted from the Armenian Surb-Khach Surb-Khach Surb-Khach - translated from the Armenian "holy cross"
Old Crimea - a city of museums Museum complex of the city Literary and art House-Museum of A.S.Grin House-Museum of K. Paustovsky Museum of Culture and Life of the Tatars Museum of History and Local Lore Memorable places of Old Crimea Memorial complex Medieval church Mosque of Sultan Beibars Uzbek Mosque and madrasah Mosque Kurshum-Jami Caravanserai ruins St. Panteleimon Starokrymskoye cemetery Memorial complex Medieval church Sultan Beibars mosque Uzbek mosque and madrasah Kurshum-Jami mosque Ruins of a caravanserai Source of St. Panteleimon Starokrymskoe cemetery, incl. --- tomb of Alexander Green --- tomb of Yulia Drunina tomb of Alexander Grinamogil Yulia Drunina Memorable historical sites of North-Eastern Crimea
In 1475, the Ottomans conquered Kaffa in three days and gave it the name Kefe, Soldaya stood a little longer, but she also passed to the Turks, becoming Sudak. Kerch as part of the Ottoman Empire was called the city of Cherzeti, which quickly fell into decay, often subject to Cossack raids.
In the meantime, the Crimean peninsula interested the Russian state. The Ottoman Empire understood that it was necessary to strengthen its positions at the beginning of the 18th century. initiated the construction of the Yeni-Kale fortress. But in 1774 the fortress and Kerch became the property of the Russian Empire, and from 1783 the whole Crimea belonged to Russia.
Life and worldview of the peoples of the Eastern Crimea
As you can see, the history of the Eastern Crimea is literally overflowing with events. At the same time, one should not forget that the past is, first of all, the life and activities of specific people who produced something and left traces of their existence.
The first inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea ate from hunting and gathering. Neanderthals lived in caves, dressed in clothes made from the skins of dead animals, and ate meat roasted over a fire. In the Mesolithic era, the ancient inhabitants of Crimea already had a bow and arrows, but also used spears and darts that had been invented earlier. There was always a lot of game in the lower reaches of the Crimean rivers that flowed into the Sea of Azov, so this part of the east of the peninsula was especially attractive for the first hunters.
Cro-Magnons already lived in tribal matriarchal communities, they began to build houses in the form of tents from bones and branches. In addition, at this stage in history, the first religious ideas and primitive art were born.
The emergence of agriculture in the Neolithic period led to the rapid settlement of certain territories. But, even in the Bronze Age, there were such inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea who led a semi-sedentary lifestyle. Representatives of the Yamnaya culture, traces of which were found in burials located on the outskirts of Feodosia, were cattle breeders. In the burials of these people, scientists found carts on four wheels, which, most likely, were both means of transportation and dwellings at the same time.
In the era of early metals, the inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea worshiped the Sun, the god of fertility, they developed a cult of the bull.
In the first half of the 2nd millennium BC. NS. a significant part of the inhabitants of the east of the peninsula had housing in the form of a dugout or semi-dugout. At the end of the Bronze Age, few nomads remained, but due to the deterioration of the climate in the XI-X centuries. BC NS. the sedentary inhabitants of the steppe regions left their homes. Those who remained were forced to return to the occupation of their ancestors - to nomadism.
The Cimmerians lived at the beginning of the Iron Age. Their appearance and horse harness fully corresponded to the times. The Cimmerian wore a caftan tied with a wide belt. Weapons were attached to such clothes. Families of warrior cattle breeders followed their breadwinners in carts. They left a few burial places, the deceased relatives were more often interred in the burial mounds of the Bronze Age. Rare burials of this people are decorated with statues in the form of a human body with weapons. Interestingly, facial features were not depicted on such stone statues. Apparently, due to some religious reasons.
The part of the people who lived in the Eastern Crimea in the Late Bronze Age and could not or did not want to return to nomadism moved to the Mountainous Crimea and to the foothill regions of the peninsula. There the settlers built dugouts and semi-dugouts, and over time they began to erect ground structures with stone walls. Grain storage pits were found near such dwellings. Scientists call this culture Kizil-Kobin and almost agree that its representatives were Taurus.
The inhabitants of the mountainous regions of the Eastern Crimea settled collectively, in several large families, used molded ware, and with the arrival of the Greeks they got acquainted with pottery. The dead kizil-kobins were buried in boxes made of stone, which towered above the surface of the earth.
Unlike most of the local population, the Scythians were nomadic warriors, so it took time for them to learn how to cultivate the land and manage to settle. Even their women could oppose the enemy in the event of impending danger, so it is not surprising that the representatives of these tribes worshiped the god of war. Over time, part of the Scythians moved to a sedentary lifestyle. At that time, around the settlements of the Eastern Crimea, multilayer mounds appeared, in which the crypts of members of a particular family were located.
The first East Crimean Greeks lived in dugouts and semi-dugouts. They did not build cities with large houses right away. The emergence of the ancient cities of the Crimea and the characteristic features of the life of their inhabitants are described in detail in a separate series of articles on our site, therefore we will invite the reader to independently familiarize themselves with this information. In the III century. BC NS. the Greeks had to think about the safety of their own homes, as the barbarians began to activate. At that time, the Hellenes strengthened pre-existing settlements, for example, on the lands of the village of Beregovoe; built new strongholds (including on Biyuk-Yanishar). However, such actions could not save many settlements around Feodosia, where at the end of the 2nd - in the 1st century. BC NS. already there was no one. It is not known exactly what happened then, but there is an assumption that the Bosporians suffered as a result of the Sarmatian raid. In the 1st century. BC NS. Asander resumed the construction of the fortresses. Under him the Kutlak stronghold and the fortifications of the Solkhat valley grew up.
As for the religion of the Hellenes of the Eastern Crimea, they traditionally venerated the gods of Olympus. Apollo was the supreme deity in Feodosia. The dead were cremated by the Greeks. Christianity began to penetrate into this part of the peninsula in the 3rd-4th centuries, and a little earlier, at the beginning of our era, its population became acquainted with the Gnostic teachings.
The Goths of the Eastern Crimea, unlike the Hellenes, were originally warriors; the Bosporan kingdom even provided them with its own ships. With the help of such ships, the Germans were engaged in piracy. Gradually, everything changed: having felt the taste of a peaceful life, the Goths forgot about the way of existence of their ancestors, began to equip their own settlements. The Crimean nature influenced the Alans in the same way. This wild Sarmatian tribe settled in the Crimea for a long time. As already mentioned, its representatives in the III century. were the founders of Sugdeya, which in the VIII century. became the center of the Christian episcopate. Alans also lived on the territory of Feodosia.
In that part of the Eastern Crimea, where from the XIII century. the Mongol-Tatars settled, life also stabilized. The capital of the ulus, Solkhat, has turned into a city with a developed infrastructure. Representatives of various nationalities lived there, who settled in separate communities. Almost everyone knows that the Tatars who lived in the Crimea have long been adherents of Islam. However, few people know that Islam spread from Solkhat. At the same time, in those areas where there were few Mongol-Tatars, newcomer pagans often adopted Christianity.
Enough has been written about the way of life of the Venetians and Genoese. There is also an article on our site that tells in detail about these residents of the Eastern Crimea. Since the population of the trading posts was multinational, they professed different religions. Among the inhabitants of the fortresses there were Orthodox and Catholics, representatives of the Armenian Christian community and Jews. After the Italian fortresses of Crimea were occupied by the Ottomans, the number of mosques there increased dramatically. These and other lands of the peninsula became an important appendage of the Ottoman Empire, Istanbul did a lot to ensure that Islam predominated in Crimea and Turkish culture spread.
From the end of the 18th century. Muslims gradually left Crimea, many Tatars then went to live in Turkey. The authorities of the next owner of the peninsula, the Russian Empire, immediately began to populate the deserted lands. Russian landowners with their own peasants and European settlers arrived in the Eastern Crimea. So in those days Germans appeared in Sudak, and Bulgarians in Koktebel. The peculiarities of the life of the peoples who lived in the Eastern Crimea at different periods of its history have been partially preserved to this day. The worldview of modern Crimeans is also a symbiosis of different ideas about the universe and the role of man in it.
Development of agriculture, crafts, industry
and trade in Eastern Crimea
Archaeologists managed to find Mesolithic sites near Novy Svet and north of Sudak, in which caught foals, wild pigs and mountain goats were already kept near the dwellings of people. Agriculture and real livestock raising appeared in the Neolithic. During that period of the past, there was an active settlement of the spaces around modern Feodosia and the territories of the Kerch Peninsula. One of these sites was located near the village of Primorsky.
Residents of the Eastern Crimea, who chose a sedentary lifestyle, preferred the raising of cattle. People who did not have time to say goodbye to nomadism more often bred small animals. In the Bronze Age, mankind had already tamed goats, sheep, cows and horses, sowed wheat and barley.
There are fewer monuments of the Catacomb culture here, but they also exist. This culture is characterized by the transition to an integrated farming and cattle breeding economy. Near the dwellings of its representatives, stone rounded buildings were found, which can be pens for pets. Agricultural and cattle-breeding farms also existed among representatives of the Kizil-Koba culture.
The Cimmerians were nomadic pastoralists, so they did not cultivate the land, but mostly fought and raised horses. As for the following inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea - the Scythians, then from the V-IV centuries. BC NS. a significant part of them were engaged in soil cultivation and livestock breeding. Today it is known that the first agricultural villages of the Scythians were located on the Ak-Monaysky isthmus (Front) and on the territory of the Kerch Peninsula (Andreevka). In the IV century. BC NS. A large agricultural area was formed around Feodosia, the borders of which ran at the lower reaches of the Salgir, near the Kuchuk-Kara-Su and Biyuk-Kara-Su rivers, went along the Kerch Peninsula to Kazantip, and in the south of the Eastern Crimea ended at the Black Sea. Scythian farmers lived in densely located stone houses, which stood in villages and farms. Cereals that were grown by the Scythians in the east of the Crimean Peninsula were sold to Greece.
The appearance of the Scythian at first did not differ much from the appearance of the Cimmerian, but over time, the weapon changed, new decorations began to appear. Archaeologists have found other arrowheads, long swords and helmets made of bronze. Until the V century. BC NS. in the Eastern Crimea they made decorations in the animal style. Later, they were replaced by Greek jewelry.
During the ancient colonization of Eastern Crimea, somewhere in the middle of the 6th century. BC e., Feodosia began to grow. She was destined to become a major port and the main commercial center of the peninsula. They even minted their own money in this city. Goods from the Eastern Crimea went to Balkan Greece, to the cities of the Black Sea region, and to the Aegean Islands. Many countries of the world delivered their products to Crimea. However, the Greeks not only traded, they were good fishermen, knew how to hunt, were engaged in salt fishery, manufacture of textiles, dishes and jewelry, and leather. The Greeks in the Eastern Crimea grew grapes, grain crops, fruits and vegetables, and raised livestock. In addition, life forced them to learn carpentry, building craft and carpentry. Crimean Greeks also had their own ships.
Under the Cumans, the role of Sugdeya (Sudak) increased. In the X-XIII centuries. this city was the largest trade center of the Crimea. Goods from Russia, Eastern Europe and the Eurasian steppes were brought to its port, Mediterranean ships and ships sailed there, on board which were merchants from Western Europe, North Africa, the Middle East and other parts of the world.
Under the Mongol-Tatars, Solkhat was of great commercial importance. There one could buy overseas spices, fabrics, leather, sell wax, fur, honey and much more. At the same time, the city was especially famous for its slave markets. Among the sold slaves of Solkhat was the Egyptian Sultan Baybars. Good potters, builders and jewelers lived in the capital of Crimea. There was a mint, the services of which even the Genoese Kaffa used.
The neighbors of the Mongol-Tatars, the Italians, were talented artisans. The foreigners were especially surprised by the wonderful products of the Genoese stone-cutters. In addition, the inhabitants of the trading posts knew how to process metals, sew clothes and hats, and make jewelry that were in demand far beyond the borders of Gazaria. During the period of the Italians' stay in the east of Crimea, the economic role of Feodosia increased again. She flourished again: she received merchant ships from almost all over the world and sent local goods overseas. In the Ottoman period of the history of Crimea, Kaffa remained the same important trade center of the Northern Black Sea region, continued to grow and develop.
Under the Ottomans, Eastern Crimea became famous for aromatic apples and white cherries from the gardens of Sudak. Peasants all over the east coast were engaged in viticulture and horticulture, sowing cereals and legumes. On the other side of the Black Sea, fish caught by the inhabitants of the Eastern Crimea was valued. Far beyond the peninsula, local shoemakers, weavers, and jewelers were known. Their products were sold in numerous shops in Kefe and Sudak, where you could also buy honey, butter and other products. There were also slave markets.
In the Eastern Crimea during the domination of the Russian Empire, grapes were grown and fish were caught. At the end of the 18th century, mulberries, lemon trees and other crops were planted in the Old Crimea, but only walnuts, almonds and tobacco liked the local climate. In Feodosia and Kerch, they were engaged in the extraction of table salt. At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. Feodosia again became a large trading port.
Resorts of Eastern Crimea, monuments of history and architecture
The fact that the Eastern Crimea could be a resort area became clear to Russians only in the second half of the 19th century. Tatars went to Solkhat (Old Crimea) to improve their health, even during the existence of the Crimean ulus. Memories of the Dominican monk d "Ascoli, who stayed in the capital of the Crimea in the first half of the 17th century. He wrote that every year from spring to mid-summer Tatars arrive in Solkhat, who take there healing hot baths with herbs and flowers. D" Ascoli argued that such baths can heal many diseases. In the 60s. XIX century. they remembered the traditions of their ancestors and the Old Crimea became famous again as a place for health improvement. Since then, people with lung and nervous diseases have come to the city. At that time, they began to make baths with medicinal herbs collected outside the village again.
The resort history of Koktebel began at the end of the 19th century, after the heirs of E.A. Junge decided to sell part of the lands that had previously belonged to him. People bought up plots and built summer cottages on them. This area was known as a resting place for the intelligentsia. Before the Great Patriotic War, rooms and rooms for tourists had already been rented in Koktebel, there was a cafe “Bubny” in the village.
At the same time, the Pike perch was growing. G. Moskvich wrote in 1910 that tourists from Sudak have the opportunity to swim, ride on horseback and in boats, and take carriage rides. In 1880, vacationers, mainly students and the intelligentsia, already came there in large numbers, so it was decided to build a zemstvo hospital. However, in the 19th century, healthcare facilities in the eastern part of the peninsula were no longer a wonder. For example, since 1813 the city hospital in Feodosia worked, and since 1829 - in Kerch, since 1864 there was an old Crimean medical outpatient clinic.
The history of medicine in Eastern Crimea dates back to antiquity. Then the local population used healing mud and sea water to fight various diseases. After the barbarian raids, medicine was revived at the end of the 13th century. Then, already under the Genoese, the hospital of St. John was opened in Feodosia (Kaffa).
At the beginning of the XX century. it was decided to build the Alexandrida resort in the Kanakskaya Balka tract, but the work went on for a long time, and further revolutionary actions did not allow the plan to be completed. During the First World War, in order to improve their health, wounded soldiers began to come to the east of the peninsula. In the same Old Crimea, a small sanatorium was opened. But the Civil War interrupted the formation of the local resorts.
Tourists come to Eastern Crimea not only to get medical treatment. There are many historical and architectural monuments in this region of the peninsula.
In Feodosia, for example, the Mufti-Jami Mosque, erected under the Ottomans in 1623, the Church of St. Sergius (XIV century), the Church of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1875), the Aivazovsky fountain and many other buildings and architectural objects, among which in the first place are the ruins of the Kaffa fortress and the Tower of Constantine.
Among the most interesting buildings in Sudak are the Genoese Choban-Kule Tower and the Lutheran Church (1887).
In Koktebel, tourists are always attracted by the Factory of Vintage Wines and Cognacs, the construction of which began in 1879. A year earlier, L.S. Golitsyn opened a winery in Novy Svet, which was destined to become a Champagne Factory - another attraction of the Eastern Crimea.
There are also several interesting places in the Old Crimea - the Surb-Khach monastery complex (mid-14th century) and the Uzbek Mosque (1314).
On the Kerch Peninsula, there are no less marvelous tourist sites: the remains of the ancient cities of Panticapaeum and Nympheus, the Tsar's Kurgan (IV century BC), the Turkish fortress Yeni-Kale (early 18th century) and the Russian stronghold of Kerch (second half of the 18th century .), as well as the Great Mithridates Staircase (1832-1840), on the first tier of which you can look at a copy of the Crypt of Demeter.
The main trends in the development of culture and
formations of Eastern Crimea
The culture of the Eastern Crimea is traditions, architecture, literature, music, painting, photography, cinematography ... It is no secret that all this has been formed for centuries, thanks to the efforts and talents of representatives of many nations.
As for architecture, in this part of the peninsula there are examples of ancient Greek architecture, monuments of the Venetian-Genoese period of history, Tatar, Armenian, Russian buildings. However, in the XV-XVIII centuries. in Crimea, a single architectural direction was formed, which can be characterized as a symbiosis of details brought by the Ottomans, Armenians and representatives of the Crimean Tatar people.
Talented architects, like philosophers and poets, lived in the Eastern Crimea even during the existence of the Bosporus kingdom. The Greeks introduced the local population to qualitatively new material and cultural values, as a result of which the Greco-Scythian-Meotian culture appeared. And these values were able to survive even a truly Scythian nomadic culture, which was accepted by alien peoples. True, there is information that the Sarmatians eventually barbarized the Bosporians, but the Greek culture did not disappear without a trace.
The active development of the ancient cities of the Crimea led to the development of painting and sculpture. Drawings in the aforementioned crypt of Demeter allow us to conclude that at the time of the construction of this architectural monument, painting was already a subject.
During the Byzantine period of the history of the peninsula, as well as under the Italians, Christian culture confidently penetrated into the Eastern Crimea. At this time, the temples were decorated with frescoes. Such examples of church art have survived to this day, they can be seen in the cities of the Eastern Bank and in the southwestern part of Crimea.
Little is known about the monumental and decorative art of the Eastern Crimea during the Middle Ages. What survived appeared in the XIV century. And even then the Seljuk architectural style was noticeable. It is believed that in the XII-XIII centuries. church utensils and items that were used during services were brought from Asia Minor.
Over time, Armenian trends entered the culture of the Eastern Crimea, and with the emergence of the Crimean Khanate, they strengthened along with the Seljuk ones. Instead of church building, the period of the construction of mosques and mausoleums begins.
In the second half of the XIX century. Christianity returned to Crimea in the guise of Orthodoxy. Russian culture, elements of which can be seen even during the existence of the Tmutarakan principality, is now firmly rooted on the peninsula. Eastern Crimea has become a place of work and rest for many talented individuals, subjects of the Russian Empire.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the Cimmerian school of painting emerged, whose representatives depicted the unique landscapes of the Eastern Crimea. Among the talented artists who have worked in this direction,.
On the shores of the Eastern Crimea, the films "Scarlet Sails", "Amphibian Man", "Sportloto-82", "Pirates of the XX century", "The Man from the Boulevard of Capuchins", "9th Company" island "and others.
The land where culture develops in the modern sense of the word is hard to imagine without educational institutions. Information about schools and gymnasiums in antique policies is in the article "The Greek city-states of the Crimea." The Genoese were also not illiterate, as were the residents of the Crimean Khanate, who received knowledge in madrasahs, and the East Crimean Armenians, who had their own schools. A special place at that time was occupied by the theological school at Surb-Khach. Modern education in Eastern Crimea began with the arrival of Russians.
In August 1811, a district school was opened in Feodosia. At first it was a two-year school, but from 1836 it became a three-year school. At the district school, there was a lower department, after which the children freely read, wrote, knew how to count and knew the basics of the Law of God. In 1868 it was transformed into a parish school. Since 1860, a private women's boarding house existed in the city, and since 1866 a women's school worked, which later became a gymnasium. In 1885 the uyezd school was renamed into the city school, and soon the duration of study there increased to six years. Since 1912 it has been a four-year higher primary school. Since 1873, the Feodosia state male gymnasium has been operating. After the establishment of Soviet power, a technical school of the peoples of the East was located in its building, later there was a teacher's institute. Since the XIX century. private schools also worked in Feodosia. In 1902 and 1915. two private real schools appeared in the city, which soon ceased to exist, so in 1913 the local authorities opened a state educational institution of this type. In addition, after some time, a Teacher's Institute, craft classes, a women's professional, nautical school, and an Armenian school appeared in the city.
Due to the rapid growth in the number of educational institutions, the high level of teaching, Feodosia became the cultural and educational center of the Eastern Crimea. Creative people, lovers of history and just romance aspired to this ancient city. The Feodosia National Art Gallery of Ivan Aivazovsky has existed since 1880, and a year later the first Crimean museum - the Museum of Antiquities - appeared. At the beginning of the XX century. Feodosia, like no other Crimean city, attracted writers.
But education was developing not only in Feodosia. Kerch at the end of the XIX-at the beginning of the XX century. was considered one of the educational centers of the Tauride province, folk, nautical and vocational schools, women's and men's gymnasiums, and the Kushnikov girls' institute operated in the city. In 1919-1921. the Bosporus University existed in Kerch. In 1804, a decision was made to build a wine-making school in Sudak. In the Old Crimea, for example, in 1842 a four-year zemstvo school was opened. According to A.A. Shelyagov's data in 1914-1915. in the Feodosia district, which also included the Kerch-Yenikalskoye city administration, there were 304 educational institutions (of which 8 were secondary or I grade and 3 related to the II grade and progymnasiums).
Famous personalities who lived and worked in the Eastern Crimea
The Crimean peninsula has always attracted bohemians and people who were looking for an ideal place for creativity. Famous politicians, artists, poets, writers, singers and people of other public professions have visited the Eastern Crimea. Since this region is large enough, let us consider the connection of famous personalities with individual cities and towns of the coast.
Let's start with Kerch. At different times, the emperors Peter the First and Alexander the First visited this settlement with an ancient history. In 1820 A. Pushkin was exiled to Kerch, and in 1888 the young A. Chekhov visited this city. In 1914, the residents of Kerch had the opportunity to listen to the poetry of V. Mayakovsky, but, if you believe the newspaper notes of that time, they did not like the work of the futurist. Zh. Matrunetsky lived and painted in Kerch. In 1942 the accordionist and vocalist V. Kovtun was born there, in the second half of the XX century. born journalist S. Dorenko and singer A. Sviridova.
Catherine II came to Feodosia. The city "given by God" amazed with its history and nature A. Pushkin, K. Paustovsky. Creative people lived there: I. Aivazovsky, K. Bogaevsky, M. Tsvetaeva, V. Mukhina, M. Voloshin, L. Lagorio, A. Fessler, A. Green, S. Balukhaty, V. Zakrutkin, A. Barsak and others ...
Since the XIX century. to this day, celebrities go to Koktebel. The plots of E. Junge, P. von Tesch, E. Kirienko-Voloshina, opera soloist M. Deisha-Sionitskaya were the first to appear in this village. Among the famous people who worked and lived there later, one can name the publicist G. Petrov, M. Voloshin, N. Gumilyov, the Tsvetaev sisters, L. Dmitriev, F. Ranevskaya, V. Aleinikov, L. Polishchuk, and many others. Even Lenin came to Koktebel.
The Countess de La Motte (Milady from the novel by A. Dumas) is buried in the Old Crimea. A. Green lived in this village and K. Paustovsky stayed for a long time.
Famous guests of Sudak: Catherine II, Empress Maria Alexandrovna, future monarch Alexander III, Nicholas II, researcher K. Gablitz, academician P. Pallas, poet and playwright V. Kapnist, historian P. Keppen, botanist H. Steven. A. Griboyedov, artists I. Aivazovsky and K. Bogaevsky, composers A. Glazunov and N. Cherepnin, as well as A. Tolstoy, M. Voloshin, M. Bulgakov and other famous personalities visited Sudak.
The name of L. S. Golitsin is associated with the village of Novy Svet, who bought the estate from the nobleman de Galere and began to engage in winemaking. This almost extreme corner of the Eastern Crimea inspired N. Levin and M. Voloshin.
This is such an Eastern Crimea. A land steeped in legends and ancient glory, a meeting place for talented people, a strategically important corner of the peninsula and just a resort area suitable for relaxation of romantic natures. Eastern Crimea has gone through a lot and many events are still ahead. But the tragic moments of the past and the ups and downs of the present only strengthen the spirit of the local population, teach them to enjoy every moment, love the sea, mountains, steppe dear to the heart even more and appreciate the guests of the peninsula, who have long been perceived as an integral part of Crimean life.
INLIGHT