What are the features of journalistic speech? Journalistic style. Journalistic style is the style of socio-political literature. Use of jargon, paraphrases, etc.
homeTOPIC 5.
§ 1. PUBLICIST SPEECH STYLE
Journalistic style of speech (general characteristics) IN Latin there is a verb publicare - “make it a common property, open it to everyone” or “explain publicly, make it public.” The origin of the word is connected with it. journalism Journalism
- this is a special type of literary work that highlights and explains current issues of socio-political life and raises moral problems.
The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone. Journalistic style used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, commentaries on documentaries , language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is speech activity
in the field of politics in all the diversity of its meanings. The main means of journalistic style are designed not only for message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).
Characteristic features of journalistic works are the relevance of the issue, political passion and imagery, sharpness and vividness of presentation. They are determined by the social purpose of journalism - by reporting facts, forming public opinion, and actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person. Journalistic style is represented by many:
genres 1. newspaper
– essay, article, feuilleton, report; 2. television – analytical program, information message, dialogue in;
live 3. oratorical
– speech at a rally, toast, debate; 4. communicative
§ 2. – press conference, “no tie” meeting, teleconferences;
Functions of journalistic style One of important features journalistic style is a combination within its framework of two functions of language: message functions (informative) and impact functions
(expressive). Message function
The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in the journalistic style lies in the subject matter and nature of the information, its sources and recipients. Thus, television programs, newspapers and magazine articles
inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about the everyday life of citizens.
The way of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, and sentiments of the authors, and contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. (informative) and Another difference in the provision of information is due to the fact that the publicist strives to write selectively - first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience.
Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style -
§ 3. .
The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior.
Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position). In various journalistic genres, one of the two named functions can act as the leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not displace the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience. Linguistic features of journalistic style of speech Lexical features 1. In the journalistic style there are always ready-made standard formulas (or speech cliches), which are not of an individual authorial, but of a social nature: warm support,
lively response, sharp criticism, bringing basic order sharks of imperialism, growing pains, servants of the people, enemy of the people. On the contrary, they were newfangled for the official press of the late 90s. became words and expressions: elite, struggle of elites, elite of the criminal world, top financial elite, promote, virtual, image, iconic figure, power pie, child of stagnation, wooden ruble, injection of lies.
Numerous examples speech clichés included in the so-called journalistic phraseology, which allows you to quickly and accurately provide information: peaceful offensive, the power of dictatorship, paths of progress, security issue, package of offers.
2. The relationship between the sender and the addressee in a journalistic style is similar to the relationship between an actor and the audience. "Theatrical" vocabulary – the second striking feature of the journalistic style. It permeates all journalistic texts: political , showon political , arena backstagestruggle, roleleader, dramaticevents famous in politics trick, nightmare scenario
3. and etc. Characteristic feature journalistic style is emotional and evaluative vocabulary. This assessment is not individual, but social in nature. For example, words with a positive rating: asset, mercy, thoughts, dare, prosperity;
words with a negative rating: instill, philistine, sabotage, racism, impersonality., 4. In the journalistic style, a special place belongs to book layers of vocabulary that have a solemn, civil-pathetic, rhetorical coloring: dare, erect, self-sacrifice army, fatherland.
The use of Old Church Slavonicisms also gives the text a pathetic tone: accomplishments, power, guardian etc.
5. Texts of journalistic style often contain military terminology: guard, height assault, front line, line of fire, direct fire, strategy, mobilization of reserves. But it is used, naturally, not in its direct meaning, but figuratively (in texts with these words we can talk, for example, about harvesting, commissioning new production facilities, etc.). 6. Passive words may be used as an evaluative means in journalism. vocabulary . - archaisms. For example: Dollar and his.
healers
Military
1) profits grow Morphological characteristics We include the frequency use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech as morphological features of journalistic style. This:; singular plural noun: student ;
2) genitive case of a noun: timechange , plastic bagproposals , reformprices , exit fromcrisis and etc.;
3) imperative verb forms: Stay with us on channel one!
4) present tense of the verb: in Moscowopens , April 3begins ;
5) participles on - washed:driven, weightless, attracted;
6) derived prepositions: in the area, on the way, on the basis, in the name of, in the light, in the interests of, taking into account.
Syntactic features
The syntactic features of a journalistic style include frequently repeated, as well as types of sentences (syntactic constructions) that are specific in nature. Among them:
1) rhetorical questions: Will the Russian man survive? Do Russians want war?
2) exclamatory sentences: Everyone's off to the polls!
3) sentences with modified reverse order: The army is at war with nature(cf.: The army is at war with nature).The exception was mining industry enterprises(compare: Enterprises were an exception);
4) headings of articles and essays that perform an advertising function: Small troubles large fleet. Winter is a hot season.
Headlines often use a specific language device – " connection of the incompatible." It makes it possible, using minimal linguistic means, to reveal the internal inconsistency of an object or phenomenon: a toiling parasite, repeated uniqueness, gloomy gaiety, eloquent silence.
Questions and tasks
1. Where is the journalistic style of speech used?
2. Name the genres of journalism.
3. Tell us about the functions of the journalistic style (informative and expressive).
4. What are the linguistic features of the journalistic style of speech (lexical, morphological, syntactic)?
5. What technique do journalists use in the headlines of articles and essays?
Structural and logical diagram of "Genres of journalistic style of speech"
I. Introduction.
II. Journalistic style.
3. Genres of journalism.
III. Conclusion
Download:
Preview:
Journalistic style
Plan
I. Introduction.
II. Journalistic style.
1. Characteristics of journalistic style.
2. Features of journalistic style.
3. Genres of journalism.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
III. Conclusion
I. Introduction
The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. It primarily emphasizes literary language. This highest form national language, determined by a whole system of norms. They cover its written and oral varieties: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.
Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.
Speech styles
Spoken Book
(scientific, official business,
Journalistic style
Fiction)
Russian styles literary language characterized by:
- the purpose pursued by a speech statement (scientific style is used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; journalistic - to influence the word through the media and directly speaking; official business – for information);
- area of use, environment;
- genres;
- linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;
- other style features.
II. Journalistic style
1. Characteristics of journalistic style.
Journalistic styleaddressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus, lat. – public).
The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various fields public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films.
The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of literary language styles, since in many cases it must rework texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech is focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech- on her emotional reflection. Journalism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that “scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings.” To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thoughts, and the expression of the author's attitude to events is impossible without the use of emotional means of language.
2. Features of journalistic style.
Sphere of use of journalistic style: speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).
The main function of works of journalistic style:agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social and public issues with the aim of attracting public opinion to them, influencing people, persuading them, instilling certain ideas; inducement to certain actions or actions.
Objectives of speech in journalistic style: conveying information about current issues modern life with the aim of influencing people, shaping public opinion.
Characteristics of the utterance: appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, brevity with informative richness.
Features of journalistic style: relevance, timeliness, efficiency, imagery, expressiveness, clarity and logic, information richness, use of means of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), accessibility (understandability for a wide audience), appealing pathos.
Genres of journalistic style: essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.
Style Features: logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, genre diversity.
Language means: socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with emphatically positive or negative value, proverbs, sayings, quotes, figurative and expressive means of language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic structures of book and colloquial speech, simple (complete and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.
Form and type of speech:written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.
3. Genres of journalism.
Journalism has its roots in ancient times. Many biblical texts and the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day are permeated with journalistic pathos. In literature Ancient Rus' genres of journalism were present. A striking example works of journalism of ancient Russian literature" - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (genre of journalism - the word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.
The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here you can find a report, notes, newsreels, an interview, an editorial, a report, an essay, a feuilleton, a review, and other genres.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay. Feature article – small literary work, short description life events (usually socially significant). There are documentary, journalistic, and everyday essays.
There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays.
A characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, reliability of facts, events about which we're talking about. In an essay, as in a work of art, visual means are used and an element of artistic typification is introduced.
Essays, like other genres of journalism, always raise some important problem.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
Oral presentationalso belongs to the journalistic genre.
An important distinguishing feature of an oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - the guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the listeners. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: the attention of listeners becomes dull after 5–10 minutes. The speaker's speech must contain one main idea which the author wants to convey to the audience. In such a speech, colloquial expressions and the active use of oratorical speech techniques are acceptable: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, which are simpler than in writing, syntax.
It is important to prepare such a speech: think through a plan, select arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “from a piece of paper”, but to convince listeners. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this arouses respect, interest, and therefore the attention of listeners.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
The most difficult form of oral presentation is report . In this case, you can use pre-prepared recordings, but do not overuse reading, otherwise they will stop listening to the speaker. The report usually concerns some area of knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, logic, evidence, and accessibility. During the course of the report, you can read out vivid quotes, show graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to the audience).
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
The report can be a starting point discussions , that is, discussion of any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will talk about his own. It is necessary to object with reason and provide convincing arguments.
III. Conclusion
The journalistic style is a very important style; it can be used to convey something that cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech. Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally charged vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive language means, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical at this moment social life, ways of presenting material, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units and metaphorical uses of the word characteristic of a given time. The relevance of the content forces the journalist to look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.
Journalism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the dissemination of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formative, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development of language norms.
References
1. A.I.Vlasenkov, L.M.Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. A basic level of. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
2. V.F.Grekov, S.E.Kryuchkov, L.A.Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
3. Deykina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and specialized levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M. Verboom-M, 2005
4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the Unified State Exam 2012. Rostov-on-Don, “Legion”, 2011.
Journalistic style
Plan
I . Introduction.
II . Journalistic style.
3. Genres of journalism.
III . Conclusion
I . Introduction
The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. It primarily emphasizes literary language. This is the highest form of the national language, determined by a whole system of norms. They cover its written and oral varieties: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.
Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.
Speech styles
Spoken Book
(scientific, official business,
journalistic style
The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:
the purpose pursued by a speech statement (scientific style is used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; journalistic - to influence the word through the media and directly to the speaker; official business style - to inform);
area of use, environment;
genres;
linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;
other style features.
II . Journalistic style
1. Characteristics of journalistic style.
Journalistic style addressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus , lat. – public).
The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various spheres of public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films.
The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of literary language styles, since in many cases it must rework texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech is focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech is focused on its emotional reflection. Journalism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that “scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings.” To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thoughts, and the expression of the author’s attitude towards events impossible without the use of emotional means of language.
2. Features of journalistic style.
Sphere of use of journalistic style : speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).
The main function of works of journalistic style: agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social and public issues with the aim of attracting public opinion to them, influencing people, persuading them, instilling certain ideas; inducement to certain actions or actions.
Objectives of speech in journalistic style : transmission of information about current issues of modern life with the aim of influencing people, shaping public opinion.
Characteristics of the utterance : appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, brevity with informative richness.
Features of journalistic style : relevance, timeliness, efficiency, imagery, expressiveness, clarity and logic, information richness, use of means of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), accessibility (understandability for a wide audience), appealing pathos.
Genres of journalistic style : essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.
Style Features : logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, genre diversity.
Language means : socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with an emphatically positive or negative meaning, proverbs, sayings, quotes, figurative and expressive means of language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic constructions of book and colloquial speech, simple (full and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.
Form and type of speech: written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.
3. Genres of journalism.
Journalism has its roots in ancient times. Many biblical texts and the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day are permeated with journalistic pathos. The literature of Ancient Rus' included genres of journalism. A striking example of a work of journalism in ancient Russian literature” is “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” (the genre of journalism is the word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.
The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here you can find a report, notes, newsreels, an interview, an editorial, a report, an essay, a feuilleton, a review, and other genres.
1) Essay as a genre of journalism.
One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.Feature article – a short literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant). There are documentary, journalistic, and everyday essays.
There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays.
A characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, the reliability of the facts and events in question. In an essay, as in a work of art, visual means are used and an element of artistic typification is introduced.
Essays, like other genres of journalism, always raise some important problem.
2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.
Oral presentation also belongs to the journalistic genre.
An important distinguishing feature of an oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - the guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the listeners. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: the attention of listeners becomes dull after 5–10 minutes. The speaker's speech should contain one main idea that the author wants to convey to the audience. In such speech, colloquial expressions and the active use of oratorical speech techniques are acceptable: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, simpler syntax compared to written speech.
It is important to prepare such a speech: think through a plan, select arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “from a piece of paper”, but to convince listeners. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this arouses respect, interest, and therefore the attention of listeners.
3) Report as a genre of journalism.
The most difficult form of oral presentation isreport . In this case, you can use pre-prepared recordings, but do not overuse reading, otherwise they will stop listening to the speaker. The report usually concerns some area of knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, logic, evidence, and accessibility. During the course of the report, you can read out vivid quotes, show graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to the audience).
4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.
The report can be a starting pointdiscussions , that is, discussing any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will talk about his own. It is necessary to object with reason and provide convincing arguments.
III . Conclusion
The journalistic style is a very important style; it can be used to convey something that cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech.Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally charged vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive language means, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical ways of presenting material for a given moment in social life, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units and metaphorical uses of words characteristic of a given time. The relevance of the content forces the journalist to look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.Journalism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the dissemination of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formative, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development of language norms.
References
1. A.I.Vlasenkov, L.M.Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. A basic level of. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
2. V.F.Grekov, S.E.Kryuchkov, L.A.Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.
3. Deykina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and specialized levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M.Verboom-M, 2005
4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the Unified State Exam 2012. Rostov-on-Don, “Legion”, 2011.
Journalistic style and its features
Introduction
journalistic style speech informational
The purpose of this work is to study the journalistic style of speech and its features.
Objectives: consider the general specifics of the journalistic style; determine its main functions; study various substyles related to the journalistic style and, finally, reveal the linguistic features of this style of speech.
Journalism is closely woven into the life of any modern society, which is difficult to imagine without the media, advertising, political appeals and speeches. In addition, it is journalistic texts that are an indicator linguistic culture the whole society as a whole.
Let us consider below the features of the journalistic style of speech.
General specifics
The linguistic features of each style are determined by the tasks facing the author of the text. In journalism they describe social significant events: everyday, sports, cultural, economic, political. These events affect the interests of a large audience - which means that the addressee of the journalistic text is mass.
The goal of the author of a journalistic text is to convey certain information to the reader, viewer, listener and evaluate it, to convince the addressee that he is right. The combination of informative and evaluative plans in a journalistic style of speech leads to the use of both neutral and extremely expressive linguistic means. The presence of terms, logical presentation and the presence of words neutral in stylistic connotation bring the journalistic style closer to the scientific and official business style. At the same time, significant linguistic expression makes the journalistic text original and less standardized.
In journalism, it is imperative to take into account who exactly the addressee is in each specific case. Based on this, the author builds his text in accordance with the age, gender, social status, and life interests of the reader.
Functions
There are two functions of journalistic style: informationalAnd influencing.
The information function in a journalistic text is reduced to transmitting certain information and facts to the addressee. At the same time, this information and facts are used only when they are of public interest and do not contradict the beliefs expressed by the author of the text.
Journalism is called upon to actively intervene in social life, form public opinion. And therefore its influencing function is very important. The author of a journalistic text is not an indifferent recorder of events, but an active participant and commentator. Its goal is to convince the addressee that he is right, to influence the reader, to instill in him certain ideas. The author's position is direct and open.
The functions of journalistic style are closely and inseparably linked.
Substyles
The journalistic style is complex and branched, characterized by numerous transitional influences. In this regard, there are three main substyles: political-ideological, political and propagandaAnd actually journalistic. Each substyle is divided into varieties depending on genre and other features. The genre differences here are very noticeable.
The political-ideological substyle is represented by party documents and is characterized by the greatest formality and low expression of the text. This substyle is quite close to the official business style. During the USSR it was more common than in modern Russia.
Appeals, proclamations, orders belong to the political propaganda substyle. In this substyle, the most significant is the influencing function. Political propaganda texts are primarily aimed at the adult politically active population of the country.
The most common is the actual journalistic (newspaper-journalistic) substyle. Therefore, let's look at it in more detail.
The newspaper and journalistic substyle is developing very quickly, dynamically reflecting the social and cultural state of society. Over the past fifty years, it has undergone significant changes in terms of reducing declarativeness and expanding the content and linguistic range.
This substyle is most closely related to everyday life society and, accordingly, is influenced by conversational style. At the same time, the sphere of interpersonal communication modern man covers topics from science, production, sports, and social activities. As a result, in the journalistic substyle itself, transitional, inter-style influences are most noticeable. The combination of elements of different styles simultaneously leads to partial neutralization and preservation of the original stylistic coloring. The language of the newspaper is close to the everyday speech of many modern people, but is more expressive and colorful. Within the newspaper-journalistic substyle, a unique stylistic reorientation of linguistic resources takes place. Some newspaper vocabulary becomes commonly used and undergoes general linguistic adaptation. At the same time, many speech units came to the newspaper from scientific, professional, colloquial speech and over time begin to be perceived by the prevailing part of the audience as “newspaperisms” (for example, “labor productivity”, “cost reduction”, “red corner”, etc.) .
As a result, a new stylistic integrity is formed, which can be conditionally called social and everyday. It constitutes the main semi-neutral background of the newspaper-journalistic substyle and is the link between the language of the media and the language of the sphere of interpersonal communication.
In the journalistic subgenre itself, four types of genres are distinguished: informational, analytical, artistic and journalistic, advertising. Information genres include reportage, interview, information article; to analytical - commentary, review, analytical article; to artistic and journalistic - sketch, essay, feuilleton, sketch; Advertising uses elements from almost all genres.
Language features
Among the linguistic features of the journalistic style, three groups are distinguished: lexical, morphologicalAnd syntacticpeculiarities. Let's start by looking at the first group.
Lexical features
In journalistic texts, elements of all functional styles and even non-literary forms of the Russian language, including jargon, are used. At the same time, the colorfulness and expression of the journalistic style is due to the use of:
· speech standards, clichés (“employment service”, “law enforcement agencies”);
· typical newspaper phrases (“to reach the forefront”, “beacons of production”). They are not used in other styles;
· scientific terminology, going beyond the scope of highly specialized use (“virtual world”, “default”, “investment”);
· socially charged synonyms (“gang of hired killers”);
· unusual lexical compatibility (“preacher of the whip”, “apostle of ignorance”);
· words reflecting social and political processes in society (“policy of dialogue”, “balance of interests”);
· new words and expressions (“detente”, “consensus”, “cold war”);
· socio-political vocabulary and phraseology (“society”, “freedom”, “glasnost”, “privatization”);
· stylistically lowered words with a negative assessment (“pirate course”, “policy of aggression and provocations”);
· speech cliches that have a clerical connotation and arose under the influence of the official business style (“at this stage”, “today”, “at this period of time”);
· colloquial words and expressions (“quiet and quiet”, “horde”).
Morphological features of the journalistic style are characterized by the use of:
· difficult words(“mutually beneficial”, “good neighborly”, “CIS”, “OMON”);
· international word-forming suffixes (-tsia, -ra, -ism, -ant) and foreign language prefixes (archi-, anti-, hyper-, dez-, post-, counter);
· certain types of abstract nouns with the suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (“cooperation”, “condemnation”, “intransigence”);
· formations with Russian and Old Slavonic prefixes naming socio-political concepts (“universal”, “super-powerful”, “inter-party”);
· words with emotionally expressive affixes -schina, -ichat, ultra- (“to put on airs”, “everyday life”, “ultra-left”);
· substantivization of adjectives and participles (adjectives and participles as nouns).
Syntactic features
· correctness and clarity of sentence construction, their simplicity and clarity;
· use of all types of one-part sentences;
· syntactic expression techniques (inversion, rhetorical questions, appeals, imperative and exclamatory sentences);
· monologue speech, dialogue, direct speech.
Techniques used
Among the various linguistic features of the journalistic style, it is necessary to consider the following.
Journalistic stamps. Journalistic cliches have a dual nature. On the one hand, these are stable phrases close to official business clichés (“to wonder,” “to treat with distrust,” “to open up bright prospects,” “to become a bright event”). Many of them are paraphrases; one-word neutral synonyms can be selected for them (“to have an intention” - “to intend”, “to want”; “to treat with distrust” - “not to trust”). On the other hand, journalistic texts use clichés that are expressive: “wagging a finger,” “biting one’s elbows,” “blinking one’s eyes.” Most of these phraseological units are of an oral nature; they appear in texts along with colloquial vocabulary.
The combination of neutral and expressive clichés is especially characteristic of polemical and evaluative texts.
Language game- deliberate violation of the norms of speech behavior, causing laughter. Psychological basis language game is the effect of disappointed expectations: the reader expects that one thing will be written in accordance with the norms of the language, but reads something completely different.
A language game uses means at various levels - from phonetics and graphics to syntax:
"Chrome Temple Science?" - the sound similarity of words is played out;
“Utop-model” - a non-existent word is formed;
“Danger technique” - a stable phrase is “destroyed”.
Precedent texts. Such texts include titles of social events, names or texts that speakers reproduce in their speech. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols of certain standard situations (for example, speaking names).
The source of precedent texts are “ancient” works (the Bible, ancient Russian texts), oral folk art, original works of art, etc.
Appeal to the addressee. A means of helping the author of a journalistic text to convince the reader that he is right is an appeal to the addressee - an appeal to the reader that has a special, confidential character.
The means of appeal can be a question to which the author provides an answer, as well as a rhetorical question.
The author can address the addressee directly: “so, dear readers...”. It may also encourage the reader to commit joint action(“Let’s imagine another life situation..."). All these means allow the author to “get closer” to the addressee and gain his trust.
Conclusion
Thus, the journalistic style is a complex style with various linguistic features, various fields of application and having different functions. It resonates to varying degrees with each of the other functional styles of the Russian language: artistic, official, business, and scientific. At the same time, the journalistic style is widespread both in oral form and in writing and television. By interfering in the social life of every person, journalism penetrates deeply into modern society - and this trend is only growing over time.
Bibliography
Lapteva M. A. Russian language and speech culture / M. A. Lapteva, O. A. Rekhlova, M. V. Rumyantsev. - Krasnoyarsk: IPC KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.
Vasilyeva A. N. Newspaper and journalistic style. A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language for philologists / A. N. Vasilyeva. - M.: Russian language, 1982. - 198 p.
The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”. The words journalistic (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) have the same root as the word journalistic. Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings: 1) visitors, spectators, listeners; 2) people, people.
The purpose of the journalistic style of speech- informing, transmitting socially significant information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.
The scope of use of journalistic style of speech- socio-economic, political, cultural relations.
Genres of journalism- article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratory, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.
The journalistic style of speech is characterized by logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal and their corresponding linguistic means. It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.
A journalistic text is often constructed as a scientific argument: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways to solve it are analyzed and assessed, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, and general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to scientific style.
Publicistic speeches are distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, and strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech. On the other hand, for journalistic speech characterized by passion and appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is accessibility: it is intended for a wide audience and must be understandable to everyone.
The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and expressions, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.
The journalistic articles of literary critics V.G. are widely known. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians S.M. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, philosophers V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber. M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov. Writers S.P. are known for their journalistic articles. Zalygin, V.G. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V.Ya. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.
The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory and ability to speak.
The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting internal state, human experiences, etc.
In the journalistic style the following words are often used: with the prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, time- (s-); with the suffixes -i(ya), -tsi(ya), -izatsi(ya), -ism, -ist; with roots close in meaning to the prefixes, all-, general-, super-.
The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, figurative meaning of words, words with a strong emotional connotation.
The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they resemble figurative and expressive means of artistic style of speech, with the difference, however, that their main purpose is not the creation of artistic images, but rather the influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.
Emotional means of expressive language can include epithets (including those that are an appendix), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation. Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (not a single week, not a single day, not a single minute can be lost); it can be enhanced by grammatical means: the use of gradational conjunctions and conjunctions (not only..., but also; not only..., but and; not only …, How many). This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial figures of speech (including colloquialisms); usage literary images, quotes, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parody, puns).
The emotional means of language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical evidence, semantic highlighting of particularly important words, phrases, and individual parts of the statement.
Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of borrowings, new formations and the revival of previously known words, but which have received a new meaning (for example: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.).
In the journalistic style of speech, as in the scientific style, nouns are often used in genitive case in the role of an inconsistent definition of the type of voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the imperative mood and reflexive verbs often act as predicates.
The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use of homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, participial and participial phrases, complex syntactic structures.