3rd person of the verb go. How to determine the face of a verb? The stylistic function of the singular

In the Russian language, there is such an inflectional grammatical category as the face of verbs. With its help, you can find out exactly who is performing a specific action. There are three faces of the verb, both singular and plural.

What is the face of a verb in Russian?

The face of the verb in Russian- This is an inflectional grammatical category of verbs, expressing the correlation of the action called by the verb to the participants in speech. That is, the face of the verb indicates who is performing the action. The category of the person is inherent in the verbal forms of the present and future tense of the indicative mood, as well as in the forms of the imperative mood.

The meaning of the face category of verbs

In Russian, there are three faces of the verb in the singular and in the plural, expressing different meanings of the action called the verb.

Singular:

• 1 person verb- means that the action relates directly to the speaker, he is the subject of speech (I am cook coffee, i buy apples).
• 2 face of the verb- indicates the correlation of the action to the interlocutor (you read a book, you build a house).
• 3 person verb- expresses the attitude of the action to a person or to an object that does not participate in speech (he goes to the cinema, she will iron his shirt).

Plural:

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• 1 person verb- denote an action that relates to a group of persons, including the speaker (we sleep, we will solve the problem).
• 2 face of the verb- indicate an action that relates to a group of people, including the interlocutor (you think about summer, you go to the mountains).
• 3 person verb- express the relevance of an action to a group of objects or persons who do not take part in speech (they pick mushrooms, they will clean the house).

How to determine the face of a verb?

To determine the face of a verb, select the personal ending of the verb form, determine its meaning in the context of speech, and also ask questions:

• 1st person verbs answer questions: What am I doing? What will I do? What are we doing? What will we do?
• 2-person verbs: What are you doing? What will you do? What you are doing? What will you do?
• 3rd person verbs: What is he doing? What will it do? What are they doing? What will they do?

For the convenience of determining the face of a verb, we give personal endings and examples of the use of faces of verbs in the table:

In the imperative mood, the forms of the 1st and 3rd person are formed with the help of particles let it go, let it go, let it go.

Perfective verbs answer the question "What to do?" Let's write out the verbs that belong to the perfect form:

• offend;
• meet.

1. The verb "offend" refers to the second conjugation. This is one of the eleven exception verbs.

We need to put the verb "offend" in the third person plural. But the verb "offend" has no form of the present tense, since it refers to the perfect form. Therefore, we will put the verb "offend" in the future tense form.

They (what will they do?) Will offend.

2. The verb "meet" refers to the second conjugation.

We need to put the verb "meet" in the third person plural. But the verb "meet" does not have a present tense, since it refers to the perfect kind. Therefore, we will put the verb "meet" in the future tense form.

They (what will they do?) Will meet.

Consider imperfective verbs

Imperfective verbs answer the question "What to do?" Let's write out the verbs that refer to the imperfect form:

• offend;
• meet;
• sow;
• breathe;
• depend;
• become;
• listen;
• hear;
• fight;
• prick.

1. The verb "offend" refers to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) Offend.

2. The verb "meet" refers to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) Meet.

3. The verb "sow" refers to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) Sow.

4. The verb "breathe" refers to the second conjugation. This is one of the eleven exception verbs

They (what are they doing?) Breathe.

5. The verb "to depend" refers to the second conjugation. This is one of the eleven exception verbs.

They (what are they doing?) Are dependent.

6. The verb "become" refers to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) Creep.

7. The verb "listen" refers to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) Listen.

8. The verb "hear" refers to the second conjugation. This is one of the eleven exception verbs.

They (what are they doing?) Hear.

9. The verb "fight" refers to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) Are fighting.

10. The verb "prick" refers to the first conjugation.

They (what are they doing?) Inject.

§ 13. Grammatical differences between the forms of the 1st and 2nd person from the form of the 3rd person

In the Russian verb, the following ratios and oppositions appear inside face categories:

1. Personal and non-personal forms. The form of the third person acts as an impersonal form, especially in the singular. Its personal meaning is only potentially. It is due to the obligatory presence or implication of the subject. It is entirely syntactic. From this point of view, impersonal verbs should be regarded as impersonal forms, brought out of the category of person (and category of gender), and therefore, number.
2. In personal forms, in turn, the 2nd person form is used as a generalized personal... The context determines whether, for example, the 2nd person singular applies to any person ( you die - they will bury), or to the speaker himself, i.e. to the 1st person ( you will go, it used to be; "From morning to night, everything is on my feet, I don’t know rest, but at night you lie under the covers and are afraid that you will be dragged to the patient”(Chekhov, "Uncle Vanya"), or to a specific interlocutor, that is, to a single you. Apparently, the closest figurative meaning of the 2nd person form, first of all, naturally, associated with the idea of ​​a specific single interlocutor, is its application to the speaking person himself as a potential representative of any interlocutor. With this use of the 2nd person form, the interlocutor is placed in the position of the speaker himself. He becomes an emotional participant in his actions. For example: "And life, as you look around with cold attention, is such an empty and stupid joke."(Lermontov). Wed: "I am a defenseless woman, weak, I was tortured to death ... And sue the tenants, and take care of your husband, and run around the house, and then I'm fasting, and my son-in-law has no place ..."(A. Chekhov, "A defenseless creature"). The generalized personal meaning of the 2nd person form is a further logical development of its figurative uses. Wed in a letter from P.V. Annenkov to I.S.Turgenev (dated November 16, 1857): "Sad nonsense happens to me in old age: I stopped talking, and began to think about something serious: there you will confirm, here you object, here you’re joking, and your own thought, whatever it is, rotting somewhere oh in the basement of the brain and I don't want to pull it out for anyone ".

These correlations and oppositions of face forms were very subtly and deeply described by Buslaev, who compared the use of face forms with the use of personal pronouns. Buslaev connected the grammatical differences between the forms of the 1st and 2nd person from the forms of the 3rd person with the differences in the categories of a person and an object: persons ". And the third person "can mean both faces and inanimate objects."

For example, the difference between the forms of the 1st and 2nd person and the form of the 3rd person of the past tense is entirely determined by the difference in the meanings of personal pronouns, which play the role of prefixes here: personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person oppose subject-personal pronouns 3 th person. It is characteristic that in other Slavic languages ​​(for example, in Czech, Polish, Slovak) only the form of the 3rd person of the past tense (perfect) is formed without an auxiliary verb.

Buslaev, on the other hand, noted the potential personal uncertainty of the 2nd person's forms: "We can use the pronoun you instead of anyone at all. This designation of an indefinite 2nd person gives the general concept the freshness of a direct relationship to the listening person." For example, in Krylov: "So low souls, be noble, you are strong, they dare not raise their eyes at you"; Zhukovsky: "Then suddenly a whole wall, cracked, bent over and threatens to crush you."(VII, 188). Buslaev also pointed out that the plural form of the 2nd person you with a verb has the same shade of indefinite personal meaning.

An excerpt from Ivan Turgenev's "Forest and Steppe" can serve as an illustration: "... then you order to lay down the running droshky and go to the forest on hazel grouses. It's fun to wade along a narrow path between two walls of high rye. Ears quietly beat you in the face, cornflowers cling to the wheels, quails scream all around, the horse runs at a lazy trot. forest. Shadow and silence. Stately aspens babble high above you ... You are driving along a green path dotted with shadows ... " Wed in Pushkin's "Journey to Arzrum": "It is so narrow here [in the Darial Gorge]," writes one traveler, "that you not only see, but seem to feel the tightness. A piece of sky, like a ribbon, turns blue over your head.".

Acad. A. A. Shakhmatov in his "Syntax" noted that the verb forms of the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural of the present tense, directly "meaning a combination of a subject with a predicate, a substance with signs" (since an indication of a person, on the producer of the action is already included in their morphological structure), are forms that always dominate in speech. Meanwhile, "in the literary language, the third person of the only conjugated verb is used only in the dependent form, as combined with the subject as a predicate" ( "The heat is burning. Like a plowman, the battle is resting. Cossacks are prancing here and there.- Pushkin). "The third person plural form in some compounds has the meaning of the dominant word, meaning the combination of an indefinite plural person with a verb sign, in others - a dependent word, namely in combination with a subject ..."

The grammatical antithesis of the forms of the 1st and 2nd person and the form of the 3rd person is also confirmed by the fact that in the passive meaning, returnable "forms on -sya are used only in the 3rd person singular and plural ", and for the expression of the 1st and 2nd person, participial constructions are mainly used.

So, the analysis of grammatical forms and functions of the 1st and 2nd person must be separated from the study of the form of the 3rd person: a number of peculiar grammatical features are associated with the 3rd person of the verb.

It is carried out according to the person and number of the latter, which makes it possible to change the form of the predicate expressed by the verb and receive the so-called "personal" forms with this part of speech. Moreover, if in the Russian language numerous personal verb forms are different for each person and number, then in comparison with it, English personal verb forms often coincide, for example:

As can be seen from the above examples, in the first case, the verb predicate is consistent with the subject I (I am) and takes shape get up (first person singular), in the second example due to agreement with the subject she (she) the verb gets an ending – s – gets up (third person singular), and the difference between the third example and the first is also in the person and number of the predicate (they are the third person plural), which, nevertheless, does not in any way affect the form of the predicate.

Therefore, we come to the conclusion that the difference in person and number does not always lead to a change in its shape.

English verb face

• the first to which the pronouns I (i), we (we) correspond:

I go skiing every winter. -I go skiing every winter.

We go swimming on Tuesdays.- We go swimming on Tuesdays.

• the second is you (you, you, you):

You always help your friend. -You always help your friend.

In the autumn you like walking in the forest together. -In the fall, you love to walk in the woods together.

• the third - he (he), she (she), it (it), they (they).

He likes writing letters to his penfriends. -He loves writing letters to his pen pals.

She helps us with our homework. – She helps us with our homework.

English verb number

I(first person singular)travel a lot during my holidays. -I travel a lot during my holidays.

We(first person plural)travel to Asia every two years. -We travel to Asia every two years.

The face and number of the subject as a guide for verb conjugation

Thus, the positions by which the conjugation of verbs is carried out (as far as the rather poor grammatical system of the English language permits) can be represented in the following table:

Of course, these are conditional landmarks, and in real sentences, not only pronouns can be found as a subject (see the topic for more details) Subject in English), but by replacing it with the corresponding personal pronoun, you can always determine the person and number of the subject, and therefore the necessary personal form of the verb. For example:

Differences in the category of person between Russian and English

At the same time, the correspondence of certain nouns that perform the functions of a subject to personal pronouns differs in Russian and in English, especially with regard to the third person singular. So, in Russian, the category of gender is in no way tied to the biological sex of the subject (he is a table, a backpack; she is a jacket, a tent; it is a window, a ghost). In English, on the other hand:

• pronoun he you can designate only a male representative (a man, a boy, a male animal, if it is necessary to emphasize his gender);
• she- accordingly, only a female representative (a woman, a girl, a female animal, if it is important to emphasize her gender);
• and all objects, phenomena and animals, the gender of which is not so important for the expression, if necessary, replace them with a personal pronoun are designated using the word it.

Rare cases of verb expression of categories of person and number

It was already mentioned above that the verb forms in the English sentence do not reflect the category of person and number very often. Such manifestations can be talked about in the following situations: