Presentation on the uniqueness of the nature of the Urals. Southern Urals. Fauna of the Middle Urals
"The Urals is a region of a great past and a great future, generously endowed with an amazing variety of natural resources."
A.P. Karpinsky
The nature of the Urals is unique in its diversity and can amaze with its beauty and wealth.
In the Ural Mountains, you can observe a pronounced altitudinal zonation, that is, starting the ascent in the mountain-forest zone, you can get into the mountain tundra.
In some places in the Urals there are relict plants (glacial and postglacial) and endemics living in a relatively limited area.
The danger in the Urals is posed by ticks that transmit many dangerous infections, including encephalitis (especially in May-June), and Poisonous snakes, of which there are only vipers in the Urals. There is also a danger of meeting the owner of the taiga - a bear.
Natural attractions
Far beyond the Urals, such unique natural attractions of the Urals are known as the weathering pillars on the Manpupuner Plateau, the Kapova cave (Shulgan-Tash) with ancient rock paintings, the underwater gypsum Ordinskaya cave, the Kungur ice cave, the Chusovaya river, the Narodnaya mountain, the Taganai national park and many other places.
In the east of the Komi Republic and the west of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and KhMAO are the most high mountains Urals (including the highest point of the Ural Mountains - Mount Narodnaya in the Subpolar Urals, 1895 m). Here, in hard-to-reach places, in some places practically virgin Ural nature has been preserved.
In the Sverdlovsk region, on the other hand, in some places you can drive through the Urals without even noticing the mountains. This is the lowest part of the Ural Mountains. In the Yekaterinburg region, heights of an average of 500 meters prevail.
The Perm Territory has the most rivers, including those suitable for tourist rafting. There are also many caves here (including the Divya Cave, the longest in the region). Bashkiria is also very rich in caves. And the Chelyabinsk region is the most lakes. There are also many beautiful mountains that are relatively easy to visit.
Rivers flowing from the western slope of the Urals carry their waters to the Caspian Sea, and from the eastern slope to the North Arctic Ocean... The longest river in the region is the Ural (formerly Yaik).
Unique feature Ural and the fact that almost every river has factory ponds. Now the energy of water is no longer used in factories, ponds are mainly used for recreation.
Ural problems
But not everything is as rosy as we would like. Ural is experiencing large ecological problems... The environment is polluted by numerous factories, and many mountains, as a result of mining and just gravel, change their appearance forever, or even disappear altogether. Soon, the quarry should appear even on such an iconic peak as the Konzhakovsky stone.
The radioactive contamination of the Urals is also very significant. First of all, as a result of the activities of the Mayak plant in Chelyabinsk region... More than one generation of Urals will experience the harmful effects of Mayak.
There are fewer and fewer animals and fish in the Urals. Many species of animals and plants on the verge of extinction are listed in the Red Book.
Almost all of the Ural forests were completely cut down at least two or three times in XVIII-XIX centuries to obtain charcoal for mining plants. Active logging is underway even now. Only in some places there are areas of untouched forests (mainly in the north).
Film about the nature of the Urals
The rich nature of the Urals is reflected in literature and art. Writer D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak. The Ural was depicted in paintings by many artists; photographers have been photographing it since the end of the 19th century.
Many travelers, having once visited the Urals and admiring its nature, want to come back here again and again. Appreciate and protect the nature of the Urals!
Multimedia encyclopedia of the Ural region
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Here you can learn about the fauna of the Urals, as well as look at some of the representatives of this fauna.
figurative
4 rodents
5. Bats,
or volatile
3.Parnoco-
6 insectivores
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Lagomorphs.
Pikas: This is the smallest form of pikas of the fauna of the USSR (less than 20 cm). She has a dark grayish-brown surface of the back. It is found mainly in the shrub-rocky steppe.
Hares: Hares in the Southern Urals are found in two species - a hare and a hare. In the hare, a white stripe runs along the outer edge of the ear, in the hare - a black one. The tail of the hare is rounded, in summer with grayish fur on the upper side, and in winter it is all white. The hare has an oblong tail, with black fur on the upper side both in winter and in summer.
Bears: One species of this family lives in our region - Brown bear, one of the largest representatives local fauna... In a strict sense, it cannot be called a predator - the bear eats a variety of foods: both animal (elk, roe deer) and a large amount of vegetable (berries, nuts). Therefore, the predatory tooth of the bear is almost not pronounced: it is not sharp, but has a tuberous surface. In the fall, the bears grow fat quickly and hibernate in September-November. The den is set up in a dry place.
Canine: The wolf belongs to the most harmful predators. It feeds on wild and domestic ungulates, hares, birds, carrion. The she-wolf makes a den under a twisted tree, under the roots, and sometimes in the burrow of a polar fox or a fox. Since September, wolves leave the area of the den and begin a wandering life.
Red fox: We are good at the appearance of a red cheat.
Shaw represent from childhood. From other similar species, the real fox is distinguished by the white end of the tail, the dark color of the ears and the front of the legs. Ural foxes are rather large (60-90 cm). They are found throughout the Urals. The fox lives in holes. The fox is one of the most important commercial species, its fur is highly valued.
Korsak: Only in the southern regions of the Urals is there a small steppe fox - Korsak. Korsak is a typical steppe animal. In the virgin steppe, he digs holes sometimes with 8-11 moves. Korsak is nocturnal, hunting at dusk
Felidae: Sole of the feline family
in the Urals - a lynx. A typical cat, but large, about a meter long, on very high legs, with magnificent sides on the cheeks and large tassels at the ends of the ears. The lynx is characterized by a short, as it were, chopped off tail and a very wide paw, densely covered with coarse hair. Such paws play the role of a snowshoe, and the lynx, despite its rather large weight (up to 30 kg), can easily move through deep snow. In the Urals, lynx are widespread within the taiga and forest-steppe zones.
European mink: In terms of body structure, this predatory animal from the weasel family resembles a columnar and a ferret. In terms of body size, the mink is also close to these species (28-43 cm). But the legs, especially the hind ones, are equipped with well-developed swimming membranes. The fur is thick and short, brownish-brown in color, with a white spot located at the end of the muzzle, often it stands out on the chest. It is found on the territory of all regions of the Urals.
Black, or forest ferret: The black ferret gets one of its names from the color of the fur, which has a dark brown tint. On the back, through the sparse guard hairs, a light underfur is clearly visible. On the elongated grayish-white muzzle between the eyes, a transverse white spot flaunts, forming a "mask". It settles from the European part of the USSR to the south, north and east.
Columnar: Columnar has average sizes for representatives of the marten family (body length 25-39 cm). He has short legs, long fluffy tail(13-18 cm), elongated head with low wide ears. And of all the representatives of the weasel family, the column has the most red hair, only the end of the beast's muzzle is brown, and the lips and chin are white.
Stoat: Has a peculiar appearance: a thin, very flexible body, a lively rounded muzzle with small ears, a long, fluffy tail, very short legs with sharp thin claws. The ermine looks especially beautiful in winter, when its skin competes with the whiteness of the snow. On it, only the black end of the tail, nose and beads of eyes are clearly distinguished. In summer, the color of the animal is completely different: the upper part of the body and sides of it are brownish-brown, and the lower one is white or yellowish. Occurs from the tundra of Yamal to the southern end of the Ural Range.
Weasel: This is the smallest predator (body length 13-23 cm). The slender and flexible body is very similar to an ermine, but it differs, in addition to size, in a short tail, the tip of which is pure white in winter, like the entire winter skin of a weasel.
Badger: In terms of body shape, it does not resemble any member of the weasel family, although it belongs to them. It is a massive, stocky animal, with a very short, almost imperceptible neck and a sharply tapering muzzle. The badger has short massive legs, resting on the ground with the entire feet, on the toes there are long blunt claws. The tail is also short, covered with coarse hair, like the whole body of the animal. The small ear holes are covered with bristly hairs that prevent dirt from entering them. In the fall, they hibernate. More often found in the southern regions - in the Chelyabinsk, Orenburg regions.
Otters: This is a large representative of the weasel family of the Urals. Appearance characteristic of the inhabitants of water bodies: a flexible elongated body (70-75 cm), a small flattened head with small ears, turning into a thin neck, short paws with well-developed swimming membranes, a tail densely covered with hair (50 cm). Otter fur has always been highly valued: it is durable and beautiful - shiny, dark brown on the back and sides, silvery underneath.
Hedgehog: An ordinary hedgehog lives in the Urals. He has a shell of needles
on the head it is divided into two parts by a neat parting. The belly and sides are covered with long and coarse fur. Both the color of the needles and the color of the fur of the Ural hedgehogs are different - light, brown and almost dark. Body length - 23.7 - 27.2 centimeters, weight 240 - 350 grams.
Long-eared hedgehog: Found in the Southern Urals and south of the city Ufa. This is an inhabitant of the steppes and deserts. The name itself draws attention to the distinctive feature - long ears: if you fold the ear forward, it goes behind the eyes. There is not eared hedgehog on the head and parting - the needles cover the head completely.
Artiodactyls
The most characteristic distinguishing feature of these animals is
two toes on the limbs, the ends of the toes are clad in a horny hoof.
Elk: The largest animal in the Urals: body length up to 3 meters, height at the shoulders - more than 2 meters, weight up to 450 kilograms.
Roe deer: The smallest representative of the deer family in the Urals. It is a slender animal with thin graceful legs and a very short tail hidden in the hair. Males have beautiful small horns up to 40 centimeters long, usually with three tines. In summer, the color of the roe deer is brown or reddish, in winter it is gray; behind the roe deer, a white “napkin” is clearly visible.
Common squirrel: The appearance of the squirrel is well known - a graceful animal, with a fluffy tail and long ears with tassels. The fur is reddish, short and rough in summer, long and soft, pleasant gray in winter. But the fact that proteins are distributed into different groups according to the color of the tail is known to few. The “dark tails” have black tail and tassels on the ears (10%), while the “brown tails” have brown tail and tassels (90%).
Flying Squirrels: They are squirrel-like in body shape and bushy tail. Flying squirrels differ from them, first of all, it is a leathery, woolly fold along the sides - between the front and hind legs. The color of summer fur is dark gray, winter is ash gray. The flying squirrel has big eyes - it is nocturnal. Doesn't hibernate
Mouse-like: All members of this family are characterized by a long - usually equal to or slightly longer - tail, an elongated muzzle with large eyes and large ears, and molars with three rows of tubercles.
Forest, or northern mouse: This close relative jerboa, however, outwardly it looks more like a mouse, but with a longer and thinner tail (the body length of adult animals is about 6 cm, and the tail is 10 - 11 cm) and very large hind legs. The general color of the northern mouse is grayish-brown, and there is a black stripe along the back. In the Urals, it is found throughout the forest zone.
Ordinary wood mouse: One of the common types of mice on
South Urals. Solid light red or you features this animal. Wood mouse prefers broad-leaved and mixed forests, clearings, shrubs, crops.
Yellow-throated wood mouse: It is larger: body length up to 13.5 tail - up to 13 centimeters, more intense ocher-rusty skin color, and a large yellow spot on the chest. She feeds on the seeds of trees.
Baby mouse: The name itself suggests that the animal is small. Indeed, the body length of a baby mouse does not exceed 6-7 centimeters. This is the most small rodent Ural. The color of the fur can be different - bright red, brownish, reddish, and the abdomen is white.
Common hamster: The top of the body is buffy-brown, the belly is black, on the sides there are three large light spots, and the hind ones are separated by a black stripe, behind the ears by a light spot. The hamster is a rather large rodent - the body length is up to 30 centimeters, and the tail is very short - about 4 centimeters. Occurs in the Southern Urals, on the Kukshik ridge.
Eversmann's Hamster: This small animal with a dark gray to brown back, white belly and brownish - or yellowish-buffy chest can be found in the South Urals and in the adjacent steppe regions of the Trans-Urals.
Rats: They differ from mice in their larger size, they have large hairless ears and a long, scaly tail with sparse bristles.
Chipmunk: Along the back along a pale-whitish background, turning from behind into ocher-rusty, five black-brown stripes stretch.
Sony: The main feature of this family is a bushy tail, 16 molars, and from anatomical features- complete absence of the cecum and appendix - a sign that is not found in any other rodents.
Jerboas: Most jerboas live in the southern
areas of our country. The peculiarity of their movement is by jumping on their hind legs, therefore, the hind legs of the large jerboa and the mouse are much longer than the front ones.
Large jerboa: An amazing animal with long hind legs, tiny front, large ears and a long, thin tail with a black tassel. The animal is small (18-26 cm, tail 17-30 cm), but for some reason it seems huge at night. Inhabits the steppe and forest-steppe regions of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals.
Bats, or bats.
Bats: The forelimbs of bats are modified in the wings, this is the only group of mammals adapted for active flight. Like birds, they can fly over great distances. They have a very developed hearing, however, they see poorly both day and night. They are guided in flight with the help of hearing, emitting ultrasonic signals.
ANIMAL WORLD
Currently, zoologists count about 4 thousand species of mammals on the globe, more than 300 species on the territory of the USSR. The growth or decrease, and sometimes the disappearance of one or another species inevitably gives rise to problems. Indeed, in the life of nature, where all processes are interconnected, mammals are the most important link.
All mammals in our country are united in nine orders. In the Southern Urals, representatives of 6 of them are found: insectivores, bats, or bats, rodents, lagomorphs, artiodactyls and carnivores.
Insectivores.
Shrews: These are the smallest mammals of the Southern Urals, and one species of them - the tiny shrew - can be called the smallest mammal of the USSR fauna: it weighs about 2 grams with an average body length of about 4.5 centimeters.
Moles: One species lives in the Southern Urals - the common mole. Its entire appearance: a cylindrical body, a small head with a muzzle elongated into a proboscis, with very small eyes and without auricles, shovel-like burrowing forelimbs - speaks of the underground lifestyle that this animal leads. The fur of the mole is thick, velvety, the pile is directed upwards, and not backward, as in most mammals, so it easily moves both forward and backward. The mole does not see well, but it has perfectly developed sense of touch and smell. Ural moles are relatively small - body length 11.4 - 15.7 centimeters, weight up to 100 - 130 grams.
Lesser shrew: can be distinguished by well-developed auricles protruding from the fur and the absence of brown coloration on the tops of the teeth, which are smaller in the shrew than in the shrew - 28
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The largest animal in our area is the elk (the weight of the male reaches 600 kg), and the smallest is a shrew, its length without a tail 3 cm, weight- 3,5 G.
The most voracious animal is the mole. He eats more food per day than he weighs. He cannot stay without food for more than 8 hours.
The largest bird - the queen of the steppe lands - bustard (weight reaches 16 kg), and the smallest is a three-gram yellow-headed beetle.
The spindle should be considered the greatest master of disguise, this lizard has no legs and, painted in bronze, resembles a snake.
second section
Did you know? ...
The animal world is one of critical components environment, which is of great importance to scientists.
At present, zoologists count about 4 thousand species of mammals on the globe, more than 300 on the territory of Russia.
In total, there are more than 60 species of mammals and about 300 species of wild birds in the vastness of the region.
The commercial fauna of the Chelyabinsk region is 33 species of mammals and 70 species of birds.
Reptiles and amphibians are represented in the region by almost 20 species.
second section
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Herbarium
1. What kind of herbs have "animal" names?
2. What medicinal herbs grow on the head?
3. What grass poisons cows and cures people?
4. What kind of mushroom is poisonous and curative for animals?
5. What tree drowns in water and does not rot?
The most common tree in the Chelyabinsk region is birch, it is found everywhere. Forest-steppe forests and steppe groves are almost entirely birch, with the exception of island forests. Herbaceous plants are: dandelion, shepherd's purse, knotweed.
The rarest tree we have is oak. Oak trees are found only in the west of the Ashinskiy region. The easternmost oaks can be found in the forest-steppe of the Nyazepetrovsky region. The rarest plant is the paradoxical bedstraw, which some researchers consider extinct.
The very south, where you can find alder - Karagayskiy Bor. Almonds do not grow north of the Bredinsky and Kizilsky regions.
The highest (more than 2 meters) grasses grow in the gullies and river valleys in the Ashinsky and Satkinsky districts.
Due to the fact that the Chelyabinsk region is located in three natural zones, its vegetation cover is different great variety... Within its limits, you can find a variety of types of landscape, ranging from mountain tundra and dark coniferous taiga, mixed and broadleaf forests to feather grass steppes. The vegetation of the Chelyabinsk region is no less rich in species composition- from mountain-arctic to semi-desert forms. The number of species reaches almost 1500. In terms of species diversity, the vegetation of the Chelyabinsk region surpasses all other regions of the Urals, second only to Bashkiria. The Ural Mountains are an important climatic boundary. They cause significant differences in the nature of the vegetation of the European and Asian slopes.
In the region, more than 2800 thousand hectares are covered with forests. The most valuable are conifers (about 28%).
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The upper parts of the mountains are occupied by either stone placers or tundra vegetation with mountain-tundra soils.
On the slopes of ridges and hills, crushed stone and grit podzolized loamy and sandy loamy soils are widespread.
In the upper part of the forest belt there are sparse herbaceous forests with mountain meadow podzolized soils. Coniferous and mixed forests are dominated by mountain gray and dark gray forest soils.
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In the mountainous part of the region, altitudinal zonation is traced in the vegetation cover. In the most high-mountainous part of the Southern Urals, the main belt is the belt of mountain-taiga dark coniferous forests stretching up to an altitude of 1000-1500 meters above sea level. Its lower strip is dominated by fir-spruce forests, among which there are larch-pine forests, sometimes with linden trees in the undergrowth. Forests in this belt alternate with meadow glades. Above is the under-ring belt. Wood growth is slowed down here by a more severe climate and a short growing season. The forest in this belt is sparse and undersized (crooked forest of spruce, fir, larch, birch, mountain ash), alternating with moist subalpine meadows.
The peaks of the mountains with a height of more than 1200 m are occupied by "loaches" ". The forest does not grow here.
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On the western slopes of the Southern Urals, within the heights of 250-650 m, there are southern taiga coniferous-deciduous forests. The most widespread coniferous species are pine larch-pine and mixed lime-pine forests. In the extreme west of the mountain-forest zone (Ashinsky district), broad-leaved forests are widespread. The main species are: linden, maple, elm, elm, alder, aspen, birch, oak and others.
The undergrowth in these forests is made up of hazel, mountain ash, willow, euonymus, honeysuckle, bird cherry, in some places raspberries and different kinds rose hips. The rich grass cover includes ferns, European hoof, common weasel, ravens, delphinium, cuff, and bony.
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The plain Trans-Ural spaces of the Chelyabinsk Region are almost equally divided between the forest-steppe and steppe zones. The approximate border between them is the Uy River.
In the northern part of the forest steppe zone the vegetation cover alternates between pine, spruce-pine and birch-pine forests.
The southern part of the subzone is a pegged forest-steppe. Meadow and forb-cereal steppes alternate here with pine forests and birch groves .
Pine forests are confined to the outcrops of granite rocks, or to sand deposits in river valleys. The zone is known for the Baga-Ryaksky, Kashtaksky, Chelyabinsky, Uysky, Duvankulsky, Varlamovsky and other pine forests
Birch chops are located mainly in highly moistened depressions, but often in watershed areas.
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Almost in the middle of the zone, along the sixtieth meridian, is the Ural-Tobolsk watershed. There are many pine forests and groves on this watershed; they create the impression of a forest-steppe landscape. However, their grass cover and undergrowth consists of typical steppe species.
To the west of the watershed, along the Ural River basin, the vegetation cover is heterogeneous. In the north, in the Verkhneuralsky region, meadow steppes with rich forbs are widespread; to the south, it is represented by feather-grass-forb steppes. To the east is the region of the forb-turf-grass steppe. Solonetzic meadows are widespread here.
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The wild flora of the region contains about 130 species. There is a large fund of forage lands. There are over 500 thousand hectares of hayfields and more than 1 million hectares of pastures here.
There are many types of honey plants: linden, maple, almonds, caragana (yellow acacia), hawthorn, wild rose, bird cherry, mountain ash, clover and many others.
The flora of the region contains about 150 species of medicinal plants used in official and folk medicine (table).
Industrial development and Agriculture led to negative consequences: stocks plant resources decrease, the conditions for the existence of entire communities deteriorate and certain types... Many of them become rare, some are threatened with complete extinction (table.)
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The most common medicinal plants of the area
1. Spring adonis (starodubka) Forest-steppe and northern part of the steppe zone: edges, forest glades, woodlands, hillsides.
2. Birch fluffy, warty Mainly in the mountain-forest zone.
3. Blood-red hawthorn In the forest-steppe zone, along the edges. Cultivated
4. Common lingonberry In the mountain-forest zone, in coniferous and mixed forests; in the forest-steppe - in pine-birch forests.
5. Valerian officinalis Mainly in the mountain-forest zone up to the upper border of the forest belt; in the forest-steppe - the banks of rivers, swamps, forest edges.
6. Highlander serpentine (crayfish necks) It is very widespread in the mountain-forest zone and adjacent areas of the forest-steppe, in damp meadows and forest edges, on the outskirts of swamps.
7. Highlander bird (knotweed) In all natural zones - on roads, weedy places.
8. Oregano is common Throughout the region, on forest edges and clearings, in sparse forests and bushes.
9. Perforated animal Often in the mountain-forest zone and adjacent areas of the forest-steppe zone, in forest glades and forest edges, in dry meadows
10. Forest green strawberries Very widespread in all districts of the region, according to light
(strawberries) sparse forests, clearings, clearings.
11. Stinging nettle Everywhere: near dwellings, in vegetable gardens, in forest glades
and the edges, along the river banks.
Name of plants Distribution, habitat
12. Medicinal Burnet In all districts of the region: in wet meadows, forest glades and forest edges, along the banks of rivers.
13. Common raspberry is found in all zones: in forests, in clearings and burnt-out areas, along river banks and in ravines.
14. Mother-and-stepmother Very wide throughout the region along ravines, river banks and streams, in construction pits and quarries.
15 . Dandelion officinalis Grows everywhere, a vicious weed.
16. Shepherd's purse is common - A very widespread weed plant in all areas of the region.
17. Big plantain It is found in all districts of the region.
18. Yarrow - Very widespread in all natural zones - in meadows, fields, slopes, forests, wastelands.
19. Bird cherry ordinary It grows along river banks, along ravines, on floodplain meadows, mainly in the mountain-forest zone.
20. Common bilberry Mainly in the mountain-forest zone and adjacent areas of the forest-steppe, in coniferous and mixed forests, in meadows, along the banks of rivers.
21. Brown rose It is more common in the northern steppe regions and southern forest-steppe, in birch and mixed forests, in meadows, along river banks.
22. Spiny rosehip Usually in the mountain-forest zone, in mixed forests, along the banks of rivers, swamps, lakes.
Rare plants
Name of plants Distribution, habitat
Real slipper Mountain-forest zone and adjacent areas of the forest-steppe
Lady's slipper spotted - Coniferous, mixed and birch forests in the mountain-forest zone
Lady's slipper large-broad-leaved, mixed and dark-coniferous, less often flowering light-coniferous and birch forests of the mountain-forest zone
Altai windmill Broad-leaved forests, floodplains of rivers, streams
Anemone buttercup Shaded slopes of mountains, floodplains of rivers, streams, in birch, aspen and alder woodlands of the Nyazepetrovsky, Katav-Ivanovsky districts, the foot of the ridge. Urenga and Taganay
Needle-leaved carnation It is confined to rocks, stony steppes: Ilmensky mountains, Sugomak, Egozinskaya; Cherry and other mountains
Ural carnation On rocky outcrops in the steppe and forest-steppe zones
White water lily Lakes, oxbows, ponds, river backwaters
Yellow capsule Lakes, oxbow lakes, ponds, river backwaters
European swimsuit Mountain-forest belt
Curly lily (locust) Forests, edges and clearings in the mountain-forest and forest-steppe zones
Lyubka two-leaved Wet pine forests, birch forests, damp mixed forests
Krylov's fescue Moss-lichen stony tundra: Zigalga ridge
Name of plants Distribution, habitat
Rhodiola pink Mountain tundra and subalpine belt on ridges (golden root) Urenga, Zigalga, Taganay
Russian hazel grouse Stony slopes and ravines of the steppe zone: the interfluve of the Ural and B. Karaganka rivers
Grouse checkerboard Solonetzovy meadows, gullies
Bieberstein tulip Along the steppes, river valleys, steppe meadows
Siberian phlox Steppe rocky slopes: Borzovskie mountains, Miass district
Yaskolka Krylova Moss-lichen mountain tundra: Zigalga ridge
Orchis helmeted Bog shores, damp meadows, forest glades and edges in the mountain-forest zone.
Adonis. Latin name: Adonis vernalis. Distribution zone: forest-steppe
Perennial plant of the buttercup family. Leaves are strongly dissected. Flowers are single, yellow, large. Stems 15-70 cm high with a short rhizome, blooms in May-early July (first flowering at 10-20 years). The multi-nut fruit ripens in June-July. Propagated mainly by seeds, which are carried by ants. Grows in forest, steppe, forest-steppe zones. Usually forms groups and rare thickets. Prefers black soil and dark gray forest soils. Photophilous. Poisonous but valuable medicinal plant... The grass contains cardiac glycosides (the harvesting period is from the beginning of flowering to the shedding of fruits), stocks of raw materials are rapidly decreasing due to improper harvesting - damage to rhizomes, harvesting in the same places, and more. To preserve the population, reserves are organized, especially in the forest-steppe regions of Western Siberia. The plant has been cultivated since the 17th century, and is widely used as an ornamental plant.
Highlander serpentine or cancerous necks. Latin name: Polygonum bistorta. Distribution area: Meadows and swamps
A genus of plants in the buckwheat family. One- or perennial grasses, less often shrubs, shrubs and vines. The flowers are bisexual, often protandric, in spike-shaped or paniculate inflorescences, sometimes axillary. Pollination by insects, often self-pollination. Fruits are triangular or lenticular, enclosed in an overgrown perianth. Highlander serpentine or serpentine is a medicinal plant.
Coltsfoot. Latin name: Tussilago farfara. Distribution zone: Forest-steppe
Already in early spring, on the slightly thawed hills and southern slopes of the ditches, even among the snow, the medicine you need grows. On short, plump greenish-gray stems, yellow baskets of flowers bloom, resembling a dandelion, but much smaller. When the flowers have faded, large, serrated leaves grow. From above they are bright green, glossy and cold to the touch, and from below they are white, covered with soft, delicate felt. Cold stepmother and tender mother.
European bathing suit. Latin name: Trollius europaeus. Distribution area: Mountain forest
The name of the genus is from the German word "trollblume", that is, the flower of the troll. Perennial herb with a straight stem 15-20 cm in height with one or more rarely several flowers. Basal leaves are petiolate, palmate five-part, with rhombic lobes. Stem leaves, three to seven lower ones on petioles, upper sessile ones with plates shallower upward. The flowers are large, up to 5 cm in diameter. Sepals are sulfur-yellow, broadly oval, strongly concave, overlapping and covering inner part flower. Orange petals - nectaries are shorter than stamens, about 7 mm in length .. Fruit of numerous leaflets collected with a spherical head. Boreal European species. Grows in the mountain-forest belt of the Urals through forests, glades. Ornamental plant. Intensively collected by the population.
Lily locust. Latin name: Lilium martagon. Distribution area: Mountain forest
Perennial plant with a high (50-120 cm) straight stem and whorled lanceolate leaves. The upper leaves of the inflorescence are alternate. The bulb is golden yellow, 2-4 cm in diameter, consists of tiled overlying fleshy scales. Flowers are white, yellow, red, orange on arcuate peduncles, 3-10 at the top of the stem, with a thin raceme 10-30 cm in length. Perianth six-leafed, fleshy-red, with dark purple dots inside, sparsely covered with cobweb hairs outside. Tepals oblong, strongly curled back, about 4 cm long and 1 cm wide. Capsule hexagonal, with sharp ribs, obovate, 26-30 cm long, three-celled, with numerous seeds. Grows in forests, forest meadows and clearings.
The Middle Ural is located in the lowlands of the Ural Mountains. It is bounded by the Konzhakovsky Stone and the mountains Yurma and Oslyanka. The Middle Urals are more mastered by man than the North.
The attractions of the Middle Urals are not only its geographical features. Tourists come here to visit the granite rocks of Peter Gronsky, old mansions and watchtowers.
The city of Kushva is also interesting to people, because it is the center of the mining business.
The Middle Urals is the place where the famous writer D.N. Mamin-Sibiryak.
The flora of the Middle Urals
The Middle Urals is a zone of endless forests. Warmer areas are favorable for forest-steppes.
In the forests, pines, spruces and firs are most often found. And deciduous representatives of tree species are birch and aspen. The undergrowth of these areas is juniper, raspberry, alder and currant. And in the underbrush pine forests honeysuckle, wolf bast and currant are common.
The Middle Ural is located between the North, where taiga reigns, and the South, where it grows a large number of plant species.
Middle Ural is famous for traditional medicine... Many herbs of these places are used for medicinal purposes, for example, clover, forest balsam, Tibetan lofan, barberry, henbane, wintergreen, cranberry, fragrant chamomile and others.
Many plants are listed in the Red Book of the Middle Urals. Some of them are: alpine aster, sun clausia, Ural yaskola, needle-leaved carnation, Permian astragalus, Ural thyme, northern flax, marsh dremlik and many others. Also fern species are on the verge of extinction - graceful and Asian woods and moths. Of the mushrooms in the Red Book of the Middle Urals, the following are listed - northern climacodon, felt tinder fungus, odorous haploporus and others.
Fauna of the Middle Urals
The fauna of the Middle Urals consists mainly of species that can live in coniferous forests. For example, wolverine, sable, Siberian weasel, chipmunk, hazel grouse and black grouse.
Wooded areas are the habitat of wolves, foxes, ermines and weasels. Less common here you can find vipers, snakes, viviparous lizards and grass frogs.
Otters, minks and water voles live along the rivers. Right there, on lakes and swamps, you can find mallards, geese, pintail and teal. Swamps are also home to snipe, great snipe, woodcock and partridges.
There are much more inhabitants in broadleaf forests than in taiga ones. Hedgehogs, ferrets, badgers, hares-brown hares - all these animals are the main species representing the fauna of the Middle Urals. Among birds, there are nightingales, orioles, finches, siskins, goldfinches, starlings and rooks. And among amphibians there are non-venomous snakes, toads and newts.
Forest-steppe zones are suitable for life and reproduction various proteins, wood grouses and white hares. And in the open steppe areas there are ground squirrels, jerboas and hamsters. Also, these zones are suitable for the life of many birds - larks, partridges, spotted eagles and balaban eagles. The nimble lizard is the main representative of the reptiles of the forest-steppe zone.
The taiga of the Middle Urals is suitable for the life of game animals - sable, Siberian weasel and martens. It was in the Urals that these animals formed a kind of symbiosis with each other, this species was named Kidus. Squirrels, chipmunks, foxes and white hares are also game animals.
There are practically no large animals in the Middle Urals; they live in the northern regions, where there are no people. It is very rare to see a moose.
Many animals of these places are included in the Red Book of the Middle Urals. Endangered species are under special supervision: desman, common hedgehog, mink, snail, pond and water bat. Among the representatives of birds, the black stork is protected.
Climate in the Middle Urals
Spring in the Middle Urals passes very quickly. The duration of this time of the year is about 1-1.5 months. Until summer, night frosts persist here, while the daytime temperature rises slightly above zero.
Summer in the Middle Urals is warm enough, but rainy. Closer to the south, precipitation falls less often, and the air temperature can warm up to +20 degrees.
Autumn lasts about 2 months, from September to the end of October. It is characterized by abundant rainfall and a drop in temperature. In November, the first snow falls in the Middle Urals, and winter sets in.
Winter is the longest and coldest season in the Middle Urals. In January average temperature is -15 degrees, and sometimes it drops to -40 degrees. The snow cover falls at the end of November and lasts until mid-April.
Geographical position The territory of the Urals is located in the interfluve of the great rivers Volga-Kama and Obi-Irtysh. From west to east, the Urals are conventionally divided into three parts. The first part is the Western Urals, or the Urals, the Urals. Here the western foothills of the Ural Mountains gradually merge into the Russian Plain. The second part is the Ural ridge, or the Ural Mountains. The Ural Range is divided from north to south into Polar, Subpolar, North, Middle and South. The third part is the Trans-Urals. The eastern slope of the Ural Range ends with a ledge into the West Siberian Lowland.
Relief In the relief of the Urals, two strips of foothills (western and eastern) and a system of mountain ranges located between them are clearly distinguished, stretching parallel to each other in the submeridional direction, according to the strike of tectonic zones. There may be two or three such ridges, but in some places their number increases, up to six or eight. The ridges are separated from each other by vast depressions along which rivers flow. As a rule, the ridges correspond to anticlinal folds composed of older and stronger rocks, while the depressions correspond to synclinal folds.
Relief The Ural Mountains are located in the northwest of Russia. They lie between the East European and West Siberian plains. The length of the Ural ridge is more than 2000 kilometers, the width is from 40 to 150 km. The highest point in the Urals is Mount Narodnaya (1895 m.). The Ural Mountains were formed in the late Paleozoic during the era of intense mountain building (Hercynian folding). The formation of the Urals mountain system began in the late Devonian (about 350 million years ago) and ended in the Triassic (about 200 million years ago). In ancient sources, the Ural Mountains are called the Riphean or Hyperborean mountains. Russian pioneers called it Stone, under the name Ural these mountains were first mentioned in Russian sources at the end of the 17th century.
Climate The climate of the Urals is typical mountainous; precipitation is unevenly distributed not only across regions, but also within each region. West Siberian Plain - a territory with a harsh continental climate; in the meridional direction, its continentality increases much less sharply than on the Russian Plain. The climate of the mountainous regions of Western Siberia is less continental than the climate West Siberian Plain... It is interesting that within the same zone on the plains of the Cis-Urals and Trans-Urals, natural conditions differ markedly. This is explained by the fact that the Ural Mountains serve as a kind of climatic barrier. To the west of them more precipitation falls, the climate is more humid and mild; to the east, that is, beyond the Urals, there is less precipitation, the climate is drier, with pronounced continental features. The climate of the Urals is diverse. The mountains are stretched for 2000 km in the meridional direction, and the northern part of the Urals is located in the Arctic and receives much less solar radiation than South part Ural, located south of 55 degrees north latitude.
Northern Urals This area is wider and higher than the Middle Urals (up to 1600 m). The area is located in mountainous area covered with forests. The climate is more severe. The area is sparsely populated. The Pechora-Ilychsky and Vishersky (the fourth largest in Europe) nature reserves are located in the Northern Urals. There are a lot of berries and mushrooms in the forests, fish are well caught in the rivers. Tourist routes pass through uninhabited areas in full autonomy.
Central Ural This is the narrowest and lowest (up to 1000 m) part of the Urals. The area is located in the zone of coniferous forests (spruce, pine, larch). The Middle Urals are densely populated, the transport network and industry are well developed, and business tourism is widely developed.
Southern Urals This is the widest part of the Urals. The eastern slopes are characterized by a forest-steppe with numerous lakes, the western slopes up to a height of 1200 m are covered with forest, in the southern part there is a steppe. The weather is clearest and warmest here in July and August. Karst phenomena are developed on the western slope. The area is densely populated, rail and road connections are well developed.
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Slide Description:
Natural conditions largely determine the direct impact on the settlement of people, their lives, occupations, health, on the location of production. Due to its large meridional length, the Urals are distinguished by contrasting natural conditions. The degree of favor natural conditions Next Tsymbalyuk Alexandra Anatolyevna MOU "Secondary School No. 6", Gai, Orenburg Region
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Element Hurricane winds Return of frosts Avalanches and landslides The contrasting nature of the Urals contributes to the emergence of various natural disasters on its territory. Fires Severe frosts Stormy floods Drought Exit 1. Occurs annually in summer in forests and steppes 2. Happens in winter almost everywhere 3. Spring elements on rivers 4. Frequently in summer in the Southern Steppe Urals 5. This element blows down roofs and breaks trees 6. Can happen in summer when no one is waiting anymore 7. Possible in the high-mountainous parts of the Urals Identify natural phenomena in the Urals according to the prompts: Students are asked to determine what natural phenomena are possible in different regions of the Urals. To do this, you should alternately click on the hint rectangles. Pictures and answers will open
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output Resources http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/UralOb.png - map of the Ural Mountains http://www.gazetairkutsk.ru/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/holodno.jpg - a photo of a severe frost http://foto-runeta.ucoz.ru/_ph/22/113260687.jpg - a photo of a fire http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/staticfiles/NGC/StaticFiles/Images/Show/25xx/254x/ 2540_Most_Extreme_Jobs-2_04700300.jpg - avalanche photo http://lib.a-grande.ru/navig/inzer1/in9.jpg - Ural mountain photo http://www.alpclub.ur.ru/alp/uvk/2009/tag /gg.jpg - photo climbers at the top http://www.photocity.ru/Album147/00006.jpg - photo of the Ural mountain http://www.contreinfo.info/IMG/arton1662.jpg - photo drought http: // wroom.ru/userimg/forum/1278273100.jpg - gusty wind photo http://img-fotki.yandex.ru/get/3006/tatianatr.b/0_2496c_1a045047_XL - frost return photo http://zstore.zman.com/ images / 2008/03/16 /.jpg - photo of the flood http://selhozpostavka.com.ua/pic/catalog/catalog_info_3_473.jpg - photo harvester harvesting http: // g eo-ural.narod.ru/IMG_4.JPG - photo mountain river http://www.naftan.by/img2/gallery/15.jpg - photo Ural plant http://pregions.od.ua/upload/images/img_1238494807.jpg - photo in the mine http: //www.southural. ru / photos / photos / 3549.jpg - photo of the meander of the river http://img-2006-12.photosight.ru/01/1794666.jpg - photo of the southern Urals http://www.polarural.narod.ru/ural/ mount / m15.jpg - photo of the Urals http://festival.1september.ru/files/articles/55/5598/559823/f_clip_image002.jpg - photo of the Urals http://img-2003-10.photosight.ru/06/ 316340.jpg - photo Northern Ural Atlas physical geography Russia grade 8. - M .: "AST-Press", 2001