Styles of modern architecture presentation. Presentation on the topic: Architectural styles. Presentation - Types of architecture
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Architecture – the stone chronicle of the world
1. Classic style Classicism (exemplary) art style and aesthetic direction in European art
17-19th century
17-19th century
Parthenon
Triumphal Arch of Constantine
The main feature of classicism architecture is the appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, and rigor.
Classicism architecture - Clarity of volumetric form - Symmetrical axial compositions. restraint of decoration
2. Romanesque style
Romanesque (Roman) artistic style that dominated Western Europe in the 9th-12th centuries. It became one of the most important stages in the development of medieval European art.
Cathedral of Notre-Dame la Grande, Poitiers
Notre-Dame la Grande. West wing
Royal Alcazar Palace
"More classically" this style will spread in the art of Germany and France. This medieval architecture was created for the needs of the church and chivalry, and churches, monasteries, and castles became the leading types of buildings.
Norman fortress, X-XI centuries. France The combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration - the building has always harmoniously fit into surrounding nature . This was facilitated by massive walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals. Such walls had a defensive purpose. -The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of a monastery or castle is the tower. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes
- cubes, prisms, cylinders. It is typical for Romanesque buildings
3. Gothic style
Gothic is the only style that created a completely unique system of forms and a new understanding of the organization of space and volumetric composition. 12-15th century
Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris
The characteristic features of the Gothic style are the verticality of the composition, pointed brightness, a complex frame system of supports and a ribbed vault.
View of Notre Dame from the Ile Saint-Louis
Gothic cathedral in Coutances, France
Contrast, tension, dynamism of images, the desire for grandeur and splendor, for the combination of reality and illusion - for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles of the Baroque are characteristic
The Baroque style appeared in XVI-XVII centuries in Italian cities: Rome, Venice, Florence. Baroque is characterized by contrast, tension, dynamism of images, the desire for grandeur and splendor, for combining reality and illusion, for the fusion of arts (city and palace and park ensembles of Baroque (“prone to excess”)
Catherine Palace
Tsarskoye Selo
active use of sculptural and architectural and decorative motifs; - creating a rich play of chiaroscuro and color contrasts
Church building of the Grand Palace
Rococo (crushed stone, decorative shell, shell) 18th century.
Interiors of the Winter Palace
Malachite Hall
Jordan staircase
Rococo features - decorative shell, fragments of stones, shell-ornament, decoration in the form of a joint natural stones with shells and plant leaves. - smooth curved stems, whimsical lines of the ornament fit into all the details of the interior, forming a single decorative background.
Field Marshal's Hall
St. George's Hall
Empire (“imperial style”) The Empire style is the final stage of classicism, which arose in the second half of the 19th century.
Arch of the General Staff
The Empire style is characterized by the presence of columns, pilasters, molded cornices and other classical elements, as well as motifs that reproduce almost unchanged ancient examples of sculpture, such as griffins, sphinxes, and lion paws. These elements are arranged in an orderly manner in the Empire style, maintaining balance and symmetry.
Palace Square
The main decorative motifs of the Empire style were precisely the attributes of the Roman military history: massive porticoes decorated with bas-reliefs, legionary badges with eagles, lions, bundles of spears, shields.
Art Nouveau (modern) Artistic direction in art in the 2nd half of the 19th century - the present 20th century.
Ryabushinsky's mansion
Distinctive features - Refusal of straight lines and angles - Interest in new technologies - Great attention was paid not only appearance buildings, but also the interior, which was carefully worked out. All structural elements: stairs, doors, pillars, balconies were artistically processed.
Casa Batlló (1906, architect Antoni Gaudi)
8. High-tech
Guggenheim Museum
Hi-tech (high technology) is a style in architecture and design that originated in the 1970s and found widespread use in the 1980s.
Main Features -Usage high technology in the design, construction and engineering of buildings and structures. -Use of straight lines and shapes.
Widespread use of silver metallic color. -Wide application of glass, plastic, metal. -Use of functional elements: elevators, stairs, ventilation systems.
Guggenheim Museum (project)
Ellin - mythical
the ancestor of the Hellenes, and his
sons and grandsons - founders
Greek tribes.
ships in bays. This helped the Hellenes become beautiful
seafarers. On the slopes of the mountains deciduous forests Hellenic
heroes fought lions and hunted boars and
fleet-footed deer. Hercules,
fighting a lion
Artemis the huntress
The ancient Hellenes were the first to think about what it should be like
a wonderful man, and they sang the beauty of his body, his courage
will and strength of mind. Zeus
Hera
Hermes
Athena
Hercules
Theseus
Apollo Temple of Zeus
in Olympia Statue of Zeus (sculptor Phidias) An ancient Greek temple is a quadrangular building
on a high pedestal, surrounded by columns
(peripter). The order of arrangement and relationship of parts of the temple
called “order”, which means “order”. Doric order
Gable
roof
frieze
entamblent
architrave
capital
trunk
stereobat
Column Doric order
1 - cornice;
2 - frieze;
3 - architrave;
4 - capital;
5 - column trunk;
6 - flutes The Parthenon (Doric order) is the temple of the goddess Athena. Ionic order
1 - cornice;
2 - frieze;
3 - architrave;
4 - capital;
5 - column trunk;
6 - base; Ionic order
Temple of Nike Apteros (Ionic order) Corinthian order
Volutes
acapa leaves
Base Corinthian order
Temple of Apollo (Corinthian Order) Internet sources:
1. L. Nemenskaya “Every people is an artist” (textbook for 4th grade).
2. Photo of Greece - http://www.epochtimes.com.ua/ru/articles/view/13/5826/1/3/
3. Map of Greece - http://eng.cosmonsk.ru/uploads/greece_map_big.gif
4. Ancient Greek ship - http://turi100.net/interesting?interesting_id=1513
5. Hillside with gardens - http://www.karlsontourism.ru/main/greece/hotels/athens_info
6. Mount Olympus http://www.valar.ru/upload/jpg/1109/800pxgreece_mount_olympus_1.htm
7. Statue of Zeus - http://golec-yaroslava.narod.ru/lection/chudo2.html
8. Zeus - http://fashionkoiot.ucoz.ru/_fr/0/4054888.jpg
9. Hercules fighting a lion http://unity19.narod.ru/images/Ermitage/Gerakl1.jpg
10. Ionic order - http://www.karlson-tourism.ru/main/greece/hotels/athens_info
11. Nika Temple http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_XoGAzQRWL-Q/SqaMobFyYjI/AAAAAAAAAbM/LDJ1YFcqAM/s1600-h/2.jpg
12. Temple of Apollo - http://www.fiji.com.ua//photo/8f2c84fe399527.jpg
13. Drawings of orders - http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/janson_ist/03.aspx 14. Artemis – the huntress -
http://www.liveinternet.ru/photo/airinora_ribbon/post13575225/
15. Hera http://forum.rubcovsk.ru/showthread.php?s=909b8055fe8280fbd5326a2a2b0f875
2&t=1651&goto=nextnewest
16. Hermes - http://www.hellados.ru/pic.php?id=887
17. Athena - http://www.spbfotos.ru/img262.search.htm
18. Hercules - http://dreamworlds.ru/uploads/posts/200906/thumbs/1246271578_e591cdbea9ect.jpg
19. Theseus - http://www.echo.msk.ru/att/element-680087-misc-5.jpg
20. Apollo http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_fvMmtgX9Xf0/SkRxTMWifgI/AAAAAAAAFfY/M3I4ajpfx1
w/s400/Apollo+Belvedere+(detalhe).jpg
21. Temple of Zeus - http://diosesdelolimpo.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/templozeus7.jpg?w=459&h=295
22. Temple of Zeus - http://turizm.ngs22.ru/data/pages/Olimpia__Hram_Zevsa.jpg
23. Ruins of the Temple of Zeus http://ny.1000turov.ru/imgs/sv_photo/27/r_p_5cf4620501f11c01726b1b6e16a592
91.jpg 24. Parthenon - http://ns.sitecity.ru/users/p/pravda/storage/album_2506151732_4761.jpg
25. Parthenon - http://www.proturi.ru/upload/blog/36b/36b47fe3b09f2055aff89bef0c704498.jpg
Architecture as a form of art Architecture is also a chronicle of the world... N.V. Gogol A civilized person is one who knows how to educate and ennoble himself in such a way that the whole world around him is filled with poetry, becomes a work of art... From the magazine “Fashionable Monthly Edition”, 1979 , N.I. Novikova.
Architecture arose... From two ancient Greek words: "archi" ("elder") and "tekt" ("build") - "architekton" ("chief of construction work") The Romans converted it into "architect", and various buildings erected by architects , began to be called architecture. Thus, architecture is the art of constructing and decorating buildings.
A bit of history... The Greeks attached little importance to the architecture of private houses, which were usually simple buildings made of clay and brick. But no expense or labor was spared on public buildings. The most important of these were the temples, which embodied civic pride and religious veneration.
Corinthian order The most elegant, flirtatious and slender column of the Corinthian order. It was decorated with a capital made of carved leaves and flowers, being a later version of the Ionic capital. The lightness and grace of this column was compared to the girl’s youth. The Greek order is not a fixed canon, but is freely changed and used in architecture to this day following modern trends fashion.
Middle Ages Works of architecture created in different periods historical eras, differ from each other. In the Middle Ages ancient culture gradually degenerates into a rural one, alien to brilliance and sophistication. The signs of the new life are a meager, harsh way of life, the laws and morals corresponding to it. Reliable shelter, plentiful food and proven weapons are considered luxuries.
Romanesque style Architectural buildings of the early Middle Ages are similar to the religious buildings of Rome, therefore European art of the X-XII centuries. conventionally called Romanesque (i.e. Roman). It was a time of feudal strife, and stone buildings served as protection from attacks. Therefore, Romanesque buildings have the appearance of fortresses: they have wide walls, narrow windows, high towers from which you can watch the approaching enemy. The Romanesque style is characterized by semicircular vaults, massive structures, and squat proportions.
Gothic At the end of the 12th century, Romanesque art replaced Gothic style. This is the heyday of cities, when city cathedrals become the main works of architecture. The Gothic style is distinguished by high windows and light arches, pointedness and upward direction of the entire building structure. The higher you look, the lighter the building becomes, the thinner and more delicate the stone carvings. Gothic temples were lavishly decorated with sculptures
Baroque Renaissance This word was used to describe an irregularly shaped pearl in Portugal. Literally it means “strange, artsy, bizarre.” Baroque is characterized by curved forms, grandeur, and decorativeness. In baroque buildings, instead of ideal rectangles or circles, sharply protruding or sinking volumes appear. At different times of the day, the sun illuminates them differently and a continuous play of light and shadow arises, giving rise to an amazing impression of movement, the quiet “breathing” of the building.
Renaissance In the middle of the XYIII century. The culmination of Baroque is Rococo - a style that is emphatically whimsical and complicated. Mainly decorative and crushed. Rococo sought to violate all logic and clarity of perception. Decorative elements familiar since the Renaissance take on completely different bizarre forms.
Age of Enlightenment Classicism translated from the Latin “classikus” means “exemplary”. This is an artistic movement based on the cult of reason and ideal order. Ancient heritage is used as a source. The heyday of classicism in Russia occurred during the reign of Catherine II. Like ancient architects, classicist architects try to fit buildings into the surrounding nature - country residences are surrounded by a landscaped park.
Age of Enlightenment early XIX V. classicism enters its final period, called “empire” from the French “empire”. Empire architecture serves to glorify the successes of the state, affirm and demonstrate majestic power and military glory. It is characterized by: military emblems, military armor, laurel wreaths, heavy garlands, massive geometric volumes, Egyptian ornaments, stylized sphinxes.
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As is known, architecture, along with the quality and manufacture of tools, painting and plastic arts, is the oldest of human skills. It is believed that the beginnings of architecture as an art arose during the period of primitive society. It was during the Neolithic era that man began to build the first dwellings using natural materials. As a field of art, architecture took shape in the cultures of Mesopotamia and Egypt, and as an original art, it took shape by the 5th century. BC. in ancient Greece.
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Until the middle of the 12th century, being in synthesis with painting, sculpture, decorative arts and occupying a dominant position among them, architecture determined the style, and its development proceeded from the “style of the era”, uniform for all types of art and for all its time, aesthetically subjugating science, worldview, philosophy, life and much more, to great styles and, finally, individual author's styles. The “style of the era” (Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance) arises mainly in those historical periods when the perception of works of art is characterized by comparative inflexibility, when it still easily adapts to changes in style.
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The great styles - Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, classicism, empire (a variation of late classicism) - are usually recognized as equal and equivalent. In fact, great styles cover sometimes a larger or sometimes smaller area of culture, sometimes they are limited to individual arts, sometimes they subjugate all the arts or even all the main aspects of culture - they are reflected in science, theology, and everyday life. They can be determined either by a wider or less broad social environment, sometimes a more significant, sometimes less significant ideology. However, none of the great styles completely defined cultural person era and country.
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The development of styles is asymmetrical, which is externally expressed in the fact that each style gradually changes from simple to complex, but from complex to simple it returns only as a result of some leap. Therefore, changes in styles occur in different ways: slowly - from simple to complex and abruptly - from complex to simple. The Romanesque style was replaced by the Gothic for more than a hundred years - from the middle of the 12th century. until the middle of the 13th century. Simple forms Romanesque architecture gradually turns into a sophisticated Gothic style. The Romanesque and Gothic styles are closely related in their development, and the most creative period in the development of these styles is the first. It was in the Romanesque period that technical inventions were created and the connection with philosophy and theology was clear, i.e. ideological basis of style. Gothic is much less ideologically defined. Her aspiration upward can express the religiosity of Catholicism and heresies.
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Within the Gothic, the Renaissance then matures. Elements of the liberation of the individual, so far within the limits of religion, are already evident in Gothic, especially late. And, nevertheless, Gothic and Revival are sharply different styles. What matured in Gothic then required a sharp change in the entire system of style. New content exploded old uniform and brought to life a new style- Renaissance (or rebirth). With the advent of the Renaissance, a period of ideological quest and the emergence of an integral worldview system begins again. And at the same time, the process of gradual complication and disintegration of the simple begins again. The Renaissance becomes more complex, and behind it is the Baroque. Baroque, in turn, becoming more complex, turns into rococo in some types of art (architecture, painting, applied art, literature). Then again there is a return to the simple and, as a result of the leap, classicism comes to replace Baroque, the development of which in some countries was completed by the Empire style.
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ROMAN STYLE The word comes from the Latin romanus - Roman. The British call this style "Norman". R.S. developed in Western European art of the 10th-11th centuries. He expressed himself most fully in architecture. Romanesque buildings are characterized by a combination of a clear architectural silhouette and laconic exterior decoration. The building always carefully blended into the surrounding nature and therefore looked especially durable and solid. This was facilitated by massive smooth walls with narrow window openings and stepped-recessed portals. The main buildings during this period were the temple-fortress and the castle-fortress. The main element of the composition of the choice, monastery or castle, becomes the tower - the donjon. Around it were located the rest of the buildings, made up of simple geometric shapes - cubes, prisms, cylinders. The main distinctive element of the building's roof is the semicircular arch
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GOTHIC From the Italian gotico - Gothic, barbaric. Style in Western European art of the 12th-15th centuries, which completed its development in the medieval period. The term was introduced by Renaissance humanists who wanted to emphasize the “barbaric” character of all medieval art; in reality, the Gothic style had nothing in common with the Goths and represented a natural development and modification of the principles of Romanesque art. Like Romanesque art, Gothic art was under the strong influence of the church and was called upon to embody church dogma in symbolic and allegorical images. But Gothic art developed under new conditions, the main one of which was the strengthening of cities. Therefore, the leading type gothic architecture became a city cathedral, directed upward, with pointed arches, with walls turned into stone lace / which was made possible thanks to a system of flying buttresses that transfer the pressure of the arch to external pillars - buttresses /. The Gothic cathedral symbolized the rush to heaven; Its rich decorative decoration - statues, reliefs, stained glass windows - should have served the same purpose.
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REVIVAL (RENAISSANCE) At the beginning of the 15th century. In Florence, a new architectural style was created - the Renaissance (from the French revival) based on the ideologies of rationalism and extreme individualism characteristic of its ideologies. In the era of R., the personality of the architect in the modern sense of the word took shape for the first time, as opposed to the dependence of the medieval architect on the mason guild. There are early and high R.; the first developed in Florence, the center of the second was Rome. The architects of Italy creatively rethought the ancient order system, which introduced proportionality, clarity of composition and convenience into the appearance of the building.
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BAROQUE A style of art that developed in European countries in the XVI-XVII (In some countries - until the middle of the XVIII century). The name comes from the Italian barocco - bizarre, strange. There is another explanation for the origin of this term: this is what Dutch sailors called rejected pearls. For a long time, baroque tin carried a negative assessment. In the 19th century. the attitude towards the Baroque changed, which was facilitated by the work of the German scientist Wölfflin.
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ROCOCO The name of the style, which developed mainly in France in the 18th century, is taken from German language. The French name comes from the word rocaille - shell, since the most noticeable external manifestation of this style was the decorative motifs in the form of a shell. R. arose mainly as a decorative style associated with court festivities and entertainment of the aristocracy. The sphere of distribution of art was narrow; it had no folk roots and could not become a truly national style. Playfulness, light entertainment, and whimsical grace are traits characteristic of R. and especially reflected in the ornamental and decorative interpretation of architecture and applied arts. The ornamentation consisted of intricately intertwined garlands of shells, flowers, and curls. Manly curved lines mask the construction of knowledge. Basically, R. manifested itself in the design of the interiors of buildings rather than their exteriors. R. is characterized by a tendency towards asymmetry of compositions, as well as fine detailing of form, a rich and at the same time balanced structure of decor in interiors, a combination of bright and pure tones of color with white and gold, a contrast between severity appearance buildings and the delicacy of their interior decoration. The art of R. is dominated by a graceful, whimsical, ornamental rhythm. The R. style, which became widespread at the court of Louis XV (the work of the architects J.M. Oppenort, J.O Meyssonnier, and G.J. Boffrand), until the middle. XIX. called the "Louis XV style".
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CLASSICISM A style in European art of the 17th and early 19th centuries, which turned to the ancient heritage as the norm and ideal model. The name of the style comes from the Latin classicus - exemplary. Usually there are two periods in the development of culture. It took shape in the 17th century. in France, reflecting the rise of absolutism. The 18th century is considered a new stage in its development, since at that time it reflected other civic ideals based on the ideas of the philosophical rationalism of the Enlightenment. What unites both periods is the idea of a reasonable pattern of the world, of a beautiful, ennobled nature, the desire to express great social content, sublime heroic and moral ideals. Kazakh architecture is characterized by rigor of form, clarity of spatial design, geometric interiors, soft colors, and laconicism of the exterior and interior decoration of buildings. Unlike Baroque buildings, K.'s masters never created spatial illusions that distorted the proportions of the building. And in park architecture, the so-called regular style is emerging, where all lawns and flower beds have correct form, and green spaces are placed strictly in a straight line and carefully trimmed. (Garden and park ensemble of Versailles.)
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EMPIRE The name comes from the French empire - imperial. A style that arose in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. It is the organic completion of the long development of European classicism. The main feature of this style is the combination of massive simple geometric shapes with military emblems. Its source is Roman sculpture, from which A. inherited the solemn severity and clarity of the composition. A. originally developed in France at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. during the Great era French Revolution and was distinguished by a pronounced civic pathos. During the Napoleonic Empire, art was supposed to glorify the military successes and virtues of the ruler. This is where the passion for building various kinds of triumphal arches, memorial columns, and obelisks comes from. Porticoes become important elements of the decorative decoration of buildings. Bronze casting, painting of lampshades and alcoves are often used in interior decoration. A. sought to get closer to antiquity more than classicism. In the 18th century The architect B. Vignon built the La Madeleine church on the model of the Roman peripterus, using the Corinthian order. The interpretation of forms was characterized by dryness and emphasized rationalism. The same features characterize the Arc de Triomphe (Arch of the Star) on Place des Stars in Paris (architect Chalgrin). The Vendôme memorial column erected by Leper and Gondoin (column " Great Army") is covered with sheets of bronze cast from Austrian guns. The spiraling bas-relief depicts the events of the victorious war. A.'s style did not develop for long; it was replaced by the time of eclecticism.
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STYLES OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE
Purpose of the work: - acquaintance with the architectural styles that existed in Russia in the period from the 10th to the 20th centuries; identification characteristic features each architectural style; preparation for the State Examination and the Unified State Exam.
The presentation was prepared by Olga Valerievna Uleva, teacher of history and social studies, Secondary School No. 1353
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE is a set of characteristic features and characteristics of architecture.
Characteristic features of a certain time and place, manifested in the features of the functional, constructive and artistic aspects (purpose of buildings, Construction Materials and designs, techniques of architectural composition) form the architectural style. The development of architectural styles depends on climatic, technical, religious and cultural factors. Although the development of architecture directly depends on time, styles do not always succeed each other sequentially, the simultaneous coexistence of styles as alternatives to each other is known (for example: baroque and classicism, modernism and eclecticism, functionalism, constructivism and art deco).
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MAIN STYLES OF RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE:
STYLE NAME TIME OF EXISTENCE
Byzantine (cross-domed) design. X – XV centuries
Tent XVI – XVII centuries.
Russian (marvelous) pattern of the 17th century.
Baroque con. XVI century - end. XVIII century
Rococo 18th century
Classicism gray XVIII - XIX centuries
Pseudo-Russian and pseudo-Byzantine ser. XIX - early XX century
Modern con. XIX - early XX century
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BYZANTINE STYLE late X - XV centuries Features of the style: Along with the Christian faith, Rus' adopted from Byzantium the image of a temple with already highly developed theological symbolism. Traditionally, this style includes architecture Kievan Rus, however, similar temples were built much later. All ancient Russian churches are based on the Byzantine cross-domed model, but in Rus' this model quickly began to acquire its own national features.
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BYZANTINE STYLE
CHURCH OF THE HOLY VIRGIN (TITH) (991 - 996) Greek (Byzantine) masters. The first Russian stone church. Built by order of Prince Vladimir. It has not survived to this day.
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SOPHIA CATHEDRAL IN Kyiv (XI century) Greek (Byzantine) masters. Built by order of Yaroslav the Wise. It has survived to this day in a heavily rebuilt form.
BYZANTINE STYLE
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NOTE! Unlike Western Europe, where BASILICS were more popular, in Rus' they built a FOUR- AND SIX-PILLAR CROSS-DOME temple, where the dome became the most important element.
BASILICA
CROSS-DOME TEMPLE
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DETERMINE WHERE IS THE BASILICA AND WHERE IS THE CROSS-DOME TEMPLE?
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BASILICA
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CROSS-DOME TEMPLE
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CROSS-DOME MODEL OF THE TEMPLE
NOTE! Having adopted the cross-domed type of temples from Byzantium, Russian masters began to add their own original interpretations to the buildings (Novgorod, Vladimir-Suzdal, Moscow schools).
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BYZANTINE STYLE (cross-domed model of the temple)
NOTE! Over time (XII - XV centuries), the Russian cross-domed church took on original features and was not a direct copy of the Byzantine originals. Therefore, many researchers distinguish the ANCIENT RUSSIAN STYLE from the Byzantine and mention its various schools: Novgorod, Pskov, Vladimir-Suzdal, Early Moscow, Godunov style, etc.
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TIE-TOP STYLE late 16th - 17th centuries Features of the style: Instead of a dome, the building of a tent-roofed church ends with a tent. Tent churches can be made of wood or stone. Stone tented churches appeared at the beginning of the 16th century, originate from Russian wooden architecture and have no analogues in the architecture of other countries.
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NOTE! Since wooden construction has been predominant in Rus' since ancient times, most Christian churches were also built from wood. But in wood it is extremely difficult to convey the shape of a dome - a necessary element of a Byzantine-type temple. Probably, it was technical difficulties that caused the replacement of domes in wooden churches with hipped roofs.
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PAY ATTENTION how the area of the building increases with the same length of the log (wall).
CHETVERIK
SIX
EIGHT
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TENT STYLE
CHURCH OF THE ASCENSION IN KOLOMENSKY (1528-1532) Italian and Russian masters. One of the first Russian tented stone churches. Legend connects the construction of the temple with the birth of Ivan the Terrible.
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TENT STYLE
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RUSSIAN (WONDERFUL, MOSCOW) PATTERN XVII century Features of the style: Intricate forms, abundance of decor, complexity of composition and picturesque silhouette of the building.
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TEREM PALACE IN THE MOSCOW KREMLIN (1635-1636) Architects Bazhen Ogurtsov, Antip Konstantinov, Trefil Sharutin, Larion Ushakov.
RUSSIAN PATTERN
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RUSSIAN PATTERN. Terem Palace (interior).
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RUSSIAN PATTERN
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BAROQUE XVII - XVIII centuries Features of the style: Striving for grandeur and splendor. fluidity of complex, usually curved shapes. Often there are large-scale colonnades and an abundance of sculpture on the facades and in the interiors.
Russian Baroque includes two directions:
MOSCOW (NARYSHKIN) BAROQUE
PETERSBURG (PETROVSKOE, ANNINSKOE, ELISAVETINSKOE) BAROQUE
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BAROQUE (MOSCOW)
CHURCH OF THE INTEGRATION IN FILI (1690-1694). Architect Yakov Bukhvostov (presumably).
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BAROQUE (MOSCOW)
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BAROQUE (PETERSBURG)
WINTER PALACE IN ST. PETERSBURG (1754-1762) Architect Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli.
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BAROQUE. Winter Palace (facade and interiors).
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BAROQUE (PETERSBURG)
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ROCOCO (French rococo - “pretentious, whimsical, tortuous”) second half of the 18th century Features of the style: Rococo architecture, in contrast to the monumental and lush Baroque, is characterized by luxury, lightness, grace and mannerism. The Rococo style was a continuation of the Baroque style, or, more precisely, its modification, corresponding to the cutesy, pretentious time. Rococo is easily recognizable by its capriciousness, sophistication and burden of forms. In Russia it was used mainly for decorating interiors rather than building facades.
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ROCAILLE (French rocaille - rocky, from roc - rock, cliff) is the main element of the Rococo style ornament, reminiscent of the shape of a shell curl.
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ROCOCO IN THE INTERIOR
PETERHOF Ballroom of the Grand Palace (1751-1752) Architect Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli.
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CLASSICISM late XVIII - XIX centuries Features of the style: Appeal to the forms of ancient architecture as a standard of harmony, simplicity, rigor, logical clarity and monumentality. Classicism is characterized by regularity of layout and clarity of volumetric form, symmetrical axial compositions, and restraint of decorative decoration.
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CLASSICISM
MIKHAILOVSKY PALACE IN ST. PETERSBURG (1819-1825) Architect Carl Rossi.
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LATE CLASSICISM. St. Isaac's Cathedral in St. Petersburg.
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PSEUDO-RUSSIAN (RUSSIAN) STYLE late XIX- beginning of the 20th century Features of the style: the use of traditions of ancient Russian architecture and folk art, as well as the elements of Byzantine architecture associated with them. The pseudo-Russian style includes two directions: NEORUSSIAN STYLE RUSSIAN-BYZANTINE STYLE
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TEMPLE OF CHRIST THE SAVIOR IN MOSCOW (1839 – 1883) Architect Konstantin Ton. On December 5, 1931, the temple building was destroyed. It was rebuilt in the same place in 1994 - 1997.
RUSSIAN-BYZANTINE STYLE
HOW TO DISCOVER? use of elements of Byzantine architecture; imitation ancient architecture
Byzantine Empire (stylized as “Byzantium”).
RUSSIAN-BYZANTINE STYLE
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NAVAL CATHEDRAL IN KRONSTADT (1903 – 1913) Architect Vasily Kosyakov.
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COMPARE:
Temple of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople (VI century)
Cathedral of Christ the Savior in Moscow (XIX-XX centuries)