Location orientation. Plants will help you find your way around. Annual rings on a tree cut cardinal direction.
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These methods, in general, are inextricably linked with the sun and are based on the fact that the released sunlight is vital not only for plants, but also for insects and other living creatures.
Orientation by insects. Even insects can help in finding the right path. However, it should be noted that the accuracy of orientation in this case is small, and may even be incorrect as a result various factors
. Remember to always use multiple orientation methods, especially when using plants, insects or animals. And only by comparing many signs (and not relying on just one of them) can you begin to move; otherwise, you can worsen the situation even further.
By anthills.
You can determine the direction of the ants by paying attention to which side of something (tree, bush, stump, etc.) they built their home. Usually an anthill is built on the south side of the object! You can also notice that the side of the anthill facing south is flatter.
By the hives.
The same method applies to wild bees, who usually build their homes on the south side of trees; bees also fly out of the hive more often in a southerly direction.
Bird navigation.
On the flight of migratory birds.
In the spring they fly north, in the fall they fly south!
By birds' nests.
Also, some birds nest more often on certain sides of the world. Swallows nest near human dwellings, weaving nests under eaves on the north side. The Syrian nuthatch prefers rocks from the east. Three-toed gulls, on the other hand, like to settle in the west or north-west of the rocks. Woodpeckers and owls create nests from the south.
You can also determine time by birds; more about this in the next article.
Orientation by trees.
Vertical dark stripes on some trees (pine, less birch) occur due to uneven drying of the tree after rain, and are usually found exclusively on the north side. However, when exposed to wood, constant strong winds, the line on it may shift.
By annual rings.
You should find a stump and look at the location of the annual rings on the cut. On the south side, the growth of rings will be more noticeable. They will be wider than from the north!
By the foliage.
You should also consider the foliage, which will be more abundant on the south side, and the foxes themselves will be more vibrant.
For juice and resin.
In spring, you can navigate by the sap of trees, which appears on the side of the tree where its movement is more intense, namely from the south.
More intense resin leaks (for example on pine trees) are also found on the south side.
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To navigate the terrain, you need to orient yourself along the sides of the horizon, understand where north, south, west and east are.
Unconditional ways to navigate the terrain
Let's start by the Sun
The Sun rises exactly in the east only one day a year - March 21, and sets exactly in the west only on September 23. On other days, you need to remember that it is at 6 o'clock. morning - in the east, 9 o'clock. morning - in the southeast, 12 o'clock. in the south, 15h. in the southwest, 18h. - in the West. In addition, for Russia it is necessary to take into account maternity time, adding 1 hour. Those. Noon in Russia occurs not at 12, but at 13:00, everything else also shifts an hour later. In summer, many countries, including Russian Federation introduced summer time, and this means that we need to add another hour, therefore noon falls at 14.00. However, in Russia, the clock change has been canceled since 2011, so noon in our country still falls at 13.00.
How to find north using a camera, MP3 player, cell phone, walkie-talkie, etc. (video)
Noon can be determined by the length of the shortest shadow from a vertical object such as a stick, it itself will be an indication of the highest position of the Sun, and its direction will point exactly to the north. However, this phenomenon is true only between the northern tropics and the North Pole. In equatorial territories, the shadow at noon from September 23 to March 21 is directed to the north, and from March 21 to September 23 - to the south.
In latitudes between the tropics and the equator, the shadow also changes direction, but for a shorter time.
Russia is located in the northern hemisphere, so at noon the direction of the shortest midday shadow points to the north.
But you can navigate without waiting for the shortest shadow as follows.
By sticking a stick into the ground, on a flat piece of ground, about 1 meter long, mark the end of the shadow. Then, after waiting 15-20 minutes, repeat the procedure - mark the end of the shadow again. Then draw a line from the first mark (this shadow will be slightly longer) to the second (this shadow will be slightly shorter) and extend it one step further than the second mark. If the second shadow is smaller, then the time is BEFORE NOON - then stand with the toe of your left foot opposite the first mark in the direction of the line, and right- at the end of the line you drew. Take a step. So you're standing now face on North. What's the catch? The moment you take a step, your body due to anatomical twisting hip joints will automatically turn left - to the north, and you will look towards the north. Exactly look: The head is not a compass needle. In the same way, you look at the POLAR STAR at night and KNOW THAT NORTH IS THERE. But, if you hold the compass up to your nose, you will see that the arrow will be almost parallel to your view (then the direction will be north). It is important that the step is LINEAR and natural and you don’t need to specifically twist or, on the contrary, untwist your body, like a fashion model on the catwalk....
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If the first shadow is shorter than the second, then, in any case, it is already the SECOND HALF OF THE DAY (after noon). This means that the procedure must be performed in a mirror image - i.e. do the same with the shadows, from the long shadow (it will be the second in a row) draw a line through the short shadow, only on the longer shadow, stand with your toe right feet, and take a step to the end of the line left, and then your body (what is above the pelvis) and head will automatically turn to the right, and you will still look north. (The method is quite accurate, and you will know the approximate direction with an error of about 5 degrees). If the first and second shadows are the same, then it is noon, and then there is no need to walk anywhere - both shadows point to the north with a small angle of error - and the straight line between these shadows points more accurately to the north. This method works great when you are in the middle of an area where there are no landmarks at all, for example, tundra or plateau (highlands), and you need to go, for example, to the east. Walk until you get to the exact landmark and then make an adjustment. |
Using this method, it is difficult to determine the direction to the north from 11:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m., since during this period of time the declination angle changes and the direction is distorted. During this period of time, it is better to wait for the shortest shadow, which will be the exact direction to the north in itself.
Video on how to determine north by shadow with compass accuracy
Beyond the Arctic Circle it is easy to determine the cardinal directions even at night, since the Sun does not set far beyond the horizon: the northern side at midnight is the lightest, and the southern side is dark.
According to the Sun and the clock
For this method, it is necessary that the clock runs correctly and that you know which time is in effect - summer or winter (the difference is an hour). Accordingly, if the clock is running correctly, but you don’t know what time it is, winter or summer, in a given area, you can determine the direction to the north with an error of 7.5 degrees.
By pointing the hour hand (small, short, indicating hours!) at the Sun, you need to divide the angle formed between the direction of the hour hand and the number 1 (13 o'clock) of the dial in half by an imaginary line. The line dividing this angle will indicate the direction: in front will be south, behind will be north. But it should be taken into account that before 13 o’clock you need to divide the left corner, and in the second half of the day - the right corner. It is necessary to divide the angle in half because: the watch dial is like a double protractor, where every hour equal to angle at 30 degrees, but the sun passes only 15 degrees per hour - half of the whole circle, which is why the angle is divided in half.
By the Moon
When full moon located in the south, it occupies the highest position above the horizon.
In summer, in its first quarter, the Moon is in the south at 20 o'clock, and in the west at 2 o'clock in the morning. In the last quarter at 2 a.m. the Moon is in the east, and at 8 a.m. it is in the south. When there is a full moon at night, the sides of the horizon are determined by both the clock and the Sun, the Moon as the Sun.
By the North Star
Find the Polar Bear in the sky, lay five segments along the front wall of the Ursa Major bucket through the two outer stars in the form of a straight line, each equal to the distance between these stars. At the end of the fifth segment, at the very end of the Ursa Minor bucket, the famous Polar Star is located.
During the upper and lower culmination of the North Star, the direction towards it coincides with the true meridian. At this moment, the line from the tail of the Ursa Minor bucket will connect the North Star with the fourth star (delta) of the constellation Cassiopeia and with the second from the end star Mizar in the tail of the Ursa Major constellation, that is, it will be close to vertical.
The direction north according to the North Star is very easy to determine. Stick a stick approximately 1.8 meters high into the ground. At a height of 1.75 meters, a crossbar half a meter long is nailed to it perpendicularly, approximately in the direction of the meridian. Two threads of equal length are hung from the ends of the crossbar, and at the bottom they are connected by a weight so as to form isosceles triangle height 0.7–0.8 meters. By rotating the stick, the threads are visually aligned with the North Star during the climax: to make it easier to see, the threads are illuminated with a flashlight from the side. The position of the threads must be fixed until the meridian is hung during the day.
If ideal accuracy does not particularly affect your position, then by determining north only by the North Star, you will have an error of no more than 1-3 degrees.
One of the most important skills of any hunter is the ability to navigate the area, or at least have an idea of where to go next. First of all, to do this, you should correctly establish the cardinal directions, namely, which direction is north. There are several methods for finding cardinal directions.
Establishing compass directions is,
perhaps the most famous method. In this case, everything is quite simple - N-North, W-West, E-East, S-South. But it just happens when
you have a compass with you, which, unfortunately, is not always the case, in most
cases, we walk without a compass. Therefore, it is recommended to know the methods without
compass to determine cardinal directions.
On a sunny day
You can use a watch instead of a compass
This method is based on movements in one direction - visible
the daily movement of the Sun and the movement of the clock hand. Hour hand on normal
the dial circles the circle twice during the day, and the Sun during this time
the sky “goes around” only once. It follows from this that the hour hand, unlike
moves away from the Sun twice as fast. If the watch is placed horizontally and on
Direct the sun in the hour hand (the minute hand is not taken into account),
then the hour hand and the Sun will be directed south at this time. Clock position
do not change and after a few hours we look at the location of the clock hand and
Sun. The hour hand, for example, at 17:00 will point to the number five, and
The sun is opposite the number three (this is when viewed from the middle of the dial). It follows from this that the hour hand is from
the southern direction made an angle twice as large as the Sun. Similar
the result will also be obtained for other time intervals. Thus,
You can determine the cardinal directions on a sunny day using this method at any hour.
Subsequence
problem solving
- Manual
We place the watch or pocket watch with the dial up, horizontally. - Hourly
We try to direct the arrow as accurately as possible to the Sun (where it will be
the direction of the minute hand does not matter). - Corner,
obtained between the number "one", the middle of the dial and the number where
The hour hand is directed at this time, divide in half. The straight line that
divides this angle in half, will be approximately directed to the South.
The hour hand should always be directed towards
The sun is something to keep an eye on.
Determining the sides
light according to the clock and the moon
The cardinal directions are determined by the Moon in the same way as
and according to the Sun, but with a slight difference. In case of establishing cardinal directions according to
The Moon must first determine after what time the Sun
position itself where the Moon is currently located.
To determine the cardinal directions:
- Radius
conditionally divide the lunar disk into six identical parts and establish
how many parts will be in the visible part of the Moon's disk. - TO
Now we add the number of shares to the hour of observation, or vice versa,
we take away. If the Moon is waning (you can see the left side of the disk in the sky
Moon), then you need to add, and accordingly, if the Moon arrives
(the right part of the lunar disk is visible in the sky), then take it away. - Received
We mark the number on the dial and combine it with the course to the Moon. Where is the South?
will indicate the line that in winter divides the angle between the number “one” and the line on
the moon, and in the summer between the number “two” and
line to the Moon.
Determining the sides
light according to the North Star and Ursa Major
Almost always the North Star is combined with the “pole
world", which means it is always located above northern place horizon. Many
Polaris is believed to be the brightest star. But she really
actually no brighter than such stars as No. 1 and No. 2 of the constellation Ursa Major. They
indicate a course towards the North Star, which is almost in a straight line and
passes through these stars. Against the sky, the apparent distance from star No. 1 is equal to the distance between star No. 1 and No. 7
or more than five and a half times the distance between stars No. 2 and No. 1.
Knowing the course to the North Star, knowing its visible interval from
star No. 1, you can accurately determine the north direction. You can even determine
when the North Star is not visible because of the clouds, but stars No. 2 and No. 1 of the constellation
Ursa Major is clearly visible.
Determining cardinal directions in northern latitudes by lighting
sky at night
In northern latitudes the Sun is from the beginning of spring to September
It descends relatively shallowly below the horizon. This situation and comparative
the proximity of the places of sunset and sunrise makes it possible during the indicated periods
time of year to explain this phenomenon.
For almost 6 months in the northern regions and at night
time of day, the light part of the sky is northern, and the dark part of the sky is southern. This is a phenomenon
on South former USSR not observed because the Sun is at night in summer
days deep below the horizon.
Cardinal directions
determined by the location of anthills
Ants build their “dormitory” mainly in places where it is easy to
the sun's rays penetrate. Most of the sun's heat and light will fall on
anthill, if it is located
from the adjacent tree trunk to the south, otherwise the anthill will not get
the sun's rays from behind the tree trunk itself (it will simply cover the anthill).
In an effort to gain more solar heat and sunlight, ants
instinctively build their “house” from the tree trunk to the south.
Cardinal directions
determined by moss
Moss or lichen grows mainly in the northern
side of tree trunks in their lower part.
The northern part of the tree is less heated by the sun, so in
tree bark stores more moisture, and this promotes better growth
moss.
Cardinal directions
determined by annual rings and stumps
On tree stumps, the annual rings on the south side are wider from each other
friend, but from the north it is closer. But
this sign is used only in some cases when the tree was growing before felling
separately, not shaded by branches, trunks, or branches of neighboring trees.
Thus, on stumps located in the thicket of the forest, determine the cardinal directions by annual rings
not worth it. This method can only be used for a single tree,
growing in a forest clearing.
The ability to navigate among unfamiliar places is an important quality of a modern, competent tourist. This means, first of all, not to get lost in an unfamiliar place, to establish your location on the sides of the horizon in time and geographical objects, find out the direction of further movement.
It’s good when an experienced instructor takes a compass on a hike; this is not always the case in unprepared groups. If tourists find themselves in an unfamiliar area without a compass, there is no need to despair. There are many ways to navigate the terrain without this device and it’s worth getting to know them.
Tree navigation
If tourists find themselves without a compass in an unfamiliar forest area, you need to look carefully at the trees. In the south, the tree crown is more luxuriant and there are significantly more leaves. The densest branches in the dense forest develop here; the sun heats them better. Trees reach out for warmth with every leaf. In the north there are much fewer leaves and branches.
The method is not absolutely correct; allowances must be made for prevailing winds, the presence of moisture, and soil types. It is more reliable to navigate along lonely growing trees than in a dense forest.
The bark on trees will tell you a lot when orienteering. Tree trunks from the south are heated better than from the north. It is the southern side of the trunk that is lighter in bark and drier. On the heated southern surface of the trunk you can see clots of resin. The secondary layer of dark, cracking bark on pine trees forms on the trunk from the north. After rain, the trunks of pine trees darken from the north and dry out more slowly due to lack of sunlight.You can navigate by the bark in a birch forest; from the south it is always lighter, more elastic and thinner. Roughness and cracks, dark growths form on the trunks of birch trees from the north. Birch is a very flexible, thin-trunked tree in young forests; the tilt of the trunk will indicate the direction of the prevailing winds.
You can navigate by the cut down stump; you just need to carefully examine the annual rings on it. Where the gaps between the annual rings are larger - south, and where the rings are located close to each other - north. It’s good if you come across a clearing with cut trees along the way. Even a few stumps will help confirm your orientation assumptions.
In the forests through which they pass tourist routes, There is special signs, called tourist labeling. They are painted on the trunks along a planned route, always from the nearest populated area.
Orientation by mosses and lichens
moss on the tree
This is perhaps one of the most popular ways to navigate the area. The trunks of large trees in the forest, aspens, poplars, fir, and cedars from the north are covered with various lichens and mosses due to excess moisture. Even if the entire tree is overgrown with moss, from the north its thickets are denser and wetter. This is noticeable if you examine the trunk at the bottom. On boulders, screes and kurumniks from the north of the stones you can also observe thickets of moss and lichen. These are plants that cannot tolerate direct sunlight. bright light and intense heating. The soil north of the rocks feels wetter to the touch.
Orientation by anthill
Stump with anthill
Anthills are built by insects in the south of mountain slopes, trees, large stones and stumps for good heating by the sun. Ants are very heat-loving insects and carefully maintain the microclimate in the home. From the south, where the sun warms better, the anthill has a long, gentle slope. The steep slope of the anthill always faces north. The paths of heat-loving ants run from the southern side of the anthill.
Orientation by temples and glade pillars
Orthodox churches and Catholic churches are built oriented towards the cardinal points. Just look at the crosses located on Orthodox church, the lower part of the lower crossbar points to the south, the upper to the north.
The entrance to the temple and the bell tower are located on the west side, the altar in the church is located on the east. In Catholic churches, on the contrary, the altar is located in the west. For Muslim mosques, it is more difficult to determine the sides of the horizon; they are oriented towards Mecca. Likewise, Jewish synagogues are oriented towards Jerusalem. Although the doors of synagogues and mosques are in the north.
If you manage to find a clearing in the forest, if necessary, you should look for a post with bright numbers on it. They will point tourists to the square number topographic map terrain. The smallest numbers of the cutting column will point to the north.
Orientation by the sun and stars
To navigate by the Sun on a bright sunny day, you should wait until midday. At this time, the luminary is at its zenith, any shadow cast by objects becomes short. You should stand with your back to the luminary; the tourist’s shadow will indicate the direction to the north. The south will be behind the traveler. On his right hand will be the east direction, along left hand– Western.
In the off-season, in spring and autumn days the sun will rise strictly in the east and set in the west. At noon in any season, the star is in the south and every shadow points to the north. On winter days, the sun will rise from the southeast and set from the southwest. On summer days, the sun will rise from the northeast and set from the northwest.
Any traveler has an idea of the constellations of his northern sky. Today, almost every schoolchild can find the stars Ursa Major and Ursa Minor in the sky. But although tourists may theoretically know that the North Star is the end star on the tail of Ursa Minor, finding it can be quite difficult. The advice to help with this is to find the two terminal stars in Ursa Major and mentally continue the line connecting them to the bright Polar Star. Standing facing it, the tourist will look north.
Table: determining parts of the world by the sun
other methods
Forest inhabitants will help tourists navigate the terrain without a compass or map. The squirrel inhabits only hollows protected from the prevailing winds. Insect paths on tree trunks are often on the south side. Migratory birds In the spring they fly in a northerly direction, in the fall - to the south. In spring, the snow begins to melt on the southern slopes of hollows and ravines, and the grass here is subsequently thicker and taller. In summer, on hot days, there is lush grass on the northern side of buildings, stones, and forest edges. The soil is drier and berries ripen earlier on southern slopes.
Using a nail, a sewing needle, or a piece of wire, you can make a homemade tourist compass. At the same time, you need to understand that it will point to the magnetic pole and there will be a small error. This piece of steel must be magnetized by rubbing it on wool. In one case, it can be tied on a long thread by the center of gravity, it will rotate and stop in the north-south position. In another case, a magnetized needle is placed on a dry leaf in a small pond, the needle will indicate the north-south direction.
Given all the knowledge about orienteering without a compass, you should remember that you should not use one or two methods. Use your knowledge repeatedly, test it and if several observations are correct, the group will find the right direction.
Quite an interesting task for both travelers and athletes. In this article you will learn the basic techniques for orienteering in trees.
Orientation by tree bark
You can determine where is north and where is south in the forest using tree bark. The side where the bark is lighter and harder will be south. On the north side, the bark of trees is usually darker and covered with moss. To be sure, you need to inspect several trees.
Orientation in the forest using moss on the trees
It is easy to determine the countries of the world and by the bark deciduous trees. For example, the trunks of aspens and poplars from the north are often covered with lichens and greenish moss. If the lichen has spread throughout the entire trunk, then on the north side there is still more of it, it will be more moist and dense. This is especially noticeable at the bottom of the barrel. Thus, knowing these features, you can greatly simplify your orientation in the forest.
Orientation in a birch forest
Is there a sweeter tree for us than birch? The trunk of the birch is clean, white, visible from afar at any time. In the summer, her room - a birch grove - is spacious and fresh, light and cozy, with a lot of strawberries and mushrooms. - good tree. She does not shy away from other forest inhabitants, such as spruce. Its crowns do not close overhead, as in a spruce forest, and do not darken the blue of the sky. Shrubs, flowers, soft grasses boldly settle in the birch grove, and birds nest in it. Birch is distributed throughout the European part of our country up to 65° north latitude, almost throughout the entire forest-steppe zone of Siberia, in Transbaikalia, Altai and in the east on the coast of Okhotsk and Japanese seas, also found in the mountainous part Central Asia and Crimea. Birch is an excellent tree for orientation. She loves light very much, her bark is always whiter and cleaner on the south side. Cracks, bumps and growths occur on the north side of this tree. Birch can adapt to excess heat. Thus, in the Crimean hunting reserve in the upper reaches of Ulu-Uzen above the Golovkinsky waterfall, the only birch grove in Crimea has been preserved. Once you get here, you seem to be transported to northern forest with typical woody vegetation and moss cover. But this birch forest has interesting feature: birch trunks, hiding from the hot rays of the sun, bent in the north direction, some even touch the ground with their branches. Only those shaded on the south side by the crowns of pine, aspen or other trees stand vertically.Orientation in the forest by tree crown and tree rings
Tree branches are usually thicker and longer on the south side, and tree rings on the stump of a cut tree, usually wider on the south side and narrower on the north. However, from these signs it is impossible to accurately determine north and south, because in the thicket of the forest, trees located to the south of the observed tree often cover it with their shadow. For the same reason, the longest and most dense branches of trees in the middle of the forest can be faced not only to the south, but also to the west, east and even to the north (towards a freer place).
Often the annual growth of the next layer of wood is formed not from the south, but from the side from which the tree, thanks to certain factors, develops better. So, for the development of the tree big influence influences the prevailing wind direction and moisture conditions. Once the author of these lines, while in the city of Talgar, in the foothills of the Trans-Ili Alatau (Southern Kazakhstan), drew attention to single stumps from recently cut down trees. On the stumps, the thickening of the annual rings, mainly on one side, stood out sharply. showed that the thickening faces north and not south. The trees here stood at a great distance from each other and received quite enough heat and light. And yet their crown was wider and denser on the north side. It turns out that in these sunny places, as in other areas with a dry climate, there is a lot of heat and light for trees to grow, but not enough moisture. The shady side of the tree retains moisture better. Therefore, the crowns of trees are thicker and the growth of wood from annual rings is greater on the north side, and not on the south. As we know, the situation is different in the north, where there is much less heat and light than moisture. The trees here develop better on the south side. Here's what I wrote about it famous writer M. M. Prishvin: “An excellent compass is the trees themselves: on the north side the branches grow poorly on them, and from them you can accurately determine north and south.” Tree growth rings, found on the stumps of cut trees growing in an open area, wider on the south side. Thus, to determine the sides of the horizon without a compass, one should take into account all the features and compare several signs (signs). Natural weather vanes
As mentioned in the article about, the wind affects the location of branches and the width of annual rings on trees. On the leeward side, the branches are always longer and denser, and the growth rings are wider. Birch trees, which are more sensitive to wind, sometimes have trunks tilted to the leeward side, for example, in the Trushki tract of the Belotserkovsky district of the Kyiv region due to frequent northwestern winds - to the southeast. In the east of the Turfan depression along the southern foot of the Tien Shan, under the influence of frequent north-west winds behind Lake Shona-Nur, variegated poplars grow, under the influence of frequent north-west winds inclined to the southeast. The northwestern part of their trunks does not have bark. It is apparently erased by grains of sand carried by the wind. In the Khabarovsk Territory, especially in the area of the southern spurs of Dzhug-Dzhur, bare, half-dried larch trunks leaned to one side. This is the result of the cold winter winds that blow here mainly from the northwest. Along the southern side of tree trunks, from the roots to the top, there is a narrow strip of bark covering the vital part of the wood. Some animals, such as the squirrel, when building their homes in trees, take into account the direction of the wind that constantly blows in this area. Under the influence of prevailing winds, sometimes flag-shaped crowns, since on the non-windy side of the trees the buds dry out and the branches do not develop. Flag-shaped, one-sided cedars grow in the valley of the Kan River in the Idar Belogorye (Eastern Sayan). The crown flag has the direction of the wind constantly blowing up the Cana Valley. There are many pines with a flag-shaped crown on the Nikitskaya yayla (pasture) of the Yalta Highlands. In the coastal area of Gurzuf there are entire groves of such pines. Their crowns are located towards the south in the direction of the sharp northern winds that often blow on the yayla, which break through the gorge into the valley.
Italian pine is extremely sensitive to cold air currents. Its homeland is the Mediterranean. We use this type of pine in park construction. Under normal conditions, it differs from other pines by its tall, erect, bare trunk and characteristic umbrella-shaped crown. Under the influence of cold air currents penetrating in certain directions, the pine is inclined to the south and has a flag-shaped crown. Charles Darwin called such flag-shaped trees “natural weather vanes.” There are many of them on the Cape Verde Islands, in Normandy and other places. An interesting example of the influence of constant winds on vegetation is the uneven overgrowth of Baltic lakes. The western, leeward, shores of the lakes are peaty, since the water is relatively calm. Eastern, wave-cutting, without thickets. You can also navigate by windfalls. In the Northern Urals, for example, due to strong northwestern winds, windfalls are usually directed to the southeast. Wooden buildings and pillars darken and collapse faster on the windward side. In Crimea, on South coast, from the Belbek River to Sudak and from Gurzuf to Foros, as well as in Transcaucasia, grows Aleppo pine. Its name comes from the Syrian city of Aleppo (Aleppo), in the vicinity of which it is widespread. This tree is 10–15 m high with an irregular, often umbrella-shaped crown, drought-resistant, grows well on rocky calcareous and sandy soils. Used for afforestation of dry open places Crimea and Transcaucasia. Aleppo pine is planted on the northern side of roads along the Black Sea coast. She is very light-loving, and therefore her hallmark is a twisted and always inclined trunk to the south. Only specimens closed from the south deviate 9–12° from this direction. For this ability it is called the “compass tree”. We hope that after reading this article, orienteering in the forest with the help of trees will be easier and more accurate for you. Subscribe to our website updates and receive interesting articles directly to your email.