Russian travelers of the 19th century. Russian travelers of the first half of the 19th century. Central Asia Studies

Until the beginning of the 19th century, the fleet of the Russian Empire was tied to inland, coastal waters, such as the Baltic, White and Black Seas, and all frigates, barges and schooners sailed without great distance from the coast. And only with the accession to the throne of Alexander I and the coming to power of a team of his young friends-reformers, Russia begins to look towards the ocean, planning a round-the-world voyage. This was important both for research purposes and for the prestige of the state, as an ocean power, not inferior to England and France.

In the first half of the 19th century - Russian ships entered the oceans. 1803 - 1806 - the first round-the-world expedition of Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky on the ships Nadezhda and Neva.

Ivan Fedorovich aa Kruzenshtern (at her birth Adam Johann von Kruzenshtern). Years of life: (1770 - 1846) - Russian navigator, admiral. . For three years (from the age of twelve) he studied at a church school in Reval, and then at the Naval Cadet Corps in Kronstadt. In 1793 he was sent to study maritime art in England. In 1803-1806, on the small ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" purchased in the UK, he made the first trip around the world. Before sailing, Emperor Alexander I personally inspected the sloops purchased from the British in Kronstadt and granted Kruzenshtern's wife "a lease of 1,500 rubles for 12 years" in order to "ensure the welfare of the wife during the long and uncertain absence of her husband" . Krusenstern was a great lover of pets. On his travels, he was accompanied by a spaniel, the favorite of the whole team. Before each sailing, it became a good tradition for each member of the expedition to pat the spaniel by its long hanging ears, and indeed, the journeys went surprisingly smoothly. Literally anecdotal situations are known when savages who have never seen animals with such long hanging ears in their lives fled in horror.

riy Fedorovich Yua Lisnsky (1773 - 1837), St. Petersburg) - Russian navigator and explorer. Captain of the first rank. Comes from an ancient Ukrainian Cossack family. Born in the family of a priest of the Nizhyn church of St. John the Theologian. In 1793-1800 he was on an internship in England. Lisyansky commanded the Neva and discovered one of the Hawaiian Islands, named after him (Lisyansky Island). Lisyansky was the first to describe Hawaii in his book Journey Around the World (1812). One of Lisyansky's sons, Platon Yuryevich, followed in his father's footsteps, became a naval officer and rose to the rank of admiral (1892).

Nikolai Rezanov and Concepcion (Conchita) Arguello. Nikolai Petrovich aa oa Reznov (March 28, 1764, aa St. Petersburg - March 1, 1807, Krasnoyarsk) - Russian statesman, chamberlain, one of the founders of the Russian-American Company. Born into an impoverished noble family in St. Petersburg. As a child, he received a very good education at home. He knew five foreign languages. Alexander I in 1803 appoints Rezanov as the first Russian envoy to Japan to establish trade between the countries. This was a rather problematic assignment, since Japan has been pursuing a policy of severe isolationism for the past 150 years. It was decided to combine this embassy with the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva" under the command of Kruzenshtern (1803-1806). By decree of the emperor, Rezanov, along with Kruzenshtern, was appointed head of the expedition. Although Rezanov and Kruzenshtern had to share one cabin (6 m²), relations between them deteriorated to such an extent that they communicated exclusively through notes. One of the reasons for Kruzenshtern’s dissatisfaction was that the retinue, which was supposed to be the ambassador, hampered the team on a small, in fact, ship (the length of the Nadezhda was only 35 meters). September 26, 1804 "Hope" arrived in the city of Nagasaki. The Japanese forbade entering the harbor, and Kruzenshtern anchored in the bay. Rezanov himself was allowed to go ashore, provided with a luxurious palace, but it was impossible to go beyond it, and no one was allowed to see him. They were told to wait for a response from the emperor. This went on for six months. In March, a dignitary arrived with the emperor's reply. In response, it was said that he could not accept the embassy and did not want to trade with Russia. He demanded that the ship leave Japan. In Petropavlovsk, Rezanov learned that he had been released from further participation in the first round-the-world expedition, having ordered an inspection of Russian settlements in Alaska. Arriving in Novo-Arkhangelsk on the island of Sitkha, Rezanov found the Russian colony in a terrible state. The settlers simply died of hunger, as food was delivered to them through all of Siberia to Okhotsk, then by sea. It took months, and they came spoiled. Rezanov bought the ship "Juno" from the merchant John Wulff full of food and gave it to the settlers. But until spring, these products would not be enough, so Rezanov ordered the construction of another ship "Avos". After construction, he sent the two ships south to California for food and to establish trade relations with the Spaniards, who at that time owned California. In March 1806, the Juno and Avos moored in San Francisco Bay. Spain was an ally of Napoleon, and therefore relations with the Russians were not welcome. But during the six weeks of his stay, Rezanov completely subdued the governor of Upper California, Jose Arillaga, and the commandant of the fortress, Jose Dario Arguello. At this time, he met the fifteen-year-old Concepción Argüello (Conchita), the daughter of the commandant of San Francisco, which became the basis for the plot of the poem "Maybe" by the poet A. A. Voznesensky. After a while, he made her an offer of marriage. Immediately after the engagement, Rezanov went back. He expected to ask the emperor's petition to the Pope for consent to the marriage. According to his calculations, it should have taken two years. Conchita assured him that she would be waiting. On June 11, 1806, Rezanov left California. In In September 1806 he reached Okhotsk. Moving through the rivers, due to thin ice, he fell into the water several times. We had to spend several nights right on the snow. As a result, he caught a terrible cold and lay in a fever and unconsciousness for 12 days. As soon as he woke up, he set off again. On the way he lost consciousness, fell off his horse and hit his head hard. He was taken to Krasnoyarsk, where on March 1, 1807 he died. Conchita remained faithful to Rezanov. For a little over a year she went every morning to the cape, sat on the rocks and looked at the ocean. Now at this place is the support of the Golden Gate Bridge. In 1808, she learned of Rezanov's death and decided to leave for a monastery, where she died in 1857, remaining faithful to her lover.

The route of the first Russian round-the-world expedition. Kronstadt (Russia) - Copenhagen (Denmark) - Falmouth (Great Britain) - Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) - Florianopolis (Brazil, Portugal) - Easter Island - Nukuhiwa (Marquesas Islands, France) - Honolulu (Hawaiian islands) - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky (Russia) - Nagasaki (Japan) - Hakodate (Hokkaido Island, Japan) - Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk (Sakhalin Island, Russia) - Sitka (Alaska, Russia) - Kodiak (Alaska, Russia) - Guangzhou (China) - Macau (Portugal) - Saint Helena (Great Britain) - Corvo and Flores Islands (Azores, Portugal) - Portsmouth (Great Britain) - Kronstadt (Russia).

Results: More than a thousand kilometers of the Sakhalin coast were mapped. Description of the Far East, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands.

The second circumnavigation of the world 1819-1821. Headed by Fadey Fadeevich Bellingshausen. In 1819-1821 he was the head of the round-the-world Antarctic expedition sent to the south polar seas. It consisted of the sloops Vostok and Mirny. Leaving Kronstadt on June 4, 1819, the expedition arrived on November 2 in Rio de Janeiro. From there, Bellingshausen first headed straight south. In 1820 an expedition discovered Antarctica. In March 1820, the sloops separated and went to Australia (Port Jackson, now Sydney) across the Indian and Southern Oceans (55° latitude and 9° longitude), which had not yet been visited by anyone. From Australia, the expedition went to the Pacific Ocean, discovered several islands and atolls. The campaign of the Bellingshausen expedition is rightfully considered one of the most important and difficult ever made. The famous Cook in the 70s of the 18th century was the first to reach the south polar seas and, having met solid ice in several places, announced that it was impossible to penetrate further to the south. They believed him, and for 45 years there were no south polar expeditions. Bellingshausen proved the wrongness of this opinion and did extremely much to explore the south polar countries in the midst of constant labor and danger, on two small sailing ships not adapted to sail in ice. Named after Bellingshausen: the Bellingshausen Sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, the Thaddeus Islands and Thaddeus Bay in the Laptev Sea, the Bellingshausen Glacier, the lunar crater, the scientific polar station Bellingshausen in Antarctica.

Putyatin (1803 - 1883) - Russian admiral, count, statesman and diplomat. In 1822 he received the rank of midshipman and in the same year was appointed to circumnavigate the world on the frigate "Cruiser" under the command of Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. The journey, which began on August 17, took 3 years. In 1855 he signed the first treaty of friendship and trade with Japan.

Nevelskoy Gennady Ivanovich (1813 -1876). Russian admiral (1874), explorer of the Far East, founder of the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. He established that the mouth of the Amur is accessible for the entry of sea vessels and that Sakhalin is an island.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Muravyov-Amursky (1809 -1881). In the history of the expansion of Russian possessions in Siberia, Muravyov-Amursky played a prominent role: he took the initiative in the return of the Amur, ceded to China in 1689. On May 16, 1858, Muravyov concluded the Aigun Treaty with China, according to which the Amur became the border between Russia and China to the very mouth. Muravyov received the title of Count of Amur for the conclusion of this agreement. From 1847 to 1861 he was the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia

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Russian pioneers and travelers of the 19th century The presentation was prepared by Anastasia, a student of Grade 8 A, Secondary School No. 25, Balakovo, Saratov Region, Beijing

The 19th century was the time of the largest geographical discoveries made by Russian explorers. 1803-1806 The first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". Researchers: Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern The largest navigator, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and scientist-geographer of the 19th century, The materials of his expedition were the basis for a book published in the early 1920s. XIX century "Atlas of the South Seas".

Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky The commander of the Neva, discovered one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, later named after him.

Map of I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky

Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen Led a new round-the-world expedition. The expedition was made on sloops (single-masted ships). He was the commander of the ship "Vostok".

Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev Made an expedition together with Bellingshausen. Commander of the single-masted ship "Mirny".

Single-masted ships This is what the Vostok and Mirny ships looked like, which circumnavigated the world under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev.

Map of the round-the-world trip of F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev

Conclusion. Russian navigators made the most important geographical discoveries, brought valuable collections, observational data on the waters of the World Ocean and the ice sheets of a continent new to mankind.

In the 19th century, Russian explorers made a number of outstanding geographical discoveries. In 1803 I. Kruzenshtern on the "Nadezhda" and "Neva" made the 1st Russian round-the-world expedition, exploring the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, Sakhalin, Alaska, the Aleutian Islands. Y. Lisyanyakiy on the Neva discovered one of the Hawaiian Islands. In 1819-21 F. Bellingshausen and M. Lazarev on the sloops "Vostok" and "Mirny" made the 2nd Arctic expedition. During its 16/1/1820, the ships approached Antarctica, which Bellingshausen called "the ice continent". Having rested in Australia, the expedition moved to the tropical Pacific Ocean and discovered islands in the Tuamotu archipelago. They were named after Kutuzov, Lazarev, Raevsky, Barclay de Tolly, Yermolov and others. After resting in Sydney, the ships returned to Antarctica and discovered about. Peter I and the land of Alexander I. In July 1821, the ships returned to Kronstadt, bringing a huge amount of materials and collections. The development of Russian America is associated with the name of A. Baranov. A merchant from Kargopol had been trading in Alaska since 1790. He made detailed maps of Alaska and nearby islands. In 1799 Baranov became the ruler of the colonies in America. In 1804 He founded Novoarkhangelsk. Baranov tried to annex Hawaii to Russia, but failed. Despite his illness, he remained in office until his death. The territory of the Far East remained a white spot on the Russian map. In 1848, Nicholas 1 sent an expedition of G. Nevelsky to the Far East. He proved that Sakhalin Island and explored the lower reaches of the Amur. E. Putyatin during the round-the-world expedition of 1822-25. discovered the Rimsky-Korsakov Islands and concluded an agreement with Japan. Round-the-world expeditions were made by V. Golovin-1807-11,F. Litke-1826-29 and made 50 cards. I. Voznesensky in 1839-40 described Alaska, the Aleutian and Kuril Islands. In 1809 A. Kolodkin began to explore the Caspian. In 1848, E. Hoffman and M. Kovalsky explored the North. Ural. In 1845, the Russian Geographical Society was established.

Thanks to them, Russian names appeared on the map of the Pacific Ocean, Persia was studied, and Ethiopia remained an independent country - one of the few in Africa at that time.

We continue to publish stories about Russian pioneers who did a lot for the world, but were undeservedly forgotten by contemporaries and descendants. The first part is , the second part is . In the 19th century, travel, even around the world, became relatively comfortable, but there were still many blank spots on the world map, and our heroes, each in their own way, expanded its geographical boundaries.

Otto Kotzebue. 399 islands in the Pacific Ocean. 1815-1818

During his life, Otto Kotzebue made three circumnavigations of the world. The first is at the age of 15. As a cabin boy, he participated in the first Russian circumnavigation (1803-1806) on the Nadezhda sloop under the command of Krusenstern. The third - in the years 1823-1826 as the captain of the sloop "Enterprise".

Once, when Pashino noticed that he was suspected, he changed clothes with his servant-guide and remained in one turban and loincloth. Yes, and smeared with donkey droppings to give his skin a dark color

But the most significant in his biography was the command of the brig "Rurik", which made a round-the-world trip in 1815-1818. The purpose of this expedition was to find the northern passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. During a storm off Cape Horn, Kotzebue was almost washed overboard. He miraculously managed to grab onto the tight rope. And during a storm in the Pacific Ocean, the ship's bowsprit was broken, which crippled several sailors and Kotzebue himself. Because of this, the ultimate goal of the expedition was not achieved. But her results were still brilliant. It was thanks to Kotzebue that Russian names appeared on the map of the Pacific Ocean: the atolls of Rumyantsev, Kruzenshtern, Kutuzov, Suvorov and many others.

Egor Kovalevsky. Heroic adventures in Montenegro, Central Asia and China, discoveries in Central Africa. Mid 19th century

Yegor Kovalevsky is a figure, although not known to the general public, but professional geographers and travelers, of course, are well aware of him and his merits to science. To even briefly mention all his adventures, you need several pages of such a text.

He was a participant in the defense of Sevastopol, fought illegally on the side of the Serbs against the Austrians in Montenegro, opened a new route to China, visited Kashmir and Afghanistan, was captured during the Khiva campaign of the Russian army, fled and for several weeks with a handful of soldiers defended himself in a small fortress from pursuers ... He mined gold in Africa, the first of the Europeans reached the Moon Mountains - Rwenzori (on the territory of modern Uganda), crossed the Nubian desert, discovered the left tributary of the Nile, the Abudom River and indicated where to look for the source of the White Nile ... “We penetrate further than others inside Africa,” he wrote in his diary.

Kovalevsky was a talented writer, wrote both poetry and prose, but he went down in history as the author of four books about his adventures.

All of Russia read his books, and at the official level he was also highly appreciated. In 1856, Kovalevsky became an assistant to the chairman of the Imperial Geographical Society, as well as an honorary member of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

Alexander Kashevarov. He was the first to describe the northern coast of Alaska. 1838

Already the birthplace of Alexander Kashevarov makes the heart of any traveler tremble. After all, he was born in Alaska! In 1810, when she was still Russian. After studying at the Kronstadt Navigation School, he made two round-the-world trips as a navigator, and then returned to his small homeland and, at the head of a small group of sailors, made one of the most amazing voyages in the history of the development of the North. On leather Aleutian kayaks sewn with whalebone, travelers passed among the floating ice along the northern coast of Alaska from Cape Lisbourne to Cape Wrangel, which they discovered, marking Prokofiev and Kupriyanov Bays, the Menshikov Coast and Cape Stepovoy on the map of Alaska.

Pyotr Pashino. The first of the Europeans penetrated into remote areas of India and Afghanistan. 1873-1876

The 25-year-old journalist Pyotr Pashino made his first trip to Persia in 1861 as secretary of the Russian embassy. But paper work soon bored him, he took an indefinite leave and went on an independent trip to Persia, and then to Central Asia.

In the years 1873-1876 he made two trips alone to India, Burma and Afghanistan. Usually Pashino traveled in Arab or Indian clothes, with a shaved head, pretending to be a Turkish doctor, a wandering dervish, and sometimes a beggar tramp. He was fluent in many oriental languages. This allowed him to visit places where a non-Muslim was forbidden to enter on pain of death. But despite all the precautions and tricks, he more than once found himself on the verge of exposure and death. Once, when Pashino noticed that he was suspected, he changed clothes with his servant-guide and remained in one turban and loincloth. Moreover, he smeared himself with donkey droppings to give his skin a dark color. And when one day, in the clothes of a dervish, he went into a first-class buffet to drink tea, he was almost beaten half to death by a policeman.

Returning to St. Petersburg, Pyotr Pashino described his adventures in numerous essays and feuilletons. They were later collected into books.

Pashino also made a round-the-world trip, but it was quite civilized and comfortable, so it was not of particular scientific value.

Alexander Bulatovich. African pioneer, explorer of Ethiopia. 1896-1899

In 1896, the 26-year-old cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, Alexander Bulatovich, was included in the Russian Red Cross mission to Ethiopia, where he became a military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. With his help, the emperor reorganized his army to resist the European colonialists. As a result, Ethiopia became one of the few African countries that retained their independence.

With the permission of the emperor, Bulatovich made several trips to the interior of this country, where none of the Europeans had previously been. Accompanied by only three companions, he made a camel crossing through the Danakil desert, which was teeming with robbers, then became the first white man to cross the remote province of Ethiopia, the legendary Kaffa, from where the best coffee was delivered to Europe. He put the valley of the Baro River on the map of the world, discovered the mountain range named after Nicholas II, which was later renamed at the request of the Soviet Union.

Bulatovich became a military adviser to Emperor Menelik II. With his help, the emperor reorganized his army to resist the European colonialists. As a result, Ethiopia became one of the few African countries that retained their independence.

Detailed reports on these expeditions were published in St. Petersburg: “From Entoto to the Baro River. Travel reports in the South-Western region of the Ethiopian Empire "(1897) and" Diary of a campaign from Ethiopia to Lake Rudolf "(1900), in which he described not only his geographical discoveries, but also Ethiopian culture and faith, close to Orthodox, laws , customs, the structure of the army and the state, made a detailed outline of the history of Ethiopia. Bulatovich received a silver medal from the Russian Geographical Society for his research. His books inspired many new African explorers, in particular the poet Nikolai Gumilyov, to embark on expeditions. Already in our time, Bulatovich's adventures were described by Valentin Pikul in the story "Hussar on a Camel".

In 1906, Bulatovich retired, went to the Athos Monastery in Greece and became a monk, but during the First World War he returned to the army as a regimental priest. He was in Austrian captivity, escaped ... In 1919 he was killed by robbers in his estate near Sumy.