What is reclamation? On approval of the basic provisions on land reclamation, removal, preservation and rational use of fertile soil layer

home Land reclamation is a system of measures to address issues of rational use land resources

and problems of environmental protection in general. All lands undergoing changes in relief, soil cover, parent rocks that occur or have already occurred in the process of mining, construction, hydraulic engineering, geological exploration and other types of work are subject to reclamation. It is also necessary to reclaim eroded soils, and, under appropriate conditions, through excavation, rocky places and lands with shallow and low-productive soils.

Depending on further use, the following areas of reclamation are distinguished: agricultural, forestry, water management, fisheries, recreational, hunting, environmental protection, construction. When choosing a direction, they take into account population density, soil and climatic conditions, terrain, etc.

Any construction, mining, or geological exploration does not begin until a site reclamation project has been developed. Enterprises, organizations and institutions performing the above work on agricultural lands and forest lands provided to them for temporary use are obliged, at their own expense, to bring these land plots into a condition suitable for their intended use.

An integral part of the land reclamation project are anti-erosion measures: construction of water retention and drainage shafts, drainage structures, terracing, and the use of soil protection technologies for growing agricultural crops.

Reclamation work includes technical and biological stages.

Technical stage of reclamation

• The technical stage of reclamation is a set of works that is carried out by mining enterprises in order to prepare the territory for construction or for biological development. This stage includes the following work:
• removal and storage of fertile soil layer and potentially fertile rocks;
• selective excavation and formation of overburden dumps;
• formation of dumps of mines, quarries;
• surface planning, terracing, securing slopes, quarries;
• covering the leveled surface with a layer of fertile soil or potentially fertile rocks;
• engineering equipment of the territory.

The technical stage of reclamation is the most labor-intensive and expensive.

Biological land reclamation

Biological reclamation is a set of measures aimed at restoring the fertility of disturbed lands and ensuring high productivity of crops grown on them.

In the process of mining, selective extraction of rocks is mandatory. The humus layer, potentially fertile and overburden rocks are removed, transported and stored separately.

Unsuitable and toxic rocks are placed at the base of the dump, covered with potentially fertile rocks, and covered with a humus layer of soil on top. The layer of potentially fertile and fertile rocks should be at least 1.2-1.5 m. If the areas to cover are not available or are not sufficiently prepared, the soil layer is stored in special dumps. The height of such dumps is 10-15 m, they should not be subject to surface or subsurface flooding, they must be protected from erosion, overgrowth by weeds, and maintained microbiological activity by sowing perennial grasses.

The leveling of the surface of the dumps is carried out in two stages: the first is rough, including the leveling of large ridges and elevations. In this case, areas for use in agriculture should be close to flat, without closed depressions. The general surface slope for Polesie can be 1-2 °, for Forest-steppe and Steppe - 1 °. Areas allocated for forest can be moderately dissected with a slope of up to 4°. On slopes of more than 4° it is necessary to erect water-retaining shafts and anti-erosion structures. Slopes can be formed in the form of terrace-like ledges.

The second stage (final) - precise planning is carried out after 1-2 years of rock shrinkage: the dumps are covered with a fertile layer of soil and transferred for development.

Many types of management - construction, mining, repair or survey work - significantly destroy the soil cover, therefore, to restore it, reclamation of disturbed lands is carried out. Restored for introduction into circulation great amount fertile soil layer by special measures, which will be discussed in this article.

Dictionary

What are disturbed lands? These are those that have lost their economic value or, moreover, negatively affect the environment due to disturbed soil cover or when technogenic relief is formed after certain production activities.

What is land reclamation? This the whole complex actions that are aimed at restoring the national economic value of devastated soils, restoring their productivity, and improving the conditions of the entire environment. Technical and biological reclamation of disturbed lands is being carried out. To do this, they first need to be inventoried - identified, recorded and mapped, areas determined and the quality level established.

The directions of reclamation of disturbed lands are their restoration for one or another intended use. For example, the agricultural direction involves the creation of new agricultural land on disturbed soils.

Work on removing the fertile layer, transporting it and applying a new one - earthing. It can significantly improve even unproductive lands and potentially fertile rocks. The object of reclamation is a land plot with a disturbed fertile layer that is subject to restoration. The upper part of the soil cover, humified and equipped with all physical, chemical and agrochemical properties favorable for plants, is called the fertile layer.

Resolution

Very relevant in modern conditions actions to organize agricultural work and restore all disturbed lands. Territories where reclamation of such lands has already occurred should be under special control.

The 1994 Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation defines the general requirements for carrying out work on the reclamation of damaged soil cover. They are mandatory for all legal entities, officials and individuals. Reclamation of disturbed lands brings recreational, forestry and agricultural lands back into operation for further use for their intended purpose. There are two stages to restore soils - biological and technical.

When the reclamation of disturbed lands passes the technical stage, leveling is carried out, slopes are formed, the fertile layer of soil is removed and applied, reclamation and hydraulic structures are installed, toxic rocks removed by excavation are buried, various works are organized to create conditions for the second stage of activities.

Biological intervention restores soil fertility: agrotechnical, phytomeliorative measures that improve agrochemical, agrophysical, biochemical properties, as well as other indicators of fertility.

Types of reclamation

There are an incredible amount of disturbed lands on the planet. Reclamation is necessary in many cases. So, it is necessary to eliminate the consequences:

• field development open method or underground;
• laying pipelines, carrying out reclamation, construction, logging and some other work that is associated with damage to the soil cover;
• liquidation of military, industrial, and any other structures and objects;
• storage or burial of household, industrial or other waste;
• eliminating the consequences of soil pollution, when the condition for restoration is the removal of the fertile top layer.

The norms for such removal are established by the project for the reclamation of disturbed lands, depending on how much the level of fertility of a given area has fallen. The removed layer of soil usually also goes into use - it is reclaimed, after which it improves unproductive land.

Goals not related to agriculture or forestry are usually not pursued because they are not economically viable. The exception is cases when there is no possibility of using the removed soil layer for the forest fund or improving the land for agriculture. On the territory of each region there are organizations for the transfer or acceptance of reclaimed land. It also discusses other issues related to soil disturbance and restoration.

The Standing Commissions include land management, environmental protection, water management, forestry, agricultural, architectural and construction, sanitary, financial and credit and many other bodies, under whose supervision all stages of reclamation of disturbed lands take place.

Documentation

Acceptance (transfer) of all reclaimed lands must be carried out within one month after submission of notification of completed soil restoration actions to the Standing Commission. Carrying out reclamation of disturbed lands requires the following materials to be attached to the documents:

• Permission to carry out such work (copies), that is, a document certifying the right to use subsoil and land.
• A copy of the land use plan showing the boundaries of all restored areas.
• Disturbed land reclamation project.
• Data from surveys - soil and others, which are necessary for carrying out such work related to both the violation of the fertile layer and the elimination of the consequences of this.
• Working drawings - design documentation for anti-erosion, reclamation, hydraulic and other facilities, agrotechnical, forest reclamation and other measures that were provided for by the project.
• Inspection materials reflecting the implementation of soil restoration work, information on measures taken to eliminate identified violations.
• Information on the procedure for removing, storing, using, transferring the fertile layer, relevant documents confirming this.

This list of papers is supplemented and clarified in each case by the Standing Commission. Changes and additions are dictated by the nature of the land disturbance and its future use.

Acceptance

Reclaimed areas are accepted by a special commission with a mandatory on-site visit. It is approved by the chairman or deputy of the Standing Commission within ten days after the application is submitted by legal entities or individuals leasing land.

Typically, the working commission consists of representatives of municipal and government agencies, interested in land use, as well as members directly of the Standing Commission. Persons handing over and accepting reclaimed areas, representatives of design and contracting organizations, specialists and experts also take part in the acceptance of reclaimed areas. The procedure for reclamation of disturbed lands is checked after reviewing all required documents.

Pesticide pollution

Pesticides are inorganic and organic compounds that are used to control plant diseases and pests, weeds, and also to accelerate the ripening of a number of crops subjected to machine harvesting. Despite the fact that only about three hundred grams of such substances are applied per hectare, the soils become significantly clogged over time, so sooner or later they are subject to mandatory reclamation. The main task is to activate the processes of decomposition of residual forms of harmful substances. Directions for reclamation of disturbed lands can be very different according to the project, which provides percentage data on the composition of soil contamination.

Biodestructors are used to decompose certain compounds, soils are irradiated with ultraviolet light, fertilizers are applied - mineral and organic, and agro-reclamation and agrotechnical measures are carried out. To reduce the decomposition time of pesticides, chemical ameliorants are used that form non-toxic compounds; artificial or natural sorbents and lime are added to the soil. Then those crops that are able to absorb harmful compounds and process them are introduced into the crop rotation: corn, lupine, rapeseed. In this way, the soils are cleared of atrazine and linuron, as well as many other compounds.

Oil pollution

Taking into account the criteria for assessing the state of the environmental situation, appropriate measures are carried out, first of all, technical reclamation of disturbed lands, after which biological reclamation. There are three defined levels of soil pollution: background, increased and high pollution. The first is up to fifty milligrams of petroleum products per kilogram of dry soil. The second - up to a thousand milligrams, the third - up to five thousand. It is the third level that involves the purpose of reclamation of both soil and groundwater. The second level should alert those responsible who are obliged to carry out monitoring.

The development of a project for the reclamation of disturbed lands contaminated with oil and its products is being organized according to an equalized scheme. Initial actions are aimed at activating microorganisms in the soil so that they destroy hydrocarbons. The soil is also loosened, lime, gypsum, and high doses of mineral and organic organisms are added to it, then all this is plowed. A mulched surface consisting of nutrient mixtures is created, and increased rates of oil-tolerant crops are sown. White bentgrass, timothy grass, red fescue, awnless brome, perennial lupine, eastern beckmania, canarygrass, horned butterfly, alfalfa and clover are grown. Plants that grow on contaminated soil are fed to animals under strict control, since carcinogens and aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons accumulate in them.

Ecological system

Land restoration depends on how the disturbed land reclamation project is designed, as well as in accordance with the emergency level of the environmental disaster situation. This is a whole series of environmental engineering system activities. Petroleum products are extremely mobile in the components of the geosystem. If the soils have been contaminated for a long time and large areas of bound and free petroleum products have formed in the zones of aeration and groundwater, then the fight against them will be serious. This usually happens near oil depots, fuel warehouses and oil refineries.

The engineering-ecological system must implement the tasks of removing mobile oil products, protecting rivers, water intakes, as well as reclamation of all damaged soils. Sources of contamination must be localized. The basis of the environmental engineering system is made up of structures: embankment dams, walls in the ground, vertical and horizontal drainage, injection and production wells. Many other measures that provide for the technical reclamation of disturbed lands are also good.

Quarry dumps

Twenty percent total area the territory of mining enterprises is allocated to quarry dumps, 13% - to waste storage facilities processing plants, 5% - for dumps and mine waste, and 3% - completely unsuitable land due to subsidence and surface failures. The volume of mining work increases every year, and now approximately ten to fifteen hectares are used as dumps every year. Landscape complexes and soil cover are being disturbed. Engineering communications and their construction also require significant space. Reclamation of lands disturbed by mining operations in our country has been carried out systematically since 1959.

Complex schemes restoration work may include a wide range of activities depending on the degree of pollution and its chemical composition. For example, these:

• First year- loosening to degas the soil and stimulate all biochemical processes.
• Second year- regulation of water and nutrient regimes of the soil with biodestructors.
• Third year and all subsequent years- growing sustainable crops until quality products grow.

High levels of pollution can force a complete replacement of the fertile topsoil, which is removed and sent for recycling. Overburden rocks stored in the form of an embankment (external dumps) are used only if they are radioactive and non-toxic.

Excavations and artificially created cavities are reclaimed mainly using consumer and industrial waste, that is, they are, in fact, their disposal, and this is a licensed type of activity. Quarry excavations and various types of dumps are used in the extraction of minerals and building materials in an open way.

Reclamation stages

This is a very complex multi-component system of activities, closely interconnected, structured by the level of tasks to be solved and technological execution. The preparatory stage is the justification of measures from the investment side and the development of working documentation. The technical stage is the implementation of the project in its engineering part.

Biological - the final stage, including landscaping, biological soil purification, forestry construction, phytorecultivation and agro-reclamation measures, which are aimed at the complete restoration of soil-forming processes. The first two stages can take place over a long period of time - up to several decades, when complex environmental problems are solved.

Land reclamation- a set of measures aimed at restoring the productivity of disturbed lands in the process of environmental management, as well as improving environmental conditions.

Land disturbance is a process that occurs during the extraction of mineral resources, geological exploration, survey, construction and other work and leads to disruption of the soil cover, hydrological regime of the area, the formation of technogenic relief and other qualitative changes in the condition of the land.

Reclaimed land- these are disturbed lands on which productivity and national economic value have been restored and environmental conditions have been improved.

There are two stages in land reclamation:

1. Technical - preparation of land for subsequent intended use

2. Biological – restoration of fertility, carried out after the technical stage and including a complex of agrotechnical and phytomeliorative measures aimed at restoring the historically established set of flora, fauna and microorganisms.

Reclamation work includes the following stages:

• Design and survey work (soil and other field surveys, laboratory analyses, mapping)
• Determination of the characteristics of the cleaned object: engineering-geological indicators, qualitative and quantitative indicators of pollution, microbiological and agrochemical indicators of the cleaned soil
• Localization of pollution
• Embankment, use of sorbents
• Cleaning the area from pollution
• Mechanical, sorption and microbiological cleaning
• Chemical and microbiological control of the cleaning process
• Acquisition of fertile soil layer (if necessary)
• Application of potentially fertile rocks and fertile soil layer to reclaimed lands
• Liquidation of industrial sites, transport communications, electrical networks, buildings and structures, other facilities (if necessary)
• Cleaning the reclaimed area from industrial waste
• Construction of a drainage and drainage network for the subsequent use of reclaimed land (if necessary)
• Purchase and planting of seedlings
• Preparation of the bottom, arrangement of quarries and other excavations when creating reservoirs in them (if necessary)
• Restoring the fertility of reclaimed lands transferred for agricultural, forestry and other uses (purchase of seeds, fertilizers, ameliorants and their use, etc.).

Causes of disturbed lands and reservoirs

Types of human activity that may result in the need for land and water reclamation:

• economic activity
  • mining, especially open-pit mining;
  • deforestation;
  • the emergence of landfills;
  • city ​​construction;
  • creation of hydraulic structures and similar objects;
• conducting military tests, including nuclear weapons tests.

Two main stages of reclamation

Reclamation work usually has two main stages - technical and biological. At the technical stage, the landscape is adjusted (filling ditches, trenches, pits, depressions, sinkholes, leveling and terracing industrial waste heaps), hydraulic engineering and reclamation structures are created, toxic waste is buried, and a fertile layer of soil is applied. As a result, territory is formed. At the biological stage, agrotechnical work is carried out, the purpose of which is to improve the properties of the soil.

Areas of land reclamation

Depending on the goals set for land reclamation, the following areas of land reclamation are distinguished:

• environmental direction;
• recreational direction;
• agricultural direction;
  • crop production;
  • haymaking and pasture direction;
• forestry direction;
• water management direction.

Plants used in reclamation

Among the plants used to improve the quality of land, first of all, we can name herbaceous representatives of the Legume family, which are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. For example, in Australia, Clitoria ternatea is used for reclamation of coal mine areas. Another plant actively used in land reclamation is black poplar (Populus nigra).

The reclamation period can last 10 years or more. It includes technical and biological stages.

Reclamation work includes technical and biological stages.(technical reclamation, and when restoring lands disturbed by mining, mining-technical reclamation) includes the following types works: removal and storage of fertile soil layer, surface leveling, transportation and application of fertile soils to the reclaimed surface, construction of a drainage and water supply network of canals, installation of anti-erosion structures. The technical stage of reclamation is carried out by mining enterprises.

Biological stage of reclamation(biological reclamation) includes measures to restore the fertility of reclaimed lands and restore flora and fauna. Work at this stage is carried out by forestry or agricultural enterprises, for whose permanent use the land plot is received after technical reclamation.

There are directions or types of reclamation, characterized by specific techniques and methods, depending on the intended use of the reclaimed area. The most widespread areas of reclamation are: agricultural, forestry, fisheries, water management, recreational, sanitary and hygienic and construction.

Land reclamation must be comprehensive, i.e., provide for their various subsequent uses.

Introduction

The state of the lands of most cities in our country is an objective reflection of the processes associated with the first and second industrializations. As part of the land fund of large industrialized urban settlements, significant areas of inefficiently used land have appeared, disturbed as a result of negative impact factors of technogenesis. These areas are contaminated with toxic chemicals, littered with landfill bodies, degraded as a result of erosion, landslide processes, and flooding. They have become a source of negative impact on the state of the urban environment, its natural and anthropogenic components

What is reclamation and its purpose

Reclamation is a set of works for the environmental and economic restoration of lands and water bodies, the fertility of which is a result of human activity decreased significantly. Disturbed lands of all categories, as well as adjacent land plots that have completely or partially lost productivity as a result of the negative impact of disturbed lands on them, are subject to reclamation.

The purpose of reclamation is to improve environmental conditions and restore the productivity of disturbed lands and water bodies.

History of the development of reclamation of disturbed lands: world and Russian experience

The intensive development of the mining, oil and gas industries and the increase in mineral extraction lead to the disruption and withdrawal of significant areas of fertile land from use.

Production mineral raw materials and such types of human activities as the creation of landfills, ash dumps, tailings dumps, construction of military, industrial and civil facilities, lead to the exclusion of valuable resources from use National economy lands. Every year around the world, 6-7 million hectares of fertile land are taken for these needs.

According to the annual state reports “On the state and protection of the environment Russian Federation", the specific land intensity of production increased from 6.9 hectares/million. tons of production in 2010 to 8.4 hectares/million. t. The area of ​​reclaimed land in the amount of disturbed land increased from 0.322 to 0.356 ha/ha.

Thus, the restoration of disturbed lands is an important state task, the solution of which will improve the environmental situation, ensure the return of lands and create conditions for development on them various types economic activity.

Reclamation includes a large complex of reclamation, agricultural, and forestry work to restore disturbed lands into fertile, ecologically balanced lands, close in basic soil parameters to evolutionarily undisturbed ones.

The purpose of reclamation is to create a new landscape. In the process of reclamation, all components of the landscape are created anew: the relief and thickness of the rocks that make up the subsoil of the future landscape are formed; the groundwater regime is restored; In accordance with the chosen type of development of reclaimed territories, the structure of the soil and plant horizons of the landscape is created. The artificially recreated environment forms animal world areas being restored.

The main task set before reclamation is to restore the productivity of disturbed lands. This task can be defined as promising, but difficult to achieve during the period of reclamation work, since its solution depends on the type of object, its functional purpose and natural conditions. Thus, the reclamation of landfills, toxic dumps, tailings dumps, ash dumps and other objects can only be environmental, aimed at protecting the surrounding lands, preventing erosion processes and creating a cultural landscape on these objects. Reclamation of lands on which the resumption of negative processes is possible (contaminated lands or those under constant technogenic impact) should be carried out only on the basis of monitoring data.

Reclamation methods are determined, first of all, by the composition and properties of the rocks going into the dump, stripping technology and the climate of the area.

When using disturbed areas for agricultural and forest crops The level of fertility of soil dumps is of paramount importance. Therefore, for the successful implementation of land reclamation, it is necessary to study the composition and properties of the overburden rocks with the compilation of a map of the distribution of rocks with their agronomic characteristics.

Worldwide experience in land reclamation totals only about 80 years. The first land reclamation work was carried out in 1926 in areas disturbed by mining operations (USA, Indiana).

In Russia in 1912 on the territory of the present Vladimir region In the abandoned peat mining areas, experiments were carried out to cultivate them and grow agricultural plants.

Reclamation was widely developed in Europe and the USA in the pre-war years and mainly after the Second World War.

Currently, successful work on the reclamation of lignite and hard coal mines is being carried out in Germany, Poland, England, the USA and other countries.

In the first stages of development, reclamation was carried out mainly for landscaping purposes. For example, in the Rhine lignite basin there are 3 stages of reclamation.

Reclamation in the Rhine Basin is based on landscape-ecological analysis with the development of long-term plans for further development of the landscape. It is planned to create ecologically balanced landscapes. At the same time, 2000 hectares are taken as a unit of area for an ecologically balanced agricultural landscape, and 2500 hectares for a recreational landscape. Exhausted quarries are turned into reservoirs for recreation and sports, and the slopes are subject to afforestation.

In England, with its high population density, preference is given to agricultural reclamation and the use of dumps for urban and recreational development. The establishment of parks and construction on mining lands has been practiced since the middle of the last century; now such parks exist in many cities of the country.

In France, Denmark, Belgium, Italy and others European countries A significant environmental problem is the landscaping of coal mine waste heaps and the reclamation of construction materials quarries.

In the USA, land reclamation is carried out by the Forestry and Geological Surveys, the Soil Conservation Service, the Bureau of Mines and a number of federal departments and agencies in the states. Mining and reclamation activities are regulated by state laws.

A number of specialized associations have been created to restore lands disturbed by open-pit mining. Vegetative reclamation, which consists in creating forests for recreational purposes, has become predominant here.

Aero-seeding, planting seeds on steep slopes with hydraulic infill, and manual planting are widely practiced. Great importance is given to the selection of species of tree and shrub plants that are most resistant to difficult environmental conditions, which is made on the basis of observations of the natural overgrowth of dumps. Dignity American programs is to closely link reclamation with work plans for the protection of soils and waters within the boundaries of special reclamation areas into which the entire territory of the country is divided.

In Germany, priority is given to the restoration of land for agricultural use, but forest reclamation issues occupy an important place in common system protection and restoration of technogenic landscapes. State forestries have successfully created forest plantations on rocky mine dumps in the Ore Mountains. The spruce forests planted on such dumps more than a hundred years ago are mature full-tree stands. However, the greatest scope of forest reclamation work was achieved in areas disturbed by open-pit mining brown coal. All legal provisions put forward a requirement to create a new cultural landscape in disturbed territories. Landscape planning is under the control of state organizations; based on long-term plans, mining enterprises enter into long-term contracts with state land users, which stipulate all types of reclamation work, deadlines and quality requirements for territory preparation. Mining enterprises carry out leveling of dumps, application of fertile soils, chemical reclamation and general engineering and technical development of the territory.

In Canada, the forest service has begun experimental work on the reclamation of dumps on an area of ​​4 thousand hectares. All mining companies in the country are required to have reclamation plans, according to which they begin reclamation no later than three years after the completion of stripping operations. The main difficulty in mountainous areas is securing the surface of eroding and polluting air and water dumps, consisting of waste from ore enrichment, tailings and slag. For this purpose, grasses are sown and trees are planted on the flat tops and slopes of dams and water treatment facilities. All reclamation work is carried out in accordance with plans to prevent pollution of rivers, in the upper reaches of which mines and dumps are usually located.

In the domestic literature, the term “reclamation of territories” first appears in 1962 (in the work of I.V. Lazareva, who highlighted foreign experience in reclamation and considers this problem in relation to the use of land disturbed by industry for urban planning purposes).

One of the first reclamation works in Russia should be considered the development of peat workings in the north and north-west of the European part of the country for forestry purposes.

Krupennikov I.A., Kholmetsky A.M. The following stages of development of reclamation work in Russia are distinguished:

· 1906-1949 - an increase in the area of ​​land disturbed by industry, awareness of the need for their restoration, the emergence of an idea, scattered experiments.

· 1950-1968 - a sharp increase in the area of ​​open-pit mining of mineral resources, the beginning legal regulation, development of requirements and guidelines for reclamation, systemic scientific and industrial experiments, first generalizations, scientific and technical meetings, disparate planning of reclamation activities.

· 1969-1980 gt. - adoption of the land code and special government regulations on reclamation, inclusion of reclamation work in technological process production, the first theoretical developments and scientific and organizational development of reclamation science, the emergence of the problem of recycling soils removed from lands alienated from agriculture and water farming, the development of state and industry standards.

· Since 1981, intensive development of the theory of accelerating soil processes and the creation of a highly fertile soil profile began by reducing soil loss during the reclamation process, expanding the scale of land restoration work, etc.

In our country from 1971 to 1980. reclamation was carried out on an area of ​​713 thousand hectares, i.e. the annual volume of reclamation work amounted to 71.3 thousand hectares. Their significant growth was laid down in the State comprehensive program increasing soil fertility

Russia for 1992-1995, where it was planned to annually reclaim up to 96 thousand hectares for subsequent agricultural use.

Since 2004, there has been no body in the country that would centrally collect data on the state of land resources. In 2013, scientists and environmentalists proposed developing an environmental protection law. The document should regulate the responsibility of subsoil users at all stages of design, operation and liquidation of enterprises, as well as the conduct of comprehensive environmental monitoring.

Today these clear rules for technogenic enterprises are not spelled out. How the mechanisms for eliminating the consequences of the development of mineral deposits are not prescribed.

In the summer of 2012, Kuzbass parliamentarians appealed to the Russian government with a request to restore the system of statistical monitoring of the state of reclamation, removal and use of fertile soil layer, which ceased to exist in 2008. In the fall of 2012, the government ordered this surveillance to be resumed. Annual reports in form No. 2-TP (reclamation) from legal entities, citizens, individual entrepreneurs extracting minerals, as well as conducting construction, reclamation, logging, survey work and disposing of waste, are now accepted by the territorial divisions of Rosprirodnadzor.

In conditions where there are no real projects, control has not been established, and most importantly, funds for reclamation are not provided, it is necessary to create a mechanism for eliminating the consequences of field development, with the creation of liquidation funds.

According to the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, funds will be contributed to liquidation funds by both subsoil users and the state. The project to amend several legislative acts at once - on subsoil, on insolvency and bankruptcy, the Code of Administrative Offenses and the Tax Code - is at the approval stage.

According to scientists, federal legislation should become a framework: it is high time to transfer the main rule-making functions local authorities authorities. Because natural conditions in different regions big country are different. This means that approaches to land restoration must be different. In some places, agricultural biological reclamation is needed, and in others, sanitary and protective remediation is needed.

When carrying out work related to soil disturbance and land reclamation, compliance with established environmental and other standards, rules and regulations is mandatory. Land reclamation is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated February 23, 1994 No. 140 “On land reclamation, removal, preservation and rational use fertile soil layer" and the Basic Provisions on land reclamation, removal, preservation and rational use of fertile soil layer, approved by Order of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia and Roskomzem dated December 22, 1995 No. 525/67.

Assessment of the quality of land reclamation work must be carried out by a commission consisting of municipal specialists in accordance with current regulations and standards for land reclamation and protection: GOST 17.5.3.04-83 “Nature conservation. Earth. General requirements to land reclamation"; GOST 17.5.1.03-86 “Classification of overburden and host rocks for biological land reclamation”, GOST 17.4.203-86. "Protection of Nature. Soils. Soil passport"; GOST 17.4.3.01-83. "Protection of Nature. Soils. General requirements for sampling”; GOST 17.4.4.02-84. "Protection of Nature. Soils. Methods of sampling and preparation of samples"; GOST 28168-89. “Soils. Sample selection"; GOST 17.4.3.03-85. "Protection of Nature. Soils. General requirements for methods for determining pollutants"; GOST 17.473.06-86. "Protection of Nature. Soils. General requirements for the classification of soils according to the influence of chemical pollutants on them".

The organization of use of disturbed lands has changed with the development of market relations: economic factors have become priority - objectively reasonable fee for land and natural resources used, tax revenues. This led to a reorientation of the urban management system from administrative methods to economic ones.

In the new conditions, there is a need to improve existing approaches to assessing the qualitative condition of urban lands, identifying, recording and classifying disturbed urban areas. The main problem of restoration and return to economic use of disturbed lands is the imperfection of the legal framework regulating these issues. The main drawback of the current legislation in the field of urban land use is that most of the existing regulations are devoted to the problems of land use and protection, rather than their restoration. In addition, urban lands are considered only from the point of view of their socio-economic aspects to the detriment of natural and environmental ones, that is, the subject of regulation of these documents is mainly land plots as real estate objects, and not urban lands or soils as components of the natural environment.

According to experts, today there is an urgent need to change the regulatory framework. Improving legislation can become a solid basis for carrying out large-scale land restoration work.

In many corners globe, as a result of the rapid pace of industrialization industrial production, the technogenic impact on the natural landscape is increasing. As a result, millions of hectares of land are exposed to direct influence industrial developments and, as a consequence, there is a change in the relief and lithological basis, which leads to the total destruction of plant and soil cover.

Features of reclamation

The most progressive destruction of the lithosphere can be observed in technologically developed countries such as Russia, the USA, Great Britain, Poland and Romania. The presence of multi-million hectares of contaminated land is primarily due to the activities of mining conglomerates, since, in accordance with the project for reclamation of disturbed lands, the process usually begins only after the complete development of the mineral deposit.

Land that has been destroyed as a result of enterprise activities is characterized by low agrochemical indicators in comparison with the initial nominal readings before mining activities. In order to increase the humus content to the initial level in untouched agricultural lands, it is necessary, after mining reclamation, to carry out a full cycle of biological reclamation of the affected land.

This process implies a complex of engineering, mining, reclamation, biological, sanitary and hygienic and other measures that are aimed at reproducing the productivity of disturbed lithospheric areas and rehabilitation to a state that is acceptable for post-industrial use.

Reclamation methods

In modern society, this process is perceived as a complex problem of restoring productivity and reconstructing landscapes damaged by industrial progress. To this end, a number of comprehensive measures are being developed and carried out aimed at reviving industrial wastelands and creating new natural landscapes.

Types

Conventionally, there are three degrees of anthropogenic transformation of the lithosphere:

1. Slightly changed edatope conditions (habitat conditions). Characterized by mild technogenic impact, indigenous or industrial, on natural landscapes. At this stage, environmental protection measures are sufficient.

1. Moderately modified edatope conditions. It is characterized by significant changes in land, which at the same time retain the ability to be fertile. TO this type include: arable land, forested areas, gardening areas, orchards and vineyards.

1. Strongly changed edatope conditions. This is a habitat where fertility has been completely lost. Edotopes of this group are, first of all, objects of reclamation measures. This type includes: quarries for mining, rock dumps of mines, exhausted peat fields, adjacent lands to processing and metallurgical conglomerates, lands with disturbed topography, which are located along roads, pipelines, heating channels, etc. In this case, measures are taken to for land reclamation during the construction of oil-contaminated sites.

Based on the above, it should be noted that this process is a basic component of environmental protection measures for lands that have been destroyed during use natural resources, through the functioning of technogenic conglomerates and other anthropogenic activities, with the subsequent use of restored disturbed lands and environmental procedures to improve ecological state environment. Edatopes, which are characterized by varying degrees of change and depletion, are objects for this process. Naturally, such objects include: soil and vegetation covers, soils, The groundwater And so on.

Main projects

This project is a complex of reclamation work, which is formed on a multi-component system of interrelated activities, structured according to the level of complexity of the tasks and goals, as well as the degree of possibility of technological implementation.

The project and estimate must include the following stages of resuscitation work:

• preparatory stage - preparation of an investment justification for carrying out restoration work, working documentation and standards, a preliminary estimate is drawn up;
• technical stage - includes a plan for the implementation of the engineering and technical part of the project and the final estimate is adjusted;
• biological reclamation is the final stage of the project, which includes landscaping, forest planting, biological soil treatment, and agro-reclamation work.

Project development is a complex and clearly regulated process that requires the participation of specialists in various fields, from ecologists to engineers. Based on the objectives of the project, documentation is prepared, and at the investment feasibility stage, an estimate and detailed design are drawn up. The estimate is a mandatory component of project documentation; it includes financial indicators on land reclamation and reclamation. The investment case is a variable study of design solutions that take into account a number of commercial, social and environmental indicators in order to select the most effective and economical combinatorial solution.

Land reclamation options

Technical work for this project, depending on the agreed estimate, may include the following:

• structural-projective, which involve the creation of new landscape reliefs;
• chemical - based on the use of chemical and organic fertilizers;
• water, or as they are also called, hydraulic, which use irrigation or drainage techniques, depending on the need and condition of the land;
• and thermal engineering - include complex stages of reclamation.

Biological reclamation is focused on the revival of natural soil formation, increasing the self-cleaning characteristics of the lithosphere and dowsing regeneration. Biological phase is the final link in the formation of a natural landscape on disturbed lands. No stages in this project cannot be violated, each of them has its own value.

Biological remediation is divided into two main stages:

1. Landing on the destroyed pioneer lands plant species, which have high rates of regeneration and adaptability.
2. Intended use.

This method is used to restore agricultural lands and forests. Forest reclamation in the final stage involves planting new forests.

Varieties by source of pollution

Conventionally, this process according to the source of pollution can be divided into the following types:

1. Rehabilitation of contaminated lands due to quarry dumps. Quarry excavations and dumps are inevitable in the process of mining, especially open pit mining.

1. As a result of the development of peat bogs. Since peat deposits are, first of all, swampy areas that require drainage, after the deposit is developed, bare fields remain, incapable of independent soil formation.

1. During construction. Depletion of the lithosphere occurs in areas of construction of various linear structures, such as pipelines, highways, and railways.

1. In landfill areas. The arrangement of city landfills is carried out by municipal services, industrial enterprises and specialized companies. From year to year, people themselves do not stop polluting the environment.

1. Reclamation of oil-contaminated lands. In areas of oil production and oil refining enterprises, land pollution occurs with oil waste from field development and subsequent processing. Land reclamation and reclamation requires clearly regulated rules and methodological development stages of work.

Despite the fact that government agencies pay great attention to these issues, the depletion of the lithosphere not only has not stopped, but is also gaining catastrophic momentum. The issue of reclamation of agricultural areas is especially acute. Some varieties of cereals, for example, rapeseed, make agricultural land unsuitable for growing any crops for 3-5 years. Land reclamation and soil reclamation are especially important in this case.

Reclamation of difficult lands

In accordance with the above standards, the process consists of technical and biological reclamation. Technical is the first stage of soil restoration land plots. It involves the implementation of such work as filling the deformed surface with source rocks, planning, cleaning, leveling the surface of the excited area, and others. Biological is the final phase of regeneration of the soil cover of a land plot. Within its framework, work is carried out to apply the previously removed layer of fertile soil to the loosened land plot in the sequence defined by the project. The end result of reclamation of a disturbed land plot should be to bring it into a state suitable for use in agriculture, forestry or other sectors of the economy.

Agricultural reclamation is a system of agrobiological and technological measures aimed at regenerating the fertility of disturbed agricultural lands into a state suitable for agricultural production. It should have a predominant distribution in areas with soil and climatic conditions favorable for agricultural crops, in densely populated areas with a low share of arable land per capita and in the presence of fertile zonal soils. For this purpose, first of all, large dumps are used, the surface of which is composed of rocks suitable for reclamation.

In the selection of crops, it is necessary to provide for their appropriate logical sequence, linking them to the accepted stages of reclamation and reclamation. Agricultural reclamation in all countries is given Special attention. This is due to the fact that every year the space for national economic areas is significantly reduced. Its methods are determined by the physical and geographical features of the area, the technology of mining minerals, which reflect the nature of the disturbed lands, and, most importantly, the composition and properties of the overburden deposited in dumps.