Means of expression theory preparation for the Unified State Exam. Means of speech expression in Russian
Tests and assignments to prepare for the Unified State Exam
Fine-expressive
means of language
(Name the means of expression used by the author)
Test grade standards:
“5” - 13-15 correct answers
“4” - 10-12 correct answers
“3” - 7-9 correct answers
Test 1
1. And Vaska listens and eats. (I.A. Krylov)
2. The forest is like a painted tower. (I. Bunin)
3.Empty skies transparent glass. (A. Akhmatova)
4. A golden cloud spent the night on the chest of a giant rock. (M. Lermontov)
5. His pen breathes revenge. (A.K. Tolstoy)
6. All flags will be visiting us. (A.S. Pushkin)
7. A boy with a thumb.
8. I swear by the first day of creation,
I swear on his last day,
I swear by the shame of crime
And the triumph of eternal truth...
(M. Lermontov)
9. I am a king - I am a slave, I am a worm - I am God!
(G. Derzhavin)
10. He brought mortal resin
Yes, a branch with withered leaves.
(A. Pushkin)
11. Living corpse. (L. Tolstoy)
12.Under the runners the field creaks,
Under the arc the bell rattles.
(Ya. Polonsky).
13. Life is a mouse race...
Why are you bothering me?
(A. Pushkin).
14. Let a gang surround the hired one...
(V. Mayakovsky).
15. Roar after roar broke the sky,
The rain fell widely and noisily.
(V. Nabokov).
Test 2
Exercise. Name the means of expression used by the author.
1. I see lightning from the darkness
And the wraith of marble thunder...
2. I am more satisfied with the harsh winter.
(A. Pushkin)
3.Debts hung over me like a Domocles sword.
(V. Pikul)
4. “You’re a talker, Fedka!” Gavrik got angry.
(Korolenko).
5. You, brother, are left with nothing.
(A. Dvorkin).
6.Under it is a stream of lighter azure.
(M. Lermontov)
7.We will go and break the wall.
(M. Lermontov)
8. (Fox to Donkey) How crazy are you, smart one?
(I. Krylov)
9. The heroic horse jumps through the forest.
10.The number of steppes and roads is not over;
No account was found for stones and rapids.
(E. Bagritsky).
11. He brought it - and weakened, and lay down
Under the arch of the hut on the bast,
And the poor slave died at his feet
The invincible ruler.
(A. Pushkin).
That sad joy
That I was still alive?
(S. Yesenin)
13. The Earth is the mistress! I bowed my forehead to you.
(V. Soloviev).
14. I bought Repin and brought Gogol.
15. Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts...
(A. Pushkin).
Test 3.
Exercise. Name the means of expression used by the author.
1.I recognize you, life! I accept!
And I greet you with the ringing of the shield!
2. In the distance, in the valley, Grieg is playing.
(I. Severyanin)
3. The dark-skinned youth wandered through the alleys,
The lake shores were sad,
And we cherish centuries
The barely audible rustle of footsteps...
(A. Akhmatova).
4. It’s raining, shaggy gray clouds are hanging.
(S. Antonov).
5. The sun gilded the tops of the trees.
(Sokolov-Mikitov).
6.The forest is singing.
7. The fragile ice lies on the icy river like melting sugar.
(N. Nekrasov).
8. I love you, Petra creation.
9. Subtle, but strong, like a harsh thread,
It is associated with this harsh winter...
(B. Slutsky).
10. The lazy person is afraid when working,
but the idle man does not tolerate the work itself.
(D. Fonvizin).
11. The beginning is not expensive, but the end is praiseworthy.
(Proverb).
12.Where there is grief for the wise, there is joy for the fool.
(Proverb).
13. He rushes through the seas, playing
A destroyer with a destroyer.
It’s like a sedge clings to honey,
To the destroyer destroyer.
(V. Mayakovsky).
14. And Vaska listens and eats.
(I. Krylov)
15. The golden grove dissuaded
Birch cheerful language.
(S. Yesenin).
Test 4.
Exercise. Name the means of expression used by the author.
1.The oriole laughs carelessly.
2.Frozen to the point of resounding fragility, the leaves jump, gathering into noisy heaps.
(L. Leonov).
3.The mother of Russian cities is the heart of Russia.
4. Will everything be crushed? Will it be flour?
No, better with flour!
(M. Tsvetaeva).
5. A lazy person is more so based on the disposition of the body, and an idle person is more so based on the disposition of the soul.
(D. Fonvizin).
6. Know how to see the great in the small.
7.You don’t take according to your rank!
(N. Gogol).
8. The majestic width of the Dnieper...
(N. Gogol).
9. Snow dust stands in the air like a column.
(B. Gorbatov).
10. I didn’t eat it on silver, I ate it on gold!
(A. Griboyedov).
11....The black-eyed girl,
Black-maned horse!
(M. Lermontov).
12.Where the table had food, there the coffin stands.
(G. Derzhavin).
13. At one hundred and forty suns, the sunset is blazing.
(V. Mayakovsky).
14.I came, I saw, I conquered.
(Yu. Caesar).
15. Bear hunting is dangerous, a wounded animal is terrible, but the soul of a hunter, accustomed to dangers since childhood, is brave.
(E. Koptyaeva)
Test 5.
1.Snow said:
When I flock
There will be a river of pigeons,
It will flow, rocking the flock
Reflected pigeons...
(Ya. Kozlovsky).
2. Country of slaves, country of masters.
(M. Lermontov).
3. It is not the wind that rages over the forest,
Streams did not run from the mountains -
Moroz - governor of the patrol
Walks around his possessions.
(N. Nekrasov).
4.The plant decided to work.
It was not in vain that the storm came.
(S. Yesenin).
6. In autumn, the feather grass steppes completely change and take on their own special, original appearance, unlike anything else.
(Aksakov).
7. The moon came out on a dark night, looking lonely from a black cloud at the deserted fields, at distant villages, at nearby villages.
(I. Neverov).
8. A little man with a fingernail.
9.My friend burned out of shame here.
(I. Turgenev)
10. Now the wind embraces flocks of waves in a strong embrace and throws them with wild anger onto the cliffs, smashing the emerald masses into dust and splashes.
(M. Gorky).
11.Well, eat another plate, dear!
(I. Krylov).
12. The bitter joy of victory.
13.What are you howling about, night wind, why are you complaining so madly?
(F. Tyutchev).
14.Your mind is as deep as the sea.
Your spirit is as high as the mountains.
(V.Bryusov)
15. (About Byron). Singer of Gyaur and Juan.
. (A. Pushkin).
Test 6.
Exercise. Name the means of expression used by the author.
1. Need makes them wiser, but wealth makes them stupid.
(Proverb).
2. Words can cry and laugh.
(B. Slutsky).
3. The eleventh stanza of Pushkin’s poem “Autumn” - poetic creativity is compared to the movement of a ship.
4. The hiss of foamy glasses and the blue flame of punch.
(A. Pushkin).
5.Bridges demolished by thunderstorms,
A coffin from a washed-out cemetery.
(A. Pushkin).
6. I swear to the wounds of Leningrad,
The first devastated hearths:
I won’t break, I won’t waver, I won’t get tired,
I will not give a grain to my enemies.
(O. Bertgolts).
7. At first I was very upset.
(A. Pushkin).
8. You have to bow your head below the thin blade of grass.
(N. Nekrasov).
9. It was a shame, they were waiting for a fight.
(M. Lermontov).
10. I read Apuleius willingly, but did not read Cicero.
(A. Pushkin).
11 Her nurse lay down next to her in the bedchamber - silence.
12.When you walk along the snowy ridges,
When you enter chest-deep clouds, -
Learn to look at the earth from above!
Don't you dare look at the earth from above!
(V. Ostrovoy).
13.The king of beasts slept serenely.
14. He soon quarreled with the girl. And here's why.
(G. Uspensky)
15.Your biography.
Test 7.
Exercise. Name the means of expression used by the author.
1. Am I wandering along noisy streets,
I enter a crowded temple,
Am I sitting among crazy youths,
I indulge in my dreams.
(A. Pushkin).
2. The rich man feasts on weekdays, but the poor man grieves on holidays.
(Proverb).
3.Fathers and sons.
(I. Turgenev).
4. Seahorses turned out to be much more interesting.
(V. Kataev).
5. But our open bivouac was quiet.
(M. Lermontov).
6.Hot snow.
(Yu. Bondarev).
7.When, raging in a stormy darkness, the sea played with its shores...
(A. Pushkin).
8. Not a flock of ravens flew together
On piles of smoldering bones,
Beyond the Volga, at night, around the lights
A gang of daredevils was gathering.
(A. Pushkin).
9. Elena got into trouble here. Big.
(Panferov).
10. Every minute of time is precious.
11.Who is not affected by novelty?
(A. Chekhov).
12.Oh, how are you! Fight with a helmet?
Aren't they vile people?
(A. Tvardovsky).
13. The moon rose very purple and gloomy, as if big.
(A. Chekhov).
14. Pyramid poplars look like mourning cypresses.
(A. Serafimovich).
15. There was dead silence.
Test 8.
Exercise. Name the means of expression used by the author.
1. His sharpness and subtlety of mind amazed me.
(A. Pushkin).
2. There was a ringing silence.
3. Foggy Albion turned out to be hospitable for me.
4. Flerov - he can do everything. And uncle Grisha Dunaev. And the doctor too.
(M. Gorky).
5. I will be waiting for you in the month of April.
6.Dreams, dreams! Where is your sweetness?
(A. Pushkin).
7.And in the door -
(V. Mayakovsky).
8. Whiter than the snowy mountains, the clouds are moving to the west.
(M. Lermontov).
9.I saw it with my own eyes.
10. Her love for her son was like madness.
(M. Gorky).
11. Petrograd lived in these January nights tensely, excitedly, angrily, furiously.
(A. Tolstoy)
12.I would like to know why I am a titular councilor? Why titular adviser?
(N. Gogol).
13.My bosom friend.
14. Here my friend burned out of shame.
(I. Turgenev).
15.Yes, what you know in childhood, you know for the rest of your life, what you don’t know in childhood, you don’t know for the rest of your life.
(M. Tsvetaeva).
Answers
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(aphorism, “catchphrase”) 2.Comparison (direct) 3.Metaphor 4. Personification 5.Metonymy 6.Synecdoche 8.Anaphora 9.Antithesis 10.Gradation (descending) 11.Oxymoron 12.Parallelism 13.Rhetorical question 14.Inversion 15.Onomatopoeia |
TEST 2 1. Alliteration 2.Assonance 3. Phraseologism 6.Comparison (direct) 7. Metaphor 9.Hyperbole 10.Epiphora 11.Gradation (ascending) 12.Oxymoron 13.Rhetorical appeal 14.Metonymy 15.Synecdoche |
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TEST 3 1.Rhetorical exclamation 2.Sound repeats 3.Sound recording 5.Metaphor 6.Metonymy 7.Comparison 8.Periphrase 9.Homonyms 10.Synonyms 11. Antonyms 12. Antonyms 15Metaphorical epithet |
TEST 4 2.Metaphor 3.Periphrase 4.Homonyms (homographs) 5.Synonyms 9.Comparison 10.Metonymy 11.Anaphora (morphemic) 12.Antithesis 13.Hyperbole 14.Gradation (ascending) 15.Inversion (of the main terms) |
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TEST 5 1.Homonyms 2.Antithesis 3. Comparison (negative) 4.Metonymy 5.Anaphora (lexical) 6.Gradation (ascending) 7.Inversion (agreed definitions) 9.Inversion 10. Expanded metaphor 11.Metonymy 12.Oxymoron 13. Personification 14.Parallelism 15.Periphrase |
TEST 6 1. Antonyms 2. Antonyms 3.Comparison (expanded) 4. Alliteration 5.Anaphora (sound) 6.Gradation (descending) 7. Inversion (circumstances of measure and degree) 9.Inversion 10.Metonymy 11. Personification 12.Parallelism 13.Periphrase 14.Parcellation 15.Pleonasm |
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TEST 7 1. Anaphora (syntactic) 2.Antithesis. 3. Antonyms 4.Inversion 5.Metonymy 6.Oxymoron 7. Personification 8.Negative parallelism, built on negative comparison. 9.Parcellation 10.Pleonasm 11.Rhetorical question 12.Synecdoche 13.Comparison 14.Comparison |
TEST 8 1.Inversion 2.Oxymoron 3.Periphrase 4.Parcellation 5.Pleonasm 6.Rhetorical appeal 7. Synecdoche 8.Comparison 9.Pleonasm 10.Comparison 12.Epiphora 13. Phraseologism DocumentRusak Inna Nikolaevna. Preparation To Unified State Exam. Exercise B 2. Reference materials. Finely-expressive facilities. Tasks tests require to determine which...), our smaller brothers (animals). For creating a certain artistic effect... |
Unified State Exam. Task 24. Language means expressiveness.
Option 1
As an answer, write down the number of the appropriate term from the list.
Exercise 1.
The villages are burning, they have no protection.
The sons of the fatherland are defeated by the enemy,
And the glow like an eternal meteor
Playing in the clouds frightens the eye.
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
Task 2. Name the highlighted means of expression.
And walking importantly, in decorous calm
A man leads a horse by the bridle
In big boots, in a short sheepskin coat,
In big mittens... and himself from the nails!
(ON THE. Nekrasov)
Term number: _________________________________________________
Task 3. Name the highlighted means of expression.
From hating love,
From crimes, frenzy -
A righteous Rus' will emerge.
(M.A. Voloshin)
Term number: _________________________________________________
Task 4. Name the highlighted means of expression .
And the word prophetic we value and we honor the Russian word,
And we will not change the power of words.
(S.N. Sergeev-Tsensky)
Term number: _________________________________________________
Task 5. Name the highlighted means of expression.
Compressed rye, weeds, spurge, wild hemp– All, browned from the heat, red and half-dead, now washed with dew and caressed by the sun, came to life to bloom again. (A.P. Chekhov)
Term number: _________________________________________________
Task 6. Name the highlighted means of expression.
Our path is behind Pushkin, behind the bright with a torch his life, for his martyr and guiding word, for the titans like him, who beautified and enriched human life. (V.P. Astafiev)
Term number: _________________________________________________
Task 7. Name the stylistic device used by the author.
Hot, heavy drops make their way, slide down my cheeks... slide onto my lips... What is this? Tears... or blood? (I.S. Turgenev)
Term number: _________________________________________________
Task 8
Term number: _________________________________________________
Task 9. Name the highlighted means of expression.
We recognized each other in the crowd
We got together and we’ll separate again,
There was love without joy,
The separation will be without sadness.
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
Term number: _________________________________________________
Task 10. Name the highlighted means of expression.
How long happiness, you are crowned
Will you decorate the villains?
(M.Yu. Lermontov)
Term number: _________________________________________________
Answers
| Option 1 |
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List of terms:
1) epithet;
2) metaphor;
3) metonymy;
4) oxymoron;
5) synecdoche;
6) comparison;
7) personification;
8) hyperbole;
9) litotes;
10) irony;
11) antithesis;
12) contextual antonyms;
13) expressive lexical repetition;
14) phraseology;
15) rhetorical exclamation;
16) rhetorical question;
17) rhetorical appeal;
18) question and answer form;
19) gradation;
20) rows of homogeneous members;
21) silence;
22) parcellation;
23) syntactic parallelism;
24) inversion;
25) introductory construction.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
1 slide
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2 slide
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Epithet EPITHET is a type of trope: a figurative definition that emphasizes any property of an object or phenomenon that has special artistic expressiveness. For example: iron endurance, silver voice - here the adjectives are precisely epithets, since they are used in a figurative meaning and carry a special semantic and expressive-emotional load
3 slide
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Metaphor METAPHOR is a type of trope: figurative knowledge of a word, based on the likening of one object or phenomenon to another; a hidden comparison based on the similarity or contrast of phenomena, in which the words “as”, “as if”, “as if” are absent, but implied. For example: The boys were seething on the last desk. The red rowan bonfire
4 slide
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Phraseologism Phraseologisms are phrases (expressions) that are stable in composition, for example: take water into your mouth - be silent, the fifth wheel in a cart is superfluous, press all the pedals - make every effort to achieve a goal or do something, etc. Characteristics of F. : constant composition (instead of the cat cried, you cannot say the dog cried), inadmissibility of including new words in their structure (you cannot say instead of seven Fridays this week - seven Fridays this week), stability of the grammatical structure (instead of sewn with white thread, you cannot say sewn with white thread) , in most cases, a strictly fixed word order (it is impossible instead of a beaten unbeaten to be lucky - an unbeaten to be beaten is lucky).
5 slide
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Personification PERSONIFICATION is a type of trope: an image of inanimate objects in which they are endowed with the properties of living beings (the gift of speech, the ability to think, feel, experience, act), and are likened to a living being. For example: What are you howling about, night wind? Why are you complaining so madly? F.I. Tyutchev
6 slide
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Oxymoron OXYMORON is a type of trope: a phrase composed of words that are opposite in meaning, based on a paradox: “Look, it’s fun for her to be sad, // So elegantly naked” (A. Akhmatova); “Woman, take heart, it’s okay, // This is life, it’s been worse...” (V. Vishnevsky), bitter joy, sweet tears, “Living Corpse” (L.N. Tolstoy), “Optimistic Tragedy” (Vs. . Vishnevsky).
7 slide
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Synecdoche and metonymy Synecdoche Substitution quantitative relations, usage singular instead of the plural Swede, Russian stabs, chops, cuts... (A. Pushkin) Metonymy Replacing one word with another based on the contiguity of two concepts Here on new waves All flags will visit us. (A.S. Pushkin)
8 slide
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Hyperbole and litotes HYPERBOLE is a type of trope: excessive exaggeration of the feelings, meaning, size, beauty, etc. of the described phenomenon (cf. LITOTE). For example: Poetry is the same as radium mining. Production per gram, labor per year. You exhaust a single word for the sake of Thousands of tons of verbal ore. V. Mayakovsky LITOTA is a type of trope opposite to hyperbole (see): artistic understatement of the size, strength, significance of a phenomenon or object (“a boy the size of a finger,” “a little man the size of a fingernail”).
Slide 9
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Irony IRONY (from the Greek eirōneia - pretense, ridicule) - A type of comic: ridicule, containing a negative, condemning assessment of what is being criticized; subtle, hidden mockery. He [Onegin] sat down with the laudable goal of appropriating someone else’s mind for himself; He lined the shelf with a group of books... A.S. Pushkin
10 slide
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Antithesis. Reception of contrast Antithesis reveals the contrast between phenomena or objects. Forms the antithesis of a pair (or several) antonyms, linguistic or contextual. When everything is calm, you make noise; when everyone is worried, you are calm; ... if you have to be silent, you shout; when you should speak, you are silent;
11 slide
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Repetition technique Repetition is used to strengthen a statement, to give speech dynamism and a certain rhythm. White-white; asked and asked for help; a little. Lexical repetition is the repetition of the same word or phrase with slight variations. Behind those villages are forests, forests, forests. Winter was waiting, nature was waiting. Anaphora is a type of repetition: the same word, several words, are repeated at the beginning of several phrases following one another. Anaphora gives rhythm to speech. I miss my grandfather's house with its large green yard... I miss the spacious kitchen in my grandfather's house with its dirt floor... I miss the evening roll call of women from hill to hill... Epiphora - repetition of the same elements at the end of each parallel row. I would like to know why I am a titular councilor? Why titular adviser?
12 slide
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Syntactic parallelism Syntactic parallelism is a repetition of syntactic constructions, a special arrangement of successive phrases with the same syntactic structure, with the same type of word order, and the same type of predicates. In the previous example, anaphora is inseparable from syntactic parallelism. I miss my grandfather’s house with its big green yard... I miss the spacious kitchen in my grandfather’s house with its dirt floor... I miss the evening roll call of women from hill to hill...
Slide 13
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A rhetorical exclamation marks the emotional semantic culmination of a segment (part) of speech. Serves the task of establishing active interaction with the addressee. O times! O morals! A rhetorical question serves to emotionally highlight the semantic centers of the text, to form an emotional-evaluative attitude of the addressee to the subject of speech. What is culture, why is it needed? What is culture as a value system? What is the purpose of that liberal arts education, which has always been in our tradition? A rhetorical appeal or exclamation is used not so much to name the addressee, but to attract attention. Rus! Rus! Where are you heading? Ice formed at zero degrees does not sink in water. Truly a fabulous property!
Slide 14
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Grotesque Grotesque is a depiction of reality in an exaggerated, ugly-comic form, intertwining the real with the fantastic, the terrible with the funny. (Saltykov-Shchedrin “The History of a City”)
15 slide
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Gradation Gradation is a rhetorical figure, the essence of which is the arrangement of the listed elements (words, phrases, phrases) in increasing order of their meaning (“ascending gradation”) or in meaning (“descending gradation”). Full life Russian classics in school is a condition for the existence of our people, our state; this, as they say now, is a matter of national security.
16 slide
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Allegory Allegory is an allegory; in art, it is a detailed simile, the details of which form a system of allusions; Moreover, the direct meaning of the image is not lost, but is supplemented by the possibility of its figurative interpretation. In fables and fairy tales, cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed in the form of a wolf, and deceit in the form of a snake. Periphrasis - replacing a word (phrase) with a descriptive phrase: “people in white coats” (doctors), “red cheat” (fox)
Slide 17
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Parcellation Parcellation is a division of a sentence in which the content of the utterance is realized not in one, but in two or more intonation-semantic speech units, following one after another after a dividing pause. Flerov can do everything. And uncle Grisha Dunaev. And the doctor too.
18 slide
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Alliteration and assonance ALLITERATION is one of the types of sound writing (cm): repetition in poetic speech (less often in prose) of the same consonant sounds in order to enhance its expressiveness. The hiss of foamy glasses and the blue flame of punch. A. S. Pushkin ASSONANCE (from the French assonance - consonance) - 1. One of the types of sound writing (see): repeated repetition in a poem (less often in prose) of the same vowel sounds, enhancing expressiveness artistic speech. Do I wander along the noisy streets, do I enter a crowded temple, do I sit among crazy youths, do I indulge in my dreams. A.S. Pushkin
Slide 19
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Other Inversion Question-and-answer form of presentation Interrogative sentences Quotation Dialogue Rows of homogeneous members of sentences Introductory words Borrowed vocabulary Professional vocabulary Nominal sentences Vaguely personal sentences
20 slide
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Other. Continuation Neologism - new words and ways of expression introduced into speech: programmer, hacker, security, cash Archaism - outdated words, word meanings, phrases and other units of language, displaced for some reason from active use by synonymous units: neck - neck, fisherman - fisherman, eyes-eyes Historicism - outdated words, word meanings or phrases that have fallen out of use due to the disappearance of the realities that they denoted: collegiate assessor, yarmulke, lorgnette, cab driver, gendarme Contextual synonyms - words that in one or another in another text they come together because they relate to the same subject. Examples like: “It was an August day, sultry, painfully boring” (A.P. Chekhov); “I also drank her kerchief of goat’s down, a gift, the old one, her own, not mine” (F. M. Dostoevsky).
21 slides
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Consolidation of the material Determine the means of expression: 1. The wind is joking at the well, a full bucket has spilled... A) Simile B) Epithet C) Antithesis D) Personification 2. A yawn tears wider than the Gulf of Mexico. (Mayakovsky) A) Litotes B) Epithet C) Hyperbole D) Oxymoron 3. Your eyes are like the eyes of a cautious cat. (Akhmatova) A) Simile B) Personification C) Epithet D) Anaphora 4. There is a cheerful melancholy in the red of the dawn. (Yesenin) A) Comparison B) Metaphor C) Oxymoron D) Epiphora 5. Your Spitz, lovely Spitz, no more than a thimble (Griboyedov) A) Hyperbole B) Litotes C) Epithet D) Antithesis
22 slide
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Consolidation of material 6) Exuberant Rome rejoices. (Lermontov) A) Metonymy B) Periphrase C) Comparison D) Hyperbole 7) The red wings of the sunset are extinguishing... (Yesenin) A) Metonymy B) Oxymoron C) Metaphor D) Hyperbole 8) We will not be there! And at least that would mean something to the world. The trail will disappear! And at least that would mean something to the world. (Omar Khayyam) A) Anaphora B) Epiphora C) Gradation D) Epithet 9) The rustling of their peaks greeted me with a familiar noise. (Pushkin) A) Anaphora B) Periphrase C) Alliteration D) Assonance 10) You gave me life, but you didn’t give me happiness; You yourself were persecuted in the world, You have only tasted evil in people... (Lermontov) A) Hyperbole B) Rhetorical appeal C) Metaphor D) Anaphora
Slide 23
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Consolidation of material 11) Words sound and flow away like water - without taste, without color, without smell. Without a trace. (A. Solzhenitsyn) A) Parcellation B) Anaphora C) Inversion D) Antithesis 12) Kissing on the forehead - erasing care. I kiss you on the forehead. Kissing your eyes will relieve insomnia. I kiss you in the eyes. (M. Tsvetaeva) A) Antithesis B) Epiphora C) Rhetorical exclamation D) Syntactic parallelism 13) I hammered the shell into the cannon tightly And I thought: I’ll treat my friend! Wait a minute, brother, monsieu... (Lermontov) A) Litotes B) Irony C) Gradation D) Personification 14) A bee for a field tribute Flies from a wax cell. (Pushkin) A) Comparison B) Parallelism C) Metaphor D) Personification 15) Klim heard Moscow roar hurray when welcoming the Tsar. (Gorky) A) Metonymy B) Metaphor C) Simile D) Epithet 16) The sling, the arrow, and the crafty dagger spare the winner... (Pushkin) A) Repetition B) Comparison C) Polyunion D) Oxymoron
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Fastening the material 17) There is a crush outside the windows, foliage is crowding. (Pasternak) A) Comparison B) Personification C) Antithesis D) Epithet 18) But their ugly beauty I soon comprehended the mystery... (Lermontov) A) Oxymoron B) Epithet C) Antithesis D) Metaphor 19) It took heroic efforts of will for the born in a humiliated, hoarding life, where they bowed to every cockade and groveled before every purse, he could develop such a magnificent will in himself. (A. Chekhov) A) Litotes B) Metonymy C) Comparison D) Quotation 20) Sometimes he falls passionately in love With his elegant sadness. (Lermontov) A) Antithesis B) Oxymoron C) Epithet D) Personification 21) I drag myself in the dust - and soar in the skies; Strange to everyone in the world - and ready to embrace the world. (F. Petrarch) A) Oxymoron B) Antonyms C) Antithesis D) Synonyms 22) A diamond is polished by a diamond, A line is dictated by a line. (S. Podelkov) A) Anaphora B) Comparison C) Parallelism D) Gradation
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Consolidating the material 23) Where several alleys flowed into one, a large alabaster Stalin stood white with a stony grin in his mustache. (A. Solzhenitsyn) A) Epithet B) Inversion C) Hyperbole D) Comparison 24) At the mere suggestion of such a case, you would have to tear out the hair from your head by the roots and let out streams... what am I saying! rivers, lakes, seas, oceans of tears! (F.M. Dostoevsky) A) Metonymy B) Gradation C) Allegory D) Hyperbole 25) A lazy person sits at the gate, with his mouth open wide, and no one can tell where the gate is and where the mouth is. A) Hyperbole B) Litotes C) Comparison D) Inversion
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Task formulation Read a fragment of a review based on the text. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you do not know which number from the list should appear in the gap, write the number 0. The sequence of numbers is in the order in which you wrote them in the text of the review in the gap.
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Consolidation of the material (1) Let me remind you of one incident that happened before your eyes in childhood. (6) To the person dearest to her! (11) Annoyance accumulated. (13) An open smile lit up her face. (15) And suddenly... a ball of woolen threads mischievously, as if alive, jumped out of uncertain hands, unwinding and shrinking. (31) Since then, these memories have been an open wound for your soul. A. Kostyunin's style seems deliberately simple. The writer speaks about complex and important things in a way that everyone can understand. And yet A. Kostyunin’s fiction is built using the means artistic expression: (A)_______(“before your eyes” in sentence 1, “with all my might” in sentence 11), (B)_______(“annoyance accumulated” in sentence 11, “illuminated” in sentence 13, “open wound” in sentence 31), (C)_______(sentence 6), (D)_______(“like alive” in sentence 15). List of terms: 1) set expression 2) lexical repetition 3) syntactic parallelism 4) metaphor 5) metonymy 6) comparison 7) epithet 8) parcellation 9) exclamation sentence
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(8) “Get out!” - it means “died”. (9) It can be “stuffy” in the house, and “stuffy” in moral life too. (12) We must be open to people, tolerant of people, and first of all look for the best in them. (14) To notice beauty in nature, in a village, a city, a street, not to mention in a person, through all the barriers of little things - this means expanding the sphere of life, the sphere of the living space in which a person lives. (19) Expanding the horizons of life is already better, but still something is wrong. (20) Maximilian Voloshin has a well-invented word - “okoyem”. Academician D. Likhachev was engaged not only in pure science. His journalistic speeches shaped the views and worldview of several generations. What means of expressiveness are inherent in D. Likhachev’s thoughts addressed to young people? Of course, they abound (A)__________ (for example, “to be open” in sentence 12, “barriers to little things” in sentence 14, “to expand horizons” in sentence 19). The text contains (B) _________ (“stuffy” in sentence 9), (C) _________ (“the spirit is out” in sentence 8). Vivid image creates (G) _________ M. Voloshina (“eye” in sentence 20). List of terms: 1) metonymy 2) antonyms 3) synonyms 4) anaphora 5) stable combination 6) syntactic parallelism 7) neologism 8) inversion 9) metaphor
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(3) Dear Kostya! (6) Those whom we loved in childhood serve precisely as guiding beacons for the rest of our life’s journey. (15) Kostya’s father had the habit of rereading his favorite “novels” several times, and the books had a very used look, and some of the pages looked as if they had been chewed by a calf... (22) No, I humbly thank you!.. (33) The most important thing is that this force, in the form of a wandering book in a box of the ofeni, itself came to the reader already in that distant time and, moreover, brought other books with it... (35) One might think that some invisible hand of some invisible genius carried these books across the vast expanse of Russia, tirelessly sowing “reasonable, good, eternal.” (37) Here one cannot help but remember with a kind word the ancient book-carrier, who, like water, penetrated into every well. Writers' stories about books that awakened a passion for reading in childhood and contributed to the formation of personality are a special topic in Russian literature. memoir literature. The first books of childhood largely determine life path person. The memory of them is precious, as is the memory of the first friends - fellow readers. In such stories, the narration is conducted in a special - emotionally elevated - tone. This is achieved with the help of (A)___ (“they serve like guiding beacons” - sentence 6, “like being chewed up by a calf” - sentence 15, “like water” - sentence 37), (B)___ (sentences 33, 35), (C )___ (sentences 3, 22). With special feeling, “living” words about books are introduced into the narrative - responses from readers who are not experienced in literature. (D)___ (“novels”, “first”, “I’ll get started”, “happened”, “look”, “I humbly thank”, “we’ll die” - sentences 16-24) helps to depict that social environment, which formed the typical readers of the era. List of terms: 1 Comparison 2 metaphor 3 hyperbole 4 colloquial vocabulary 5 exclamatory sentences 6 lexical repetition 7 contrast 8 epithets 9 contextual synonyms
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(15) Animals, trees, grass, the sun, the moon talk in it. (16) Living beings help each other or deceive each other. (19) The fairy tale teaches kindness and the desire to help the weak, teaches empathy and humor. (23) For example, the fairy tale “The Fox and the Hare” is about how fear has big eyes. (24) That to a cowardly soul an insolent creature unknown to it may seem a terrible beast which cannot be defeated. (28) If in early childhood the child experiences injustice and remains with this feeling and no one helps him, then he has nowhere to hide from this injustice, he can only retreat into himself. Reflecting on the role of a fairy tale in the life of each of us, the author uses such syntactic means of expression as (A)___ (sentences 15,16,19) and (B)___ (sentences 23–24). At the lexical level, the author’s idea is emphasized by the use of (B)___ (“retreat within oneself,” sentence 28) and (D)___ (“brave heart,” “cherished dreams”). List of terms: anaphora metaphor hyperbole homogeneous members parcellation lexical repetition opposition epithets contextual synonyms
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(1) It is customary to speak disparagingly about books that are read for entertainment: “pulp fiction,” “waste paper.” (6) Of course, reading a detective story (even if it is a novel by Conan Doyle or Agatha Christie) and, say, Tolstoy are completely different activities, and the pleasure here is of a different nature. (7) Some books, for example Dostoevsky or Bell, exhaust the soul. (8) But when you don’t like a book, they throw it away, and since they continue to read it, it means that it also gives pleasure. (13) Every person has an aesthetic sense, but it must be developed, otherwise vulgar songs and cheap melodramas will remain the standard of beauty. (16) Moreover, it will become completely impossible if a person asks: “Why do I need this?” (18) Maybe with the old aphorism: “If you need to explain, then you don’t need to explain.” When thinking about what books we read and why, the authors, in order to make the movement of their thoughts more visually and clearly, use such syntactic means of expressiveness as cluster (A)___ (sentences 6,7,8), as well as (B)___ ( sentences 16,18). At the lexical level, the author’s idea is emphasized by the use of (B) ___ (“exhaust the soul,” sentence 7) and (D) ___ (“pulp fiction,” “waste paper,” “cheap melodramas,” sentences 1,13). List of terms: phraseological unit metaphor hyperbole expressive vocabulary parcellation lexical repetition introductory words epithets sentences with direct speech
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Indicate which means of expression is used in the sentence below. I have had to spend the night in haystacks in October, when the grass at dawn is covered with frost, like salt. (Prishvin M.) 1) personification 2) metaphor 3) phraseology 4) comparison At the curves, it [the train] groaned and stopped. (Prishvin M.) 1) personification 2) metaphor 3) epithet 4) comparison It can be very joyful when the same sign remains in the forests year after year - every autumn you encounter the same fiery rowan bush. (Prishvin M.) 1) personification 2) metaphor 3) epithet 4) comparison Tents of black willows hang overhead. (Prishvin M.) 1) personification 2) metaphor 3) epithet 4) phraseological unit And in the evening the lake will finally flash, like a black, askew mirror. (Prishvin M.) 1) personification 2) metaphor 3) epithet 4) comparison
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Indicate which means of expression is used in the sentence below. The pot is angry and mutters on the fire. (Prishvin M.) 1) personification 2) metaphor 3) epithet 4) simile Hops, crawling along the ground, grabs onto oncoming herbs, but they turn out to be rather weak for him, and he crawls, creeping, further and further. (Soloukhin V.) 1) personification 2) metaphor 3) epithet 4) comparison But to this day I don’t know how a fellow traveler would react to my request for bread or lodging for the night, because when we reached his village, he turned off road to the path along the houses and said to me, touching his bashlyk: “Well, be healthy! Don’t lose heart...” (Soloukhin V.) 1) personification 2) metaphor 3) phraseology 4) comparison But there was nothing to sit on, and I mechanically walked, crushing the loose snow and making almost no progress from this endless night to the tiny and unattainable island of warmth and peace, where my mother now sleeps, not knowing that I was wandering through the blizzard darkness. (Soloukhin V.) 1) personification 2) metaphor 3) epithet 4) comparison This means that there was no occasion before to tell and ease the soul. (Soloukhin V.) 1) personification 2) phraseology 3) epithet 4) comparison
The task itself already has a hint, for example: name the trope in sentence No. And there are only 4 main tropes: metaphor -extended metaphor; epithet, comparison, personification(“animate metaphor”), as well as hyperbole, litotes, allegory, metonymy, synecdoche. Other means that are proposed in KIM (in the task) are either stylistic, or syntactic devices, or lexical means.
So, we divide all techniques into four groups: 1. Trails; 2. Stylistic means.3. Syntactic means (techniques)4. Vocabulary - lexical means. 5. Phonetic capabilities. Sound aids.
Unified State Exam. Task B8. Visual and expressive means of language(these are tropes, or artistic techniques)
Fine-expressive means of language are the techniques by which the visual appearance of a phenomenon, designed for sensory-emotional perception, is reproduced in the imagination.
- TRAILS (Fine and expressive means of language)
Paths (Greek tropos - turnover) - the use of the word not in a literal, but in a figurative, allegorical sense.
The most important types of trails:
Comparison - comparison of phenomena and concepts with other phenomena. The fragile ice lies on the icy river like melting sugar. Joy crawls like a snail
Epithet (Greek epitheton - application) - artistic definition. Marmalade mood A. Chekhov. The golden grove dissuaded Birch with a cheerful language. (S. Yesenin):
A) epithets expressed by nouns (Mother Volga, Father Don, wind-tramp);
B) epithets expressed by adjectives(bright eyes, sable eyebrows, green wine, damp earth);
B) epithets expressed by adverbs:
You love sadly and difficultly.
And a woman’s heart - jokingly A.S. Pushkin
A constant epithet is a well-established definition of heroes, images in folklore: burning tears, a red sun, a good fellow, a little path, a fierce enemy
Metaphor (Greek metaphora - transfer) - a hidden comparison based on the hidden likening of one object or phenomenon to another by similarity or contrast (the forest is noisy, the garden is empty, the weather is stormy):
A) personification – figure of speech, in which words denoting the properties and signs of phenomena of the animate world are used in descriptions of outwardly similar phenomena of the inanimate world. In other words, personification is the attribution of properties of living beings to inanimate objects:
Over darkened Petrograd
November breathed the autumn chill A.S. Pushkin
The Terek howls, wild and angry. M.Yu. Lermontov;
Silent sadness will be consoled... A.S. Pushkin
b ) expanded metaphor:
But the church is on a steep hill
Visible between the clouds to this day,
And they stand at her gate
Black granites are on guard,
They are covered with snow cloaks, And on their chests, instead of armor, eternal ice burns. M. Lermontov
Metaphorical epithet is a combination of the functions of epithet and metaphor: foggy youth, golden dreams, gray morning, iron will, silk eyelashes, heart of stone, iron will (these are established phrases, reminiscent of phraseological units in the form adj + noun)
Symbol (Greek symbolon – symbol) – an object or word that conventionally expresses the essence of a phenomenon:
Long live the sun, may the darkness disappear! A.S. Pushkin
Here the sun is a symbol of reason, happiness and knowledge.
An example of an expanded symbol is M. Lermontov’s poem “Sail”. A symbol is a concept that is deeper than a metaphor.
Allegory - type of allegory; an abstract idea, a concept embodied in a concrete image. Or an expanded simile, the components of which form a system of allusions, i.e. designation of specific phenomena through the signs of these phenomena. Thus, the goddess of justice Themis was depicted with scales and blindfolded. Human sins were measured with scales; blindfolded eyes allegorically pointed to the impartiality and objectivity of the goddess-judge. This is where expressions such as scales of justice and blind justice came from. Allegory is often used in fables and fairy tales, where animals, objects, and natural phenomena act as carriers of properties.
Metonymy (Greek metonomadzo – to rename).
This is a technique in which words are replaced not on the basis of similarity (as in metaphor), but on the basis of different types of connections between phenomena. This connection can be of several types:
A) connection of the vessel with its contents (drank two glasses, ate a bowl of soup, ate seven glasses);
B) the connection between the material and the thing made from it (amber on the Tsaregrad pipes, porcelain and bronze on the table; there is gold);
C) the connection of actions and circumstances with the place where they took place (violent Rome rejoices; this is his Waterloo);
D) the connection of things with their property, purpose or character (crafty dagger, bloody lesson);
D) communication general concepts with specific ones (the city takes courage, bloody villainy);
E) the connection between mental phenomena and the characteristic forms of their manifestation. (Compare: to be sad, to yearn - to sigh; to expose oneself to danger because of one’s stupidity - to sharpen an ax on oneself, to chop off a branch under oneself).
Synecdoche (a special type of metonymy) - (Greek synecdoche - understanding through something) - replacement of words based on quantitative relationships, for example, the name of a greater in the meaning of a smaller, a whole in the meaning of a part and vice versa. “All the flags will come to visit us.” “We keep looking at Napoleons.” - A.S. Pushkin
“Everything sleeps - man, beast, and bird” - N. Gogol. “Swede, Russian – stabs, chops, cuts - A.S. Pushkin”
Gradation gradualism (Strengthening or weakening) – usually involves the arrangement of words and expressions according to the principle of their increasing or decreasing strength (“I spoke, convinced, demanded, ordered.”)
Oxymoron
Paraphrase(s)- signifying trope(king of beasts - lion; the owner of the taiga is the tiger, Northern Palmyra, Northern Venice - all St. Petersburg, the golden-domed capital - Moscow, the mother of all Russian cities - Kiev)
2. Stylistic figures.
Stylistic figures are expressions that are constant in meaning and design and have certain artistic capabilities.
anaphora, or unity of command:
I swear by the first day of creation,
I swear on his last day,
I swear by the shame of crime
And eternal truth triumph
M.Yu. Lermontov;
Epiphora , or ending, is extremely rare in Russian verse, typical of Eastern poetry:
I have not found a confidante except my soul,
I haven’t found anything more selfless than my own heart...
And I haven’t found heart captivity anywhere more terrible.
pleonasm – repetition of similar words and phrases, the intensification of which creates one or another stylistic effect:
My friend, my friend,
I am very, very sick.
gradation . This technique consists in the fact that it is not the same word that is repeated, but semantically close words, that is, words that are close in meaning, which, gradually reinforcing each other, create one image, usually expressing a sequentially increasing or decreasing feeling, thought, and they also recreate an event or action: In the old days they loved to eat well, they loved to drink even better, and even better they loved to have fun (N.V. Gogol);
My comrades burned in tanks
To ashes, to ashes, to the ground. (Slutsky) Swede, Russian - stabs, chops, cuts - A.S. Pushkin"
Oxymoron (oxymoron) - a turn of phrase in which a new expressive meaning arises as a result of combinations of words that are opposite in meaning (good-natured ferocity, hot snow, wretched luxury, living corpse, Dead souls).
Irony (Greek eironeia - pretense) - can take the form of any other trope. This is a turn of phrase in which words characterizing a phenomenon are used in order to achieve a comic effect in the opposite meaning (philosopher at eighteen years old, A.S. Pushkin. Where, smart one, are you wandering from? I. Krylov.)
hyperbola – artistic exaggeration (feast for the whole world; rare bird will fly to the middle of the Dnieper, N.V. Gogol);
litotes - a stylistic figure consisting of emphasized understatement, humiliation (a boy the size of a finger; a man the size of a fingernail, Nekrasov, he does not shine with intelligence).
alogism
3. Lexical means. Visual possibilities of vocabulary.
A) lexical repetitions- deliberate repetition of a word to draw the reader’s attention (Take care of your penny, a penny won’t give you away, you can ruin everything in the world with a penny. N.V. Gogol);
pleonasm - repetition of similar words and phrases, the intensification of which creates one or another stylistic effect:
My friend, my friend,
I am very, very sick.
I don’t know where this pain came from... S. Yesenin.
Phraseologisms (winged words) – stable combinations of words, constant in their meaning, composition and structure. Pretentious, hastily, without fluff or feather, Knight without fear and reproach
synonyms - words that are close in meaning. Contextual synonyms are close in context.
antithesis – comparison of phenomena that are opposite in meaning and meaning. (Compare: the first day of creation is the last day, M.Yu. Lermontov);
Contextual antonyms are opposite in context. Out of context, the meaning changes (Wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire - A. Pushkin)
Evaluative vocabulary– emotionally charged words containing evaluation: simpleton, smartass, clever, vocal.
Homonyms words that sound the same but have different meanings passage in birdsong, trade in passage
Paronyms – words similar in sound, but different in meaning: heroic - heroic, effective - valid
Vernacular (colloquial vocabulary, or reduced, or colloquial) - words of colloquial use, distinguished by some rudeness: blockhead, fidgety, wobble.
Dialectisms - words that exist in a certain area. Draniki, mshars, Buryaki.
Borrowed words are words transferred from other languages. PR, parliament, consensus, millennium.
Book vocabulary - words characteristic of writing and having a special stylistic coloring. Immortality, incentive, prevail
Jargonisms – words that are outside the literary norm./ Argo / - Head - watermelon, globe, pumpkin...
Neologisms – new words that arise to denote new concepts. Sitting, shopping, music video director, marketing.
Professionalisms (special vocabulary)- words used by people of the same profession. Galley.
Terms – special concepts in science, technology...Optics, catarrh.
Outdated words (archaisms)- words displaced from the modern language by others denoting the same concepts. Thrifty - caring, joy - joy, youth - young man, eye - eye, neck
Expressive spoken vocabulary- emotionally charged words that have a slightly reduced stylistic coloring compared to neutral vocabulary. Dirty, loud, bearded.
Palindrome - a word, phrase, line that is read equally from left to right and from right to left (tavern)
4. Syntactic means
pass – a form of laconic, “slogan” style. Its strength lies in brevity, and brevity depends on how skillfully the words with the most meaningful meaning and picture quality are selected and left in the phrase. (We sat down - in the ashes! Hail - in the dust! In swords - sickles and plows. V.A. Zhukovsky);
For incomplete sentences see blank(often in dialogue, slogan)
Default, or ellipsis- a form that reproduces the speech of a very excited person. The default is close to omission:
Father... Mazepa... execution - with a prayer
Here, in this castle, is my mother... /The figure allows the listener to guess for himself what will be discussed/.
rhetorical question, exclamation, appeal– to enhance the expressiveness of speech, do not require a response:
Where are you galloping, proud horse?
And where will you put your hooves? A.S. Pushkin
Do you know Ukrainian night? Oh, you don’t know Ukrainian night! N.V.Gogol.
A number of homogeneous members -these are groups of homogeneous members that complicate the structure of a sentence. Any members of a sentence can be homogeneous, with the help of which the meaning of the sentence is more meaningfully and fully conveyed
asyndeton – a list of phenomena, actions, events when the necessary conjunctions are deliberately omitted. The effect of rapidity of changing images, feelings, emotional intensity, excitement:
The booths and women flash past,
Boys, benches, lanterns,
Palaces, gardens, monasteries,
Bukharians, sleighs, vegetable gardens,
Merchants, shacks, men,
Pharmacies, shops, fashion.
Balconies, lions on the gates,
And flocks of jackdaws on crosses.
A.S. Pushkin
Multi-Union (polysyndeton) - a special introduction of additional conjunctions to give speech smoothness, majesty, and sometimes to emphasize an epically calm, narrative manner:
And the sling, and the arrow, and the crafty dagger.
The years are kind to the winner...
A.S. Pushkin
Parcellation – deliberate violation of sentence boundaries
It was a Volga. Ashy. With a Moscow number. (Usually, when parcelling, 2 sentences are indicated. To correctly determine this technique, you need to re-read the previous sentence and the subsequent one).
Incomplete sentences– in which a member of the sentence is missing that could be restored from the context. There is another turn ahead, and another one behind it.
Question-answer form of presentation– A form of presentation in which questions and answers to the question alternate.
Syntactic parallelism– a figurative comparison of two similar phenomena, compositionally expressed in the form of parallel phrases:
Black raven in the gentle twilight,
Black velvet on dark shoulders
A.Blok;
The graves are overgrown with grass -
The pain grows old.
M. Sholokhov.
Negative parallelism: emphasize the coincidence of the main features of the compared phenomena:
It’s not the wind that bends the branch,
It’s not the oak tree rustling, -
My heart is groaning
How autumn leaf trembling.
S.Stromilov
Parallelism serves to compare natural phenomena with human mood.
Enough, white birch, raging over the water,
Come on, stupid girl, play pranks on me - a similar syntactic construction.
alogism - association as homogeneous members of different species with the aim of creating a comic effect. (As soon as I passed the exams, I immediately went with my mother, furniture and brother... to the dacha, A.P. Chekhov);
inversion – violation of standard word order, reverse: The sail turns white lonely
She is slim, her movements
That swan of desert waters
Reminds me of a smooth ride
That is a doe's quick striving. A.S. Pushkin.
Italics – highlighted word, key
Ellipsis - omission of any member of the sentence. Men - for axes. We turned villages into ashes, cities into dust, and swords into sickles and plows. V. Zhukovsky
5. Sound means of expression. Phonetic means (Rare)
Alliteration - a technique of enhancing imagery by repeating consonant sounds. Like a winged lily, / Hesitating, Lala-Ruk enters
Assonance - a technique to enhance imagery by repeating vowel sounds. The thaw is boring to me: the stench, the dirt, in the spring I’m sick... A. Pushkin
Sound recording - a technique for enhancing the visual quality of the text by constructing phrases and lines in such a way that would correspond to the reproduced picture. Nightingale: “Then it suddenly scattered in small shots throughout the grove” I. Krylov
Onomatopoeia- imitation, using the sounds of language, of living and inanimate nature. When the mazurka thunder roared...A. Pushkin
- Some techniques may be in stylistics and tropes, or in syntax and stylistics - you need to be careful and distinguish: figurative meaning (figurative) is tropes; if the structure of the sentence itself, its construction is syntax. And if you produce an effect on the reader, highlighting the peculiarity of the phrase as the key to the problem of the text - this is stylistics.
Unified State Examination B 8
THEORY
Artistic and expressive means of language
LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSION.
1. Antonyms – different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning (good - evil, powerful - powerless).The contrast of antonyms in speech is a clear source of speech expression that establishes the emotionality of speech: he was weak in body, but strong in spirit.
2. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms – These are words that are not contrasted in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text:Mind and heart - ice and fire -This is the main thing that distinguished this hero.
3.Hyperbole – a figurative expression that exaggerates an action, object, or phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression: Snow was falling from the sky in pounds.
4. Litota - artistic understatement : man with marigold. Used to enhance artistic impression.
5.Synonyms – these are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning:Crush is love, friend is friend.
6. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms – words that are synonyms only in this text:Lomonosov is a genius - the beloved child of nature.(V. Belinsky)
7. Stylistic synonyms – differ stylistic coloring, area of use:grinned - giggled - laughed - neighed.
8. Syntactic synonyms – parallel syntactic constructions that have different structures, but coincide in meaning: start cooking lessons – start preparing lessons.
9.Metaphor – hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. The basis of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common feature.
There were, are and, I hope, there will always be more good people in the world than bad and evil people, otherwise there would be disharmony in the world,it would skew... capsize and sink. Epithet, personification, oxymoron, antithesis can be considered as a type of metaphor.
10. Expanded metaphor – an extensive transfer of the properties of one object, phenomenon or aspect of existence to another according to the principle of similarity or contrast. The metaphor is particularly expressive. Possessing unlimited possibilities in bringing together the most various items or phenomena, metaphor allows you to rethink the subject in a new way, to reveal, expose its inner nature. Sometimes it is an expression of the author’s individual vision of the world.
11.Metonymy – transfer of meanings (renaming) according to the contiguity of phenomena. The most common transfer cases:
A) from a person to his any external signs:Is it lunchtime soon? - asked the guest, turning toquilted vest;
b) from the institution to its inhabitants: Whole boarding recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisareva;
12.Synecdoche – a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something smaller included in something larger) A type of metonymy."Hey beard ! How do you get from here to Plyushkin?”
13.Oxymoron – a combination of words with contrasting meanings that create a new concept or idea. Most often, an oxymoron conveys the author’s attitude towards an object or phenomenon:The sad fun continued...
14. Personification – one of the types of metaphor when a characteristic is transferred from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person:The tree, bending towards me,stretched out thin hands.
15.Comparison – one of the means of expressive language that helps the author express his point of view, create entire artistic pictures, and give a description of objects. Comparisons are usually joined by conjunctions:as, as if, as if, exactly, etc.but serves to figuratively describe the most diverse characteristics of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give exact description colors: His eyes are black as night.
16. Phraseologisms – These are almost always vivid expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language, used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and graphic characteristics of characters, the surrounding reality, etc.:people like my hero have spark of God.
17.Epithet – a word that identifies in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or characteristics. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Anything can be an epithet meaningful word, if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition of another:
1) noun:chattering magpie.
2) adjective: fateful watch.
3) Adverb and participle:peers greedily; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative meaning:half-asleep, tender, loving gazes.
SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION.
1. Anaphora – This is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon:How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings overwhelming the soul at this moment?
2. Antithesis – a stylistic device that consists of a sharp contrast of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, and contrast phenomena. Serves as a way to express the author’s view of the described phenomena, images, etc.
3. Gradation – a stylistic figure, which implies the subsequent intensification or, conversely, weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech:For the sake of your child, for the sake of your family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!
4 Inversion – reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent one comes after it, the object after the control word, the adverbial manner of action comes before the verb:Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, words are arranged in a different order than established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech:My beloved homeland, my dear land, should we take care of you!
5. Parcellation – the technique of dividing a phrase into parts or even into individual words. Its goal is to give speech intonation expression by abruptly pronouncing it:The poet suddenly stood up. He turned pale.
6. Repeat – conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to strengthen the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin was sufferer, suffererin the full sense of the word.
7. Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations – a special means of creating emotionality in speech and expressing the author’s position.
Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters, who hasn’t sworn at them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write into it his useless complaint about oppression, rudeness and malfunction? Who does not consider them monsters of the human race, equal to the late clerks or, at least, the Murom robbers?
What summer, what summer? Yes, this is just witchcraft!
8. Syntactic parallelism – identical construction of several adjacent sentences. With its help, the author strives to highlight and emphasize the expressed idea:Mother is an earthly miracle. Mother is a sacred word.
TASK B8. TEST
Working with texts.
1 option
(1) With someone’s light hand, journalists call the nature of the Russian North discreet, dim and modest. (2) Meanwhile, nowhere in the country are there such bright, such expressive, very contrasting and polyphonic colors as in the North of Russia.
(3) The beauty of these places is due not only to the variety of landscapes, combining low mountains, hills, valleys, valleys, lakes and rivers, framed by forests, meadows, and shrubs; it is also due to the varied landscape moods that continually replace each other. (4) This change sometimes occurs literally in a matter of seconds, not to mention the changes associated with the four seasons. (5) A forest lake can instantly transform from deep blue into silver-lilac, as soon as a light comic breeze blows from the forest. (b) A rye field and a birch forest, a river bosom and meadow grass change their colors depending on the strength and direction of the wind. (7) But besides the wind, there is also the sun and the sky, the time of day and night, the new moon and the full moon, heat and cold. (8) Countless changes of states and combinations of all this are immediately reflected in the landscape, accompanying it also with the originality of smells, sounds, and even absolute silence, which happens in the pre-dawn time of a white, windless night, or on a winter, also completely windless, not cold night. (9) Let us remember the short, almost black and white winter days, accompanied by seemingly the same graphics: white fields, black forests and hedges, gray houses and buildings. (10) Even at such a time, the snow has its own shades, and what can we say about a sunny morning and a frosty evening dawn! (11) Man does not yet have such colors, and there are no names for many color states of the sunset or morning sky. (12) To say that the dawn is scarlet (or crimson, or lilac) means to say almost nothing: the dawn changes its colors and shades every minute, on the horizon there are some colors, a little higher up they are completely different, and the very border between the dawn and the sky does not exist . (13) And what color would you call the winter crust, brightly blinding with the shine of the sun, in the shade bluish-translucent in depth and silvery, as if melting under direct rays? (14) The frosty sun gives rise to the same richness of color tones as, for example, the warm spring sun. (15) But even with dense clouds, especially before the beginning of spring, the winter landscape is heterogeneous, the snow is sometimes bluish, sometimes with a barely noticeable yellowness, the forest distances are sometimes smoky-lilac, sometimes slightly bluish with brown more nearby willow, with bluish alder, with clear pine greenery and a subtle salad color of aspens. (16) This pre-spring state is associated with peaceful silence, with the smells of snow, wood flesh, hay, and stove smoke.
(17) And how many states of the dense purple night sky with clusters of stars stretching into perspective and infinity! (18) Spring and summer sky changes his colors just as quickly, does not skimp on shades and colors, his generosity with colors is limitless. (19) Both the green colors of the forest and the color of the water surface in lakes and rivers are constantly changing. (20) The water is sometimes light, steely, sometimes blue, sometimes blue to an inky thickness, and sometimes, especially in the silence of the first autumn cold, it becomes greenish.
(21) You have to be deaf and blind, or morbidly carried away by something detached from your own, in order not to notice these endlessly changing pictures of the world.
(According to V. Belov)
A31, B1 - B7. IN
AT 8. “The endlessly changing picture of the world is described by the author of the text using a variety of means of expression. Thus, already in the first sentence such lexical means are used as__________ (“... discreet, dim, modest...” - sentence 1;“...bright, expressive...” - sentence 2). __________ (sentences 10, 17) emphasize the emotional mood of the author of the text. When describing the landscapes of the North, V. Belov uses the following trope:_____________ “bluish alder”, “comic breeze”, etc.). Atin describing the nature of the North, its uniqueness, the author uses such syntactic means as ____________ (sentences 3, 20).”
List of terms:
1) comparative turnover
2) epithets
3) phraseology
4) contextual synonyms
5) anaphora
6) parcellation
7) question-and-answer form of presentation
8) series of homogeneous members
9) rhetorical exclamations
Option 2
(1) The earth is a cosmic body, and we are astronauts making a very long flight around the Sun, together with the Sun across the infinite Universe. (2) The life support system on our beautiful ship is so ingeniously designed that it is constantly self-renewing and thus allows billions of passengers to travel for millions of years.
(3) It is difficult to imagine astronauts flying on a ship through outer space, deliberately destroying a complex and delicate life support system designed for a long flight. (4) But gradually, consistently, with amazing irresponsibility, we are putting this life support system out of action, poisoning rivers, destroying forests, and spoiling the World Ocean. (5)If on small spaceship the astronauts will begin to fussily cut wires, unscrew screws, and drill holes in the casing, then this will have to be classified as suicide. (6) But there is a fundamental difference small ship with the big one no. (7) The only question is size and time.
(8) Humanity, in my opinion, is a kind of disease of the planet. 9) They started, multiplied, and swarmed with microscopic creatures on a planetary, and even more so on a universal scale. (10) They accumulate in one place, and immediately deep ulcers and various growths appear on the body of the earth. (11) One has only to introduce a drop of a harmful (from the point of view of the earth and nature) culture into the green coat of the forest (a team of lumberjacks, one barracks, two tractors) - and now a characteristic, symptomatic, painful spot spreads from this place. (12) They scurry about, multiply, do their job, eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning the rivers and oceans, the very atmosphere of the Earth with their poisonous waste.
(13) Unfortunately, concepts such as silence, the possibility of solitude and intimate communication between a person and nature, with the beauty of our land, are just as vulnerable as the biosphere, just as defenseless against the pressure of so-called technological progress. (14) On the one hand, a person, delayed by the inhuman rhythm of modern life, overcrowding, a huge flow of artificial information, is weaned from spiritual communication with the outside world, on the other hand, this external world itself has been brought into such a state that sometimes it no longer invites a person to spiritual communication with him.
(15) It is unknown how this original disease called humanity will end for the planet. (16) Will the Earth have time to develop some kind of antidote?
(According to V. Soloukhin)
AT 8. Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A29- A31, B1 - B7. IN This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.If you do not know which number from the list should appear in the blank, write the number O.Write down the sequence of numbers in the order in which they are written in the text of the review in place of gaps in answer form No. 1 to the right of task number B8, starting from the first cell.
“The first two sentences of the text use the trope of ___________. This image of the “cosmic body” and “astronauts” is key to understanding the author’s position. Reasoning about how humanity behaves in relation to its home, V. Soloukhin comes to the conclusion that “humanity is a diseaseplanets." ____________ (“scurry about, multiply, do their thing,eating away the subsoil, depleting the fertility of the soil, poisoning rivers and oceans with their poisonous waste, the very atmosphere of the Earth") convey the negative actions of man. The use of ___________ in the text (sentences 8, 13, 14) emphasizes that everything said to the author is far from indifferent. Used in the 15th sentence ____________ “original” makes the argument sadan ending that ends with a question.”
List of terms:
1) epithet
2) litotes
3) introductory words and plug-in constructions
4) irony
5) extended metaphor
6) parcellation
7) question-and-answer form of presentation.
8) dialectism
9) homogeneous members of the sentence
Option 3
(1) For some time, by the will of fate, we lived in the village of Svetikha, occupying half of a five-walled house. (2) Opposite the house is a smooth green lawn. (3) It’s nice to walk barefoot, lie in the shade of a spreading old linden tree...
(4) And now we see from the window how our neighbor Nyushka takes out a large basin of slops and pours it onto the lawn, right opposite the windows. (5) Nyushka somehow liked the lawn, and every day she began to carry slops and pour them on the same place. (b) A stinking black canker has formed on our once clean green lawn. (7) And we went as a delegation to the other half of the house. (8) My wife and I talked about the dangers of flies, about the ferocity of summer diseases, about the feeling and meaning of beauty. (9) Nyushka listened in silence until we reached her specific trash heap. (10) The neighbor here sent us quite far, but still indicating the most accurate, unambiguous address. (11) Having thrown out her energetic, four-word phrase, she went behind the partition, and we jumped out of the hut as if scalded.
(12) Meanwhile, events developed. (13) In order to somehow neutralize the effect of the garbage dump under the windows, the wife sprinkled dust on the rotten black ulcer: after all, disinfection. (14) Nyushka watched from the window the sanitary and hygienic actions of the enemy camp, and I don’t know what kind of fantasy what she saw would have pushed her to, but it coincided that Nyushka’s rooster died. (15) I don’t think it’s from the dust. (16) Then why didn’t all the other chickens die? (17) But in Nyushka’s imagination the fact was refracted in its own way: she decided that war had been declared on her, that this war was being waged with illegal chemical means. (18) It was necessary to wait for retaliatory actions, and they did not keep us waiting long.
(19) In the quiet hour before dawn, the wife ran into the room sobbing and threw herself on the bed. (20) For a long time she could not explain to me what happened, and suddenly blurted out:
Go and shoot her dog Rubicon right now!
(21 It turns out that Nyushka just, about ten minutes ago, killed our Afanasy, a beautiful fluffy kitten, with a stick. (22) The wife cried and demanded immediate revenge. (23) The case, then, will look like this: in response to Nyushka’s crime, I kill Rubicon - she tramples our sheets, hung out to dry in the garden, into mud; I destroy all her chickens and ducks, perhaps a pig, with quick fire - she scalds our children with boiling water... (24) This is probably how the story on earth began. (25) A grain of evil gave birth to a pea of evil, a pea gave birth to a nut, a nut gave birth to an apple... (26) And in the end, an ocean of evil accumulated, where all of humanity could drown...
(27) “There is a way out: take a pack of yeast that I brought from Moscow and take it to her,” I said.
(28) My wife looked at me in fear, as if I had gone crazy, her tears even dried up.
(29) - Yes, I’d rather eat it all at once! - she whispered.
(30) “Tell me that this gift is from us,” I said firmly.
(31) - Not in life!
(32) - Take it and carry it!..
(33) And the wife went. (34) I understood what she was doing now heroic deed, in a sense, even great, because going up a step is more difficult than going down, getting out of a swamp into a dry place is more difficult than stepping into a swamp from a dry place, and the most difficult thing at all times and for every person is to step over oneself ...
(35) When she returned, her eyes were shining, and her voice was broken with joyful excitement. (Z6) It turns out that the neighbor, realizing that they had come to her in peace, suddenly began to cry and rushed to hug her wife. (37) And then they both cried on each other’s shoulders. (38) Before we had time to calm down, Nyushka appeared on our threshold - her eyes shone with happiness, she was holding a large sieve in her hands, full selection- of onions.
(According to V. Soloukhin)
AT 8. Read a fragment of a review based on the text that you analyzed while completing tasks A28-A30, B1-B7. This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. If you don’t know which number in the list should be in the blank, write the number 0.
“At the beginning of the text, the author, talking about the developing hostile relations between neighbors, uses _______ (sentences 4-18), which is achieved by combining ________ (“garbage dump”, “died”, “didn’t take a breath”) and __ (“let’s go as a delegation”, “neutralize” action", "for the sanitary and hygienic actions of the enemy camp"). In the text there are vivid value judgments using _______ (“stinking black” (ulcer) - “pure green” (lawn)."
List of terms:
1) contextual (contextual) synonyms
2) epithets
3) colloquial vocabulary
4) phraseological units
5) syntactic parallelism
6) book vocabulary
7) metaphor
8) contextual (contextual) antonyms
9) irony
KEYS TO ASSIGNMENTS
Option 1: 4, 9, 2, 8
Option 2: 5, 9, 3, 1
Option 3: 9, 3, 6,8