Council for Mutual Economic Assistance year. Test: History of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Goals and objectives of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, its structure and functions. main stages and directions of socialist economic integration. Problems

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The headquarters of the CMEA was in Moscow.

A SOCIALIST RESPONSE TO THE MARSHALL PLAN

The refusal of the USSR and people's democracies from the Marshall Plan confronted them with the task of finding an economic alternative. The CEE countries suffered huge losses during the Second World War, which were aggravated by the damage from the radical measures of the new authorities (forced industrialization, forced curtailment of the small-scale commodity sector). The formation of a new economic structure required a transition from bilateral to multilateral cooperation. The Council was called upon to solve this problem mutual economic assistance (CMEA), established in January 1949. All socialist countries of Europe except Yugoslavia became its participants (since the 60s, Belgrade began to participate in the work of some CMEA bodies). In 1950, the GDR joined the CMEA, and subsequently Mongolia, Vietnam and Cuba joined it. The CMEA's tasks included the exchange of economic experience, technical exchange, and the organization of mutual supplies of raw materials, machinery and equipment, as well as food. In the first decade the main area economic cooperation CMEA countries remained in foreign trade. Since the mid-50s, measures began to be taken to develop specialization and cooperation in production. In 1962, the CMEA Executive Committee was formed, and meetings of various bodies and commissions began to be held regularly. It has become possible to carry out economic cooperation within the CMEA framework on the basis of collectively agreed goals, decisions and programs. Having started with agreed mutual supplies of goods, CMEA participants moved on to more tall shapes

economic cooperation covering entire areas of production, science and technology. CMEA then carried out more political than economic objectives – consolidate Soviet dominance in the region by forming similar economic mechanisms . Thus, by the beginning of the 50s, the economic and political unification of states in Western Europe was opposed to the unification of states in Eastern Europe

History of international relations (1918-2003) / ed. HELL. Bogaturova.

http://www.diphis.ru/sozdanie_sev-a870.html

CMEA CONTROLS

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance operates on the principles of socialist internationalism, complete equality, mutual respect for the national interests of each country, comradely mutual assistance and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Recommendations are accepted by the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance only with the consent of the countries concerned. The responsibilities of the CMEA include coordinating national economic plans, developing and facilitating the implementation of measures for the specialization and cooperation of production in socialist countries, to expand trade exchange between them, scientific and technical cooperation, etc.

To carry out the functions and powers specified in the Charter, the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance has the following main bodies: a session of the Council, the Executive Committee with its Bureau, the Secretariat, and standing commissions. Such commissions include: industry commissions for economic, scientific and technical cooperation in the field of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal, oil, gas and chemical industry, mechanical engineering, geology, Agriculture; Commission on Trade between Socialist Countries - CMEA Members; Commission for coordinating the design and supply of complex enterprises for the foreign market, etc.

IN Lately The main place in the activities of the CMEA is occupied by the coordination of plans for the development of the national economy of the member countries of the Council, which makes it possible to combine the national interests of each socialist country with the general interests of the entire socialist community. Relying on close economic cooperation between socialist countries, each socialist country is now developing its economy not in isolation, but in the general economic system of socialism.

Under these conditions, for almost every country of the socialist community there is no longer a need to develop all sectors of production, as the Soviet Union had to do for well-known reasons. In this regard, in the economies of the countries of the world socialist system, a process of specialization began to develop, making it possible to avoid parallelism in production, and, consequently, unnecessary expenditure of effort and resources, making it possible to ensure faster growth of production.

Simultaneously with specialization, the process of cooperation occurs, which constitutes the second side of the development of production in the countries of the world socialist system. Cooperation covers both the production efforts of these countries and the conduct of experimental, design, geological exploration and other work. “In the process of economic, scientific and technical cooperation between the countries of socialism, coordination of their national economic plans, specialization and cooperation of production,” notes the CPSU Program, “a new type international division of labor."

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, the CMEA Executive Committee and standing commissions work in session. Of particular importance in the work of CMEA are meetings of the leaders of communist and workers' parties and heads of government of countries participating in the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. The meeting hears the results of the work done and makes decisions on further work and its content. The results of the meeting are usually set out in a communiqué adopted by the meeting itself and published in the press. The meeting, if necessary, can make decisions on the establishment of new international multilateral organizations within the framework of CMEA activities; develop and outline the main directions for the development of multilateral economic relations between the CMEA countries; determine the principles and directions of development of the international socialist division of labor.

The Meeting of the CMEA member countries in 1962 was of great importance in the development of international economic relations of the socialist countries. The principles of the international socialist division of labor were developed there. These principles include:

correct accounting of the objectively necessary proportions of economic development of each country and the world socialist system as a whole. This accounting contributes to achieving a balanced economy in each country;

ensuring high economic efficiency international socialist division of labor. The implementation of this principle is expressed in the rapid growth of production and the most complete satisfaction of the needs of the population in each country with minimal expenditure of social labor;

a combination of international specialization and comprehensive (multilateral) development of the economy of individual socialist countries in the interests of the most complete and expedient use in all countries of the natural and economic prerequisites for production, including labor resources;

gradual overcoming of historical differences in the levels of economic development of individual countries and complete equalization of their economic development.

The implementation of this principle occurs primarily through the industrialization of countries with a relatively low level of economic development and on the basis of maximum use internal capabilities each country, as well as the advantages of the entire socialist system as a whole.

V. Zorin. Fundamentals of the diplomatic service. M., 1977.

TRANSFERABLE RUBLE

The transferable ruble is the collective, settlement currency of the international bank for economic cooperation, founded by the socialist member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), introduced under an agreement signed on October 22, 1963. Settlements in transferable rubles were carried out from January 1, 1964 through the International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC) by transferring funds expressed in them from the account of one country to the account of another. Having the same gold content (0.987412 grams of pure gold), the transferable ruble, however, was not identical to the ruble of the Soviet monetary system. The transferable ruble was not exchanged for gold and the currency of capitalist countries, but was exchanged at the established rate for the national currency of the bank’s member countries.

In a specific object form (for example, in the form of banknotes, treasury notes or coins), the transferable ruble does not circulate and has not circulated. In the 80s, for the 25th anniversary of the IBEC, a commemorative souvenir coin was minted - the Transferable Ruble.

The concept of “currency of account” implied that there was no issue of coins or banknotes. The transferable ruble was used for multilateral settlements between the CMEA member countries, lending and the creation of open accounts. The national currencies of the CMEA member countries were linked to the transferable ruble by fixed coefficients, and the stability of the purchasing power of the transferable ruble was ensured by a firmly established gold content, the stability of foreign trade prices, and the systematic nature of mutual trade and payments of the participating countries. The main source of transferable ruble funds for each country was the export of its goods and services to countries participating in multilateral relations, as well as loans provided by the IBEC and the International Investment Bank (IIB) in this currency. Settlements using the transferable ruble were carried out both in trade transactions (for example, when supplying goods) and in non-commercial transactions (for example, tourism).

Each country, when concluding trade and other economic agreements, had to ensure for a certain agreed period (for example, a year) the balance of its receipts and payments with all other CMEA countries. Settlements between countries were carried out through the IBEC with the participation of national banks in special accounts opened with the IBEC, or, by agreement with it, in the banks of the CMEA countries.

Over 10 years (1964-1973), the average annual payment turnover between the IBEC member countries amounted to 32.4 billion transferable rubles. Over these years, IBEC has provided short-term loans totaling 22 billion transferable rubles.

PRODUCTS OF COMECON COUNTRIES IN THE USSR

Almost all types of transport were supplied to the USSR from the countries of the socialist camp. The most familiar to everyone, of course, is “Ikarus”. Let's start with him.

First Soviet years in Moscow, people drove ZIS-8, which were replaced by more modern models ZIS-16 and ZIS-155. Even with the launch of the ZIL-168 into production, there was a catastrophic shortage of buses on the routes - new microdistricts were being built, and villages near Moscow were turning into cities. By 1960, the number of city bus routes approached 90, and suburban ones reached 66.

Beginning in 1956, trial purchases of foreign buses were made and they were tested on route 55, which was considered an exemplary route. In November 1956, the first “foreigners” underwent preliminary testing on it: the French Chausson bus, the Hungarian Ikarus and the German Bussing. Ikarus proved himself to be the best, and this determined his further happy life in the USSR.

The first Ikarus that appeared on Soviet streets in the 60s were models 55 and 66 luxury, serving intercity and tourist lines. The 66th had an engine with a power of only 125 hp. (later versions - 145 hp). He was capable of reaching speeds of up to 100 km/h, which was simply fantastic at that time.

For this speed, streamlined shape, and longitudinal moldings that were unusual for box buses of that time, these buses were called “rockets.” This was one of the most successful versions of Ikarus, produced in various modifications more than twenty years.

Batches of Ikarus-180 (the so-called articulated model, or "accordion") began arriving from Hungary in October 1968. They worked during rush hour on lines connecting the center of Moscow with the Tushino, Sokol, Shchukino districts; Most of the time they served new microdistricts.

Compared to their Russian counterpart, ZIL-158, these buses accommodated an absolutely fantastic number of people: 180 people! That’s why they were then jokingly called “vacuum cleaners” - they would suck up everyone who wanted them. They were white and red and, compared to their descendants, were distinguished by the small size of their windows.

Of all the Ikarus that arrived, by 1976 only 273 cars remained. Roads, spare parts. The last single models of the long Ikarus-180 disappeared before the Moscow Olympics... But the Hungarian buses were still more reliable and more convenient - in operation and for passengers - than numerous Soviet modifications - LiAZ-695, 697, 699 and 165 Laz-699, 96 LAZ-695N.

The construction of the Moscow metro did not keep up with the growth of the city, and already in 1976, after the New Year holidays, a more advanced Hungarian model, the Ikarus-280, arrived “in service” in the capital. Like all other “200th” models, the 280th was of a modular principle: like children’s construction set blocks, any modification could be assembled from standardized units.

Its real competition was not our technology, but its own, younger brother, the Ikarus-283, which appeared in the USSR in 1988. One can emphasize the fact that by that time the 280 itself was not the most advanced model - three years earlier, later models of Ikarus - 415 and 284 - were tested in the USSR, but they were further distributed (despite all their advantages) have not received.

In total, over 143 thousand Hungarian Ikaruses traveled to the USSR!

JAWA motorcycles.

The first post-war Java-250, shown at an exhibition in Paris, caused a sensation. It featured such novelties as a gear shift mechanism coupled with automatic clutch engagement, hydraulic shock absorbers, new design frames and arrangement of tool boxes.

These vehicles, along with captured German ones, were used by Soviet officers and soldiers of the military administration. This is how single “Java” appeared on the fields of Russia (the export of equipment was strictly regulated by the Soviet military administration).

Meanwhile, the Czech factory did not stand still, producing new, more and more advanced models. In 1948, the Java-350 was released - with a two-cylinder two-stroke engine.

It was these models and their numerous modernizations that served faithfully to numerous generations of Soviet motorcyclists. By 1960, every third Soviet motorcyclist (about forty thousand people) rode a Czechoslovakian Java.

But the actual boom in the acquisition of “Java” began several years later... In 1976, the Czechoslovak association “Motokov”, which supplies “Java” to the USSR, crossed the final line and set a record - in the vast expanses 1/6 of the land was now running and multiplying then more than a million “Yavs” (according to statistics, on average more than one hundred thousand copies were sold per year).

We can safely say that the then “Java” was not inferior in prestige to the modern “Harley”. It was on the “Java” that the kind of Wolves from “Well, Just Wait!” - black flared trousers, a vest - an attribute of masculinity, a belt with a badge, increased hairiness, escaping from under the protective helmet, on which canned glasses nested.

AND . They participate in the work of the CMEA bodies on the basis of an agreement between the CMEA and the production of the SFRY. Representatives of Afghanistan, North Korea, Laos, PDRY, Angola, and Ethiopia are present at meetings of some CMEA bodies as observers. Finland, Mexico, Mozambique, Iraq, Nicaragua, as well as some international organizations cooperate with CMEA on the basis of special agreements (1985).

The goal of CMEA is to promote, by uniting and coordinating the efforts of the Council member countries, the further deepening and improvement of cooperation and the development of socialist economic integration, the systematic development of the national economy, the acceleration of economic and technological progress, increasing the level of industrialization of countries with less developed industry, the continuous growth of labor productivity, the gradual convergence and equalization of levels of economic development and the steady rise in the well-being of the peoples of the CMEA member countries.

Main bodies of the CMEA: Session of the Council ( supreme body), Executive Committee (main executive body); committees for cooperation in the field of planning activities, logistics, scientific and technical cooperation, mechanical engineering; permanent commissions on economic, scientific and technical cooperation in certain sectors of the national economy; meetings of heads or representatives of competent authorities (departments) of the CMEA member countries; CMEA Secretariat (economic and administrative-executive body). The structure of the Council includes the CMEA Institute for Standardization and the International Institute economic problems world socialist system.

Much attention in the work of the CMEA is paid to the comprehensive development of raw materials industries and energy in the member countries of the Council. Problems of the mining industry, oil and, as well as the most complete provision of the needs of the economies of these countries with mineral resources, are considered in the CMEA Committees and in the CMEA Standing Commissions on cooperation in the field of chemical and gas industries, non-ferrous metallurgy, and geology. By joining forces, the CMEA member countries most their needs for the most important types of raw materials, fuel and energy are satisfied through mutual supplies.

At the 25th meeting of the CMEA session (1971) adopted Comprehensive program further deepening and improving cooperation and developing socialist economic integration of the CMEA member countries. Subsequently, the Comprehensive Program was further developed and specified in the form of long-term targeted cooperation programs (LTSP), incl. LTSPS to meet the economically justified needs of the CMEA member countries for basic types of energy, fuel and raw materials.

Among the most important measures of the LTSPS, adopted in 1978 and designed to last until 1990, and in some areas up to 2000, are the maximum involvement in economic circulation of national fuel and energy resources and, above all, solid fuels for the production of electricity; expansion of prospecting and exploration work to identify and evaluate reserves of fuel and raw materials, incl. studying the prospects for oil and gas content, coal content and ore content of the territories of the CMEA member countries, especially the territories of geologically less studied countries: CPB, Cuba, MHP, research of seas and oceans with the aim of using their mineral resources, assessing predicted reserves the most important species ore and non-metallic minerals; development and implementation of new progressive types of equipment and technical means for the extraction of solid minerals, oil and gas, for geological exploration, for study and development mineral resources water areas; construction by joint efforts of enterprises for the extraction and processing of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores, coal; increasing the completeness of oil refining, obtaining artificial gas and gasoline from coal, economical consumption of mineral raw materials and fuel.

Among the most important results of fruitful cooperation are the Druzhba and Soyuz gas pipelines, unique in their capacity and length, the Erdenet mining and processing plant in MHP, nickel plants in Cuba, and integrated electric power systems. European countries-members of the CMEA.

The coordination centers (COCs) Intergeotekhnika, Intergeoneftegaz, Interpromgeofizika, Interneftegaz-Geophysics, the Council of Commissioners of International Geological Expeditions in MHP, the Council of the joint organization Petrobaltic and national organizations of the countries actively participate in the development and implementation of joint programs. CMEA members.

In order to improve work in the field of scientific and technical information in the fuel, energy and raw materials industries of the CMEA member countries, International Industry Systems of Scientific and Technical Information (IOSTI) were created - "Geoinform", "Informneftegaz", "Informugol", "Tsvetmetinform" , "Chermetinform" etc.

The Economic Meeting of the CMEA member countries at the highest level in 1984, noting the relevance of the Comprehensive Program and the LTSPS, determined new complex tasks aimed at transitioning to a qualitatively higher level of development of multilateral cooperation, aimed integration processes at increasing the pace of economic development and transferring the national economy to the path of intensification. In accordance with the decisions of the 1985 economic meeting, a comprehensive program of scientific and technological progress of the CMEA member countries until 2000 was developed and adopted at the 41st (extraordinary) meeting of the CMEA session, covering 5 priority areas: electronization of the national economy, complex automation, nuclear energy, new materials and the technology of their production and processing, biotechnology. These directions, which underlie modern revolutionary changes in science, technology and production, are the basis for the development and implementation of a coordinated, and in a number of areas, a unified scientific and technological policy of the fraternal states.

CMEA is an intergovernmental economic organization of socialist countries, established in 1949 with headquarters in Moscow. It united the People's Republic of Belarus, the People's Republic of Hungary, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the German Democratic Republic, Cuba, the Mongolia, Poland, the Socialist Republic, the USSR, and Czechoslovakia. With the collapse of the USSR and the socialist community it ceased to exist. Nowadays the Moscow City Hall is located in the CMEA headquarters building.

Great definition

Incomplete definition ↓

CMEA) - intergovernmental economic. org-tion socialist. countries, created in order to promote, by combining and coordinating the efforts of the member countries of the Council, the systematic development of the people. x-va, economic acceleration. and technical progress, accelerating the industrialization of countries with less developed industries; the continuous growth of labor productivity and the steady rise in the well-being of the people in these countries. The decision to create the CMEA (initially uniting only European countries) was made at the Economic. meeting of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia, held on January 5-8. 1949 in Moscow. In 1949, Albania joined the CMEA (from the end of 1961 it ceased to take part in the work of the CMEA due to the splitting position taken by its leaders), in 1950 - the GDR, in 1962 - the Mongolian People's Republic (after the 16th session of the Council held in June 1962, which approved the changes in its Charter, which allowed the admission of non-European countries to the CMEA that shared the principles and goals of the Council). Organization The formation of the Council took place at the first session, held in April. 1949. On Sept. In 1964, an agreement was concluded between the CMEA and the government of the SFRY on the participation of Yugoslavia in the work of CMEA bodies. Representatives of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea and the Republic of Cuba participate as observers in the work of the CMEA bodies. Until 1966, representatives of the PRC participated in the work of CMEA as observers. Cooperation in the CMEA is carried out in accordance with the underlying socialist principles. internationalism by the principles of complete equality, respect for sovereignty and national interests, mutual benefit and comradely mutual assistance. Compliance with these principles makes it possible to successfully overcome known difficulties in economic development. socialist cooperation countries associated with differences in economic levels. development, unequal provision of raw materials, etc. Forms of cooperation within the CMEA framework are developing and improving as the economies of the Council member countries grow and strengthen. At the first stage (approximately 1949-57), cooperation between the CMEA countries mainly covered foreign trade, transfer of technical equipment. documentation and scientific and technical. experience. All R. In the 50s, when the conditions for cooperation in the field of production were ripe, industry commissions were created, and the CMEA member countries began coordinating their economies. plans. But only at the next stage (1958-62) this form of collective activity received widespread development. The meeting of communist representatives held on May 20-23, 1958 in Moscow. and workers' parties of the CMEA member countries gave fundamental instructions on the development of long-term plans for the development of their people. x-va, drawing attention to the need for specialization and cooperation of production, comprehensive development of the people's raw materials industries. agriculture and energy, implementation new technology. 2-3 Feb. 1960 A Communist Conference was held in Moscow. and socialist workers' parties. countries of Europe, dedicated to the exchange of experience in the development of p. x-va. The meeting participants considered it expedient to develop the production of grain and fodder crops in all CMEA member countries and advocated that CMEA explore the possibilities of specialization in agriculture. mechanical engineering, as well as in chemical production. funds for the needs of the village. x-va. During these same years, the CMEA bodies adopted recommendations on specialization and cooperation in the production of many types of mechanical engineering products, plastics, and synthetics. rubbers, chemical fibers, mineral fertilizers, individual species rolled products, development of the raw material base of the CMEA member countries; a decision was made to build the Druzhba oil pipeline and the Mir energy system. Scientific and technical development has deepened. cooperation. On June 6-7, 1962, a meeting of communist representatives was held in Moscow. and workers' parties of the CMEA member countries, which indicated that the coordination of national economics. plans is the main method of CMEA activity, and approved the “Basic principles of the international socialist division of labor” developed by the 15th session of the Council. This Meeting marked the beginning of the third stage of CMEA activity (1962-69), characterized by deepening and expanding cooperation between its participants. On July 24-26, 1963, the Meeting of the First Secretaries of the Communist Party was held. and workers' parties and heads of government in the CMEA member countries, which developed areas of work for coordinating the national economy. plans for 1966-70 (further work on coordinating plans for these years was carried out in the same way as for 1956-60, 1959-65, by countries and bodies of the Council). On July 7, 1966, a new meeting of communist leaders took place in Bucharest. and workers' parties and heads of government of the CMEA member countries; its participants stated the need for further development of mutual cooperation. In accordance with the recommendations of the CMEA in the 60s. a number of major economic events: in the 1st half. 60s the Druzhba oil pipeline was built and the energy systems of the CMEA member countries were united (the Mir energy system); in 1963, an agreement on multilateral settlements in transferable rubles was concluded; in 1964, the International economic bank cooperation. Successful development of specialization, cooperation and other forms of economics. and scientific and technical cooperation between the CMEA countries finds expression in socialist. economical integration, which is an objective, systematically regulated process of rapprochement, mutual adaptation and improvement of economics. structures of these countries, the formation of deep and sustainable ties in the leading sectors of production, science and technology, expansion and strengthening of international. market of the CMEA countries by creating appropriate economic, technological. and organizational conditions. The transition to this new stage of cooperation was marked by the 23rd (special) session of CMEA, held in Moscow on April 23-26. 1969 with the participation of the first secretaries of the Communist Central Committee. and workers' parties and heads of government in the CMEA member countries. The session decided to begin developing the main directions for further economic development. and scientific and technical cooperation between the CMEA member countries and specific measures related to their implementation, designed for a long-term period. These measures should promote the development within the framework of CMEA of an effective, sustainable international. specialization and cooperation of production, especially in industries that determine technical. progress; promote the development of connections between ministries, households. organizations, enterprises, scientific, technical, research institutes, as well as the creation by interested countries, as necessary, of international. scientific and technical and other organizations. In accordance with the decisions of the session, the Investment Bank of the CMEA member countries was created, temporary working groups were formed to develop a comprehensive, long-term program for further deepening and improving cooperation between the CMEA member countries. Taking into account the decisions of the 23rd session, work has begun on coordinating the national economy. plans for 1971-75. Interested countries are recommended to carry out joint planning on certain types of metal-cutting machines, electronically calculated. equipment, container transport system, certain scarce types of rolled sheets, pipes and other profiles. In 1970, the interested CMEA member countries created the International. Institute of Economics problems of the world socialist systems for complex theoretical, methodological. and applied development of socialist problems. integration. In order to improve the contractual legal framework of economics. cooperation within the framework of the CMEA, in 1969 the Meeting of Representatives of the CMEA member countries on legal issues was formed. Cooperation in the field of household construction is expanding. objects through the joint efforts of interested CMEA countries. Much work is being done to improve the forms of foreign trade. and monetary and financial relations, on standardization. On May 12-14, 1970, the 24th session of the CMEA was held in Warsaw, at which the issue of the progress in implementing the decisions of its 23rd session was considered. The session approved the proposals presented on improving cooperation in the field of planned activities of the CMEA member countries and adopted decisions aimed at the successful completion of work on drawing up a comprehensive program for further deepening and improving cooperation and development of socialist countries. integration of the CMEA member countries. The multilateral activities of CMEA contribute to the solution of a number of current problems development of people of its participants, satisfying more and more of their needs for raw materials, fuel and energy, ferrous and non-ferrous metals, chemical products. industry, mechanical engineering, radio engineering and electronics. Through mutual supplies, CMEA member countries satisfy 98% of their import needs for coal, 96% for petroleum products, approx. 80% - in iron ore, 95% - in machinery and equipment. Soviet supplies play a big role in this. They almost completely satisfy the needs of the CMEA member countries for oil and iron, 3/4 for petroleum products and phosphate fertilizers, 3/5 for cotton and rolled ferrous metals, almost half for leather, and 70% for timber. Supplies from the USSR cover one third of the import needs of the CMEA member countries for machinery and equipment. OK. 90% of the needs of CMEA member countries for electric cars and electric hoists and 20% of their needs for batteries are met by Bulgarian exports. Hungary provides the basic needs of the CMEA member countries in buses, diesel trains, and equipment. The GDR provides CMEA member countries with refrigerated trains, cement plants, and press-forging equipment. From the MPR, CMEA member countries receive wool, fur and leather raw materials, as well as fluorspar. Poland supplies to CMEA member countries sea ​​vessels, complete equipment for chemical, sugar, yeast factories, passenger cars. Romania supplies oil drilling and oil refining equipment, chemical equipment. industry. From Czechoslovakia, CMEA member countries receive equipment for chemicals. industry, metal-cutting machines, electric locomotives, rolling and other equipment. Activities of the CMEA in organizing economic and scientific and technical cooperation contributes to the rapid growth of the economies of the CMEA member countries. In 1969 compared to pre-war. industrial level production in Bulgaria increased 33 times, in Hungary - 7.7 times, in the GDR - 5.6 times, in the MPR - 17 times, in Poland - 15 times, in Romania - 15 times, in USSR - 11 times, in Czechoslovakia - 6.6 times. The share of CMEA member countries in world industrial production reached almost one third in 1969. The activities of the CMEA are determined by its Charter, adopted in December. 1959, as amended at the 16th (July 1962) and 17th (Dec. 1962) sessions of CMEA. The supreme body of the CMEA is the session of the Council; chief performer organ - Perform. The committee, which the Bureau has, will execute. Committee on Consolidated Economic Issues. plans. In order to promote economic development. connections and organization of multilateral cooperation in the department. industries x-va permanent commissions have been created, as well as a meeting of representatives of charterers and shipowners. organizations of the CMEA member countries, Meeting of water management managers. bodies of the CMEA member countries and the CMEA Institute for Standardization. The Council has a Secretariat, which is its economic. and executive and administrative body (location of the Secretariat - Moscow). CMEA Secretaries: Apr. 1949 - March 1954 - A. I. Loshchakov; March 1954 - June 1958 - A. A. Pavlov; from June 1958 - N.V. Faddeev. Lit.: Multilateral economic cooperation of socialist states (collection of documents), M., 1967; Faddeev N.V., Council of Mutual Economic Assistance, M., 1969; Ivanov N.I., International economic relations of a new type, M., 1968. L.I. Lukin. Moscow.

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA)

an intergovernmental economic organization of socialist states, created by the decision of an economic meeting of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia (January 5-8, 1949). In February 1949, Albania joined the CMEA (since 1961 it unilaterally ceased to participate in the work of the Council), in September 1950 - the GDR, in June 1962 - the Mongolian People's Republic, in July 1972 - the Republic of Cuba.

The formation of CMEA during the formation of the world system of socialism (See World system of socialism) was a natural consequence of the efforts of the communist and workers' parties of socialist countries aimed at bringing the peoples of these countries closer together, developing closer economic and political cooperation in the name of the great goal - the successful construction of socialism and communism and ensuring sustainable world peace (see Economic cooperation of socialist countries, Scientific and technical cooperation of socialist countries). The goal of the CMEA is to promote, by uniting and coordinating the efforts of the member countries of the Council, the further deepening and improvement of cooperation and the development of socialist economic integration (See Socialist Economic Integration), the planned development of the national economy, the acceleration of economic and technical progress, and increasing the level of industrialization of countries with less developed industry , continuous growth in labor productivity, gradual convergence and equalization of levels of economic development and a steady increase in the well-being of the peoples of the CMEA member countries.

Economic, scientific and technical cooperation is carried out on the basis of the principles of socialist internationalism, voluntariness, respect for state sovereignty, independence and national interests, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, complete equality, mutual benefit and comradely mutual assistance. The Council organizes comprehensive cooperation of member countries towards the most rational use their and accelerating the development of productive forces; promotes the improvement of the international socialist division of labor (See International Socialist Division of Labor) by coordinating plans for the development of the national economy, specialization and cooperation of production (see International specialization and cooperation of production); takes measures to study economic, scientific and technical problems of interest to the CMEA member countries, contributes to their successful solution; promotes the development, coordination and implementation of joint activities in the field of development of industry, science and technology, agriculture, transport, trade and exchange of services, scientific and technical achievements and advanced production experience. CMEA bodies make recommendations to CMEA member countries on economic, scientific and technical issues and decisions on organizational and procedural issues. All recommendations and decisions are made only with the consent of the interested CMEA member countries, and each country has the right to declare its interest in any issue considered in the Council. Recommendations and decisions do not apply to countries that have declared that they are not interested in the matter, but each of these countries may subsequently join the recommendations and decisions made by the remaining member countries of the Council.

CMEA is an open organization. Any country that shares its goals and principles and has agreed to accept the obligations contained in the CMEA Charter can become a member of the CMEA. CMEA may invite countries that are not members of the Council to participate in the work of its bodies on the terms of an agreement with the relevant countries. Since 1964, on the basis of an Agreement between the CMEA and the government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the SFRY has been participating in the work of the CMEA bodies. The latter, on issues of mutual interest, participates in the work of CMEA bodies on equal conditions with all member countries. At the invitation of the CMEA bodies, representatives of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the DPRK take part in their work. In May 1973, an Agreement on Cooperation was concluded between CMEA and Finland on issues of mutual interest. In July 1975, an Agreement on Cooperation was concluded between the CMEA and the Republic of Iraq; in August 1975 - Cooperation Agreement between CMEA and the United Mexican States. CMEA member countries actively cooperate with other countries, regardless of their socio-economic systems.

At the beginning of 1975, CMEA supported various forms relations with more than 30 international, intergovernmental and non-governmental economic, scientific and technical organizations. In October 1974, the Council was granted observer status at the UN.

The activities of the CMEA are determined by the Charter adopted by the Session of the Council (12th meeting of the session, December 1959). Changes were made to the CMEA Charter at the 16th (June 1962), 17th (December 1962) and 28th (June 1974) meetings of the CMEA Session.

CMEA has (1975) the following structure.

The Session of the Council (formed in 1949) is the highest body of the CMEA. Since the late 60s. Country delegations are headed by heads of government. At the 16th-18th and 23rd sessions of the Session, delegations of countries were headed by the first (general) secretaries of the Central Committee of the communist and workers' parties of the CMEA member countries. The session considers the main issues of cooperation, the report of the Executive Committee on the activities of the Council for the period between sessions of the Session and determines the main directions of the work of the CMEA. Convened annually, alternately in the capitals of the CMEA member countries in the order of country names in the Russian alphabet. Extraordinary (extraordinary) Sessions may be convened at the request or with the consent of at least 1/3 of the CMEA member countries.

The Executive Committee (created in 1962) is the main executive body of the CMEA, consisting of representatives of member countries at the level of deputy heads of government, one from each country. Manages the totality of work related to the implementation of the tasks facing the Council, in accordance with the decisions of the Session, carries out systematic monitoring of the implementation by the CMEA member countries of the obligations arising from the recommendations of the CMEA bodies adopted by them, manages the work of committees, standing commissions and other CMEA bodies.

The CMEA Committee for Cooperation in the Area of ​​Planning Activities (formed in 1971) consists of the chairmen of the central planning bodies. Its goal is to promote the expansion of cooperation in the field of planned activities of the CMEA member countries, aimed primarily at the implementation of the Comprehensive Program of Socialist Economic Integration. The main task of the Committee is to identify the most important problems cooperation in key areas of the national economy that require comprehensive consideration on a multilateral basis and the development of effective ways to solve them. The permanent working body of the Committee is the Bureau, consisting of deputy chairmen of the central planning bodies of the CMEA member countries.

The CMEA Committee on Scientific and Technical Cooperation (formed in 1971 on the basis of the Commission for the Coordination of Scientific and Technical Research) consists of committee chairmen, ministers, and heads of science and technology departments. Organizes multilateral scientific and technical cooperation of the CMEA member countries in order to make the most complete and effective use of their scientific and technical potentials.

CMEA Committee for Cooperation in the Field of Material and Technical Supply (formed in 1974), its main task is the development and deepening of economic, scientific and technical cooperation in the field of material and technical supply, aimed primarily at the implementation of the Comprehensive Program of Socialist Economic Integration and the organization of multilateral cooperation in order to improve the use of material resources, reduce the material intensity of products and, on this basis, increase the efficiency of social production in each country.

Standing CMEA commissions on economic, scientific and technical cooperation between CMEA member countries in certain sectors of the national economy. The first permanent commissions were created on the basis of the decision of the CMEA Session (7th meeting, May 1956). They consist of delegations of CMEA member countries, headed, as a rule, by the relevant ministers and heads of departments. The CMEA has more than 20 standing commissions: on electricity, the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, ferrous metallurgy, non-ferrous metallurgy, oil and gas industry, coal industry, mechanical engineering, chemical industry, agriculture, transport, etc.

Meetings of leaders and representatives of the competent authorities of the CMEA member countries. Within the framework of CMEA, meetings of heads of water management authorities, representatives of freight and ship-owning organizations, ministers of domestic trade, representatives of CMEA member countries on legal issues, heads of departments for inventions, prices, government agencies by work.

The CMEA Secretariat is the economic and executive administrative body of the Council, consisting of sectoral and functional departments. The management staff and specialists of the Secretariat are composed of citizens of CMEA member countries. Location - Moscow. The work of the Secretariat is led by the CMEA Secretary and his deputies. The Secretary is the main official of the Council and represents the CMEA before officials and organizations of the CMEA member countries and other countries, as well as before international organizations.

The CMEA includes the Institute of Standardization and the International Institute of Economic Problems of the World Socialist System. The communist and workers' parties of the CMEA member countries direct the activities of the Council bodies to the development of general theoretical, methodological and ideological issues that determine the essence of the process of socialist economic integration and its constituent elements, the creation and improvement of a highly developed international mechanism of economic, scientific and technical cooperation.

The forms and methods of CMEA activities are constantly being improved in accordance with the tasks put forward by the communist and workers' parties at each stage of socialist and communist construction. The following stages can be traced in the history of CMEA.

The first stage (1949-58) is the period of formation of multilateral economic, scientific and technical cooperation of the CMEA member countries. The main attention was paid to the development of foreign trade and the organization of scientific and technical cooperation. The CMEA Session (2nd meeting of the Session, August 1949) adopted recommendations to conduct trade between participants on the basis of long-term agreements, which made it possible to strengthen the economies of the CMEA countries and guarantee the stable receipt of the necessary materials and equipment and marketing of its products. The decisions on scientific and technical cooperation adopted by the CMEA Session (2nd meeting), which provided for the free mutual transfer of technical documentation, were also of great importance for the implementation of industrialization plans by countries. At the same time, CMEA also resolves issues of production cooperation, mutual coordination of national economic plans, specialization and cooperation of production.

The second stage (1959-62) of cooperation began with the Meeting of representatives of the communist and workers' parties of the CMEA member countries (May 1958). The foundations for international specialization and production cooperation were laid; plans for 1961-65 were coordinated. As a result, the problems of meeting the needs of the CMEA member countries for fuel, raw materials, machinery and equipment for the planned period were largely solved. By decision of the CMEA Session (10th meeting of the Session, December 1958), through the joint efforts of countries, the construction of the world's largest oil pipeline "Friendship" (over 4.5 thousand tons) was carried out. km) for transporting Soviet oil to Hungary, East Germany, Poland and Czechoslovakia. The construction of the oil pipeline and the increasing supply of Soviet oil helped meet the fuel needs of the fraternal countries and create a large petrochemical industry. By decision of the CMEA Session (11th meeting of the Session, May 1959), the parallel operation of the “World” unified energy systems was organized. In 1962, the Central Dispatch Office of United Energy Systems (Prague) was formed.

The third stage (1962-69) began with the Meeting of the First Secretaries of the Central Committee of Communist and Workers' Parties and Heads of Government of the CMEA member countries (June 1962), which outlined further ways of economic, scientific and technical cooperation. The basis of the CMEA's activities was the "Basic Principles of International Socialist Economics" approved by the Conference. division of labor." This stage was characterized by deepening cooperation between countries in the field of coordinating their national economic plans - the main method of CMEA activity and the main means of forming the international socialist division of labor. To organize cooperation in specific areas of the economy, international economic organizations Intermetal (1964), the Common Freight Car Park (1964), and the Bearing Industry Cooperation Organization (1964) were created. In order to promote the development of foreign trade of the CMEA member countries, as well as expand their cooperation with other countries, in October 1963 an Agreement on multilateral settlements in transferable rubles and the organization of the International Bank for Economic Cooperation was signed (See International Bank for Economic Cooperation).

A new stage of cooperation between the CMEA member countries began at the 23rd (special) meeting of the Council Session (April 1969). The first (general) secretaries of the Central Committee of the communist and workers' parties and the heads of government of the CMEA member countries took part in its work. Noting the enormous achievements in the development of the productive forces of the countries of the socialist community, the Session decided to develop a Comprehensive Program for further deepening and improving cooperation and developing socialist economic integration of the CMEA member countries. Developed by the collective efforts of all CMEA member states, this program, designed for 15-20 years, was unanimously adopted in July 1971 at the 25th meeting of the CMEA Session. Its implementation is the main content of economic, scientific and technical cooperation, it represents the main way to improve the international socialist division of labor, a powerful means of intensifying social production in each CMEA member country and the entire community of countries, and accelerating the development of scientific and technological progress.

Giving great importance strengthening the planned foundations of cooperation and organically linking the activities of the Comprehensive Program with the national economic plans of the CMEA member countries, the Council Session (29th meeting, June 1975) approved the document prepared by the CMEA Committee on Cooperation in the field of planned activities with the participation of the CMEA Committee on Scientific and Technical Cooperation "Coordinated plan of multilateral integration activities of the CMEA member countries for 1976-1980." Developing such a plan is of high quality new stage deepening and improving cooperation and developing socialist economic integration. The CMEA session (29th meeting, June 1975) instructed the CMEA Committee on cooperation in the field of planning activities with the participation of the relevant standing commissions and the CMEA Secretariat to organize in 1975-77 the development of draft long-term targeted cooperation programs for the period until 1990 for the joint solution of problems of complex nature: meeting the economically justified needs of the CMEA member countries for basic types of energy, fuel and raw materials; coordinated development of mechanical engineering on a bilateral and multilateral basis based on deep specialization and cooperation of production; meeting food needs, as well as needs for consumer goods.

In implementing the Comprehensive Program, the CMEA bodies prepared and the CMEA member countries concluded a number of important multilateral agreements aimed at meeting their needs for fuel, energy and raw materials. Agreements were concluded on the joint construction in the USSR of the Ust-Ilimsk pulp mill (1972), the Kiembaevsky asbestos mining and processing plant (1973), on the creation of capacities for the production of chemical plant protection products (1973), enterprises for the production of iron-containing raw materials and certain types of ferroalloys (1974) , on cooperation in the development of the Orenburg gas condensate field and the construction of a main gas pipeline from the Orenburg region - the western border of the USSR, length 2750 km(1974), construction (1974) of a power transmission line with a voltage of 750 kv Vinnitsa (USSR) - Albertirsha (Hungary). A General Agreement was signed (1975) on multilateral cooperation in the creation of new capacities for the production of nickel-cobalt-containing products in the Republic of Cuba, etc.

The CMEA session (28th meeting, June 1974) decided to hold preparatory work to create a Unified Electric Power System of interested European CMEA member countries on the basis of powerful power plants and interstate high and ultra-high voltage power lines. The SFRY will also cooperate in the implementation of this most important integration problem. The solution to the fuel and energy problem through the joint efforts of the CMEA member countries is a vivid example of the effectiveness of cooperation between these countries, especially in the conditions of the so-called capitalist world experiencing. energy crisis.

In 1971-75, agreements were signed on joint planning for the production of computer-controlled metal-cutting machines and on the creation of the material and technical base of a container transport system, as well as 40 multilateral agreements on specialization and cooperation in the production of machines, equipment, components and assemblies. These agreements cover over 3,800 products.

Since 1974, the “Regulations on the Standard of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance” and the Convention on the Application of CMEA Standards have been in force. Since January 1971, the International Investment Bank began to function, created by the CMEA member countries to provide long-term and medium-term loans for activities related to the implementation of the Comprehensive Program. In 1972-74, the CMEA member countries created an international economic organization"Interelectro", business associations "Interatomenergo", "Intertextilmash", "Interkhimvolokno", "Interatoinstrument". The activities of these organizations are an example of the practical implementation of new effective forms of economic cooperation.

The 28th anniversary Session of the CMEA (June 1974) summed up the work for 25 years and adopted a special resolution, which noted that the fruitful cooperation of the CMEA member countries is becoming an increasingly important factor in the flourishing of their economies, the rise in the well-being of peoples and the equalization of levels of economic development. The CMEA member countries, the most dynamic industrial region of the world, are ahead in growth rates of any other group of states. The national income of the CMEA member countries taken together increased in 1973 compared to 1948 (i.e., over 25 years) by more than 8 times, the volume industrial production- more than 12 times. These countries account for 18.5% of the territory and 9.4% of the population globe, in 1974 accounted for about 1/3 of world industrial production compared to 18% in 1950. Over the 5-year period (1971-75), the national income of the CMEA member countries increased by a total of 36%, industrial output - by 46%, the average annual agricultural products - by 14%. The achievements of the CMEA member countries are the result of the efforts of the peoples of these countries, their close economic and political cooperation, fraternal mutual assistance, constant concern for deepening and improving cooperation and the development of socialist economic integration of the CMEA member countries of their communist and workers' parties. Significant credit for this goes to the CMEA as the organizer of comprehensive economic, scientific and technical cooperation.

Lit.: Charter of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance, in the collection: Basic documents of the CMEA, M., 1970; Basic principles of the international socialist division of labor, M., 1962; Comprehensive program for further deepening and improving cooperation and development of socialist economic integration of the CMEA member countries, M., 1971; Faddeev N.V., Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, M., 1974.

N.V. Faddeev.

Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .

The Warsaw Pact (Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) is a document that formalized the creation of a military alliance of European socialist states with the leading role of the Soviet Union - the Warsaw Pact Organization (WTO) and cemented the bipolarity of the world for 34 years. The conclusion of the agreement was a response to the accession of the Federal Republic of Germany to NATO.

The treaty was signed by Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia on May 14, 1955 at the Warsaw Meeting of European States to Ensure Peace and Security in Europe.

The agreement came into force on June 5, 1955. On April 26, 1985, due to its expiration, it was extended for 20 years.

In accordance with its terms and the UN Charter, states parties to the Warsaw Pact were obliged to refrain from their international relations from the threat or use of force, and in the event of an armed attack on any of them, to provide the attacked states with immediate assistance by all means that seem necessary to them, including the use of armed forces.

At the Moscow meeting of the PKK (1958), a Declaration was adopted, which proposed concluding a non-aggression pact between the member states of the Warsaw Pact and NATO members.

In the Declaration adopted at the meeting of the PKK in Moscow (1960), the allied states approved the decision of the Soviet government to unilaterally abandon nuclear tests, provided that the Western powers also did not resume nuclear explosions, and called for the creation of favorable conditions for completing the development of a treaty to stop nuclear weapons testing.

At the Warsaw meeting of the PAC (1965), the situation that had developed in connection with plans to create NATO multilateral nuclear forces was discussed, and protective measures were also considered in the event of the implementation of these plans.

Budapest meeting of the PKK (1966) - adopted the Declaration on Strengthening Peace and Security in Europe.

In connection with the transformations in the USSR and other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, on February 25, 1991, the participating states of the War of Internal Affairs abolished its military structures, and on July 1, 1991 in Prague they signed a Protocol on the complete termination of the Treaty.

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) is an intergovernmental economic organization that operated from 1949 to 1991, created by the decision of an economic meeting of representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia. The headquarters of the CMEA was in Moscow.

It was created in January 1949 at the Moscow Economic Meeting of representatives of the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia, but its truly active activity began around 1960, when the leadership of the USSR tried to make the CMEA a kind of socialist alternative to the EEC (European Economic Community or " common market", predecessor of the European Union). Its goal was economic, scientific and technical cooperation between socialist countries. Uniform standards and norms were also developed for the participating countries.

In October 1974 CMEA received observer status in UN. The purpose of the CMEA is to promote, by uniting and coordinating the efforts of the Council member countries, the further deepening and improvement of cooperation and the development of socialist economic integration, the planned development of the national economy, the acceleration of economic and technological progress, increasing the level of industrialization of countries with less developed industry, the continuous growth of labor productivity, gradual rapprochement and equalization of levels of economic development and a steady increase in the well-being of the peoples of the CMEA member countries.

Initially, the CMEA included the countries participating in the Moscow Conference, and then they were admitted: Albania (February 1949) and the German Democratic Republic (September 1950).

The government of Yugoslavia, which openly took the path of hostility towards the Soviet Union and people's democracies, was not accepted into the CMEA. Yugoslavia's statement that an act of discrimination was allegedly committed against it was rejected by the government Soviet Union as unreasonable.

At the beginning of its activities, CMEA concentrated its efforts mainly on the development of trade between socialist countries. In the future, the main direction in the work of the CMEA is increasingly becoming the coordination of the national economic plans of the Council member countries.

The activities of the CMEA had a number of important positive results: in the countries belonging to this organization, with the help of other members of the CMEA, a developed industry was created, construction was carried out, scientific and technical cooperation was carried out, etc. CMEA contributed to the integration of the economic systems of the participating countries and their progress in economic and technical development. Through CMEA, clearing (barter) trade between the participating countries was coordinated, and national economic plans were coordinated and mutually linked.

In 1975, the CMEA member countries accounted for a third of world industrial production; the economic potential of these states has increased several times since 1949.

Meanwhile, the scale and forms of production cooperation within the CMEA lagged significantly behind Western standards. This gap widened due to the non-market economy’s insusceptibility to scientific and technological revolution.

On January 5, 1991, at a meeting of the executive committee of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, which was held in Moscow, a decision was made to transform the CMEA into the Organization for International Economic Cooperation.

On June 28, 1991 in Budapest, the CMEA member countries: Bulgaria, Hungary, Vietnam, Cuba, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, the USSR and Czechoslovakia at the 46th meeting of the Council session signed a Protocol on the dissolution of the organization. At the same time, the history of socialist economic integration ended.

Separate structures originally created within the framework of CMEA (for example, the International Bank for Economic Cooperation, the International Investment Bank, Intersputnik) exist and continue to operate to this day.

The main reason for the collapse of the CMEA is that by the time they entered the “path of socialism,” most countries had not reached that high stage of industrial maturity, which presupposes the formation of internal incentives for integration. The collapse of the CMEA was to a certain extent facilitated by wishful thinking and the production of unworkable integration programs.

For the USSR and Russia, CMEA played a dual role. On the one hand, the USSR found itself owing a debt of 15 billion rubles. The fact is that if in 1975-1985 the partners in the bloc owed the USSR 15 billion rubles, then during the period from 1986 to 1990 the roles changed: now the Soviet Union owed 15 billion rubles. Since the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ceased to exist at a moment unfavorable for the USSR, it was he who had to pay off the debts. On the other hand, the USSR gained experience in creating an organization regulating the economic activities of several countries.