Presentation on the topic: Introduction to Toxicological Chemistry. Chemical and toxicological facilities. Chemical and toxicological analysis of individual drugs: cannabinoids, phenylalkylamines Department Presentation on toxicological chemistry topic cannabinoids
LECTURE 1. Introduction to toxicological chemistry. Toxicological chemistry. Literature: 1. Toxicological chemistry: textbook for universities / ed. T.V. Pleteneva.-2nd ed., Rev. - M .: GEOTAR-Media, - 512s. 2.Shvaikova M.D. Toxicological chemistry. M .: Medicine Kramarenko V.F. Toxicological chemistry. - K. Vyscha school. Head publishing house, - 447 p. Subject and tasks of toxicological chemistry. Relationship with other disciplines. Features and main sections of toxicological chemistry. The main directions of chemical and toxicological analysis. Stages of formation and development of toxicological chemistry. Classification of isolation methods, analysis methods and groups of toxic substances. Organization of forensic chemical and forensic medical examination in the Russian Federation. Legal and methodological foundations of forensic chemical expertise. Classification of poisons and poisonings. General characteristics of the toxic effect. Formation of a toxic effect. Physical and chemical characteristics of toxic substances.
Toxicological chemistry Toxicological chemistry is the science of chemical transformations of toxic substances and their metabolites in the body, methods of their isolation from objects of biological origin, detection and quantitative determination. Toxicology (from the Greek toxikon - poison, logos - doctrine) is a science that studies the properties of poisons and physical factors, the mechanisms of their action on the human body and develops methods for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of poisoning. Chemistry is a science that studies substances and the processes of their transformation, accompanied by a change in composition and structure.
Tasks of modern toxicological chemistry: 1. Development of new and improvement of already used methods of isolation of toxic substances from the corresponding objects. 2. Development of effective methods for cleaning extracts obtained from objects of chemical and toxicological analysis. 3. Introduction of new sensitive and specific reactions and methods for detecting toxic substances isolated from the corresponding objects into the practice of CTA. 4. Development and implementation of sensitive methods for the quantitative determination of toxic substances into the practice of CTA. 5. Study of the metabolism of toxic substances in the body and the development of methods for the analysis of metabolites. Toxicological chemistry is a special pharmaceutical discipline and is interconnected with other disciplines: - medical (pharmacology, forensic and clinical toxicology); - biological (biochemistry, biology, pharmacognosy); - chemical (pharmaceutical, analytical, inorganic, organic, physical and other chemistry)
Methods and methods of chemical analysis as applied to biological objects. Sections of toxicological chemistry Biochemical toxicology Analytical toxicology questions of the mechanisms of the toxic effect of substances on such a complex system as a living organism: the kinetics of absorption, distribution, excretion, mechanisms of metabolic reactions, ways and mechanisms of transport of substances.
Ecotoxicological - issues of biomedical toxicology (assessment of the safety of drugs and excipients), - professional toxicology (assessment of the risk of working with chemicals), - environmental toxicology (the effect of toxicants contained in water, air and soil on biological objects). The direction of toxicological chemistry is forensic chemical - it establishes the causes of poisoning on the basis of material evidence (objects that served as an instrument of committing a crime, retained traces of a crime, were the object of a crime and serve as a means of solving a crime). clinical and toxicological - related to the provision of medical care for acute and chronic poisoning; narcological - the definition of narcotic substances
Chemical and toxicological analysis (CTA) - a set of scientifically based methods used in practice for the isolation, detection and quantitative determination of toxic substances. Features of HTA: 1. Diversity and diversity of research objects: biological fluids (blood, urine), vomit, internal organs of human corpses, hair, nails, remains of food and drinks, medicines, pesticides, household chemicals, dishes, household items household items, clothing, water, soil, etc. 2. The need to isolate (extract) small amounts (from mg to μg) of the required chemicals from a relatively large amount of the object of study. 3. Work with trace amounts of a substance in a mixture with accompanying (coextractive, ballast) substances that are extracted during isolation, and often have a negative impact on the analysis results. It is necessary to remove these ballast substances by introducing additional cleaning methods. 4. Establishing the presence of a toxic substance in the body and the ability to judge its amount requires the most sensitive and specific methods of analysis. 5. Correct assessment of the analysis results - expert opinion. An expert can only talk about the detection or non-detection of the desired substance. 6. Difficulties in detecting and determining a poisonous substance, especially in the organs of a corpse, are also due to the behavior of the chemical in the body and the corpse.
Legal and methodological foundations of forensic chemical expertise. The legal and methodological foundations of forensic chemical expertise are currently regulated by Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 161 of “On Approval of Instructions for the Organization and Production of Expert Research”. Previously, there was Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation 407 of December 10 "On the introduction into practice of the rules for the production of forensic medical examinations in the forensic medical examination bureau." Seizure of objects for CX research: 1.In order to detect and quantify toxic substances for CXA, various internal organs, blood, urine are withdrawn and sent, taking into account the nature of the poison and the ways of introducing it into the body, distribution, routes and rate of excretion, the duration of the course of intoxication, and therapeutic measures. Vomit, the first portions of rinsing water, residues of medicinal and chemical substances, food, drinks and other objects are also sent. 2. In case of suspicion of poisoning with a poisonous substance, a complex of internal organs is sent: the stomach with its contents, 1m of the small intestine, 1/3 of the liver, 1 kidney, all the urine and at least 200 ml of blood. 3. In case of suspicion of the introduction of poison through the vagina or uterus, the uterus and vagina are additionally sent separately. 4. In case of suspicion of subcutaneous or intramuscular injection - a site of skin or muscle from the area of the injection site. 5. If inhaled administration is suspected - ¼ of the lung, 1/3 of the brain. 6. If grains, crystals, tablets are found in the contents of the stomach, they are also sent for research.
In case of suspicion of poisoning, they are additionally directed: 1. With acids, alkalis - the pharynx, trachea and esophagus, a skin area with traces of the action of the poison. 2. Volatile organic substances (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, organochlorine pesticides and other alkyl halides) - omentum, 1/3 of the brain. 3. Methyl alcohol - 1/3 of the brain. 4. Glycosides - 1/3 of the liver with the gallbladder. 5. Organophosphorus compounds - necessarily blood (to determine the activity of cholinesterase). 6. Salts of mercury - rectum, hair. 7. Chronic lead poisoning, waist - flat bones. 8. Chronic poisoning by arsenic compounds - hair, nails, flat bones. 9. Tetraethyl lead - brain, lungs. 10. Carbon monoxide - blood, muscle tissue. 11. Ethanol - blood from large veins, urine, if impossible - about 500 g of muscle tissue. 12. Methemoglobin-forming poisons (aniline, nitrobenzene, potassium permanganate, formaldehyde, chromates, acetaldehyde) - blood for methemoglobin. 13. Mushrooms and poisonous plants - undigested pieces from the contents of the stomach, vomit, washing water.
Rules for the production of a forensic chemical examination of material evidence in the agricultural association LSU Bureau of the SME of health authorities Objectives of a forensic chemical examination: - determination of toxicologically important substances to establish the cause of death; - identification of medicinal and narcotic substances that can affect the human condition; - qualitative and quantitative analysis of narcotic substances in biological material and other samples that are important for forensic and forensic practice; - to obtain analytical results, the subsequent interpretation of which may be useful for the forensic authorities, the primary importance is attached to the correct selection, seizure and direction of objects for forensic chemical examination.
Grounds for the production of a forensic chemical examination: - a forensic chemical examination of material evidence is carried out on the basis of a decision of the bodies of inquiry and investigation, a court ruling; - forensic chemical examinations of internal organs, tissues, biological fluids of human corpses can be carried out according to written directions of forensic experts; - forensic chemical examination of biological fluids, human secretions, washings from the skin surface in case of suspicion of poisoning or non-medical consumption of narcotic and other drugs is carried out in the direction of doctors of narcological dispensaries and other medical institutions. Together with material evidence, documents are sent: - a resolution of the inquiry or investigation bodies on the appointment of an examination or a court ruling, which sets out the circumstances of the case, lists the items sent for research and accurately formulates the questions requiring permission; - an extract from the act of the forensic medical examination of the corpse, containing preliminary information, basic data of the examination of the corpse and instructions on the purpose of the investigation, signed by the forensic expert; - a copy of an inpatient card certified by a medical institution, if the victim used medical assistance; - during repeated examinations, a certified copy of the "Act of (primary) forensic chemical research" is sent - simultaneously with the objects of research, an act of taking samples is sent from drug treatment dispensaries, indicating the persons in whose presence the objects were taken (attesting witnesses), the signatures of the examined persons, as well as persons, directing objects for research and sampling.
Duties and rights of persons admitted to the production of a forensic chemical examination: - forensic chemical examinations are carried out by persons admitted to the position of a doctor of a forensic medical expert of agricultural enterprises, who have undergone special training in toxicological chemistry; - forensic chemical experts of agricultural enterprises must improve their theoretical level and professional qualifications in refresher courses at least once every five years; duties of an expert doctor: -reception of material evidence and documents to them; -control over the registration of examinations; -production of forensic chemical examinations at the modern level of scientific achievements and on time; -Maintaining records in the work log; -conducting consultative work within its competence with the persons who sent the objects and conducting the investigation of criminal cases; - drawing up an act of forensic chemical research; - ensuring the safety of material evidence, objects of research and documents for examination
Acceptance and storage of research objects (material evidence) and accompanying documents 1. Research objects (material evidence) are received through the office of the Bureau or directly to the agricultural organization in accordance with the rules for sending cadaveric material to the SCE: - objects are registered together with accompanying documents to them in the registration journal of the SCO ( the magazine must be numbered, laced, sealed and signed by the head of the agricultural organization; - objects are subjected to a detailed examination and description, noting the nature of the packaging, inscriptions, seals, checking compliance with the data indicated in the direction (decree). 2. Material evidence before the start of a forensic chemical examination , during the analysis and until its end, stored in conditions that ensure safety: - not subject to decay - in a closed sealed metal cabinet; - subject to decay (internal organs, biofluids) - in a hermetically sealed container in the refrigerator, which is sealed at the end nii work. 3. Upon completion of the examination: - objects not subject to decay are returned together with the conclusion to the sending institution; - those subject to decay are left for storage in the farm for 1 g at the end of the examination, after which they are destroyed according to the "Rules for storage and destruction ..." (objects received for research only for the presence of ethanol are destroyed 1 month after the end of the analysis) - accompanying documents are stored in the archive along with a copy of the "act of forensic chemical research."
The procedure for conducting a forensic chemical examination. Basic rules of forensic chemical analysis (SCA) 1. SCE should be started on the day the objects are submitted for analysis. If this is not possible, then the objects are stored in the refrigerator. 2. When starting the SCA, the expert carefully examines the objects and describes them in the work log, establishing the full compliance of the received objects with their description in the accompanying document. 3. The expert carefully examines all accompanying documents and draws up a research plan. 4. For the CXA, 2/3 of the sent objects are spent, 1/3 remains in the archive for re-analysis if necessary. However, with a limited amount, the entire object is consumed in agreement with the sending organization. 5. The study, depending on the questions posed, can be carried out for a specific compound, a group of substances or for an unknown substance according to the scheme of general CXA (screening analysis). 6. For research, it is always necessary to apply only those methods and procedures with which the expert was previously familiar with them, owns them, knows all the conditions, and will be able to take into account all the errors that may arise. All techniques must be tested in advance. The main task of SCA is to select the optimal isolation method. For qualitative detection, preliminary and confirmatory methods are used, taking into account their sensitivity and specificity. 7. Each forensic chemical research should be carried out as quantitative, into which it can turn at any stage of work. 8. Quantification is carried out in all cases where it is possible and there are appropriate methods of determination. The amount of substances found refers to 100 g of the sample and is expressed in weight units. 9. All methods of quantitative determination should be tested on the biological matrix that will be used for analysis (blood, urine, organ tissues) according to the scheme of model experiments. 10. It is necessary to ensure the chemical purity of the reagents used for the analysis, while the reagents are checked for purity in the maximum quantities in which they will be used for the analysis and by the same methods and reactions that will be used during the SCA. 11. To ensure the high quality of the production of expertise, it is recommended to carry out in-laboratory and external quality control, oriented both to the method and to the substance to be determined. The forensic chemistry department must be licensed.
Documentation in the production of a forensic chemical examination. Documentation is drawn up in accordance with the criminal procedure legislation and the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Each expert has a work journal, where he enters all the data on the research being carried out. For each completed expert examination, a “Forensic Chemical Research Act” is drawn up (“Expert Opinion”). The act is drawn up in two copies: one is sent to the person who appointed the examination, the second is stored in the archive of the agricultural enterprise. The act must be signed by the expert, stamped, and the date of completion of registration. The act is drawn up personally by the expert who conducted the research, on his own behalf, in a certain form. The act consists of the main sections: an introductory part, a description of the objects of research, a research part (chemical research) and a conclusion (conclusions). In the water part, indicate: on the basis of what documents the examination was carried out, the department in which the study was carried out, position, name of the expert, work experience, category, list the objects received, indicate the name of the deceased (victim), mark the start and end date of the study, list questions, subject to decision. Then they set out the circumstances of the case, provide information from the documents received. The act must be signed by an expert, stamp, date of registration. In order to ensure confidentiality, precautions should be applied in agricultural organizations (issuing information and documentation only to an authorized person).
Formation stages of toxicological chemistry Ancient Egyptian papyrus 1500 BC contains information on the use of opium and metal compounds - lead, copper, antimony for poisoning. Dioscidorus, who served at the court of the Roman emperor Nero (37-68 AD), was the first to try to classify poisons, dividing them into animal, vegetable and mineral. mad dogs (Poisons and their antidotes, 1198). For the first time, the reason for the decrease in the bioactivity of a toxic substance was described - a decrease in its absorption in the intestine after a meal - milk, butter. Renaissance (14-16 centuries) During the early Renaissance, under the guise of charitable supplies for the poor, Catherine de Medici herself controlled the preparation of poisonous mixtures, meticulously recording the moment of the onset of toxic effects, the effectiveness of a combination of toxicants, the response of individual organs (specificity of exposure), complaints from victims ( clinical symptoms). Paracelsus () - doctor-alchemist, successfully coped with the description of the fundamental in toxicology "dose-response" relationship. A detailed study of the action of various poisons made it possible to conclude: all substances are poisons; there is not a single substance that would not show toxic properties. Only a properly selected dose allows you to draw the line between the medicinal and toxic properties of a substance. XVIII in Peter I publishes the Military Charter - forensic medical and forensic chemical expertise acquires a legislative character. Post-mortem examinations are carried out only in St. Petersburg and Moscow. MV Lomonosov creates the first Russian chemical laboratory. Development of methods for the analysis of chemicals. Creation of medical boards in the provinces with the position of a pharmacist, whose duties include the detection of poisons.
Stages of the formation of toxicological chemistry in the 19th century Russian scientist A.P. Nelyubin. develops methods of mineralization in the determination of metal poisons, the detection of arsenic by its reduction to volatile hydride (arsine) / Published the manual "General and private forensic and police chemistry". Iovskiy A.A. publishes "Guide to the recognition of poisons, antidotes and the most important definition of the former both in the body and outside it by means of chemical agents called reagents." Dragendorf G. published "Forensic-chemical discovery of poisons", singled out forensic chemistry as an independent discipline. Trapp Yu.K. publishes the work "Manual for forensic chemical research." Zinin N.N. published a description of the methods developed by him for determining the poor quality of wines, impurities in Chinese tea. Mendeleev D.I. performed chemical examinations for forensic authorities, was a member of the highest forensic expert commission of Russia - the Medical Council. XX century. In 1958, laws appeared concerning those chemical compounds, the carcinogenicity of which was proved in tests on laboratory animals. A ban on their inclusion in food products. Creation in the USSR of the State Research Institute of Forensic Medicine, on the basis of which numerous methods have been developed (determination of mercury in biomaterials, isolation of alkaloids by extraction into acidic aqueous media, determination of phenothiazine derivatives, and many others). Creation of departments of forensic chemistry in St. Petersburg (Petrograd), Perm, Kharkov, Moscow and other cities. Publishing of textbooks: "Forensic chemistry" - A.V. Stepanov (1951), M.D. Shvaikova (1959, 1965, 1975), "Toxicological Chemistry" (1987) - V.F. Kramarenko (Ukraine). Currently, more than 120 journals are published in the world that publish materials on toxicology and related disciplines. In Russia, 3 specialized journals are published: "Forensic medical examination" "Pharmacology and toxicology" "Forensic medical and expert practice".
Toxicological chemistry Gorchakov Eduard Vladimirovich St. Lecturer at the Department of Therapy and Pharmacology. ... Literature: 1. Toxicological chemistry: textbook for universities / ed. T.V. Pleteneva.-2nd ed., Rev. - M .: GEOTAR-Media, 2005 .-- 512s. 2. Toxicological chemistry. Metabolism and analysis of toxicants: textbook / Ed. prof. N.I. Kaletina. - M .: 2008. 3. Vergeichik T.Kh. Toxicological chemistry. A textbook for students of the farm. Universities and faculties., 2012 4. Khabrieva R.U., Kaletina N.I. Toxicological chemistry. - M .: Geotar - Media, 2010. LECTURE №1. Introduction to Toxicological Chemistry. 1. Introduction to the discipline. 2. Content and objectives. 3. Chemical and toxicological analysis (CTA). Toxicological chemistry Toxicology (from the Greek toxikon - poison, logos - doctrine) is a science that studies the properties of poisons and physical factors, the mechanisms of their action on the human body and develops methods for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of poisoning. Chemistry is a science that studies substances and the processes of their transformation, accompanied by a change in composition and structure. Toxicological chemistry (TC) is a science that studies methods of isolating toxicological substances from various objects, as well as methods for detecting and quantifying these substances. Sources of poisoning Waste water from industrial enterprises that pollute water bodies, the water of which is used by the population. Application of pesticides (pesticides) for pest control of agricultural crops. Poisonous chemicals washed off from the surface of plants by rainwater enter the soil, then into water bodies and cause poisoning. Pharmaceutical industry. Production related to the synthesis, production and processing of natural resources. and other Significance of toxicological chemistry. is of great importance in the diagnosis of poisoning and in the fight against crime (forensic medical examination) has a preventive focus. The conclusions of toxicological chemists are the basis for raising the issue of withdrawing these substances from use or changing the storage conditions and the procedure for dispensing them to the population, the results of air and wastewater studies of industrial enterprises are necessary to initiate a petition on the need for the construction or reconstruction of treatment facilities. using the methods of toxicological chemistry, they establish and control the maximum permissible concentration of toxic substances in the air. Tasks of modern toxicological chemistry: 1. Development of new and improvement of the applied methods of isolation of toxic substances. 2. Development of effective methods for cleaning extracts obtained from objects of chemical and toxicological analysis (CTA). 3. The introduction of new sensitive and specific reactions into the practice of CTA, as well as methods for the detection of toxic substances from the objects under study. 4. Development and implementation of sensitive methods for the quantitative determination of toxic substances into the practice of CTA. 5. Study of the metabolism of toxic substances in the body and the development of effective methods for the analysis of metabolites. Relationship of toxicological chemistry with other sciences Toxicological chemistry is a special discipline and is interconnected with pharmaceutical chemistry through other disciplines: - medical (pharmacology, forensic and clinical toxicology); - biological (biochemistry, biology, pharmacognosy); - chemical (pharmaceutical, analytical, inorganic, organic, physical and other chemistry); physical (the laws of physics underlie the development of instruments and apparatus). Chemical and toxicological analysis (CTA) - a set of scientifically based methods used in practice for the isolation, detection and quantitative determination of toxic substances. HTA is used to solve problems in two main areas: Forensic chemical expertise. It can be carried out in the forensic chemical departments of the forensic medical examination bureaus of health authorities, or in special forensic laboratories of the Ministries of Justice and Internal Affairs. Analytical diagnostics of acute poisoning and substance abuse. Similar studies are carried out in the chemical and toxicological laboratories of the centers for the treatment of acute poisoning, narcological dispensaries and other healthcare institutions. Objects of chemical and toxicological analysis. Organs of corpses, urine, blood of corpses Vomit Excrement Hair, nails Stomach washings, food residues, drinks Pesticides, plant parts treated with pesticides Water from reservoirs Air samples Soil Household items, clothing, etc. Drug addiction is a serious illness leading to mental disorders and physical exhaustion of the body. Chemical and toxicological analysis in veterinary medicine Research is carried out both in veterinary laboratories and in other special institutions. Seizure of objects for CX research: 1.In order to detect and quantify toxic substances for CXA, various internal organs, blood, urine are withdrawn and sent, taking into account the nature of the poison and the ways of introducing it into the body, distribution, routes and rate of excretion, the duration of the course of intoxication, and therapeutic measures. Vomit, the first portions of rinsing water, residues of medicinal and chemical substances, food, drinks and other objects are also sent. 2. In case of suspicion of poisoning with a poisonous substance, a complex of internal organs is sent: the stomach with its contents, 1m of the small intestine, 1/3 of the liver, 1 kidney, all the urine and at least 200 ml of blood. 3. In case of suspicion of the introduction of poison through the vagina or uterus, the uterus and vagina are additionally sent separately. 4. In case of suspicion of subcutaneous or intramuscular injection - a site of skin or muscle from the area of the injection site. 5. If inhaled administration is suspected - ¼ of the lung, 1/3 of the brain. 6. If grains, crystals, tablets are found in the contents of the stomach, they are also sent for research. In case of suspicion of poisoning, they are additionally directed: 1. With acids, alkalis - the pharynx, trachea and esophagus, a skin area with traces of the action of the poison. 2. Volatile organic substances (chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dichloromethane, organochlorine pesticides and other alkyl halides) - omentum, 1/3 of the brain. 3. Methyl alcohol - 1/3 of the brain. 4. Glycosides - 1/3 of the liver with the gallbladder. 5. Organophosphorus compounds - necessarily blood (to determine the activity of cholinesterase). 6. Salts of mercury - rectum, hair. 7. Chronic lead poisoning, waist - flat bones. 8. Chronic poisoning by arsenic compounds - hair, nails, flat bones. 9. Tetraethyl lead - brain, lungs. 10. Carbon monoxide - blood, muscle tissue. 11. Ethanol - blood from large veins, urine, if impossible - about 500 g of muscle tissue. 12. Methemoglobin-forming poisons (aniline, nitrobenzene, potassium permanganate, formaldehyde, chromates, acetaldehyde) - blood for methemoglobin. 13. Mushrooms and poisonous plants - undigested pieces from the contents of the stomach, vomit, washing water. Tasks of forensic chemical expertise: - determination of toxicologically important substances to establish the cause of death; - identification of medicinal and narcotic substances that can affect the human condition; - qualitative and quantitative analysis of narcotic substances in biological material and other samples that are important for forensic and forensic practice; to obtain analytical results, the subsequent interpretation of which may be useful for the forensic authorities, the primary importance is attached to the correct selection, seizure and direction of objects for forensic chemical examination. Documentation for research 1. Written relationship indicating what is being sent, from whom and for what exactly it is necessary to research 2. Accompanying materials: - the decision of the court, the investigating authorities on the production of an examination with the exact wording of the questions posed to the researcher, a copy of the protocol of the forensic veterinary autopsy, - a copy of the medical history Requirements for the received material 1. The material must be packed in a clean container. 2. It was sealed with the preparation of a simultaneous special act or the introduction of instructions on the selection of pathological material in the protocol of the forensic veterinary autopsy. 3. All containers are supplied with labels and an accompanying description of the contents. 4. The patmaterial is fixed. If it is not possible to fix, freeze. 5. Bulk and grain feed is sent in an amount of about 1 kg, indicate the approximate weight or volume, storage conditions, smell, color, etc. 6. In acceptance of the material by the laboratory, a receipt is issued, and the results of the analysis are communicated in writing.
The main components determined in biofluids are: Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinol, cannabidiol.
The sampling is carried out by wiping the hands of the suspect in hashish smoking with a cotton or gauze swab moistened with ethyl alcohol. Alcohol from the samples is evaporated at room temperature, and the tampons are packed in plastic bags and sent to the laboratory for analysis.
Isolation. Cannabinoids are extracted from the tampon material twice with diethyl ether in 10 ml portions for 1 min. The extract is evaporated to a final volume of 0.1-0.3 ml and is used both for preliminary determination of cannabinoids by characteristic color reactions and for their qualitative determination by thin layer chromatography.
For a preliminary study, 5 μl of an aliquot of the one stripped off to a small volume of the extract is taken, the sample is applied to filter paper, dried and then sprayed with a 0.5% solution of strong blue B in a 10% aqueous solution of sodium carbonate. The absence of an orange staining of the spot warrants the conclusion that no cannabinoids were found in the sample. When an orange color appears, a second aliquot of the extract is applied to a Silufol plate.
Chromatographic purification and detection. Chromatography is carried out in the system petroleum ether: diethyl ether (4: 1) twice. The stains are detected by spraying the chromatogram with a 0.5% solution of strong blue B in a 10% solution of sodium carbonate. In this case, cannabinol (Rf = 0.76) and tetrahydrocannabinol (Rf = 0.84) are mainly detected.
It should be borne in mind that the detection of tetrahydrocannabinol only in washes from the skin of the hands is not a basis for concluding that this person smoked hashish, since accidental contact with hashish is possible, which the examined person did not even suspect.
Identification of cannabinoids in the saliva of a hashish smoker.
Sample selection. From persons suspected of smoking hashish, approximately 10 ml of saliva is taken into a bottle with a ground stopper with a capacity of 100 ml, after which the oral cavity is washed with 50 ml of 70% ethyl alcohol, which is saturated with sodium chloride (the latter is administered to prevent alcohol swallowing). The saliva and flush are combined, the bottle is closed, sealed and sent for research to the laboratory.
Isolation. The resulting sample is mixed with 50 ml of saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution. The cannabinoids are extracted with 10 ml of ethyl acetate. The extraction time is 5 minutes. The number of extractions is 3. The extract is dried by adding 1-1.5 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate. Then the extract is filtered through a paper filter and evaporated to a few drops.
Chromatographic Purification and Detection The entire solution obtained is applied to a Silufol plate. Chromatography is carried out under the conditions described above. It should be borne in mind that a negative result is not yet a basis for the conclusion that this person did not use hashish, since traces of hashish after smoking persist in the oral cavity for up to 1 hour, and on the skin for up to 24 hours (if the skin surface was not exposed to rubbing with solvents such as cologne, ethyl alcohol).
Detection of cannabinoids in blood plasma.
5 ml of blood plasma is extracted four times with 5 ml of a mixture of petroleum ether containing 1.5% pentanol by volume. The combined organic extract is evaporated to a volume of several drops and transferred to a Silufol plate. Chromatography is carried out under the same conditions as the saliva extract.
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HOW DOES MARIJUANA BE USED?
Clay way of use
marijuana remains smoking, that is
inhalation of smoke. This way is
the most effective in terms of
specific intoxicating effect
hemp products. It is through
airway TNS is absorbed
most efficiently.
They usually smoke "joint" - a hand-rolled cigarette with
marijuana. When the smoke is chilling
passing through the roll into the lungs
smoker, THC condenses into
the remains of the roll. Therefore, the most
"Valuable" is for the addict
cigarette butt (last sixth part
"Jamb"). Since smoking a cigarette butt
almost impossible, it burns
fingers and lips, addicts smoke their cigarettes
it through a homemade mouthpiece or
by simply pushing on a needle.
"Khimka". Khimka is anasha, which
servicemen soaked in
acetone, and then dried and smoked.
A young man's story about
intoxicated by such a "Khimka" was
startling: “You know, at first
nothing, and then the buzz is as if
you were unexpectedly hit from behind
over the head with a brick. " Similar
we had a description of the "high"
only hear from teenagers who
tried to drink one of the remedies
cockroaches.
The fact is that those who used Khimka
smoked it is not known what, since after
treatment with acetone, neither THC nor any other active
no marijuana substances remain in the smoke.
Therefore, the fact that the military
considered a "high", it was only easy
fainting due to direct poisoning Unlike many other drugs, marijuana can
application outside the sacrament has not only the physical and mental
action, it has a moral action. We don't know how
the way it happens, but when used in everyday life, marijuana
able to atrophy the human memory of God in the soul -
it has a direct physical effect on the human
conscience.
Not only does marijuana cause direct aggression, it can
anesthetize (anesthetize) the soul, eliminate mental pain,
caused by the consequences of a person's aggressive acts. The one who
smokes marijuana systematically, will not feel guilty
in front of himself and those close to him for the bad deeds that he has committed.
That is why the soldiers, after senseless and brutal wars in
Afghanistan and Vietnam have been helped by marijuana. She
anesthetized the deepest kind of mental pain - pain
moral, a complex of a person's guilt for the death brought to another. Any use of marijuana causes a sharp unnatural expansion.
peripheral blood vessels. An outside observer will immediately notice
redness and swelling of the eyeball, very often the sclera also swell and
eyelids. Eyes may watery and appear extremely
inflamed. The pupil slows down its response to light.
This reaction is especially typical for the first hour of intoxication.
marijuana. But a person who regularly smokes it appears
a constant sensation of sore eyelids and eyeball.
The heart rate increases, the pulse quickens. Degree
increased heart rate depends on the amount of TNS contained
in smoked hemp. The maximum increase in heart rate and the following
him, an increase in pressure occurs 20-30 minutes after
lighting up the dose.
People who regularly use cannabis products have arterial
pressure, on the contrary; almost always reduced, since the body
gets used to the fact that to raise blood pressure at least to
normal numbers, he needs marijuana.
Remember, taking cannabis becomes especially dangerous for people
suffering from any diseases of the cardiovascular system (defects
heart, vegetative-vascular dystopia, hypertension, etc.). Remember that if you regularly smoke marijuana, your body
reduces its ability to resist the effects of such dangerous
bacteria like staphylococcus and streptococcus. The probability that any
a scratch will lead to serious purulent complications, and any
a cold - to pneumonia, you have much higher than most
the people around you.
Systematic smoking of marijuana leads to a decrease in muscle mass
body, to replace muscle tissue with adipose tissue. Laziness begins to manifest itself not
only at the psychological level, but also at the physical level.
It becomes difficult for a marijuana smoker to strain muscles to
performing any physical task (for example, to perform
sports exercise). Muscle activity is very difficult
coordinate. The simplest actions become a problem.
One of our patients complained, for example, that he had lost the ability ...
chop wood at the dacha. The habitual action began to demand
extraordinary stress and much more time than
earlier.
Remember, with regular use of the drug, your body will gradually
ceases to obey you. interspersed with bouts of uncontrolled unreasonable laughter and
talkativeness. Up to the complete impossibility of stopping the speech that
smokers themselves are often referred to as "verbal diarrhea."
This blissful mood persists throughout the period of intoxication,
as if by attacks, phases. Very often a blissful state of mind without
obvious reasons give way to anxiety, including motor,
irritability, unreasonable anger.
The second major feature of intoxication is the sharp illusory
change in the environment. Objects change their shape and
sizes. They seem to move, move. The air is filling up
streaks of light that sometimes seem to be glowing animate
creatures. Living bodies appear in heaps of clothes. In any sounds it seems
some understatement. Sounds seem to carry something special
"Otherworldly" meaning.
There is a special term in psychiatry that describes hallucinatory
a change in the real-life situation. This change is called
pathological illusion, or pareidoly.
Specific illusions (paraidolias) are the most
a characteristic mental sign of intoxication with marijuana. They are preserved
not constantly during the "high" period, but in the form of "phase fantasies".
The nature of the illusions during one dose of marijuana several times
changes dramatically. For example, a smoker feels himself either in the underwater world or
in a spaceship, then in a terrible forest. And all this happens on
background of a clear understanding that the addict is always in the same
the same room. First, the cannabis consumer has a loss of ability to correctly
navigate in space. Experiments have shown that a person during
intoxication with cannabis and even within a day after its end is not able to correctly
estimate the distances between objects. The smoker cannot adequately
perceive the distance between themselves and the edge of the sidewalk, between themselves and
a racing car, etc.
Secondly, the addict loses the correct sense of time. Internal time
the addict slows down dramatically. A few minutes of "high" are perceived by themselves
smoker for as long as several hours. The correct sense of time, according to our
observations, recovers only after 8-10 hours after smoking
dose.
Thirdly, a person's brain function is sharply impaired, which psychologists
called short-term memory. The smoker is very poor at remembering words and
events that
happen to him for four to eight hours after smoking
cannabis cigarettes. Memory impairment with increased smoking
marijuana is capable of aggravating and "capturing more and more temporary
interval.
Fourthly, during the same 4-8 hours, the ability to
concentration of attention. A person is not able to highlight what is meaningful to himself
information from the flow of signals from the external environment. He is unable to understand what
part of the conversation has to it; personally some kind of attitude, which is not. Generally containing THC. The synonyms in jargon are the same as for hashish, but in
Irkutsk has a specific one - "shala" (with an accent on the last syllable).
2. Hashish is a dried and processed cannabis resin. Hemp
plants secrete resin only in hot climates, it serves them to retain moisture and
sun protection. Hashish (anasha) - in the lane. from Arabic means "grass" specially prepared mixture of separated resin, hemp pollen or
a mixture prepared by processing (grinding, pressing, etc.)
cannabis plants (hemp) with different fillers, containing THC. it
the definition was given by the expert and technical department of the SCM of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in 1991.
(earlier in our country hashish was confused with marijuana). Synonyms in jargon:
plan, God's weed. The color is brown, the smell is specific, heavy.
It is usually in lumps, tablets, tiles. In the novel by Ch. Aitmatov
"Plakha" accurately describes how drug addicts ran naked through the thickets of Chuiskaya
hemp and then collecting the adhering pollen from the body. Better yet, ride
a horse that sweats quickly has more pollen adhering to it.
3. Hash oil is a concentrated liquid extract obtained from
plants using solvents. It is believed that such oil can
contain up to 60% of the psychoactive substance THS. Occurs as a viscous
mass or dense solution;
4. "Gash Pie". If the hemp resin does not dry out and
processed into hashish, it hardens. And sometimes addicts use
it without additional processing. The hardened resin is chewed or
added to food (usually flour products). Such products are called
"Gash pie" (or simply "gash" or "gachek"). Added to products
MECHANISM OF ACTION AND PHARMACOKINETICS OF OPIATES
MAIN COMPONENTS
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) -substancepsychoactive
Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol in freshly harvested
material is missing
Cannabinol (CBN) is ten times less active than
THC
Cannabidiol (CBD) is not psychoactive
Minor depending on the type of raw material:
cannabidivarin, cannabivarin, cannabichromine,
cannabicyclol and butyl THC analogs
Impact effects
Marijuana has a stimulating andsedative action, complemented by
higher doses hallucinogenic
effects
Bioavailability when smoking up to 10-50%
Connection with lipoproteins 97%