Foundation and plan for the construction of the North Crimean canal. Concrete life of the North Crimean canal. “Groceries were rationed, my gums were bleeding”

home To the regions of Kherson, Zaporozhye regions of Ukraine and northern and eastern Crimea . The head building of the SKK is located on the Kakhovka Reservoir. The canal enters Crimea through the Perekop Isthmus and reaches Kerch. The length of the NCC is 402.6 km, of which 300.6 km are on the territory of Russia and 102 km on the territory of Ukraine, the width at the beginning of the canal is 150 m, the average width is 10–15 m, maximum depth 7 m, capacity of the head structure 294 m 3 /s, maximum water flow 380 m 3 /s. Of this volume, 60–80 m 3 /s goes to the agricultural needs of the Kherson and Zaporozhye regions, and 300–320 m 3 /s goes to the Crimea. The maximum technologically possible flow is up to 500 m 3 /s, which is 30% of the Dnieper flow in its lower reaches, equal to 1670 m 3 /s. Up to 85% of SKK water in Crimea is used for agricultural needs, of which 60% is used to support rice cultivation. According to the NCC, an average of 1.8 billion m3 of Dnieper water entered Crimea annually (the maximum volume is about 3 billion m3), while the volume of all local water sources averages about 1 billion m3. IN last years

The volume of Dnieper water entering Crimea decreased three times; 8 out of 23 reservoirs were filled with it. All reservoirs are used for domestic and drinking water supply.

The Krasnoznamensky canal and five large irrigation and water supply branches depart from the SCC main line - Razdolnenskaya, Krasnogvardeyskaya, Chernomorskaya, Azovskaya, Krasnoznamenskaya.

The Azovsky and Razdolnensky rice canals have a total length of 300 km. The Krasnoznamensky Canal in the Kherson region departs from the SKK to the west (towards the village of the same name). The Chaplinskaya irrigation system (17.2 thousand hectares) receives water from the Krasnoznamenskaya branch of the North Crimean Canal.

The area of ​​land planned for irrigation and watering in the canal zone is 1,580 thousand hectares. The first stage of irrigation is 184.7 thousand hectares (in the Sivash lowland, along the southern and southeastern shores of the Karkinitsky Bay, in the central part of the steppe Crimea and on the Tarkhunkut plateau). SKK supplies water to the cities of Feodosia, Kerch and others settlements and industry of Crimea. To ensure guaranteed water supply, five reservoirs were built, 126 pumping stations for supplying water to irrigated lands, 256 large hydraulic structures. Along the entire SKK route, telemechanical control of hydraulic gates and automatic control of large pumping stations have been created. To prevent a rise in the groundwater level in the canal area, the project provides for a collector and drainage network.

As a result of the commissioning of the SCC, the water supply in the regions of northern and eastern Crimea has significantly increased. The canal is not navigable.

Despite the high potential water content, the NCC is seasonal and not year-round.

It is usually filled at the end of March. Water supply ends in November.

In May 2014, the Ukrainian authorities cut off the water supply to Crimea via the NCC. On the territory of the Kherson region, approximately 40 km from the border with Crimea, a barrier dam was erected in the channel of the SCC.

Since May 2014, the waters of the Biyuk-Karasu River and the Taigan and Belogorsk reservoirs located on the river were redirected to the SCC, and in December 2014, construction began on the Prostornensky, Nezhinsky and Novogrigoryevsky underground water intakes, which will be intended to fill the SCC.

Issues of transferring water from the Kuban and Don rivers to launch the canal in the opposite direction are also being discussed.

History of construction With the growth of the population in the post-war years, the development of the resort industry and industry, as well as due to the relatively low amount of precipitation and the undeveloped river network in the northern and eastern regions of Crimea, the problem of supplying the peninsula has worsened.

The decision to build the North Crimean Canal was made in 1950, then research and survey work continued for almost 11 years. Construction of the SCC began in 1961. In 1963, the SCC transported water to Krasnoperekopsk, in 1965 to Dzhankoy, in 1971 to Kerch. To supply water from the Dnieper, the vast Kakhovka reservoir was built, which was filled in 1955–1958. Construction was carried out in queues. Currently, three phases of construction have been completed, but a fourth, fifth and sixth phase are planned in the future. Despite the significant improvement in water supply in Crimea, the problem of fresh water shortage remains in the area from Alushta to Sudak.

D.V.

Kozlov, A.N. Danilchenko, I.V. Korneev, S.A. Maksimov

Ukraine did not receive any benefits from blocking the North Crimean Canal, the Ukraina.ru portal reports, citing a statement by Tatyana Admenko, head of the agrometeorology department of the Ukrhydrometcenter.

In Crimea, Ukraine announced the beginning of a “tourist blockade” of the peninsula. Deputy of the State Council of Crimea Ivan Shonus on Sputnik radio called the actions of the Kyiv authorities outrageous Ukraine has closed the locks of the North Crimean Canal, through which water from the Dnieper flows to Crimean peninsula

, in 2014, after Crimea was reunited with Russia following a referendum. At that time, Ukraine provided up to 85% of the peninsula’s fresh water needs. Now Crimea provides itself with water. According to the Crimean authorities, the reservoirs are almost 100% full.

“A well-known saying comes to mind: to spite my mother, I will freeze my ears. Because the Ukrainian authorities were warned about these consequences. Let me remind you that in the Kherson and Nikolaev regions in the 50s there was the largest desert in Europe. And the construction of the North Crimean Canal was connected not so much with the fact that it was necessary to bring water to Crimea, but also it was necessary to carry out irrigation for these very arid parts of Ukraine. And when the Crimean Canal was simply blocked, what should have happened happened: groundwater began to rise, salinization, and. this hit, first of all, that part of the agricultural complex that was reclaimed,” said Vadim Kolesnichenko.

In his opinion, the restoration of the situation is hampered by the material issue.

“This was an unnatural water supply to the territories - it was necessary to supply water from the canal by pumping water. And for this, of course, money is needed. Now a cubic meter of water already costs a lot big money. And electricity is expensive. Therefore, farmers physically cannot order this water for themselves so that it can be pumped to their fields for irrigation. And if the water stagnates (the Dnieper constantly discharges water), then groundwater rises and shallows. The villages located in the lowlands began to be flooded: there was water in the cellars and gardens. This leads to the destruction of the fertile layer. And where there was no water, they will no longer pump. This will be a real environmental disaster for the central part of Europe,” said Vadim Kolesnichenko.

It will take a long time to return the farmland to normal conditions, he added.

“This is a natural chain - you can’t change everything at once. Unfortunately, part of the agricultural land will be out of use for decades, if not centuries. Everything needs to be used wisely. Part of Ukraine is in the zone of successful agriculture. Part is in the zone of risky farming. And then Where the land was reclaimed, the harvest was always not very profitable. With government subsidies and a competent approach, it was possible to compensate for the costs associated with electricity when supplying water (the pumps worked a lot, but now it is almost impossible to balance this out). ", noted Vadim Kolesnichenko.

In his opinion, the difficult economic situation and the lack of markets for local products will further aggravate the situation in problem regions.

“If a person supplies water to these areas for his own money, it will not pay off, because the Kherson and Nikolaev regions have nowhere to sell food products. Previously, they sold vegetables to the Crimea, but today there is no one. And Ukraine today has insufficiently high earnings to support itself to please even with local products. Europe does not need this product. In fact, the entire production base of the Nikolaev and Kherson regions, which was associated with agriculture, is being destroyed,” said Vadim Kolesnichenko.

Radio Sputnik has an excellent public in

A couple of years ago, Northern Crimea was crossed by an empty, almost completely dry concrete trench. Now waves are splashing in it again. Half a century ago, the North Crimean Canal brought life to the arid steppes. It was built by the whole world. In his sixties, he had to go through difficult times. But he copes, continuing to supply Crimeans with water.

Where is the North Crimean Canal located on the map?

It begins in Ukraine, branching off from the Dnieper River near the cities of Tavriysk and Novaya Kakhovka. Passing Chernyavka, Brilevka, Kalanchak and Babenkovka, it enters Crimea near the city. In Taurida, the North Crimean Canal flows through the Armenian, Krasnoperekopsky, Dzhankoysky, Nizhnegorsky, Sovetsky, Kirov and Leninsky districts. It ends a little short of the Kerch Reservoir, near the villages of Stantsionnoye, Zeleny Yar and Novonikolaevka.

History of appearance: all-Union construction

central part The Crimean peninsula has always been dry. Back in 1833, H. Steven (founder) expressed the idea of ​​the feasibility of bringing Dnieper water here. However, the technical level of that time made the work almost impossible. The project was approved in 1916, but could not be implemented due to subsequent events - more pressing problems were always present.

The official decision to build the North Crimean Canal was made at the level of the USSR leadership in 1950, but the manipulations themselves began only 10 years later - complex plan took time to develop. Finally, at the beginning of 1961, construction began: 10 thousand Komsomol volunteers came here from all over the country. Equipment and materials were sent not only by the Baltic states, Birobidzhan, Arkhangelsk, but also by Czechoslovakia and even the GDR.

The process was difficult, if only because there were a lot of unexploded ordnance from the Great Patriotic War left on the construction line. The first detachment of builders included sappers, followed by archaeologists - no one dared to abandon cultural valuables to the mercy of fate.

It is difficult to pinpoint the exact date when the canal was built. In 1963, for the first time, life-giving moisture from the Dnieper went to. Supply began in 1971, and in 1975. The first stage was put into operation in 1978, the second in 1990. But the foundation continued later, since the object does not appear alone, but is complex system with branches and connecting channels.

Delays were often explained by design errors - losses of supplied fluid were very significant. Eliminating the shortcomings took time. A total of four construction phases have been completed so far. Before the collapse of the USSR, the canal was named after the Lenin Komsomol - in honor of the young builders.

European record

The North Crimean Canal is the longest of such structures in Europe - the length of the main channel exceeds 402 km, and the total length of all pipelines and branches is 11,000 km. The depth is also impressive - up to 7 m, and the width
– up to 150 m, at full power it is capable of producing up to 380 cubic meters. m per second.

Although the facility in question did not solve all the difficulties with the water supply of Crimea, the threat of drought was practically eliminated. Water from the Dnieper made it possible to develop irrigation farming in the north and central regions of Taurida and even grow rice (rice fields must be completely flooded). The North Crimean Canal was capable of meeting up to 85% of the Crimean Peninsula's water resource needs.

The canal is of little use for recreation; a significant part of it is encased in concrete to prevent losses. However, after construction, the main stream was stocked with fish, and fishing here became commonplace. They caught perch, pike, and crucian carp there. There was no need to pay for this even after the advent of a market economy.

The canal successfully fulfilled its purpose, although experts spoke about the need for repair work (concrete does not last forever) and the installation of filters (the quality of the Dnieper water in Lately left much to be desired). But there were no droughts, and Crimean rice was consumed not only by Crimeans.

Modern problems of the channel

Then a lot changed. Now, in the Kherson region, to the displeasure of its residents, the canal bed is blocked by piles of earthbags and concrete blocks.
A more reliable industrial valve is also being built. In Crimea two years ago it was almost dry. Due to the construction of the dam, it suffered - excess water flowed there.

But the problem is being solved. Now a significant part of the North Crimean Canal irrigation system is filled with reservoirs. Water quantities are being increased by investing in water retention and upgrading distribution and pumping stations. The builders recall that during their work they repeatedly came across underground springs and reservoirs. Today, active exploration is underway, so that soon underground springs will be able to fill the canal.

Rice is not grown in Crimea now. But the peninsula's agriculture is alive, and drinking is served regularly. The North Crimean Canal currently cannot provide 85% of the water for Taurida, but it does not stand idle in vain. The fishermen are already looking at it again. Although other projects for providing the region with fresh water are being actively developed today, no one is going to abandon the existing system.

Still there is hope that modern problems The North Crimean Canal will become a thing of the past and the longest man-made river in Europe will continue to do its good work. Crimea can live without a canal, but it’s still better with it.

To supply the regions of the Crimean Peninsula with life-giving moisture, the North Crimean Canal was built in the early sixties of the last century. It supplied almost 85% of the Crimean territory with the necessary amount of water. A grandiose structure, even by modern standards, the North Crimean Canal is considered one of the largest man-made irrigation structures.

THIS IS INTERESTING:
The length of the North Crimean water canal is 406.2 km with a maximum throughput capacity of more than 300 cubic meters of water per second. The canal reaches 150 meters in width.

History of the North Crimean water artery

The problem with fresh water in Crimea has always been in the first place, and in 1950 the authorities adopted a resolution on the construction of the NCC (North Crimean Canal). The construction of a water canal to supply the arid zones of Crimea and irrigate fields with Dnieper waters lasted for 10 years, from 1961 to 1971.

For water intake from the Dnieper, the Kakhovskoe reservoir was put into operation in 1956, from where the North Crimean Canal originates. At the beginning of 1961, at a plenary meeting, the start of large-scale construction was announced Soviet Union— North Crimean Canal. More than 10 thousand young enthusiasts come from all corners of the vast Motherland to participate in the construction of the JCC.

In October 1963, a peaceful explosion was heard near the city of Armyansk - it was the lintel that held the “big water” that was blown up. The explosion served as an impetus for the flow of Dnieper water into the concrete channel of the newly built canal. Thus, the waters of the Dnieper came to the Crimean Peninsula. Dnieper water reaches its destination, Kerch, in 1975.

The North Crimean Canal becomes the largest construction site of all-Union importance:

• The North Crimean Canal includes more than a hundred large-scale hydraulic engineering facilities.
• The length of the main artificial channel is more than 400 km.
• Taking into account discrepancies, underground sections and drainage systems, the length of the irrigation system is approaching 12,000 km.
• Pumping stations are able to pump up to 450 cubic meters of water per second.
• At the first pumping station of the canal, the water rises 10 meters, and along the further path the water height reaches 105 meters.
• The canal feeds 12 artificial reservoirs with its waters, with a total volume of 200 million cubic meters.

INTERESTING!
The water travels the entire route, from the starting point to the destination, in 32 days.

Fishing on the North Crimean Canal

People quickly adapted to the proximity of a man-made river, and on the concrete banks of the canal you can often find vacationers or keen fishermen. Although the construction of the SKK was not intended as a reservoir for breeding various varieties of fish, nevertheless, crayfish and some types of fish can be caught there in sufficient quantities. The Chaplinsky, Dzhankoysky, and Krasnoperekopsky districts are considered rich in catch among fishermen. Pike, crucian carp, pike perch and perch are caught in the area of ​​pumping stations. Fishing is free, restrictions on the number and size of fish caught are in accordance with current legislation.

North Crimean Canal today

The provision of water to the Crimean peninsula via the North Crimean Canal is currently suspended by order of the Ukrainian authorities, who blocked the water canal with a dam. It is hoped that in the near future, the channel will begin to function at full capacity.

Alternative to the North Crimean Canal

In specialized national institutions and various ministries, alternative options for the channel are being discussed. The Russian Ministry of Natural Resources is thinking about building a pipeline across the Kerch Strait, from Kuban to Crimea. Sergei Donskoy, responsible for Natural resources and the ecology of Russia - during an inspection of a reservoir in Simferopol.

Proposals have also been received to reconstruct the irrigation system. The cost has already been calculated - 80,000,000,000 rubles.

Video review:

The longest water artery in Europe. Its length from the city of Novaya Kakhovka to the city of Kerch is 405 kilometers, the length of the main canal and its branches exceeds 10 thousand kilometers. Today, thanks to the Crimea Canal... ... Encyclopedia of Newsmakers

Irrigation and water supply. Built in 1961 71. Starts from the Kakhovsky Reservoir and reaches Kerch. Length 402.6 km, maximum capacity 300 m³/s. In 1986, the irrigation area was 380 thousand hectares and watering of St. 600 thousand hectares. Provides water... ...

Irrigation and water supply. Built in 1961 71. Starts from the Kakhovka reservoir and reaches Kerch. Length 402.6 km. Supplies water to Feodosia, Kerch, Dzhankoy. * * * NORTH CRIMEAN CANAL NORTH CRIMEAN CANAL, irrigation and water supply.… … encyclopedic Dictionary

Named after the Komsomol of Ukraine, a canal in the Ukrainian SSR, supplying the waters of the Dnieper to the northern regions. and eastern Crimea. It leaves the Kakhovka reservoir and reaches Kerch through the Perekop Isthmus. Construction began in 1961, in 1963 water... ...

It originates in the Kakhovka Reservoir and passes through the Black Sea lowland. in the South Kherson region. and S. Crimea (Ukraine), reaches the city of Kerch. Length 402.6 km. Built 1961–71 for irrigation and water supply, incl. cities of Feodosia, Kerch, Dzhankoy.... ... Geographical encyclopedia

North Crimean Canal named after. Komsomol of Ukraine- North Crimean Canal named after. Komsomol of Ukraine, irrigation canal in the Ukrainian SSR. It starts from the Kakhovka reservoir on the Dnieper, through the Perekop Isthmus to the Crimea and reaches the city of Kerch. Built in 19611971. Length is about 403 km,... ... Agriculture. Large encyclopedic dictionary

Channel (from Latin canalis - pipe, gutter) in hydraulic engineering, artificial channel (water conduit) correct form with free-flow water movement, installed in the ground. K. is built in an open excavation or in an embankment (at the intersection of beams, ravines, etc.), sometimes - ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

In southeastern Europe as part of Ukraine. 27 thousand km². Washed Black and Seas of Azov; It is connected to the mainland by the Perekop Isthmus. The northern part of the peninsula is plain (the so-called Steppe Crimea), the southern part is occupied Crimean mountains(so-called Mountain Crimea) … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

I Channel (from Latin canalis pipe, gutter) in hydraulic engineering, an artificial channel (water conduit) of regular shape with free-flow movement of water, arranged in the ground. K. is constructed in an open excavation or in an embankment (at the intersection of beams, ravines, etc.), ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

On South of Eastern Europe, part of Ukraine. Area 27 thousand km2. Washed by the Black and Azov Seas; It is connected to the mainland by the Perekop Isthmus. The northern part of the peninsula is a plain (the so-called Steppe Crimea), the southern part is occupied by the Crimean Mountains... ... encyclopedic Dictionary