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home The series of multi-purpose boats of the "Kriegsfischkutter" (KFK) type consisted of 610 units ("KFK-1" - "KFK-561", "KFK-612" - "KFK-641", "KFK-655" - "KFK-659" , "KFK-662" - "KFK-668", "KFK-672" - "KFK-674", "KFK-743", "KFK-746", "KFK-749", "KFK-751") and was adopted in 1942-1945. The boats were built in seven European countries based on a fishing seiner with a wooden hull and served as minesweepers, submarine hunters and patrol boats. During the war, 199 boats were lost, 147 were transferred as reparations to the USSR, 156 to the USA, 52 to Great Britain. Performance characteristics of the boat: total displacement – ​​110 tons; length – 20 m: width – 6.4 m; draft – 2.8 m; power point

– diesel engine, power – 175 – 220 hp; maximum speed – 9 – 12 knots; fuel reserve - 6 - 7 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 1.2 thousand miles; crew – 15 – 18 people. Basic weapons: 1x1 – 37 mm gun; 1-6x1 – 20 mm anti-aircraft gun. The hunter's armament is 12 depth charges.

The torpedo boats "S-7", "S-8" and "S-9" were built at the Lürssen shipyard and commissioned in 1934-1935. In 1940-1941 the boats were re-equipped. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement – ​​76 tons, full displacement – ​​86 tons; length – 32.4 m: width – 5.1 m; draft – 1.4 m; power plant - 3 diesel engines, power - 3.9 thousand hp; maximum speed – 36.5 knots; fuel reserve - 10.5 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 760 miles; crew - 18 - 23 people. Armament: 1x1 - 20 mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1-533 mm torpedo tubes; 6 mines or depth charges.

The torpedo boats “S-10”, “S-11”, “S-12” and “S-13” were built at the Lürssen shipyard and commissioned in 1935. In 1941. the boats were re-equipped. One reparations boat was transferred to the USSR. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement – ​​76 tons, full displacement – ​​92 tons; length – 32.4 m: width – 5.1 m; draft – 1.4 m; power plant - 3 diesel engines, power - 3.9 thousand hp; maximum speed – 35 knots; fuel reserve - 10.5 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 758 miles; crew - 18 - 23 people. Armament: 2x1 - 20 mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1-533 mm torpedo tubes; 6 mines or depth charges.

The torpedo boats "S-14", "S-15", "S-16" and "S-17" were built at the Lürssen shipyard and commissioned in 1936-1937. In 1941 the boats were re-equipped. During the war, 2 boats were lost and one boat each was transferred to the USSR and the USA for reparations. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement – ​​92.5 tons, full displacement – ​​105 tons; length – 34.6 m: width – 5.3 m; draft – 1.7 m; power plant - 3 diesel engines, power - 6.2 thousand hp; maximum speed – 37.7 knots; fuel reserve - 13.3 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 500 miles; crew - 18 - 23 people. Armament: 2x1 or 1x2 - 20-mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1-533 mm torpedo tubes; 4 torpedoes.

The series of torpedo boats consisted of 8 units (“S-18” - “S-25”) and were built at the Lürssen shipyard in 1938-1939. During the war, 2 boats were lost, 2 were transferred to Great Britain for reparations, 1 to the USSR. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement – ​​92.5 tons, full displacement – ​​105 tons; length – 34.6 m: width – 5.3 m; draft – 1.7 m; power plant - 3 diesel engines, power - 6 thousand hp; maximum speed - 39.8 knots; fuel reserve - 13.3 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 700 miles; crew - 20 - 23 people. Armament: 2x1 or 1x4 - 20-mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1-533 mm torpedo tubes; 4 torpedoes.

The torpedo boats “S-26”, “S-27”, “S-28” and “S-29” were built at the Lürssen shipyard in 1940. During the war, all boats were lost. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement – ​​92.5 tons, full displacement – ​​112 tons; length – 34.9 m: width – 5.3 m; draft – 1.7 m; power plant - 3 diesel engines, power - 6 thousand hp; maximum speed – 39 knots; fuel reserve - 13.5 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 700 miles; crew - 24 - 31 people. Armament: 1x1 and 1x2 or 1x4 and 1x1 - 20-mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1-533 mm torpedo tubes; 4-6 torpedoes.

The series of torpedo boats consisted of 16 units (“S-30” - “S-37”, “S-54” - “S-61”) and were built at the Lürssen shipyard in 1939-1941. During the war, all the boats were lost. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement - 79 - 81 tons, full displacement - 100 - 102 tons; length – 32.8 m.: width – 5.1 m.; draft – 1.5 m; power plant - 3 diesel engines, power - 3.9 thousand hp; maximum speed – 36 knots; fuel reserve - 13.3 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 800 miles; crew - 24 - 30 people. Armament: 2x1 - 20 mm and 1x1 - 37 mm or 1x1 - 40 mm or 1x4 - 20 mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1-533 mm torpedo tubes; 4 torpedoes; 2 bomb releasers; 4-6 min.

The series of torpedo boats consisted of 93 units (“S-38” - “S-53”, “S-62” - “S-138”) and were built at the Lürssen and Schlichting shipyards in 1940-1944. During the war, 48 boats were lost, 6 boats were transferred to Spain in 1943, 13 boats were transferred to the USSR and the USA for reparations, 12 to Great Britain. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement - 92 - 96 tons, full displacement - 112 - 115 tons; length – 34.9 m: width – 5.3 m; draft – 1.7 m; power plant - 3 diesel engines, power - 6 - 7.5 thousand hp; maximum speed – 39 – 41 knots; fuel reserve - 13.5 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 700 miles; crew - 24 - 31 people. Armament: 2x1 - 20 mm and 1x1 - 40 mm or 1x4 - 20 mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1-533 mm torpedo tubes; 4 torpedoes; 2 bomb releasers; 6 min.

The series of torpedo boats consisted of 72 units (“S-139” - “S-150”, “S-167” - “S-227”) and were built at the Lürssen and Schlichting shipyards in 1943-1945. During the war, 46 boats were lost, 8 boats were transferred for reparations to the USA, 11 to Great Britain, 7 to the USSR. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement - 92 - 96 tons, full displacement - 113 - 122 tons; length – 34.9 m: width – 5.3 m; draft – 1.7 m; power plant - 3 diesel engines, power - 7.5 thousand hp; maximum speed – 41 knots; fuel reserve - 13.5 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 700 miles; crew - 24 - 31 people. Armament: 1x1 - 40 mm or 1x1 - 37 mm and 1x4 - 20 mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1 - 533 mm torpedo tubes; 4 torpedoes; 2 bomb releasers; 6 min.

The series of torpedo boats consisted of 7 units (“S-170”, “S-228”, “S-301” - “S-305”) and were built at the Lürssen shipyards in 1944-1945. During the war, 1 boat was lost, 2 boats were transferred for reparations to the USA, 3 to Great Britain, 1 to the USSR. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement - 99 tons, full displacement - 121 - 124 tons; length – 34.9 m: width – 5.3 m; draft – 1.7 m; power plant - 3 diesel engines, power - 9 thousand hp; maximum speed - 43.6 knots; fuel reserve - 15.7 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 780 miles; crew - 24 - 31 people. Armament: 2x1 or 3x2 – 30 mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1-533 mm torpedo tubes; 4 torpedoes; 6 min.

The series of torpedo boats consisted of 9 units (“S-701” - “S-709”) and were built at the Danziger Waggonfabrik shipyards in 1944-1945. During the war, 3 boats were lost, 4 were transferred to the USSR as reparations, one each to Great Britain and the USA. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement - 99 tons, full displacement - 121 - 124 tons; length – 34.9 m: width – 5.3 m; draft – 1.7 m; power plant - 3 diesel engines, power - 9 thousand hp; maximum speed - 43.6 knots; fuel reserve - 15.7 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 780 miles; crew - 24 - 31 people. Armament: 3x2 – 30 mm anti-aircraft gun; 4x1 - 533 mm torpedo tubes; 4 torpedoes; 2 bomb releasers; 6 min.

Lungs torpedo boats type "LS" consisted of 10 units ("LS-2" - "LS-11"), built at the shipyards "Naglo Werft", "Dornier Werft" and put into operation in 1940-1944. They were intended for use on auxiliary cruisers (raiders). During the war, all the boats were lost. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement – ​​11.5 tons, full displacement – ​​12.7 tons; length – 12.5 m.: width – 3.5 m.; draft – 1 m; power plant - 2 diesel engines, power - 1.4 - 1.7 thousand hp; maximum speed – 37 – 41 knots; fuel reserve - 1.3 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 170 miles; crew – 7 people. Armament: 1x1 – 20 mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1-450 mm torpedo tubes or 3 - 4 mines.

A series of 60-ton minesweeper boats of the "R" type consisted of 14 units ("R-2" - "R-7", "R-9" - "R-16"), built at the Abeking & Rasmussen shipyards, "Schlichting-Werft" and commissioned in 1932-1934. During the war, 13 boats were lost. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement - 44 - 53 tons, full displacement - 60 tons; length – 25-28 m.: width – 4 m.; draft – 1.5 m; power plant - 2 diesel engines, power - 700 - 770 hp; maximum speed – 17 – 20 knots; fuel reserve - 4.4 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 800 miles; crew – 18 people. Armament: 1-4x1 - 20 mm anti-aircraft gun; 10 min.

A series of 120-ton minesweeper boats of the "R" type consisted of 8 units ("R-17" - "R-24"), built at the shipyards "Abeking & Rasmussen", "Schlichting-Werft" and put into operation in 1935- 1938 In 1940-1944. 3 boats were lost, one boat was transferred to Great Britain, the USSR and the USA for reparations, the rest were written off in 1947-1949. Performance characteristics of the boat: total displacement - 120 tons; length – 37 m: width – 5.4 m; draft – 1.4 m; power plant - 2 diesel engines, power - 1.8 thousand hp; maximum speed – 21 knots; fuel reserve - 11 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 900 miles; crew – 20 – 27 people. Armament: 2x1 and 2x2 - 20-mm anti-aircraft gun; 12 min.

A series of 126-ton minesweeper boats of the "R" type consisted of 16 units ("R-25" - "R-40"), built at the shipyards "Abeking & Rasmussen", "Schlichting-Werft" and commissioned in 1938- 1939 During the war, 10 boats were lost, 2 reparation boats were transferred to the USSR and 1 to Great Britain, the rest were decommissioned in 1945-1946. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement - 110 tons, full displacement - 126 tons; length – 35.4 m: width – 5.6 m; draft – 1.4 m; power plant - 2 diesel engines, power - 1.8 thousand hp; maximum speed – 23.5 knots; fuel reserve - 10 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 1.1 thousand miles; crew – 20 people. Armament: 2x1 and 2x2 - 20 mm and 1x1 - 37 mm anti-aircraft gun; 10 min.

A series of 135-ton minesweeper boats of the "R" type consisted of 89 units ("R-41" - "R-129"), built at the shipyards "Abeking & Rasmussen", "Schlichting-Werft" and put into operation in 1940- 1943 During the war, 48 boats were lost, 19 boats were transferred for reparations to the USA, 12 to the USSR and 6 to Great Britain. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement - 125 tons, full displacement - 135 tons; length – 36.8 – 37.8 m: width – 5.8 m; draft – 1.4 m; power plant - 2 diesel engines, power - 1.8 thousand hp; maximum speed – 20 knots; fuel reserve – 11 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 900 miles; crew – 30 – 38 people. Armament: 1-3x1 and 1-2x2 - 20 mm and 1x1 - 37 mm anti-aircraft gun; 10 min.

A series of 155-ton minesweeper boats of the "R" type consisted of 21 units ("R-130" - "R-150"), built at the shipyards "Abeking & Rasmussen", "Schlichting-Werft" and commissioned in 1943- 1945 During the war, 4 boats were lost, 14 boats were transferred to the USA for reparations, 1 to the USSR and 2 to Great Britain. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement - 150 tons, full displacement - 155 tons; length – 36.8 – 41 m: width – 5.8 m; draft – 1.6 m; power plant - 2 diesel engines, power - 1.8 thousand hp; maximum speed – 19 knots; fuel reserve - 11 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 900 miles; crew – 41 people. Armament: 2x1 and 2x2 - 20 mm and 1x1 - 37 mm anti-aircraft gun; 1x1 – 86-mm rocket launcher.

A series of 126-ton minesweeper boats of the "R" type consisted of 67 units ("R-151" - "R-217"), built at the shipyards "Abeking & Rasmussen", "Schlichting-Werft" and put into operation in 1940- 1943 49 boats were lost, the rest were transferred as reparations to Denmark. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement - 110 tons, full displacement - 126 - 128 tons; length – 34.4 – 36.2 m: width – 5.6 m; draft – 1.5 m; power plant - 2 diesel engines, power - 1.8 thousand hp; maximum speed – 23.5 knots; fuel reserve - 10 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 1.1 thousand miles; crew - 29 - 31 people. Armament: 2x1 - 20 mm and 1x1 - 37 mm anti-aircraft gun; 10 min.

A series of 148-ton R-type minesweeper boats consisted of 73 units (“R-218” - “R-290”), built at the Burmester shipyard and put into operation in 1943-1945. 20 boats were lost, 12 were transferred to the USSR for reparations, 9 to Denmark, 8 to the Netherlands, 6 to the USA. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement – ​​140 tons, full displacement – ​​148 tons; length – 39.2 m: width – 5.7 m; draft – 1.5 m; power plant - 2 diesel engines, power - 2.5 thousand hp; maximum speed – 21 knots; fuel reserve - 15 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 1 thousand miles; crew - 29 - 40 people. Armament: 3x2 - 20 mm and 1x1 - 37 mm anti-aircraft gun; 12 min.

The series of 184-ton R-type minesweeper boats consisted of 12 units (“R-301” - “R-312”), built at the Abeking & Rasmussen shipyard and commissioned in 1943-1944. During the war, 4 boats were lost, 8 boats were transferred to the USSR for reparations. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement – ​​175 tons, full displacement – ​​184 tons; length – 41 m.: width – 6 m.; draft – 1.8 m; power plant - 3 diesel engines, power - 3.8 thousand hp; maximum speed – 25 knots; fuel reserve - 15.8 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 716 miles; crew - 38 - 42 people. Armament: 3x2 - 20 mm and 1x1 - 37 mm anti-aircraft gun; 1x1- 86-mm rocket launcher; 2x1 – 533 mm torpedo tubes; 16 min.

A series of 150-ton "R" type minesweeper boats consisted of 24 units ("R-401" - "R-424"), built at the Abeking & Rasmussen shipyard and commissioned in 1944-1945. During the war, 1 boat was lost, 7 boats were transferred for reparations to the USA, 15 to the USSR, 1 to the Netherlands. Performance characteristics of the boat: standard displacement – ​​140 tons, full displacement – ​​150 tons; length – 39.4 m: width – 5.7 m; draft – 1.5 m; power plant - 2 diesel engines, power - 2.8 thousand hp; maximum speed – 25 knots; fuel reserve - 15 tons of diesel fuel; cruising range - 1 thousand miles; crew - 33 - 37 people. Armament: 3x2 - 20 mm and 1x1 - 37 mm anti-aircraft gun; 2x1-86-mm rocket mortars; 12 min.

The idea of ​​using a torpedo boat in combat first appeared in the First world war from the British command, but the British failed to achieve the desired effect. Next, the Soviet Union said its word on the use of small mobile ships in military attacks.

Historical reference

A torpedo boat is a small combat vessel that is designed to destroy military ships and transport ships with shells. During World War II, it was used many times in military operations with the enemy.

By that time naval forces the main Western powers had no a large number of such boats, but their construction rapidly increased by the time hostilities began. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, there were almost 270 boats equipped with torpedoes. During the war, more than 30 models of torpedo boats were created and more than 150 were received from the allies.

History of the creation of a torpedo ship

Back in 1927, the TsAGI team developed a project for the first Soviet torpedo ship, headed by A. N. Tupolev. The ship was given the name “Perbornets” (or “ANT-3”). He had following parameters(unit of measurement - meter): length 17.33; width 3.33 and draft 0.9. The power of the vessel was 1200 hp. pp., tonnage - 8.91 tons, speed - as much as 54 knots.

The armament on board consisted of a 450 mm torpedo, two machine guns and two mines. The experimental production boat became part of the Black Sea naval forces in mid-July 1927. The institute continued to work, improving the units, and in the first month of autumn 1928 the serial boat “ANT-4” was ready. Until the end of 1931, dozens of ships were launched, which were called “Sh-4”. Soon, the first formations of torpedo boats appeared in the Black Sea, Far Eastern and Baltic military districts. The Sh-4 ship was not ideal, and the fleet leadership ordered TsAGI a new boat in 1928, which was later named G-5. It was a completely new ship.

Torpedo ship model "G-5"

The planing vessel "G-5" was tested in December 1933. The ship had a metal hull and was considered the best in the world both in terms of technical specifications, and in terms of equipping with weapons. Serial production of "G-5" dates back to 1935. By the beginning of World War II, it was the basic type of boat in the USSR. The speed of the torpedo boat was 50 knots, power - 1700 hp. s., and was armed with two machine guns, two 533 mm torpedoes and four mines. Over the course of ten years, more than 200 units of various modifications were produced.

During the Great Patriotic War, G-5 boats hunted enemy ships, carried out torpedo attacks, landed troops, and escorted trains. The disadvantage of torpedo boats was their dependence on weather conditions. They could not be at sea when the sea level reached more than three points. There were also inconveniences with the placement of paratroopers, as well as with the transportation of goods due to the lack of a flat deck. In this regard, just before the war, new models of long-range boats “D-3” with a wooden hull and “SM-3” with a steel hull were created.

Torpedo leader

Nekrasov, who was the head of the experimental design team for the development of gliders, and Tupolev in 1933 developed the design of the G-6 ship. He was the leader among the available boats. According to the documentation, the vessel had the following parameters:

• displacement 70 t;
• six 533 mm torpedoes;
• eight engines of 830 hp each. With.;
• speed 42 knots.

Three torpedoes were fired from torpedo tubes located at the stern and shaped like a trench, and the next three were fired from a three-tube torpedo tube, which could be turned and was located on the deck of the ship. In addition, the boat had two cannons and several machine guns.

Planing torpedo ship "D-3"

USSR torpedo boats of the D-3 brand were produced at the Leningrad plant and Sosnovsky, which was located in Kirov region. The Northern Fleet had only two boats of this type when the Great Patriotic War began. In 1941, another 5 ships were produced at the Leningrad plant. Only starting in 1943, domestic and allied models began to enter service.

The D-3 vessels, unlike the previous G-5, could operate at a longer distance (up to 550 miles) from the base. The speed of the new brand of torpedo boat ranged from 32 to 48 knots, depending on engine power. Another feature of the “D-3” was that it was possible to fire a salvo from them while stationary, and from the “G-5” units - only at a speed of at least 18 knots, otherwise the fired missile could hit the ship. On board the ship were:

• two 533 mm torpedoes of the thirty-ninth model:
• two DShK machine guns;
• Oerlikon cannon;
• Colt Browning coaxial machine gun.

The hull of the ship "D-3" was divided by four partitions into five waterproof compartments. Unlike boats of the G-5 type, D-3 were equipped with better navigation equipment, and a group of paratroopers could move freely on the deck. The boat could take on board up to 10 people, who were accommodated in heated compartments.

Torpedo ship "Komsomolets"

On the eve of World War II, torpedo boats in the USSR received further development. Designers continued to design new and improved models. This is how a new boat called “Komsomolets” appeared. Its tonnage was similar to that of the G-5, and its tube torpedo tubes were more advanced, and it could carry more powerful anti-aircraft anti-submarine weapons. For the construction of the ships, voluntary donations from Soviet citizens were attracted, hence their names, for example, “Leningrad Worker” and other similar names.

The hulls of ships manufactured in 1944 were made of duralumin. Interior The boat included five compartments. Keels were installed along the sides of the underwater part to reduce pitching, and the trough torpedo tubes were replaced with tube apparatus. Seaworthiness increased to four points. Armament included:

• two torpedoes;
• four machine guns;
• depth charges (six pieces);
• smoke equipment.

The cabin, which accommodated seven crew members, was made of seven-millimeter armored sheet. Torpedo boats of World War II, especially Komsomolets, distinguished themselves in the spring battles of 1945, when Soviet troops were approaching Berlin.

The USSR's path to creating gliders

The Soviet Union was the only main sea ​​country, which built ships of this type. Other powers moved on to create keelboats. During calm conditions, the speed of the red boats was significantly higher than the keel ships; with waves of 3-4 points, it was the other way around. In addition, boats with a keel could carry more powerful weapons on board.

Mistakes made by engineer Tupolev

The torpedo boats (Tupolev's project) were based on a seaplane float. Its top, which influenced the strength of the device, was used by the designer on the boat. The upper deck of the ship was replaced by a convex and steeply curved surface. It was impossible for a person, even when the boat was at rest, to stay on the deck. When the ship was moving, it was completely impossible for the crew to leave the cabin; everything that was on it was thrown off the surface. IN war time, when it was necessary to transport troops on the G-5, the military personnel were placed in the chutes that are available at the torpedo tubes. Despite the good buoyancy of the vessel, it is impossible to transport any cargo on it, since there is no space to place it. The design of the torpedo tube, which was borrowed from the British, was unsuccessful. The lowest speed of the ship at which torpedoes were fired was 17 knots. At rest and at a lower speed, a salvo of torpedoes was impossible, since it would hit the boat.

German military torpedo boats

During the First World War, in order to fight British monitors in Flanders, the German fleet had to think about creating new means of fighting the enemy. A solution was found, and in April 1917, the first small one with torpedo armament was built. The length of the wooden hull was slightly more than 11 m. The ship was propelled by two carburetor engines, which overheated already at a speed of 17 knots. When it increased to 24 knots, strong splashes appeared. One 350 mm torpedo tube was installed in the bow; shots could be fired at a speed of no more than 24 knots, otherwise the boat would hit the torpedo. Despite the shortcomings, German torpedo ships entered mass production.

All ships had wooden case, the speed reached 30 knots with a wave of three points. The crew consisted of seven people; on board there was one 450 mm torpedo tube and a machine gun of a rifle caliber. At the time the armistice was signed, the Kaiser's fleet included 21 boats.

All over the world, after the end of the First World War, there was a decline in the production of torpedo ships. Only in 1929, in November, German company“Fr. Lursen accepted the order for construction combat boat. The ships released were improved several times. The German command was not satisfied with the use of gasoline engines on ships. While the designers were working to replace them with hydrodynamics, other designs were being refined all the time.

German torpedo boats of World War II

Even before the start of World War II, the German naval leadership set a course for the production of combat boats with torpedoes. Requirements were developed for their shape, equipment and maneuverability. By 1945, it was decided to build 75 ships.

Germany occupied third place in the world leadership in the export of torpedo boats. Before the start of the war, German shipbuilding was working to implement Plan Z. Accordingly, the German fleet had to be seriously re-equipped and have a large number of ships with carriers torpedo weapons. With the outbreak of hostilities in the fall of 1939, the planned plan was not fulfilled, and then the production of boats increased sharply, and by May 1945, almost 250 units of Schnellbot-5 alone were put into operation.

The boats, which have a hundred-ton carrying capacity and improved seaworthiness, were built in 1940. Combat ships were designated starting with "S38". It was the main weapon of the German fleet in the war. The armament of the boats was as follows:

• two torpedo tubes with two to four missiles;
• two thirty-millimeter anti-aircraft weapons.

The highest speed of the vessel is 42 knots. 220 ships were involved in the battles of World War II. The German boats at the battle site behaved bravely, but not recklessly. In the last few weeks of the war, the ships were used to evacuate refugees to their homeland.

Germans with a keel

In 1920, despite the economic crisis, an inspection of the operation of keelboats and keelboats was carried out in Germany. As a result of this work, the only conclusion was made - to build exclusively keelboats. When Soviet and German boats met, the latter won. During the fighting in the Black Sea in 1942-1944, not a single German boat with a keel was sunk.

Interesting and little-known historical facts

Not everyone knows that the Soviet torpedo boats that were used during World War II were huge floats from seaplanes.

In June 1929, aircraft designer Tupolev A. began construction of a planing vessel of the ANT-5 brand, equipped with two torpedoes. The tests carried out showed that the ships have a speed that ships of other countries could not develop. The military authorities were pleased with this fact.

In 1915, the British designed a small boat with enormous speed. Sometimes it was called a “floating torpedo tube.”

Soviet military leaders could not afford to use Western experience in designing ships with torpedo carriers, believing that our boats were better.

The ships built by Tupolev were of aviation origin. This is reminiscent of the special configuration of the hull and the skin of the vessel, made of duralumin material.

Conclusion

Torpedo boats (photo below) had many advantages over other types of warships:

• small size;
• high speed;
• greater maneuverability;
• small number of people;
• minimal supply requirements.

The ships could leave, launch a torpedo attack and quickly escape into sea ​​waters. Thanks to all these advantages, they were a formidable weapon for the enemy.

Let's take a short detour from our reviews on aviation and move on to water. I decided to start like this, not from above, where all sorts of battleships, destroyers and aircraft carriers blow bubbles, but from below. Where passions were no less comical, albeit in shallow waters.

Speaking about torpedo boats, it is worth noting that before the start of the war, the participating countries, including even the “Mistress of the Seas” Britain, did not burden themselves with the presence of torpedo boats. Yes, there were small ships, but more likely for training purposes.

For example, the Royal Navy had only 18 TCs in 1939, the Germans owned 17 boats, but Soviet Union there were 269 boats available. Shallow seas had their effect, in the waters of which problems had to be solved.

That’s why we’ll start, perhaps, with a participant flying the flag of the USSR Navy.

1. Torpedo boat G-5. USSR, 1933

Perhaps experts will say that it would be worth putting the D-3 or Komsomolets boats here, but it’s just that more G-5s were produced than D-3s and Komsomolets combined. Accordingly, these boats definitely shouldered such a part of the war that is hardly comparable to the others.

G-5 was a boat coastal zone, unlike the D-3, which could easily operate at a distance from the coast. It was a small boat, which, nevertheless, throughout the Great Patriotic War worked on enemy communications.

During the war, it underwent several modifications, the GAM-34 engines (yes, the Mikulin AM-34s became planing) were replaced with imported Isotta-Fraschini, and then with GAM-34F with a power of 1000 hp, which accelerated the boat to a crazy 55 units with combat load. Empty, the boat could accelerate to 65 knots.

The weapons also changed. The frankly weak DA machine guns were replaced first with ShKAS (an interesting solution, to be honest), and then with two DShKs.

By the way, the enormous speed and non-magnetic wooden-duralumin hull allowed the boats to mine acoustic and magnetic mines.

Advantages: speed, good weapons, low cost design.

Disadvantages: very low seaworthiness.

2. Torpedo boat "Vosper". Great Britain, 1938

The history of the boat is noteworthy in that the British Admiralty did not order it, and the Vosper company developed the boat on its own initiative in 1936. However, the sailors liked the boat so much that it was put into service and went into production.

The torpedo boat had very decent seaworthiness (at that time British ships were the standard) and cruising range. He also went down in history because it was the Vospers that were the first in the fleet to install Oerlikon automatic cannons, which greatly increased firepower boat

Since the British TKAs were weak competitors to the German Schnellbots, which will be discussed below, the gun came in handy.

Initially, the boats were equipped with the same engines as the Soviet G-5, that is, the Italian Isotta-Fraschini. The outbreak of the war left both Great Britain and the USSR without these engines, so we have another example of import substitution. In the USSR they quickly adapted aircraft engine Mikulin, and the British transferred the technology to the Americans, and they began to build boats with their own Packard engines.

The Americans further strengthened the boat’s armament, predictably replacing the Vickers with 12.7 mm Brownings.

Where did the Vospers fight? Yes everywhere. They took part in the evacuation of the Dunkirk disgrace, caught German “schnellboats” in the north of Britain, and attacked Italian ships in the Mediterranean Sea. We also checked in. 81 American-built boats were transferred to our fleet as part of. 58 boats took part in the battles, two were lost.

Advantages: seaworthiness, armament, cruising range.

Disadvantages: speed, large crew for a small ship.

3. Torpedo boat MAS type 526. Italy, 1939

The Italians also knew how to build ships. Beautiful and fast. This cannot be taken away. The standard for an Italian ship is a narrower hull than its contemporaries, which means it has a slightly higher speed.

Why did I choose the 526th series in our review? Probably because they even showed up among us and fought in our waters, although not where most thought.

Italians are cunning. To two regular Isotta-Fraschini engines (yes, all the same!) with 1000 horsepower each, they added a pair of Alfa Romeo engines with 70 hp each. for economical running. And under such engines, boats could sneak at a speed of 6 knots (11 km/h) over absolutely fantastic distances of 1,100 miles. Or 2000 km.

But if it was necessary to catch up with someone, or quickly get away from someone, this was also in order.

Plus, the boat turned out to be not only good in terms of seaworthiness, it turned out to be very versatile. And in addition to the usual torpedo attacks, it could easily hit a submarine with depth charges. But this is more psychological, since, of course, no hydroacoustic equipment was installed on the torpedo boat.

Torpedo boats of this type participated primarily in the Mediterranean Sea. However, in June 1942, four boats (MAS No. 526-529), together with Italian crews, were transferred to Lake Ladoga, where they took part in the attack on Suho Island with the aim of cutting the Road of Life. In 1943, the Finns took them over, after which the boats served as part of the Finnish naval forces.

Italians on Lake Ladoga.

Advantages: seaworthiness, speed.

Disadvantages: multifunctionality in Italian design. The boat had weapons, but there were problems with their use. One machine gun, albeit a large-caliber one, is clearly not enough.

4. Patrol torpedo boat RT-103. USA, 1942

Of course, in the USA they couldn’t make something small and fidgety. Even taking into account the technology received from the British, they came up with a rather massive torpedo boat, which was generally explained by the number of weapons that the Americans were able to place on it.

The idea itself was not to create a purely torpedo boat, but a patrol boat. This is clear even from the name, because RT stands for Patrol Torpedo boat. That is, a patrol boat with torpedoes.

Naturally, there were torpedoes. Two paired large-caliber Brownings are a useful thing in all respects, but about the 20 mm automatic gun We are generally silent from Oerlikon.

Why does the American Navy need so many boats? It's simple. The interests of protecting the Pacific bases required just such ships, capable of primarily carrying out patrol duty and, in case of emergency, quickly escaping if enemy ships were suddenly discovered.

The most significant contribution of the RT series boats was the fight against the “Tokyo Night Express,” that is, the supply system for Japanese garrisons on the islands.

The boats turned out to be especially useful in the shallow waters of archipelagos and atolls, where destroyers were careful not to enter. And torpedo boats intercepted self-propelled barges and small coastal vessels carrying military contingents, weapons and equipment.

Advantages: powerful weapons, good speed

Disadvantages: perhaps none.

5. Torpedo boat T-14. Japan, 1944

In general, the Japanese somehow didn’t bother with torpedo boats, not considering them a weapon worthy of a samurai. However, over time, opinion changed, since the successful tactics of the Americans using patrol boats greatly worried the Japanese naval command.

But the problem lay elsewhere: there were no free engines. It’s a fact, but indeed, the Japanese fleet did not receive a decent torpedo boat precisely because there was no engine for it.

The only acceptable option in the second half of the war was the Mitsubishi project, which was called the T-14.

It was the smallest torpedo boat; even the coastal Soviet G-5 turned out to be larger. However, thanks to their space savings, the Japanese managed to squeeze in so many weapons (torpedoes, depth charges and an automatic cannon) that the ship turned out to be quite toothy.

Alas, the blatant lack of power of the 920-horsepower engine, despite all its advantages, did not make the T-14 any kind of competitor to the American RT-103.

Advantages: small size, weapons

Disadvantages: speed, range.

6. Torpedo boat D-3. USSR, 1943

It makes sense to add this particular boat, since the G-5 was a coastal zone boat, and the D-3 had more decent seaworthiness and could operate at a distance from the coastline.

The first series of D-3 was built with GAM-34BC engines, the second was built with American Lend-Lease Packards.

The sailors believed that the D-3 with Packards was much better than the American Higgins boats that came to us under Lend-Lease.

The Higgins was a good boat, but the low speed (up to 36 knots) and rope torpedo tubes, which completely froze in Arctic conditions, somehow did not suit the yard. The D-3 with the same engines was faster, and since it also turned out to be smaller in displacement, it was also more maneuverable.

The low silhouette, shallow draft and reliable muffler system made our D-3s indispensable for operations off the enemy’s coast.

So the D-3 not only carried out torpedo attacks on convoys, it was gladly used for landing troops, transporting ammunition to bridgeheads, laying minefields, hunting for enemy submarines, guarding ships and convoys, trawling fairways (bombarding German bottom proximity mines).

Plus, it was the most seaworthy of the Soviet boats, withstanding waves of up to 6 points.

Advantages: set of weapons, speed, seaworthiness

Disadvantages: I think there are none.

7. S-Boat torpedo boat. Germany, 1941

At the end we have "Schnellbots". They were indeed quite “schnell”, that is, fast. In general, the concept of the German fleet included great amount ships carrying torpedoes. And more than 20 different modifications of the same “schnellbots” were built.

These were ships of a slightly higher class than all those listed before. But what to do if the German shipbuilders tried to stand out possible ways? And their battleships were not exactly battleships, and a destroyer could puzzle another cruiser, and the same thing happened with the boats.

These were versatile ships, capable of doing everything, much like our D-3s, but had very impressive weapons and seaworthiness. Especially with weapons.

Actually, like the Soviet boats, the Germans charged their TKAs with the same tasks of protecting small convoys and individual ships (especially those coming from Sweden with ore), in which, by the way, they succeeded.

Ore carriers from Sweden calmly arrived at the ports because large ships Baltic Fleet They stood in Leningrad throughout the war, without interfering with the enemy. And for torpedo boats and armored boats, especially submarines, the Schnellboat, stuffed with automatic weapons, was too tough.

So I consider control over the delivery of ore from Sweden to be the main combat mission that the Schnellbots performed. Although 12 destroyers that were sunk by boats during the war is not a small number.

Advantages: seaworthiness and weapons

Disadvantages: size, therefore, not great maneuverability.

These ships and their crews had a difficult life. Not battleships after all... Not battleships at all.

German torpedo boats

Four years after the proclamation of the German Empire on July 23, 1875, Fr. Lurssen founded a company in Bremen, which later became the most famous shipyard in the city of Lurssen. Already in 1890, the first speedboat was built.

By 1910, about 700 boats rolled off the shipyard's slipways, showing unusual speeds for that time. In 1917, at the shipyard "Fr. Lurssen Bootswerft received an order for the production of the first marine boat for navy. In the same year it was launched and began service. After the end of the First World War and the defeat that led to the fall of the Kaiser's regime, promising developments had to turn around. Meanwhile, the superpowers began an arms race. Military shipbuilding developed at a rapid pace, ahead of all previously drawn up plans. The restrictions of the Washington Treaty and the disarmament agreement adopted in 1922 made it possible to stop the race. After long and difficult negotiations, a control system for the navies of the participating countries was developed.

All Taken measures According to the fleet restrictions, surface ships with a displacement of up to 600 tons were not affected. They could be developed and launched in any quantities at their own discretion. Neither the Washington Treaty of 1922, nor the London Conference of 1930, nor even the Versailles Agreement regarding Germany concerned ships with a displacement of up to 600 tons.

During the First World War, for some reason the successes of torpedo boats were completely ignored. Their role was underestimated by most powers possessing naval forces. The idea of ​​using high-speed boats for combat operations in coastal waters was gradually forgotten.

After the conclusion of the Treaty of Versailles until the end of the war in 1919, the German Imperial Navy remained at its disposal minimal amount battleships and cruisers built at the turn of the century. These outdated warships were not ready for combat or even combat service. But it was they who were destined to become the basis for the new German fleet. That's what the winners wanted. The victorious powers often behaved defiantly, making decisions that were beneficial to themselves. Despite everything, the German Navy managed to create an effective training system. It was superior to everything that the victors had at their disposal.

In 1925, under the leadership of Admiral Fortlotter, construction of high-speed torpedo boats began again. At first, these works were carefully hidden. The first attempts were carried out on the basis of six old boats, since no new ones were built after the end of the war. After modernization and bringing them to a state of readiness, systematic testing began. Then the first flotilla was organized. Exercises were held in 1925, the purpose of which was to use these weapons. In 1928, to the design bureau “Fr. Lurssen Bootswerft" Wehrmacht leadership began to show interest in where the speedboats were being built. And already in 1929, the first torpedo boat was built at the shipyard after long break. The initiative belonged to Admiral Raeder.

On July 7, 1930, the first torpedo boat entered the fleet under the code UZ (S) 16 U-BOOT "Zerstorer", and on March 16, 1932, the boat received the new designation "S1". The warship had a displacement of 40 tons, was armed with two 533 mm torpedo tubes and had a speed of 32 knots. Now this class of ships has its own designation “Schnellboote S-type”.

The German fleet allowed itself the opportunity to build maximum amount warships without going beyond the limits of the treaty. The construction of high-speed torpedo boats was not limited in any way, but the leadership of the navy was worried about the possible reaction of the victorious countries to the emergence and development of a new class of warships. Unsuccessful experience in other areas only increased anxiety, so development and testing were carried out in the strictest secrecy under the guise of civilian shipbuilding. There was an urgent need to replace old boats with new ships. High-speed torpedo boats were required. In 1932, four more torpedo boats “S2”, “S3”, “S4”, “S5” were built. In 1933, the torpedo boat “S6” appeared in the German fleet. Until 1937, they were subordinate to the commander of the reconnaissance units.

From point of view combat use the appearance of torpedo boats was a decisive step forward. The German fleet was the first to use powerful diesel engines. They made it possible to increase the cruising range and increase the speed underway to 36 knots, while fuel consumption decreased.

Between 1934 and 1935, seven more torpedo boats, designated "S7" through "S13", were added to the fleet. In July 1935, the first flotilla of torpedo boats was organized. Over time, orders were received for the construction of torpedo boats "S14" to "S17". On the lungs warships three diesel engines with a power of 2000 hp were installed. every. The displacement increased to 92 tons, and the speed was already 39.8 knots. All ships entered service with the first torpedo boat flotilla. Now the formation consisted of twelve combat-ready warships.

In the period from 1936 to 1938, tactical and technical conditions for their use were developed. They were followed by new parameters for their weapons. The torpedo boats were assigned areas up to 700 miles outlining the coast of the western coast of Germany along North Sea, as well as a section of the Baltic Sea to the islands. Over time, diesel engines were improved, thanks to which torpedo boats could reach speeds of up to 45 knots.

The best industrial developments were used to build torpedo boats. To be the commander of a combat boat, which had at its disposal lethal weapon and lightning speed was considered prestigious. Sailors for service on boats were trained at special courses, which included mechanics and navigators.

Torpedo boats had offensive and attack missions, so they were armed with appropriate offensive weapons. Their functions were to attack large ships, penetrate harbors and bases and strike forces there, and carry out attacks on merchant ships, following sea routes and raids on objects located along the coast. Along with these tasks, torpedo boats could be used to conduct defensive actions - attack submarines and escorting coastal convoys, conducting reconnaissance and clearing operations against enemy minefields.

Taking into account the small size, high speed and maneuverability, it became clear that torpedo boats had many advantages over other classes of warships. A torpedo boat could go out, launch a torpedo attack and disappear into a calm sea. They have a minimal need for people and supplies. Torpedo boats have become formidable weapons.

Hundred-ton torpedo boats with improved seaworthiness appeared in 1940. The warships received a designation beginning with "S38". They became the main weapon of the German fleet in the Second World War. They were armed with two torpedo tubes and two four torpedoes, as well as two 30 mm anti-aircraft guns. Maximum speed reached 42 knots.

In World War II, torpedo boats sank enemy ships with a total displacement of almost 1,000,000 tons. Their weapons were mines and torpedoes. 220 boats, comprising seven flotillas, took part in the hostilities. 149 torpedo boats were sunk by the enemy or their crews. “Naval aces” was the name given to German torpedo boats because of the images of aces on their tactical symbols. They acted bravely, without recklessness or making senseless sacrifices.

The last weeks of the war, torpedo boats took part in the organized evacuation, which was main task fleet at that time. It consisted of bringing refugees home. The torpedo boat could carry up to 110 passengers in one voyage. IN last days war boats saved about 15,000 people on the Baltic Sea. Their last task was not destruction, but saving human lives.

Technical characteristics of the torpedo boat (Schnellboote S-type:)
Length - 31 m;
Displacement - 100 tons;
Power plant - three MAN diesel engines with power up to 6000 hp;
Speed ​​- 40 knots;
Crew - 10 people;
Weapons:
Torpedo tubes 533 mm - 2;
Anti-aircraft gun 30 mm - 1;