Nekrasovtsy (Ignat-Cossacks). The beginning of the settlement of the Kuban by Russian settlers Return to Russia
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Nekrasovites (Nekrasov Cossacks, Nekrasov Cossacks, ignat-cossacks) - the descendants of the Don Cossacks, who, after the suppression of the Bulavin uprising, left the Don in September 1708. Named after the leader Ignat Nekrasov.
For more than 240 years, the Nekrasov Cossacks lived outside of Russia as a separate community according to the "precepts of Ignat", which determined the foundations of the life of the community.
Relocation to the Kuban
After the defeat of the Bulavin uprising in the autumn of 1708, part of the Don Cossacks, led by ataman Nekrasov, went to the Kuban - the territory that at that time belonged to the Crimean Khanate. In total, about 8 thousand people left with Nekrasov (according to various sources, from 2 thousand Cossacks with their wives and children, 500-600 families, up to 8 thousand people). Having united with the Cossacks-Old Believers who left for the Kuban back in the 1690s, they formed the first Kuban Cossack army, which accepted the citizenship of the Crimean khans and received fairly broad privileges. Runaways from the Don and ordinary peasants began to join the Cossacks. The Cossacks of this Kuban army were called Nekrasovites, although it was heterogeneous.
First, the Nekrasovites settled in the Middle Kuban (on the right bank of the Laba River, not far from its mouth), in a tract near the modern village of Nekrasovskaya. But soon the majority, including Ignat Nekrasov, moved to the Taman Peninsula, founding three towns - Bludilovsky, Golubinsky and Chiryansky.
For a long time, the Nekrasovites made raids on the Russian border lands from here. After 1737 (with the death of Ignat Nekrasov), the situation on the border began to stabilize. In 1735-1739. Russia several times offered the Nekrasovites to return to their homeland. Having not achieved a result, Empress Anna Ioannovna sent the Don ataman Frolov to the Kuban. Unable to resist the Russian troops, the Nekrasovites began resettling in Turkish possessions on the Danube.
On the Danube and in Asia Minor
In the period 1740-1778, with the permission of the Turkish Sultan, the Nekrasovites moved to the Danube. On the territory of the Ottoman Empire, the sultans confirmed to the Nekrasov Cossacks all the privileges that they enjoyed in the Kuban from the Crimean khans. On the Danube, they settled in the Dobruja region, in the floodplains of the Danube, next to the Lipovans. In modern Romania, and now Lipovans live. On the Danube, Nekrasov Cossacks mainly settled in Dunavtsy and Sary Kay, as well as in the villages of Slava Cherkasskaya, Zhurilovka, Nekrasovka and others. After the defeat of the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775, the Cossacks appeared in the same places. In disputes over the best fishing spots between the Nekrasovites and the Cossacks, armed clashes began to reach. And after the capture of the Nekrasov Dunavets by the Cossacks and the resettlement of the Zaporizhzhya kosh from Seimen, in 1791, most of the Nekrasovites left the Danube and moved to Asiatic Turkey to Lake Mainos and Enos off the coast of the Aegean Sea. Thus, by the beginning of the 19th century, two groups of Nekrasovites had formed - the Danube and the Maynos. Some of the Nekrasovites of the Danube branch, who remained faithful to the "precepts of Ignat", subsequently replenished the settlements of the Nekrasovites on Mainos, and those remaining in Dobruja were completely absorbed by the Lipovans, which were significantly predominant in number, and assimilated among them and the Old Believers from Russia arriving in that area, lost the language of their ancestors, customs, folklore, legends and songs about Ignat, his "precepts". Although it was beneficial for them to continue to be called Nekrasovites, in view of the provision by the Turkish authorities of a number of privileges. The Nekrasovites from Minos called them "Dunaki" or "Khokhols" and did not recognize them as their own. Aegean Enos as a separate settlement of Nekrasovites also ceased to exist, in 1828 it moved to Mainos and completely merged into the Mayno community. By the middle of the 19th century, the property stratification of the community took place, religious heterogeneities were also outlined, and in the second half of the 1860s, part of the Maynos (157 families) left as a result of a split in the community and founded a settlement on the island of Mada (on Lake Beisheira). Their fate turned out to be tragic - as a result of the epidemic, "seaside" land and contaminated water in the lake, by 1895 only 30 households remained on Mada, and by 1910 only 8 families remained in the village. Thus, the community of Nekrasov Cossacks living according to the "precepts" remained only on Mainos and a small part on Mada.
Return to Russia
see also
- Dobruja. The emergence of Russian and Ukrainian settlements
- Cossacks in Turkey
Links
- History of the Nekrasov Cossacks.
- Life of the Nekrasov Cossacks. According to the book "Tales of the Nekrasov Cossacks"
- Encyclopedia of the Cossacks. Moscow, Veche publishing house, 2007. ISBN 978-5-9533-2096-2
- Cossack dictionary reference book. , Skrylov. Gubarev. Electronic version of the reference dictionary.
- "Historical and cultural ties between Nekrasov Cossacks and Lipovans." , Alexandra Moschetti-Sokolova.
- "The Army of the Kuban Ignatovo Caucasian": the historical paths of the Nekrasov Cossacks (1708 - the end of the 1920s), Sen D.V., Krasnodar. Publishing House of KubGU., 2001. ISBN 5-8209-0029-4
- Chronicle notes on the margins of the book "Holidays" by Ataman Sanichev V.P.
Notes
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See what "Nekrasov Cossacks" are in other dictionaries:
This article is included in the thematic block Cossacks Cossacks by region Danube Bug Zaporozhye / Dnieper Don Azov Kuban Terek Astrakhan Volga Ural Bashkiria Orenburg Siberia Semirechie ... Wikipedia
NEKRASOVTS- Cossacks who left in September 1708 with Ataman Ignat Nekrasov beyond the Turkish border to the Kuban; the same nickname has been preserved for their descendants to this day. About 8,000 souls of both sexes crossed into Turkish territory along with Nekrasov, participants ... ... Cossack dictionary-reference book
Cossacks see Dobruja ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Lipovans, Ignat Cossacks, descendants of the Don Cossacks, participants in the Bulavin uprising of 1707 09 (See Bulavin uprising of 1707 09), who, after his defeat, left led by I. F. Nekrasov to the Kuban (where Nekrasov led a kind of ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Rus. Old Believers of priestly consent, descendants of the Don Cossacks, supporters of Ataman Ignat Nekrasov (Nekrasy), one of the leaders of the Bulavinsky uprising of 1707 08. After the suppression of the uprising, they left the upper reaches of the Don for the Kuban and created a republic ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
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A dark spot in the history of the Russian Cossacks (Orthodox Cossacks in the service of the Crimean Khan)
An excerpt from the chapter "Neighbors of the Black Sea, military service, campaigns and unrest of the Cossacks." From the book: "History of the Kuban Cossack Army" (1910)
Acquaintance with the inner life of the Black Sea people without a military situation would not be complete. The Chernomorians went from behind the Bug to the Kuban "they keep the mud".
In the charter granted to the army, it is so categorically stated: "the army of the Black Sea is to be vigilant and guard the frontier from the raids of the peoples of the Trans-Kuban." The Cossacks, therefore, were aware in advance of the position they were to take in the new region. For them, therefore, it was extremely important who would be their neighbors and how these neighbors would treat them as strangers. The border neighbors of the Black Sea were Russians and Circassians. The Russians were the so-called Nekrasov Cossacks, who settled in the Caucasus far before the former Cossacks even thought of moving to the Kuban. Nekrasovites or Ignat-Cossacks were called in the Caucasus runaway Cossacks-schismatics from the Don.
With the appearance of a split on the Don, intensified persecution of the schismatics by the Russian government began. Peter the Great persecuted the schismatics with particular stubbornness. The schismatic Cossacks, due to the force of historical circumstances, were therefore forced to flee from the Don to the Caucasus.
The book "History of the Kuban Cossack Army" (1910)
The struggle of the Russian government with these fugitives was captured by the executions of two prominent representatives of the schism - the Don Cossack Kostyuk and Ataman Manatsky. These were the leaders of the parties of dissident Cossacks who fled from the Don to the Caucasus. The third major leader of the schismatics was Ignat Nekrasov, after whom the fugitives themselves were named. The Nekrasovites left the Don under Peter the Great, much later after Kostyuk and Manatskaya laid down their heads, and formed the most stable group of free Cossacks in the Caucasus, who were looking outside their homeland for conditions for the implementation of religious freedom and institutions in the spirit of the original Cossack ideals. After the suppression of the Bulavinsky rebellion, says the historian of the Don army Rigelman, "Ignashka Nekrasov ran to his Esaulovskaya village and, taking his wife and children, went with all his comrades to the Kuban, and there, with accomplices and with all their gang, surrendered to the Crimean Khan" .
In itself, the Bulavin rebellion was a vivid manifestation of the people's strength and power, and Bulavin was one of the major fighters for the Cossack ideals. The Bulavin uprising was caused by the prohibition of the central government to accept fugitive landowners into the Cossacks. The Cossacks could not come to terms with this ban, and Bulavin, who laid down his life for Cossack freedom and autonomous rights, became the head of the popular movement. Nekrasov was Bulavin's right hand in this fight against government troops. Bulavin immediately made him a colonel and then entrusted him with the command of thousands of detachments. When Bulavin, defeated everywhere, shot himself in despair, Nekrasov took his place. Having made his way to the riding villages, Nekrasov gathered a new crowd of freemen and came with her to the Volga. Here he robbed the cities of Saratov and Tsaritsyn, and ravaged Kamyshenka, which had stubbornly resisted him, to the ground. Since, with the death of Bulavin, the Cossacks gradually began to bring guilt, Nekrasov found it impossible to continue the fight against government troops. Wanting to avoid captivity and execution, he made his way in 1708 with his accomplices to the Kuban. Two other Bulavin leaders also arrived here after him: Gavryushka Chernets and Ivashka Dranoy.
In the Kuban, the Nekrasovites took their place in the center of the former kingdom of the Bosphorus. At the direction of the Crimean Khan, they settled in three towns - Bludilovsky, Golubinsky and Chiryansky, on the Taman Peninsula between Kopyl and Temryuk. These small towns are named after the names of those villages from which the bulk of them arrived in the Kuban. fugitives were fortified with earthen ramparts and taken away from the Don by six copper and one cast-iron cannons. Subsequently, the community of Nekrasov Cossacks increased in numbers and strengthened economically. It must be assumed that the Nekrasovites already found in the Kuban part of the Cossack-schismatics who left the Don and that both the Agrakhan Cossacks-schismatics and the Cossacks-schismatics who settled in the mouths of the river merged with them. Labs. At least later, those and other natives disappeared from their former places of settlement, but the main influx in the Nekrasov community was given by new fugitives from the Don, who settled in settlements between the three named villages. The Nekrasovites, in the caustic language of Rigelman, "multiplyed themselves with Cossacks, the same thieves as they were themselves."
Translated into a more delicate language, this means that the Cossack freemen clung to the Nekrasovites, who did not want to put up with the order in their homeland or fled from under the whip and exile. All sorts of people, of course, got here; but the main coloring of the Nekrasov Cossack army was given by religious apostasy, elevated to a feat and breathing implacable fanaticism.
The Crimean Khan and the Tatars were able to use these qualities of "ignat-Cossacks". In their person they found staunch and embittered opponents of the Russian troops and those Cossacks who were on the side of Orthodoxy against the schism. The hostility of the fugitives, which originated in the Don, was transferred to the Kuban, and here not only did not die out, but ceaselessly smoldered like a spark that could flare up at any time into a huge fire.
The Nekrasovites became not only subjects of the Tatars, but also their allies. Their commitment to the khans was so great that the latter used part of the Nekrasovites against internal unrest and to suppress unrest among the Tatars. During raids and wars with the Russians, the Nekrasovites joined the ranks of the enemies of Russia and carried revenge and devastation to the places of their former homeland. The Tatars, having given the Nekrasovites asylum, gave them complete freedom in matters of faith and internal regulations. The Cossacks had their own administration, their own elected authorities.
Depending on the khan's administration, in their inner life the Cossacks were guided by age-old customs and historically established institutions.
At the head of the Cossack community was an elected military ataman and a "Cossack circle" or a gathering of full-fledged representatives of the community. These supreme governing bodies were equally inherent in the entire Nekrasov army and in those small units into which it was divided. While Nekrasov himself was alive, he was also a military ataman, by virtue of the already high authority that he enjoyed among the Cossacks, Tatars and Circassians. After the army atamans, undoubtedly, the most prominent persons in the army in terms of activity were elected.
Together with self-government, the Nekrasovites enjoyed the widest religious freedom, living among Muslims. The Tatars did not encroach either on their faith, or even on folk customs; Nekrasovites quite freely built churches, chapels and sent divine services to them according to their rites. Moreover, they organized sketes and monasteries, and the Tatars not only did not interfere with them, but also treated these religious institutions with due respect. The faith of the fathers, the "old faith" was among the Tatars under the protection of the authorities, as an inviolable shrine of the people.
Further, the Tatars provided at the disposal of the Nekrasov Cossacks a sufficient amount of land and various kinds of land. It must be assumed that the choice of the location of the settlements and the lands surrounding these settlements was made by the Cossacks themselves, and the Crimean Khan and his agents only agreed to this. The schismatics settled, in fact, in an area rich in fishing and convenient for hunting animals and marsh birds. At that time, the Kuban reeds and floodplains abounded with wild pigs, goats, deer, pheasants, geese, ducks, etc. living creatures, and the Cossacks were from time immemorial fishermen and trappers.
Since the Tatars were predominantly pastoralists and cattle breeding itself was carried out with the help of migrations, it is very possible that the choice of the place of settlement by the schismatic Cossacks in no way violated the interests of the nomadic Tatars, who needed more steppes than water and marsh lands. The Nekrasovites did not conduct extensive cattle breeding, although they bred excellent horses. Their main branches of economic activity have always been fishing and hunting. Finally, in their views on property, on international relations, and on the methods of waging war and military operations, the Cossacks and Tatars completely agreed on essential points.
Theft of cattle, the extraction of yasyr, the destruction of the dwellings of the enemy, the brutal reprisal against him were carried out in exactly the same way by the Nekrasov Cossacks as by the Tatars. Both were not temporary allies on the military field, but united representatives of the same system of relations, alien to humanity and respect for the human person. The allies went for prey in order to capture as many people as possible and steal as many cattle as possible. The population then turned into slaves and an object of valuable trade, and cattle entered the economic circulation.
And so, therefore, the four links that connected the Nekrasovites with the Tatars underlay the relationship: broad self-government, complete religious freedom, setting favorable conditions for the economy of the Cossacks and common views on the most important issues, property and international law. These are the general conditions under the influence of which a kind of Cossack community of Nekrasovites was formed in the Kuban.
The history of this community is directly related to the Kuban region and somewhat related to the history of the Black Sea army, which occupied the very places where the Nekrasovites used to live. Being in constant alliance with the mountaineers, Turks and Tatars, the Nekrasovites consistently participated in all the wars of Russia with the Turks and the Tatars and mountaineers dependent on them. In 1708 they settled in the Kuban, and in 1711, during the unsuccessful campaign of Peter the Great against the Prut, they devastated Russian villages in the Saratov and Penza provinces together with the Tatars. Peter the Great ordered the Nekrasovites and their allies to be punished for the raid. Apraksin, the governor of Kazan and Astrakhan, was ordered to send a detachment of Russian regular troops, Yaik Cossacks and Kalmyks to the Kuban.
Around the time when peace was concluded with the Turks on the Prut, this detachment destroyed a number of enemy settlements located on the right bank of the Kuban, including Nekrasov villages. This was the first punishment that befell the Nekrasovites in their new place of residence. Two years later, Nekrasov himself, his associates Senka Kobylsky and Senka Vorych with the Cossacks, participated in the devastating raid of the Crimean Khan Batyr-Girey on the Kharkov province; and in 1715 Nekrasov organized a whole detachment of spies sent to the Don region and Ukrainian cities.
About 40 Nekrasovites, led by a fugitive monastic peasant Sokin, penetrated the upper Khopra and the Shatsk province of the Tambov province. Under the guise of beggars and monastic brethren, they looked out for the location of Russian troops and incited the population to escape to the Kuban. But soon the actions of these spies were discovered and many of them paid with their heads for their audacious attempt.
Two years later, in 1717, the Nekrasovites, as part of a detachment of Kuban highlanders led by Sultan Bakhty-Girey, sacked villages along the Volga, Medveditsa and Khopra. Nekrasov himself with his Cossacks did not spare anyone and cruelly took out his anger against the persecutors of the split on the civilian population. Only the united forces of the military ataman Frolov and the Voronezh governor Kolychev defeated the Tatar troops and, together with them, the ferocious Nekrasovites were defeated.
Nekrasovites in Turkey (photo from the beginning of the 20th century)
In 1727, among the convicts were the instigators of the escape of the Don Cossacks to the Kuban to Nekrasov. According to the testimony of the fugitive soldier Serago, entire towns and villages were preparing to escape to Nekrasov in the Kuban. All the riding towns were inclined to flee, under the influence of general dissatisfaction with the order - the introduction of the census, passports, etc. In 1733, Ivan Melnikov from Nekrasov built bridges along the highway from Azov to Achuev with six comrades.
In 1736, the Crimean Khan sent Tatars and Nekrasovites to Kabarda "to take over the language." In 1737, the Nekrasovites, together with the Tatars and Circassians, ravaged and burned the Kumshatsky town on the Don. And so on, and so on. In the subsequent time, the Nekrasovites did not miss a single case in the raids of the highlanders and Tatars on Russian possessions. Above, when describing the struggle of Russian troops and Cossacks with the Caucasian peoples, these cases and the participation of Nekrasovites in the wars of Turkey with Russia have already been noted. in 1737, 1769, 1774, 1787, 1791
In a word, the Nekrasov Cossacks were enemies of the Russians right up to the very resettlement of the Black Sea people to the Kuban, and as such they met their new neighbors. But debt by payment is red. In retaliation for the Nekrasovites, the Don and Russian troops, together with the Kalmyks, repeatedly attacked the Nekrasovites and devastated their homes in campaigns for the Kuban. In 1736, according to the testimony of the Nekrasovite Naum Husek, the Don Cossacks with the Kalmyks burned three Nekrasov villages, captured several Nekrasovites with their wives and children, and drowned more of them in the river.
In the next 1737, the Cossacks and Kalmyks, destroying the Tatars and Circassians, burned the Nekrasov town of Khan-Tube, killed several Nekrasovites and stole their cattle. Of course, under the influence of these retributions, the mutual enmity between the Nekrasovites and the Don people grew. The Nekrasovites treated the Russians in general with even greater ferocity. There were, however, moments in the history of the Nekrasovites when both the Russian government and the Nekrasovites themselves were inclined towards a world peace: the Russian government repeatedly invited the Nekrasovites to return to their homeland, and the Nekrasovites, for their part, asked the Russian government for the same.
The agreement was hampered by various conditions set for resettlement by both sides, and sometimes by the conditions for attaching Nekrasovites outside the Kuban. During the war between the Russians and the Turks, Empress Anna Ivanovna agreed to forgive the Nekrasovites and provide them with their former places on the Don for residence. But the Nekrasovites could not take advantage of this, since they were held back by the Zakubans, who frightened the Cossacks with the Moscow gallows.
In 1762, Empress Catherine II allowed the schismatics, including Nekrasovites, who had fled from her, to move to Russia. The Nekrasovites did not accept this challenge, since the Russian government did not mention anything about the rights that were granted to the fugitives who returned to their homeland. In 1769, General de Medem addressed the Nekrasovites with a written proposal to move to the Terek, but the Nekrasovites did not even give an answer to this letter.
In 1772, the Nekrasovites themselves asked for permission from the Russian authorities to return to the Don; but the State Council, which was instructed by Catherine II to speak out on this matter, did not find it possible to give the former lands to the Nekrasovites and offered them to occupy free lands along the Volga. The Nekrasovites did not agree to such a resettlement. In 1775, the Nekrasovites, with the help of Count Rumyantsev, again began to ask for the Don, while the State Council found it possible to resettle the Nekrasovites in small batches, who were supposed to settle in different places in Russia, according to the instructions of the authorities. The Nekrasovites did not accept these conditions.
In 1778, Suvorov tried to return the Nekrasovites to Russia. According to the famous commander, the Nekrasovites at that time settled down in kurens two hundred paces from the seashore at the mouth of the Kuban on a cape, between the mountains in the forest. Here they had at their disposal a hundred boats, four dumbas, stretched out on land to protect them from the cruising Russian squadron. On these ships, the Nekrasovites intended to go, in favorable weather, to Anatolia. Suvorov himself personally spoke with some of the Nekrasovites through the Kuban, and sent two Don Cossacks to invite them to their homeland. The Nekrasovites did not accept Suvorov's proposals and detained the Cossacks. Since the Nekrasovites obviously did not trust the Russian authorities, Suvorov considered it necessary to issue the Supreme Manifesto on the forgiveness of the fugitives.
The Nekrasovites did not go back to Russia, mainly fearing lack of rights. Two circumstances - the deprivation of Cossack self-government in Russia and the persecution of a split, kept the fugitives from returning. to the homeland. Anger at the Russians grew and developed on the basis of mutual military raids and requisitions. The Nekrasovites, who previously occupied the Taman Peninsula, moved to the left bank of the Kuban River. During the reign of Anna Ivanovna, they were so constrained that the Crimean Khan, under whose authority they were, tried to resettle them in the Crimea to Balaklava.
The attempt failed and the Nekrasovites again settled in the Kuban. From the Taman Peninsula to the left bank of the river. The Kuban Nekrasovites moved in 1777 during the occupation of the Taman Territory by Russian troops. In 1778, the Crimean Khan himself with the Tatars drove them out of Phanagoria. In 1780, the Nekrasovites entered into an agreement with the Turks and accepted Turkish citizenship. Around this time, part of the Nekrasovites moved from the Caucasus to Bulgaria - to Dobruja on the Danube. Up to 100 of their families, however, remained on the left side of the Kuban, living in the mountains along with the Circassians. The Black Sea people came into contact with these Nekrasovites who remained in the Caucasus, having moved to the Kuban.
The Nekrasovites accepted the Chernomorians with hostility and treated them treacherously. In the winter of 1792, the Cossack kuren Dyadkovsky Peter Maly, being engaged in fishing, crossed, at the invitation of the Nekrasovites, to the left side of the Kuban. The Nekrasovites, who transported Malago through the Kuban in their boat, acted treacherously with him. When Maly, noticing the danger, tried to escape to the right bank of the Kuban, they seized him, slightly wounded him with a dagger, took away his gun, took off his clothes and tied him with a belt belt, took him to the mountains and sold him as a slave to a Circassian Murza for 4 cows with calves, one ox, a gun and 6 pieces of sheep. Subsequently, Maly escaped from captivity, and one of the Nekrasovites who captured him, Mazan, who was caught near the Kuban, confessed during interrogation to the murder and drowning of Russians and the sale of 11 people to the Circassians into captivity.
Maly himself saw 7 soldiers from Russian light horse regiments in captivity among the Circassians. In 1793, Golovaty reported to Suvorov that a Cossack picket under the command of military colonel Chernyshev, who was standing at the Temryuk girl, was attacked on the night of April 9 by 20 people who had crossed from the opposite side of the Kuban in boats. Chernyshev, quickly joining the two pickets into one team, entered into a shootout with the attackers. Of the Chernomorians, the foreman Chernoles and slightly three Cossacks were wounded. The next day, in the morning, 4 people who died from wounds were found in the reeds, "who, by their clothing and other signs," turned out to be Nekrasovites.
Sometimes the Black Sea people, mistaking the Nekrasovites by their clothes for their own, were themselves captured by them. In 1795, Roman Rudenchenko, the Cossack of Medvedovsky's kuren, having accepted, in foggy weather on the banks of the Bugaz estuary, two Nekrasovites for his Cossacks, was robbed by them and taken to the mountains. Here, in different places, Rudenchenko saw up to 60 people of various ranks of Russian people, captured by Circassians and Nekrasovites. Rudenchenko himself was sold in Anapa to a Turkish official, from where he fled to the Black Sea coast. These isolated cases of clashes exhaust the relationship of the Black Sea residents to their Russian neighbors. At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th centuries, the Nekrasovites partly went over to their co-religionists on the Danube and moved to Anatolia, and partly, in isolated cases, seemed to dissolve in the Circassian mass, merging with it. Consequently, the Russian neighbors of the Black Sea - Nekrasov did not have any noticeable influence on the military life and official position of the Black Sea Cossacks, and even more so on the whole army.
The history of the Nekrasovites represents only an episodic section of the local Kuban history, which, therefore, could not be passed over in silence.
Precepts of Ignat Nekrasov
1. Do not submit to tsarism. Do not return to Russia under the tsars.
2. Do not connect with the Turks, do not communicate with the non-believers. Communication with the Turks only when needed (trade, war, taxes). Quarrels with Turks are forbidden.
3. The highest power is the Cossack circle. Participation from the age of 18.
4. Decisions of the circle are executed by the ataman. He is strictly obeyed.
5. Ataman is elected for a year. If he is guilty, he is removed ahead of schedule.
6. Decisions of the circle are obligatory for all. Everyone is watching the performance.
7. All earnings are handed over to the military treasury. From it, everyone receives 2/3 of the money earned. 1/3 goes to kosh.
8. Kosh is divided into three parts: 1st part - army, weapons. 2nd part - school church. 3rd - help to widows, orphans, old people and others in need.
9. Marriage can only be entered into between members of the community. For marriage with non-Christians - death.
10. Husband does not offend his wife. She, with the permission of the circle, can leave him, and the circle punishes her husband.
11. To acquire good is obliged only by labor. A real Cossack loves his work.
12. For robbery, robbery, murder - by decision of the circle - death.
13. For robbery, robbery, murder in war - by decision of the circle - death.
14. Shinkov, taverns - do not keep in the village.
15. There is no way for Cossacks to become soldiers.
16. Keep, keep the word. Cossacks and children must go on talking in the old way.
17. A Cossack does not hire a Cossack. He does not receive money from his brother.
18. Do not sing worldly songs during fasting. You can only old ones.
19. Without the permission of the circle, the chieftain Cossack cannot leave the village.
20. Only the army helps orphans and the elderly, so as not to humiliate and not be humiliated.
21. Keep personal assistance confidential.
22. There should be no beggars in the village.
23. All Cossacks adhere to the true - Orthodox old faith.
24. For the murder of a Cossack by a Cossack, the killer is buried alive in the ground.
25. Do not engage in trade in the village.
26. Who trades on the side - 1/20 profit per kosh.
27. The young honor the elders.
28. Cossack must go to the circle after 18 years. If he does not walk, they take a fine twice, on the third - they flog. The fine is set by the chieftain and foreman.
29. Ataman to elect after the Red Hill for a year. Esaul to elect after 30 years. Colonel or marching ataman after 40 years. Military ataman - only after 50 years.
30. For cheating on her husband, he is beaten with 100 lashes.
31. For the betrayal of his wife - to bury her neck in the ground.
32. They beat you to death for theft.
33. For the theft of military goods - they flog and a hot cauldron on the head
34. If confused with the Turks - death.
35. If a son or daughter raised a hand against their parents - death. For insulting the elder - whip. The younger brother does not raise his hand to the elder, the circle will punish with whips.
36. For treason to the army, blasphemy - death.
37. Do not shoot at Russians in a war. Don't go against blood.
38. Stand up for the little people.
39. There is no extradition from the Don.
40. Whoever does not fulfill the precepts of Ignat will perish.
41. If not everyone in the army is wearing hats, then you can’t go on a campaign.
42. For violation of Ignat's precepts by the chieftain - to punish and remove him from the chieftainship. If, after punishment, the chieftain does not thank the Circle "for science" - flog him again and declare him a rebel.
43. Atamanship can last only three terms - power spoils a person.
44. Keep no prisons.
45. Do not put a deputy on a campaign, and those who do it for money - to be executed by death as a coward and a traitor.
46. Guilt for any crime establishes the Circle.
47. A priest who does not fulfill the will of the Circle is to be expelled, and even killed as a rebel or a heretic.
Issues of emigration and re-emigration Nekrasov Cossacks enjoyed steady interest among domestic researchers during the 19th-20th centuries. Unfortunately, even at the beginning of the XXI century. some aspects of the history of a unique ethno-confessional group have not been fully studied.
The phenomenon of religious emigration in Russia was caused by the church reform of Patriarch Nikon in the middle of the 17th century, which gave rise to a split in the Orthodox Church and persecution of the Old Believers by the state. The lower strata of Russian society, defending the "old faith", expressed their protest against the strengthening of feudal oppression, sanctified by the official church.
Social protest under a religious shell took at the end of the XVII - beginning of the XVIII centuries. massive character. So, Old Believers actively participated in the Peasant War of 1670-1671, the Solovetsky uprising of 1668-1676, the Moscow uprising of 1682. Particularly noteworthy is the participation of the Verkhovsky schismatics in the Don uprising of 1688-1689, after the defeat of which part of the Cossacks, led by Ataman Lev Manotsky went to the river Kumu.
From Kuma, as a result of the persecution of the authorities, the Old Believers moved in groups to different regions of the North Caucasus, including 300 Cossacks - to the Kuban in the Kopyl area, and then in the vicinity of Anapa. Thus, since the end of the XVII century. in the Kuban there was the first Cossack settlement, the number of which was constantly replenished by fugitive Cossacks, peasants and townspeople.
During the Bulavinsky uprising of 1707-1709. Cossack Old Believer became the closest associate of K. Bulavin Ignat Fedorovich Nekrasov(c. 1660-1737), the brightest and most outstanding figure among the rebels. Nekrasov led the Bulavin detachments along the Don and Volga, and after the death of Bulavin, he led the uprising. However, by the end of August 1708, the rebels on the Don were defeated, and then Nekrasov, with two thousand Cossacks and their families, fled to the Kuban, where he settled in the Khan-tepe area (not far from Temryuk), establishing here Nekrasov community.
The Old Believers brought the order of the Don Cossack self-government to the community they created in a foreign land. The highest authority in Nekrasovites there was a circle - a general gathering of Cossacks who had reached the age of 18. Ataman was elected by a circle for one year and exercised executive power. The third part of the earnings of the community members went to the military treasury for the maintenance of schools, churches, the sick, the elderly and the armament of the Cossacks. All punishments were established in the community by the circle.
For two and a half centuries of the existence of the community Nekrasovites created a kind of code of laws - more than 170 "precepts of Ignat", recorded in " Ignatov book". The precepts, as a rule, were distinguished by great severity: “for treason to the army, shoot without trial”, “for marriage with non-believers - death”, “for the murder of a member of the community, the guilty person is buried in the ground”, The religious instructions of the schismatics were just as severe: “for blasphemy, shoot ”, “a priest who does not fulfill the will of the circle can be expelled and even killed as a rebel, a heretic”, “hold on to the old faith”.
The Old Believers treated the woman with respect: “a husband who offends his wife is punished around”, “a husband should treat his wife with respect”, “for raping a woman, beat with whips to death”,
The Kuban schismatics continued their struggle against tsarism for three decades. In 1709-1710. Nekrasov sent appeals to the Don about an uprising and periodically appeared in Sloboda Ukraine with rebel detachments. In "charming letters" to the population, the Bulavins wrote that "we stood for the old faith and for the house of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and for you, and for all the mob, and so that we do not fall into the Hellenic faith".
The calls of the schismatics found a wide response among the Cossacks and serfs of the South of Russia, who went to the Kuban, to the "free lands", entire villages and villages. By 1710 there were up to 10 thousand Nekrasovites. Tsar Peter I turned to the Turkish Sultan with a request to extradite Russia Nekrasov and his assistants, and in 1720 he issued a special decree - Nekrasovites and those who harbor them should be executed without mercy.
After death Nekrasov Empress Anna Ioannovna offered " ignat-cossacks"to return to their homeland, promising to forget their "treason" and give the land. But they refused, remembering the covenant of the ataman - not to return to Russia under the tsar. By decree of the Empress, the Don ataman Frolov ravaged the Kuban towns of the Old Believers for two years in a row, which forced them in groups in the 1740s and 1760s. move to Dobruja, the mouth of the Danube and the island of Razelm, which were under Turkish rule. Fishing, hunting and agriculture remained their main trades, as in the Don and Kuban.
The policy of "carrot and stick" Nekrasovites continued Catherine II. During the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. over the Nekrasovites, potential allies of Turkey, the threat of reprisals from Russia loomed. After the capture of Anapa by the Russian detachment of General I.V. Gudovich in 1791, the last Kuban " ignat-cossacks"went to Bessarabia and Bulgaria.
The appearance at the same time of Russian troops on the banks of the Danube forced Nekrasovites move from Dobruja to Asia Minor on the shores of the Aegean and Marmara Seas.
Initially, the Turkish authorities released Nekrasovites from taxes and duties, did not interfere in the Cossack self-government, exposing them only to the requirement to participate in wars against Russia.
After the abolition of serfdom and the start of other liberal reforms in Russia Nekrasovites refused to fight against it - and immediately lost all their former privileges. Old Believers They were driven from their habitable places to the semi-desert island of Madu on Lake Beisheira, where epidemics and famine began among them. The Turkish authorities imposed increased taxes on the Nekrasovites, introduced military service for them not only in wartime, but also in peacetime, unceremoniously interfered in the internal affairs of the community, which contributed to its destruction.
Events of the Revolution of 1905-1907 in Russia and the adoption of a number of laws on religious freedom prompted Nekrasovites to the idea of returning home.
Their first place of settlement was Sochi District The Black Sea province is the least developed and populated among other districts and had similar climatic conditions with the place of the former residence of the Old Believers.
inviting Nekrasovites to settle in the Sochi District, the authorities pursued a specific goal - to oust the local Turks from the fishing and coasting trades and, most importantly, to stop smuggling from Turkey, disguised as coasting. And the Nekrasovites were not only good farmers and hunters, but also excellent fishermen and coasters, which was not typical of other Slavic settlers.
During 1908-1909. the resettlement department picked up Old Believers several plots of land: some in the coastal strip, others in the upland. In 1908, 1910 and March 1911. the sites allocated for settlement were examined by Nekrasov walkers under the guidance of the headman Moiseev. Everything was done by them sedately, thoroughly and unhurriedly. One site in the town of Guarek (near the village of Lazarevskoye) Nekrasovites rejected, the rest - in Matrosskaya Shchel (near Golovinka), in Imeretinskaya Bay and Babuk-Aul, - approved.
The first and, as far as the author knows, the last party of Nekrasov settlers in the pre-revolutionary period appeared on the Dagomys roadstead on May 27, 1911. Old Believers arrived in the amount of 616 people (306 males) from the town of Hamidiye in the Brussky vilayet of Turkey, from the shores of the Sea of Marmara.
The settlers were temporarily settled in the village. Volkovka, and already on June 1 a group of 100 people. went to Babukov-Aul to choose the estate, where they formed a village named after the legendary ataman - Nekrasovka. At the same time, 36 families of Old Believers settled in the Imeretinskaya Bay area, with an area of 147 acres of convenient land, where the Marlinsky settlement was created. Rest Nekrasovites settled on a site in 223 dess. convenient land in Matrosskaya Shchel, also naming the village in memory of his leader - Ignatievka. None of the original names of the Old Believer settlements took root, primarily because the majority of Sochi Nekrasovites in the mid-20s. moved to the Don region.
In all villages Nekrasovites prayer houses were opened. One of them (Protection of the Most Holy Theotokos) acted in the village. Imeretinskaya Bay until the end of the 20s. 20th century
On January 1, 1915, 44 families lived in Babuk-Aul Old Believers(184 people, of which 99 men and 85 women ..), in Matrosskaya Shchel - 45 families (205 people, 107 men and 98 women), in Imeretinskaya Bay - 42 families (208 people, 105 men . and 103 women). The decrease in the number of migrants over 3.5 years by 19 people is due to the excess of their mortality over the birth rate, in particular, from malaria, which is common in the coastal zone.
The environment contributed to the formation of the specialization of the farms of the local Old Believer communities. So, the Primorye Old Believers were mainly engaged in coastal and seasonal fisheries, and the Upland ones were engaged in hunting, cattle breeding and agriculture. The norm of land allotment in the coastal zone was lower (2-2.3 dessiatines) than in the upland (3 dessiatines per male per capita), which was due to the lack of free land in the coastal zone. Despite the presence of free land in the mountainous Babuk-Aul (the total area is 2635 dessiatines, of which 675 are convenient land), most Nekrasovites preferred to settle in the coastal zone, although with smaller allotments. This choice was due, on the one hand, to the absence of upland roads, on the other hand, to the primordial occupation Old Believers sea industries.
It should be noted that remigration Nekrasovites was suspended as a result of a chain of dramatic events - the First World War, two revolutions and the Civil War in Russia.
Political and economic stabilization in Soviet Russia as a result of the NEP in the early 1920s. allowed to resume the return Nekrasovites to the homeland. This was facilitated by the conduct of a special course of the Bolsheviks in relation to the sectarians and Old Believers affected by tsarism. The Soviet government was impressed by the collective farming in Old Believer communities similar to communes. The Bolsheviks did not forget the fact that even at the beginning of the 20th century. Nekrasov fishermen in Constanta illegally delivered the Iskra newspaper to Russia.
In the autumn of 1921, to ensure the re-emigration of sectarians and Old Believers, an Organizing Commission for the Resettlement of Sectarians (Orgkomsekt) was created under the People's Commissariat of Land. At the beginning of 1922, a special appeal of the Organizing Committee to Old Believers and sectarians who suffered from the oppression of the tsarist authorities, with an appeal to return to Russia and join in the construction of socialism.
The commission determined the place of possible resettlement of those returning to Russia: in the Stavropol province (250 thousand desyatins), in the Don (615 thousand desyatins), Terek (250 thousand desyatins) and Kuban-Chernomorsk regions (150 thousand desyatins). Here it was planned to create sectarian districts, where the economy would be built on a collectivist basis.
Already in the middle of 1922, the first applications were received Nekrasov Cossacks with a request to return home. On November 30, 1923, the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR allowed the resettlement of Nekrasovites from Turkey in the amount of 300 households (1500 people). For a number of reasons, this process dragged on until 1926, and then, due to the collapse of the NEP and the intensification of political repressions, it was stopped until Khrushchev's " thaw."
Most Sochi Old Believers by the mid 20s. decided to move to the uninhabited Don lands. A number of reasons contributed to this decision: the lack of land suitable for farming, the infertility of the soil, the difficult living conditions in the upland zone, and the increased tax burden. During 1925-1926. all Old Believers from Babuk-Aul, Matrosskaya Shchel and part of the Imeretinskaya Bay moved in the amount of 412 people. in the Mechetinsky district of the Don district. According to the 1926 census, 202 Old Believers lived in Imeretinskaya Bay (53 farms, 93 men and 83 women), and there were no Old Believers in Matrosskaya Shchel. By the end of 1926, the Sochi Old Believers remained only in the Imeretinskaya Bay.
In 1962, a significant group returned to the USSR from Turkey Nekrasovites who settled in the Stavropol Territory, Rostov and Volgograd regions, Georgia. The descendants have not forgotten ignat-cossacks”and Kuban, where their first community was created. They settled in the Novo-Nekrasovsky farm of the Primorsko-Akhtarsky district; in the farms of Potemkinsky and Novopokrovsky of the same region and the village of Vorontsovka of the Yeisk region of the Krasnodar Territory. A small community of Nekrasovites has survived in the village. Imeretinskaya Bay, where they continued to engage in fishing.
Researchers note that in the new socio-economic conditions, the isolation of communities is being destroyed Old Believers, democratization of patriarchal family relations, there is a process of moving away from religion. In the culture of modern Nekrasovites, ethnographers record the presence of both ancient elements in the language, customs, clothing, folklore and the appearance of borrowings from Turkish and Bulgarian cultures. In general, original culture Nekrasovites still waiting for its researchers.
And this is the most "bayanene" photograph of the Nekrasovites in Turkey, on Lake Mainos, early. 20th century.
On July 6, 1707, the tsar sent a decree to Colonel Prince Yuri Dolgorukov to restore order on the Don: “... to find all the fugitives and send them with their escorts and wives and children to the same cities and places where someone came from.” But the autocrat probably knew perfectly well the unwritten law of the Cossacks: "There is no extradition from the Don." On September 2, 1707, Yuri Dolgorukov arrived in Cherkassk with two hundred soldiers. Ataman of the Donskoy army Lukyan Maximov and the foremen formally agreed with the royal decree, but they were in no hurry to carry it out. Then the prince decided to start catching the fugitives himself. However, the nobleman did not understand that he was not in the Ryazan region, and to catch the fugitives he split his forces into several detachments. On the night of October 8-9, 1707, the Cossacks, led by Kondrat Bulavin, killed Dolgorukov himself, 16 officers and clerks, the soldiers were disarmed and released on all four sides. Thus began the famous Bulavin uprising.
On April 12, 1708, the tsar ordered Major of the Life Guards Vasily Dolgorukov, brother of the murdered Prince Yuri, to suppress the Bulavin uprising. Peter’s instruction on dealing with the Don Cossacks is curious: “Because these thieves are all on horseback and very light cavalry, it will be impossible for them to be reached with regular cavalry and infantry and for that only send the same for them by reasoning. To walk around those towns and villages (of which the main pier town is on Khoper) that stick to theft and burn them without a trace, and cut people, and factory owners on wheels and stakes, so that it is more convenient for them to tear off the desire to pester theft from people, for this saryn, except for cruelty, cannot be appeased. The rest relies on the reasoning of Mr. Major.
On July 5-6, a stubborn battle took place near the walls of the Azov fortress, during which the Cossacks of Ataman Lukyan Khokhlach were utterly defeated and fled. Khokhlach himself surrendered.
On July 7, in Cherkassk, Cossack foremen led by Ivan Zershchikov staged a coup. Kondrat Bulavin was killed, and according to another version, he shot himself.
According to the descriptions, Ignat Nekrasov was of a strong build.
Only the raid of ataman Ignat Nekrasov along the Volga to Kamyshin and Tsaritsyn was successful. Upon learning of the death of Bulavin, Nekrasov led his people to the Perevolochna region (between the Don and the Volga). And later, the Nekrasovites had to go over to the side of the Ottoman Empire.
Being surrounded by non-Christians, the Cossacks conserved their customs and rights. The “Covenants” preserved in their memory the image of ancient social relations, forgotten by the Cossacks under the rule of Russia. One of the Russian officials (V.P. Ivanov-Zheludkov), who visited Mainos (Turkey) in 1865, told about the extraordinary honesty that reigned in the Nekrasov settlement: “Everyone unanimously assured me that if Nekrasovets had a bag of chervonets lying under his feet, he would not even take one, on the grounds that nothing could be taken on his own land.” Just as interesting is his testimony that chieftains, even during service, are responsible for misconduct on an equal basis with other members of the community: life. In the same way, they lay them face down and in the same way make them bow to the ground and thank with the words: “Save Christ, what did you teach!”; then he is given a mace, a symbol of his power, which some old man takes away for the duration of the punishment. Having handed over the mace, everyone falls at the ataman’s feet, yelling: “Forgive Khryasta for the sake of, lord ataman!” - God will forgive! God will forgive! - answers, scratching, the chosen one of the people, and everything goes back to the previous order ".
Teaching children, musical literacy on "hooks". Among the Old Believers, singing books are written not with notes, but with pre-schism signs - "hooks". This singing is called - adverb.
As an example, you can listen here - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gPbFF2cCXEM
THE TESTAMENTS OF IGNAT
(a set of rules elevated to the rank of law by Nekrasov Cossacks)
1. Do not submit to tsarism. Do not return to Russia under the tsars.
2. Do not connect with the Turks, do not communicate with non-believers. Communication with the Turks only when needed (trade, war, taxes). Quarrels with Turks are forbidden.
3. The highest power is the Cossack circle. Participation from the age of 18.
4. Decisions of the circle are executed by the ataman. He is strictly obeyed.
5. Ataman is elected for a year. If he is guilty, he is removed ahead of schedule.
6. Decisions of the circle are obligatory for all. Everyone is watching the performance.
7. All earnings are handed over to the military treasury. From it, everyone receives 2/3 of the money earned. 1/3 goes to kosh.
8. Kosh is divided into three parts: 1st part - army, weapons. Part 2 - school, church. Part 3 - assistance to widows, orphans, the elderly and others in need.
9. Marriage can only be entered into between members of the community. For marriage with non-Christians - death.
10. Husband does not offend his wife. She, with the permission of the circle, can leave him, and the circle punishes her husband.
11. To acquire good is obliged only by labor. A real Cossack loves his work.
12. For robbery, robbery, murder - by decision of the circle - death.
13. For robbery and robbery in the war - by decision of the circle - death.
14. Shinkov, taverns - do not keep in the village.
15. There is no way for Cossacks to become soldiers.
16. Keep, keep the word. Cossacks and children must hum in the old way.
17. A Cossack does not hire a Cossack. He does not receive money from his brother.
18. Do not sing worldly songs during fasting. Can only be old.
19. Without the permission of the circle, the chieftain Cossack cannot leave the village.
20. Only the army helps orphans and the elderly, so as not to humiliate and not be humiliated.
21 Keep personal assistance confidential.
22. There should be no beggars in the village.
23. All Cossacks adhere to the true - Orthodox old faith.
24. For the murder of a Cossack by a Cossack, the murderer is buried alive in the ground.
25. Do not engage in trade in the village.
26. Who trades on the side - 1/20 profit per kosh.
27. The young honor the elders.
28. Cossack must go to the circle after 18 years. If he does not walk, they take a fine twice, on the third - they flog. The fine is set by the chieftain and foreman.
29. Ataman to elect after the Red Hill for a year. Esaul to elect after 30 years. Colonel or marching ataman - after 40 years. Military ataman - only after 50 years.
30. For the betrayal of her husband, he is beaten with 100 lashes.
31. For the betrayal of his wife - to bury her neck in the ground.
32. They beat you to death for theft.
33. For the theft of military goods - a hot cauldron is whipped on the head.
34. If confused with the Turks - death.
35. For treason to the army, blasphemy - death.
36. If a son or daughter raised a hand against their parents - death. For insulting the elder - whip. The younger brother does not raise his hand to the elder, the circle will punish with whips.
37. Do not shoot at Russians in war. Don't go against blood.
38. Stand up for the little people.
39. There is no extradition from the Don.
40. Whoever does not fulfill the precepts of Ignat will perish.
41. If not everyone in the army is wearing hats, then you can’t go on a campaign.
42. For violations of Ignat's precepts by the ataman - to punish and remove from atamanship. If, after punishment, the chieftain does not thank the Circle "for science" - flog him again and declare him a rebel.
43. Atamanship can last only three terms - power spoils a person.
44. Keep no prisons.
45. Not to put a deputy on a campaign, and those who do it for money - to be executed by death as a coward and a traitor.
46. Guilt for any crime establishes the Circle.
47. A priest who does not fulfill the will of the Circle is to be expelled.
The banner of the Nekrasovites.
For more than 240 years, the Nekrasov Cossacks lived outside of Russia as a separate community according to the "precepts of Ignat", which determine the foundations of the life of the community. According to various sources, from 2 thousand (500-600 families) to 8 thousand Cossacks with their wives and children left together with Nekrasov . Having united with the Cossacks-Old Believers who left for the Kuban back in the 1690s, they formed the first Cossack army in the Kuban, which accepted the citizenship of the Crimean khans and received fairly broad privileges. Runaways from the Don and ordinary peasants began to join the Cossacks. The Cossacks of this army were called Nekrasovites, although it was heterogeneous.
Preparing the bride for the wedding.
First, the Nekrasovites settled in the Middle Kuban (on the right bank of the Laba River, not far from its mouth), in a tract near the modern village of Nekrasovskaya. But soon the majority, including Ignat Nekrasov, moved to the Taman Peninsula, founding three towns - Bludilovsky, Golubinsky and Chiryansky.
For a long time, the Nekrasovites made raids on the Russian border lands from here. After 1737 (with the death of Ignat Nekrasov), the situation on the border began to stabilize.
In 1735-1739. Russia several times offered the Nekrasovites to return to their homeland.
Having not achieved a result, Empress Anna Ioannovna sent the Don ataman Frolov to the Kuban. Unable to resist the Russian troops, the Nekrasovites began resettling in Turkish possessions on the Danube. In the period 1740-1778, with the permission of the Turkish Sultan, the Nekrasovites moved to the Danube. On the territory of the Ottoman Empire, the sultans confirmed to the Nekrasov Cossacks all the privileges that they enjoyed in the Kuban from the Crimean khans.
This year was the anniversary, 50 years since the last Nekrasovites returned from Turkey. On September 22, 1962, 215 families living there with a total of 985 people returned to Russia from the village of Kodzha-Gol (until 1938 - Bin-Evle or Eski-Kazaklar, in Nekrasov's name Mainos) from Turkey, the village of Kodzha-Gol. In total, by 1962, about 1,500 Nekrasovites moved to Russia and the USSR, of which a little more than 1,200 Maynos. Now their descendants live in the villages of Kumskaya Dolina and Novokumsky, Levokumsky district of the Stavropol Territory.
A few pictures - the first steps on the native land. Whether the Cossacks made a good or a bad decision, we cannot judge ... but part of the Nekrasovites did not go to the USSR, but moved to the USA, where they are called "Turks".
On September 5, 1962, they arrived in Prikumsk, which was the name of the city of Budennovsk at that time, from Turkey to the USSR, for permanent residence, arrived by rail from Novorossiysk, where, in turn, sailed on the ship "Georgia" from Istanbul.
By the way, one kid was born on the ship and at the station in Prikumsk, too, the first on Russian soil, Kondrat Poluektovich Shepeleev.
a site for thinkers and seekers decided to remind readers about the history of our country and the Cossacks, who were an example of unshakable courage, courage and loyalty to the faith of their ancestors.
We thank the author Dimitry Urushev both for the material provided to us in a timely manner and for the simplicity of presentation and presentation. This text is part of Essays on the history of the Russian Church, which was published with the support of the site.
To everyone who is interested in this topic, we recommend that you familiarize yourself with the extended material "", and also, if possible, visit the scheduled September 19-22 international "Linguistic ecology: problems of disappearing languages and cultures in history and modernity", which will take place in the modern settlement of Nekrasov Cossacks in the village of Novokumsky, Levokumsky district, Stavropol Territory.
It is the duty of every man to defend his land and his family from invaders, robbers and oppressors. The sacred duty of every Christian is to defend his faith and his Church from heretics and atheists.
Love for Christ and His Church is above love for the motherland and kindred. After all, a foreign land can become a new homeland, and someone else's relatives can become a new family. But no one and nothing can replace the Orthodox faith and the Orthodox Church. Under Tsar Peter, this was proved by the Nekrasov Cossacks, who left their fatherland for the sake of preserving the faith.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the south of Russia was buzzing. The banks of the Don and Volga were engulfed in a people's war led by ataman Kondraty Afanasyevich Bulavin. Its participants - Russians and Little Russians, Cossacks and barge haulers, townspeople and peasants - opposed chiefs and officials, governors and boyars, usurers and rich people.
The war began when Colonel Dolgorukov arrived from Moscow to the Don with a detachment of soldiers. He was ordered to find the serfs who had fled from the landowners and return them to their owners. But according to the old custom, all those who found refuge on the Don were considered free people - Cossacks. And the appearance of the tsarist troops angered the Don people.
The colonel, with unheard of cruelty, set about capturing the fugitive peasants, sparing neither women, nor the elderly, nor children. Bulavin and the Cossacks stood up for their brothers and sisters. On the night of October 9, 1707, they attacked Dolgorukov's detachment, killed all the soldiers and the colonel himself.
The uprising was supported by poor Cossacks, landless peasants, and oppressed Old Believers. But the prosperous Cossacks were against Bulavin, they did not want to shed blood for squalor, they did not want to quarrel with Moscow. The rich conspired and killed the ataman on July 5, 1708. Upon learning of this, the king was so delighted that he ordered prayers to be served and cannons to be fired.
The rebellion was put down. The sovereign troops plundered and burned many Cossack villages and carried out frightening executions: men were quartered and hanged, and women and children were drowned. The royal military leaders executed about 24 thousand people, including many pious priests, deacons and monks.
Bulavin himself held to the old faith. Most of his associates were Old Believers - Nikita Goly, Ignaty Nekrasov and Lukian Khokhlach. Therefore, they urged people to speak out not only against the oppressors, but also against the "Hellenic faith" - Russian Orthodoxy, changed by Nikon according to the Greek model. They called on the people to rise up in defense of ancient church piety.
Kondraty Bulavin, on behalf of the Don army, addressed the commoners:
- We have all become unanimous in order to stand with all zeal for the house of the Most Holy Theotokos, for the true Christian faith, for our souls and heads, a son for a father and a brother for a brother, to stand for each other and die together.
Nikita Goly explained to the common people:
“We don’t care about black. We care about the boyars and those who do lies. And you, homeless, go out of all the cities on horseback and on foot, naked and barefoot. Go, don't be afraid! You will have horses, weapons, clothes and a monetary salary. And we stood for the old faith, for the house of the Most Holy Theotokos and for you, for all the mob, so that we would not fall into the Hellenic faith.
APPEAL OF KONDRATY BULAVIN
(from a message to the Kuban Cossacks)
Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on us. Amen.
From the Don atamans-well done, from Kondraty Afanasyevich Bulavin and from the whole great army of the Don to the servants of God and seekers of the name of the Lord, the Kuban Cossacks, Ataman Saveliy Pafomovich and all the atamans-well done petitions and congratulations.
We tearfully ask for mercy from you, atamans-well done, we pray to God and inform you that we sent our military letters to the Kuban about peace between you and us and a strong state, how the old Cossacks lived ahead of this.
Yes, let us inform you, fellow chieftains, about our former foremen and comrades. Last year, 1707, they were written off with the boyars, so that on our river Russian alien people would be sent out without a trace, whoever came from where. And for those of them, formerly former foremen, with the boyars, they sent a letter and advice, the boyars, from themselves to us on the river, Colonel Prince Yuri Dolgorukov, with many initial people [officers] in order to ruin the entire river for them.
And they began to shave their beards, also change the Christian faith, and the hermits who live in the desert for the sake of the name of the Lord. And they wanted to introduce the Christian faith into the Hellenic faith.
And how they, the prince with the foremen, went along the Don and along all the rivers to search for and expel the Russian people, sent the initial people from themselves. And he, the prince, with our foremen, with his comrades, went along the Seversky Donets to the towns [Seversky Donets is the right tributary of the Don]. And they, the prince with the foremen, being in the towns, burned many villages with fire and beat many old-timers-Cossacks with a whip, cut their lips and noses. And they hung babies from trees. All the chapels with the shrine were burned down...
And now we, our sovereigns, fathers, Saveliy Pafomovich and all the atamans-well done, promise God that we will stand for piety, for the house of the Most Holy Theotokos, for the Holy Catholic Apostolic Church and for the traditions of the seven ecumenical councils, as they, saints, at seven ecumenical councils approved the Christian faith and laid it down in the patristic books.
And in that we asked each other souls, kissed the cross and the holy Gospel, so that we all stand in unity and die for each other.
Although the war for Cossack freedom and the old faith was lost, Bulavin's cause did not die. He was continued by Ataman Ignatius Fedorovich Nekrasov, a zealous Christian and a courageous warrior.
Nekrasov sent envoys to Russia who called on the Cossacks and peasants to move to the Kuban in order to live freely under the khan, and not vegetate without rights under the tsar. Then many left their homeland and went to a foreign land, although the authorities in every possible way prevented this. The freedom-loving people who united around Ignatius Nekrasov began to be called Nekrasovites.
This is how a Christian community arose, in which the orders of self-government of the Don army were preserved, brotherhood and mutual assistance reigned. The highest power in it belonged to the circle - the general assembly. Ataman was elected around for one year. The circle judged according to the laws of Nekrasov, which were called "".
Here are some of them:
- do not submit to the kings, do not return to Russia under the kings;
- not a single member of the community can leave without the permission of the circle or chieftain;
- one third of the earnings the Cossack hands over to the military treasury;
- for treason to the army to shoot without trial;
- for marriage with non-believers - death;
- for the murder of a member of the community, the guilty person is buried in the ground;
- A husband should treat his wife with respect;
- a husband who offends his wife is punished with a circle;
- hold on to the old faith;
- to be shot for blasphemy.
Strict adherence to the "precepts" helped the Nekrasovites survive in the Basurman environment, preserve the Orthodox faith and the Russian people.
Ataman Nekrasov died in 1737. Soon the annexation of the Kuban to Russia began, which ended in 1783 under Empress Catherine II. Not wanting to live under the rule of the kings, the Cossacks gradually left the Kuban and moved to the area of Dobruja on the Black Sea coast. Then these lands belonged to Turkey, and now they are divided between Bulgaria and Romania.
But the borders of Russia were expanding and moving towards Dobruja. Again there was a threat to fall under the royal power. And then most of the Nekrasovites moved to Turkey and settled on the shores of Lake Mainos [Mainos (Manyas) is a large freshwater lake in the western part of Turkey].
Living in a closed community, surrounded by an alien Turkish environment, the Cossacks held firm - they preserved the Don self-government, their native language, folk songs and legends, Russian clothes, and the memory of Ataman Nekrasov. His "precepts" were recorded in the "Ignatov Book". She was kept in a special casket in the church. They also kept the banner of Nekrasov.
Return of the Cossacks, oil on canvas, 1894, by Józef Brandt The community had a school where boys were taught. A third of the funds received by the Cossacks from agriculture, cattle breeding and fishing went to the school and church, to the maintenance of the elderly and the sick, to armaments.
The Nekrasovites remained faithful to the "precepts of Ignat" and did not return to Russia under the tsars. Only in the 20th century, when the autocratic power was overthrown, did they move to their homeland.
The material was provided by the Old Believer historian and writer Dimitri Urushev for publication on the site.
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