Chronological table of campaigns and military expeditions of the Nekrasovites. Nekrasovtsy (Ignat-Cossacks). On the Danube and in Asia Minor

The history of the Nekrasovites began with an open confrontation with Peter I. The rebellious Cossacks were forced to leave for the Don, and then to Turkey, where they stood under the Turkish banners. They returned back in the middle of the twentieth century.

Cossack uprising

During the Northern War, the peasants in Russia had a hard life, and many of them decided to flee to the Don, to the Cossack lands. In 1707, Peter I issued a decree on the search for runaway peasants, and Prince Yuri Dolgoruky himself became the main person in charge.

When Yuri Dolgoruky arrived at the Cossacks, they decided that catching serfs beyond the Don was a violation of the established tradition and revolted. Dolgoruky was able to return about two thousand peasants, but others joined the Cossack rebel army led by Kondraty Bulavin.

The brutality of the war with the capital was reflected in his notes by the Bakhmut ataman himself: “And many of our brother Cossacks were tortured with a whip, they beat and cut their noses and lips in vain, and they took wives and girls on the bed forcibly and repaired all kinds of abuse over them, and the children of our babies trees were hung by the feet.

Bulavin, together with a small army, managed to attack the detachment of Prince Dolgorukov from an ambush, as a result of which Yuri Dolgoruky and his entire detachment died, and Peter I sent a new 32,000-strong army led by Yuri's brother, Vasily Dolgoruky.

Bulavin, appointed chieftain of the Don Cossacks, decided to go to Moscow, but had much smaller forces at his disposal, and he decided to divide the army into three parts. One of them went to besiege Saratov, and after the failure settled in Tsaritsyn. Another group met with Dolgoruky's army and was defeated. The third detachment was led by Bulavin himself, and with him he tried to take Azov. After the failure of the Cossacks, a conspiracy was drawn up against him, the ataman was killed, and the Don Army swore allegiance to the Russian Tsar.

Ignat Nekrasov

Meanwhile, the troops of Ignat Nekrasov, located in Tsaritsyn, were determined to continue the fight. Nekrasov decided to return to the Don with cannons and an army, while the other part of the Cossacks remained in Tsaritsyn. The group that remained in Tsaritsyn was soon defeated, and when Nekrasov met with the tsarist troops from Cherkassk, he was also defeated.

After the defeat, Nekrasov took the remaining Cossacks, according to various estimates - from two to eight thousand people, and went, fleeing the tsar's troops, abroad, to the Kuban. The Kuban was then the territory of the Crimean Khanate, and the Cossacks-Old Believers who left Russia in the nineties of the 17th century lived on it. Having united with them, Nekrasov founded the first Cossack army in the Kuban and the Cossacks accepted the citizenship of the Crimean khans. The fugitive Cossacks from the Don and the peasants gradually joined this coalition.

The Nekrasovites first settled on the right bank of the Laba River, where the modern village of Nekrasovskaya is located. In the future, the Cossacks moved to the Taman Peninsula, founding an increasing number of towns. The Cossacks constantly attacked the Russian border lands, and only the death of Ignat Nekrasov returned the situation to a more peaceful course.

Anna Ioannovna in 1735-1739 repeatedly offered the Cossacks to return home, but there was no result. Then the empress sent the Don ataman to the Kuban in order to bring back the recalcitrant Nekrasovites. In fear of the extensive military campaign that the Russian troops launched, the Nekrasovites moved to the Danube, from the Crimean to Turkish possessions.

Pushkin recorded the transition of the Ignatov Cossacks under the Turkish banners: “Spears were seen from the side of the Turks, they had not experienced them before; these spears were Russian: the Nekrasovites fought in their ranks.”

"Testaments of Ignat"

In 1740, the resettlement to the Danube began. The sultans of the Ottoman Empire gave the Nekrasov Cossacks all the same powers that they had under the patronage of the Crimean khans. In the Ottoman Empire, the Cossacks settled in the Dobruja region, located in the territories of modern Romania and Bulgaria, and their neighbors were the Lipovans, the bespopov Old Believers from Russia, who moved there during the church reforms of Patriarch Nikon.

The Cossacks followed the "precepts of Ignat" - 170 strict laws recorded in the "Ignat Book". Among them were such severe commandments as "for marriage with non-believers - death" or "for the murder of a member of the community, bury in the ground."

The Nekrasovites were soon forced to share their lands with the Cossacks, who moved to the same lands after the whitewash over the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775. Despite their courage and courage, disputes with the Cossacks haunted the Nekrasovites, and they began to leave Bessarabia and move further south. The remaining Nekrasovites mixed with the Lipovans and other Old Believers and lost their ancient customs and traditions.

Further, the Nekrasovites were able to settle on the coast of the Aegean Sea in eastern Thrace and in Asian Turkey - on Lake Mainos. After an epidemic passed among the Nekrasovites in Thrace, the survivors went to Mainos, but the united community could not contain social and religious contradictions for a long time. In the 1860s, part of the Maynos left the community and founded their own settlement on the lake island of Mada in southwestern Turkey. Due to epidemics and contaminated water in the lake, the population of the breakaway group of Nekrasovites rapidly decreased.

Homecoming

Already in the 1860s, the Turkish authorities were dissatisfied with the Nekrasovites, increased taxes, introduced military service and took away land near Lake Mainos. This was due to the fact that the Nekrasovites refused to oppose Russia, which the Turks tried to oblige them to do.

By 1911, there were less than a thousand Ignat Cossacks living in both settlements, and most of them wanted to return to Russia.
In 1911, a small number of Nekrasovites left for Russia in order not to serve in the Turkish army, despite the covenant of Ignat “not to return to Rasey under the tsar.”

After that, the authorities of Turkey and Russia allowed re-emigration, but the Nekrasovites were forbidden to settle in the Don or Kuban, and were sent to Georgia. After the declaration of independence of Georgia, the Cossacks will soon have to move again, to the Kuban. About two hundred more families remained by that time in Turkey.
There was no mass resettlement of Ignat Cossacks after 1914. Despite the permission, many families from the village of Mainos decided to stay where they were. However, the second wave of remigration began 50 years later, in 1962: then almost 1,500 Nekrasovites from Turkey returned to Russia.

Emigrants sailed from Turkey to the USSR on the ship "Georgia", and this memorable moment is still celebrated by modern Nekrasovites. At the moment, their descendants live in the Stavropol Territory. However, several dozen families then refused to enter the USSR and were accepted into the United States. Only one family of Ignatov Cossacks remained in Turkey.

When the Nekrasovites returned to Russia, they retained their customs - they wore pectoral crosses, beards, baptized children and buried the dead, but at the same time their children went to Soviet schools, and they themselves worked on state farms. Until now, the songs of the Nekrasovites have been preserved, the refrains in which alternate between Russian and Turkish and retain an oriental flavor:

Turkish tunes and Russian songs and ditties mixed together, creating a rich and original folklore tradition. In modern life, the Ignatov Cossacks also adopted some of the Turkish traditions: they like to sit on rugs with their legs crossed and drink coffee, cook corn and chorba.

Cossacks Nekrasov. Nekrasov Cossacks are the descendants of the Don Cossacks, participants in the uprising of Kondraty Bulavin of 1707-1709, who, after the death of Bulavin (July 7, 1708) and the defeat of the main forces of the rebels, refused to lay down their arms and left on August 24-25, 1708, led by Ataman Ignat Fedorovich Nekrasov from Don to Kuban. According to legend, “forty thousand Cossacks” went to the Kuban with Nekrasov in “7217” (that is, in 1709 according to our calendar). In fact, according to modern historians, 18 thousand Cossacks of military age left, and if you count together with their families - up to 80 thousand. In the Kuban, having united with the Old Believers of Levka Manatsky, who had fled there in 1688, the Nekrasovites created a free Kuban Army and defended themselves from the tsarist troops until 1741: they raided the Don and the southern outskirts of Russia, burned and hanged princes, boyars, "domestic" Cossacks, rebelled people, they accepted the fugitives, they sent negotiators with "charming" letters. Nekrasov himself died in battle in 1737. In the "summer of 7249" (1741), the Kuban community split. Indigenous Nekrasovites - the descendants of the rebels, under pressure from Russian troops, go to the Danube to Dobruja - the Romanian land, which was under Turkish rule. In 1762, part of the Old Believers left the Kuban. After wandering, one of their branches is connected with the Danubians, the other dissolves in the Turkish Black Sea. In 1777, the remaining Kuban Old Believers moved to the Danube. In 1775, the Danube Delta became the last refuge of the free Cossacks: the Transdanubian Sich appeared next to the Nekrasovites. Soon, conflicts began between the Cossacks of the two troops over land, which led to an internecine war. In the 1780s, the Russians occupied the Crimea, took Izmail and went to the Danube, and by 1791 the Nekrasovites went deep into Turkey to Enoz and Mainoz (to the Aegean Sea at the mouth of the Enos River and to Lake Mainos, 25 km from the port city Bandirma on the Sea of ​​Marmara). In 1828, the Einos moved to Mainos. Those who remained on the Danube - Old Believers and late settlers - by the middle of the 19th century had lost the old Cossack traditions. But the Danube, like the Kuban before, still remained a refuge for fugitives from Russia. Mainos, although greatly thinned from epidemics, continued to preserve the Don customs of the 17th century and observe the “precepts” of Ignat Nekrasov. The Cossacks did not mix with the local population, they did not plow the land, they were engaged in fishing. This continued until the mid-1860s. In 1864, the Maynos refused to take part in the Turkish wars. In response, Turkey increased taxes to the Cossacks, introduced a military tax, settled the lands around the Army with Muhajirs - Muslims from the Caucasus, and began selling the remaining plots to the Cossacks. 70 families of Mainos bought land for themselves, the community split into fishermen and landowners. The fishermen were in the majority, the circle was under their control, but economically they began to become dependent on the landowners. The "precepts" were violated ("the Cossack began to work for the Cossack"). In 1867, 157 families - adherents of the "covenants" - left Mainos for the island of Mada in Lake Beysheira. This attempt to revive the old way of life failed. Mada's "submarine" land turned out to be deadly: the water in the lake was contaminated, thick evening fogs spread death. But the Cossacks, even after the intervention of the Russian mission, refused to leave: they died and sent people to look for the legendary "City of Ignat", allegedly founded a long time ago by the "correct" Nekrasovites "beyond the Sand Sea". Almost all of Mada's colonists perished without finding their City; some returned. By 1912, only 8 families remained alive on Mada. The Maynos also searched for the "City of Ignat", but they also did not find it. It was never on the map. The city lived in the Nekrasovites themselves - as the embodiment of the Cossacks' dream of a free and just world. By the beginning of the 20th century, the hope of finding the "City of Ignat" had died. There was a legend about the death of that legendary lost branch of the Nekrasovites. In 1912-1913, 150 families of Mainos decided to return to their homeland. The tsarist authorities did not let them go to the Don, citing a lack of land, and settled them in the Caucasus, 5 km from the Notanebi station, in the village of Laitur, but retained their traditional rights: the old faith, the Cossack title and internal self-government, built houses and allocated 10 acres woods for the family. In 1917, after the February Revolution, the Georgian national government invited the Nekrasovites to leave the region, and the Cossacks went to the Kuban, to the village of Prochnookopskaya in the Armavir region. The Kuban Rada refused them land. Young Nekrasovites went to fight in the Red Army. The Soviet government gave the Nekrasovites land and money for construction, but the former Cossack form of government - the circle - was destroyed. The settlers founded the Novo-Nekrasovsky farm 25 km from the Akhtarskaya station. Soon, Lipovans from the Danube began to move to Russia - to the Novo-Pokrovsky (1921) and Potemkinsky (1924) farms. In 1947, another 20,000 Danubian families were resettled from Romania to the Yeysk region. On September 22, 1962, the last 215 Nekrasov families living there returned to Russia from Turkey, the village of Kyoja-Gel (until 1938 - Bin-Evle or Eski-Kazaklar, Mainos in Nekrasov) - a total of 999 people (the thousandth Nekrasov was born already on the way to steamboat). Another, small part of the Maynos - several dozen people - moved to the Russian Old Believers in America. The Mainos community ceased to exist. But the story of the Nekrasovites continues. Although Ignat Nekrasov himself died in the Kuban, folklore versions of his fate are different: there are legends about how he leads the Cossacks from the Kuban to the Danube or from the Danube to Mainos, or leaves and founds "beyond the Sand Sea" a new "City of Ignat", where they cannot to get the remaining Nekrasovites, or is still wandering around the world in search of a better life for the Cossacks ... Nekrasov's banner, shot through by a bullet at the base of the Old Believer cross, his gospel and seal were handed over to the NKVD. The fate of the "Book of Ignat", containing the "Testaments", is unknown.

Sen D.V. Nekrasov Cossacks in the Kuban // Donskoy Vremennik. Year 2013 / Don. state publ. b-ka. Rostov-on-Don, 2012. Issue. 21. P. 114-118..aspx?art_id=1193

NEKRASOV COSSACKS IN THE KUBAN

To the 305th anniversary of the departure of the Nekrasov Cossacks to the Kuban

Part 1

On that day [after] August 22, 1708, the Cossack detachment of Ignat Nekrasov, on whose help the rebels counted in the Esaul town, managed to reach only Nizhny Chir. Esaulov town was besieged by the troops of Prince V.V. Dolgoruky. The rebels surrendered. The massacre was brutal: more than two hundred people were executed. Some of them were quartered, and the rafts with the hanged men were sent down the Don.

Fearing to be squeezed in ticks by the troops of V.V. Dolgoruky and P.I. Khovansky, the Cossacks of Nekrasov decided to leave for the Kuban, according to a plan developed in general terms by Bulavin. This retreat can be regarded as an Exodus, since the Cossacks left "in 2000 people, with wives and children, leaving burdens and abandoning their belongings" . It is also important that at the end of August 1708, Nekrasov was followed, as the foreman F. Shidlovsky pointed out, by the wives of the Cherkassy Cossacks, who were persecuted.

For the Cossacks of I. Nekrasov, who crossed the Don near the Lower Chir to the Nogai side of the river and further to the Kuban, they organized a chase. The Kalmyks could not or did not want to catch up with the rebels: they declared that "they did not steal anywhere in the form of those thieves' Cossacks."

Another pursuit, numbering 1,000 people, also did not bring success to the pursuers. Reporting this to the order of the Kazan Palace, Prince P.P. Khovansky noted: “But it’s notable that they went to the Kuban or Agrakhan.” Interestingly, it was mainly the riding Cossacks who retreated to the Kuban - mostly the Old Believers. Hundreds of Cossack families managed to escape the massacre; not one of the influential associates of K. A. Bulavin, the leaders of the rebels, was captured by the punishers - neither I. Nekrasov, nor I. Pavlov, nor I. Loskut, nor S. Bespaly.

No one could give the Cossacks security guarantees in the Kuban. Of course they knew where they were going. For example, even Bulavin came into contact with the first Kuban Cossacks, subjects of the Crimean khans. But the risk of staying in the Nogai possessions of the khans was high.

In addition, a heavy burden on them was the task: to quickly find a shelter for their wives and children. It was the first years of the “embedding” of the Nekrasov group of Cossacks in the troubled life of the Crimean Khanate that had the most significant impact on their choice and, more significantly, on the choice of the Crimean khans. There is no need to talk about the idealization of relations with the Nogais: a Cossack sent from the Kuban from the "thief Nekrasov" showed that "the Kuban owners want to send them out." The questioning speeches of the Nekrasov Cossacks for October 1710 contain information about the precariousness of the situation in the Kuban, who are "in the power of the Crimean Khan" supporters of Nekrasov.

Nekrasov's Cossacks made their choice in favor of the ruling Gireys quickly, voluntarily and not without the participation of the first Kuban Cossacks, who won protection and patronage from the Gireys already at the end of the 17th century. The Nekrasovites found a temporary shelter in Zakubanye, where they remained as early as 1711. And in 1709, I. A. Tolstoy wrote that “thieves and traitors Ignashka Nekrasov and their comrades still live beyond the Kuban near Cherkess in the yurt of Allavat Murza.” We can say that the Cossacks chose the area of ​​​​historical residence of the first groups of Kuban Cossacks as their place of residence - obviously, in the interfluve of the Kuban and Laba. Ignat Nekrasov managed to find a safe place for his detachment - on the outskirts of the Crimean Khanate, in the lands of the Navruz Tatars, some of whom could express dissatisfaction with the next appearance of the Cossacks in these lands. Such security, albeit relative, allowed I. Nekrasov and his associates to launch a large-scale campaign to agitate the Don Cossacks to leave for the Kuban, as well as to avoid their possible extradition to Russia by Devlet-Girey II, who declared in 1709 to the Russian envoy Vasily Bleklom: “... something give me what I don't have. I de him [Nekrasov. - D.S.] refused and sent a decree so that he would not be in the Crimea and the Kuban, where and how he came, he would have left.

The result of the first years of the stay of the Nekrasov Cossacks in the Kuban was impressive: the Russian authorities were worried about the continuation of the “Bulavinism” in the lands subject to the Crimean Khan. The Kuban campaign of 1711 under the command of P. M. Apraksin was not least determined, as sources testify, by the need to protect against the "Crimean Tatars and Kuban thieves' Cossacks."

The Nekrasovites themselves managed to more or less get comfortable, contacting the Nogai population in different ways. The contractual relations of the Cossacks with the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey II, presumably, were formed quickly: he eventually refused to extradite the Nekrasovites to Russia.

During the Russian-Turkish war (1710-1711) and subsequent military conflicts in 1711-1713, the Nekrasovites actively took the side of the Crimea. According to Swedish diplomats, already in 1711 Nekrasov was in close relations not only with Devlet Giray II, but also with the Swedish ambassador in the Crimea. The Cossacks more than once found themselves in different areas of military clashes. So, from the testimony of the captive Cossack L. Vasilyev in the Bakhmut Voivodship Office (October 1712), it follows that “The Sich is now standing in the Kardashino tract, from the Crimea in one day by horse. Koshev is the thief Kostya Gordeenko, and with him the Don Cossacks acquirers, who together with Nekrasov left ... ".

In the course of campaigns in Ukraine and other Russian lands, the Nekrasovites captured prisoners, participating in the division of the “full”. Later sources also note the participation of the Nekrasovites in the attacks of the Crimean troops on the territory of the Russian state.

In 1720, by decree of the Military Collegium, the death penalty was introduced for failure to inform on "Nekrasov's spies" (such a term began to be used in Russian clerical documentation). Repeatedly, the Don Cossacks were sent royal orders regarding precautionary measures "against the arrival of the Crimeans, Kuban, Cossacks and Nekrasovites." The authorities, acting flexibly, even went so far as to forgive those Nekrasov supporters who dared to leave the Kuban.

In the letter of Count F. M. Apraksin to the Don Cossacks for 1711, it is said that “which the Cossacks, although they have become decent in treason with the thief Ignashka Nekrasov, will come from him, and so His Royal Majesty, in his mercy, will deign to leave guilt, if only they they deserved their sin in the present case by their faithful and diligent service. The participation of the Nekrasov Cossacks in the events of 1710-1713 and the solution of the "Nekrasov issue" by the articles of the Prut and Adrianople peace treaties predetermined their resettlement to the Right-Bank Kuban with the foundation of several towns. During the life of Nekrasov, another remarkable event took place: the formation of various Cossack groups of the Kuban into a single army (the initial period of its formation was the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries). Since we still do not know when the Army received the name "Ignatov", we propose to call it the Kuban (Khan) Cossack.

Throughout the 18th century, the Crimean khans - with the possible exception of Shagin Giray - did not persecute the Kuban Nekrasov Cossacks. On the contrary, one can speak of the Gireys' historical experience of supporting these subjects of theirs. At the heart of their "prosperity" lay the Old Believer ethics, devotion to the khans, who treated them more than loyally. This position resonated, for example, in the confessional policy of the Gireys: by the middle of the 18th century, the Kuban had become one of the largest centers of the “Old Believer world”, covering the vast expanses of the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate, the Commonwealth and the Russian Empire.

Church construction went on at a rapid pace, and a scriptorium arose. At the time described, the Cossacks solved an important problem in general - "getting" priests from Russia for their churches. The Cossacks could not afford to build a church for a long time. But in the town of Khan-Tyube, in the early 1720s, one of the first chapels in the Kuban in the 18th century was erected, which delighted the eyes of all Orthodox who came to this Cossack military center. It was in the chapel of the main Nekrasov town that the Old Believer Archimandrite Joseph made a contribution (donated an old Gospel), who fled from Russia to the Kuban from persecution in the early 1720s. The content of one of the contributions, made no later than August 31, 1722, is unique: “In 230, they fled from the forest monastery separately from persecution. As for the archimandrite, appear in the Kuban, and Abbess Sophia will die. And I gave this book as a memory to her soul to the Kuban to the town of Khandub to the Cossack chapel to forever commemorate the abbess monk Sophia according to the church order forever.

Unlike the Crimean khans and the Ottoman Turks, the Russian authorities for many years persecuted the Old Believers, who increasingly turned their eyes towards the Kuban - a far and near workshop for copying manuscripts, mainly in monasteries at the same time. Characteristic for the fugitives from Russia is the belief that in the Kuban "the old believe" and are not persecuted for the old faith. Although, on the other hand, the motivation for fleeing to the Kuban to the Nekrasovites could not concern issues of faith.

It happened that the Nekrasov Cossacks pretended to be residents of the Don villages; though sometimes the trick failed. One day, the Don Cossacks, crossing the Yegorlyk River in 1716, saw a group of horsemen. Unknown people answered the questions, “as if they were their Don Cossacks from Panshina and Kagalina villages and they go to the Kuban for prey.” it was them. Even greater problems were caused to the Russian authorities by the so-called "luring", which the Nekrasovites have been doing for decades. The flight to the Kuban in 1752 of eight Cossacks of the Manotskaya village made it necessary to consider the issue that was sore with Russia at a rather high diplomatic level - in Istanbul, since it was useless to negotiate with the khan. To the claims of the Russian side, he replied that, although he was privy to the essence of the issue, he could not help in any way. The Russian attorney A. M. Obreskov presented a note to the Ottoman government, in which a demand was made to no longer accept fugitives to the Kuban and not to take an oath.

Plan
Introduction
1 Relocation to the Kuban
2 On the Danube and in Asia Minor
3 Return to Russia

Bibliography Introduction Nekrasovites ( Nekrasov Cossacks, Nekrasov Cossacks, ignat-cossacks) - the descendants of the Don Cossacks, who, after the suppression of the Bulavinsky uprising, left the Don in September 1708. Named after the leader Ignat Nekrasov. For more than 240 years, the Nekrasov Cossacks lived outside of Russia as a separate community according to the “precepts of Ignat”, which determined the foundations of the life of the community.

1. Relocation to the Kuban After the defeat of the Bulavin uprising in the fall of 1708, part of the Don Cossacks, led by ataman Nekrasov, went to the Kuban, the territory that at that time belonged to the Crimean Khanate. In total, according to various sources, from 2 thousand (500-600 families) to 8 thousand Cossacks with their wives and children left with Nekrasov. Having united with the Cossacks-Old Believers who left for the Kuban back in the 1690s, they formed the first Cossack army in the Kuban, which accepted the citizenship of the Crimean khans and received fairly broad privileges. Runaways from the Don and ordinary peasants began to join the Cossacks. The Cossacks of this army were called Nekrasovites, although it was heterogeneous. First, the Nekrasovites settled in the Middle Kuban (on the right bank of the Laba River, not far from its mouth), in a tract near the modern village of Nekrasovskaya. But soon the majority, including Ignat Nekrasov, moved to the Taman Peninsula, founding three towns - Bludilovsky, Golubinsky and Chiryansky. For a long time, the Nekrasovites raided Russian border lands from here. After 1737 (with the death of Ignat Nekrasov), the situation on the border began to stabilize. In 1735-1739. Russia several times offered the Nekrasovites to return to their homeland. Having not achieved a result, Empress Anna Ioannovna sent the Don ataman Frolov to the Kuban. Unable to resist the Russian troops, the Nekrasovites began resettling in Turkish possessions on the Danube. 2. On the Danube and in Asia Minor In the period 1740-1778, with the permission of the Turkish Sultan, the Nekrasovites moved to the Danube. On the territory of the Ottoman Empire, the sultans confirmed to the Nekrasov Cossacks all the privileges that they enjoyed in the Kuban from the Crimean khans. On the Danube, they settled in the Dobruja region in the floodplains, next to the Lipovans, who still live in modern Romania. On the Danube, Nekrasov Cossacks mainly settled in Dunavtsy and Sary Kay, as well as in the villages of Slava Cherkasskaya, Zhurilovka, Nekrasovka and others. After the defeat of the Zaporozhian Sich in 1775, the Cossacks appeared in the same places. In disputes over the best fishing spots between the Nekrasovites and the Cossacks, it began to come to armed clashes. After the Cossacks took the Nekrasov Dunavets and resettled the Zaporizhzhya Kosh from Seimen, in 1791 most of the Nekrasovites left the Danube and moved further south, splitting into two groups. One of them settled on the coast of the Aegean Sea, in Enos in eastern Thrace, the other - in Asian Turkey on Lake Mainos (Manyas, the modern name is Lake Kush), 25 km from the port city of Bandirma. By the beginning of the 19th century, two groups of Nekrasovites had formed - the Danubian and the Maynos. Some of the Nekrasovites of the Danubian branch, which remained faithful to the "precepts of Ignat", subsequently replenished the settlements of the Nekrasovites on Mainos, and those remaining in Dobruja were completely absorbed by the Lipovans, which were significantly predominant in number, and assimilated into them. environment and the Old Believers arriving in that area from Russia, lost the language of their ancestors, customs, folklore, legends and songs about Ignat, his “precepts”. Although it was beneficial for them to continue to be called Nekrasovites, in view of the provision by the Turkish authorities of a number of privileges. The Nekrasovites from Mainos called them “Dunaki” or “Khokhols” and did not recognize them as their own. From Enos, the Nekrasovites moved to Mainos in 1828 and completely merged into the Maynos community. In the second half of the 1860s, part of the Maynos (157 families), as a result of a split in the community, left and founded a settlement on the island of Mada (on Lake Beyshehir). Their fate turned out to be tragic - as a result of the epidemic, "seaside" land and contaminated water in the lake, by 1895 only 30 households remained on Mada, and by 1910 only 8 families remained in the village. Thus, the community of Nekrasov Cossacks living according to the "precepts" remained only on Mainos and a small part on Mada. In the 60s of the XIX century, some tendencies of deterioration in relations between the Nekrasovites and the Turkish authorities began to appear, which subsequently led to the impossibility of the community living in Turkey. 3. Return to Russia At the beginning of the 20th century, the religious, cultural and property split of the community ended against the background of the deterioration of the position of the Nekrasovites in Turkey (increased tax oppression, military service and the seizure of part of the land on Lake Mainos in favor of the Muhajirs), faith in the possibility of finding the mythical "City of Ignat ". By 1911, less than 1,000 Nekrasov Cossacks remained in the settlements on Mainos and Mada. In a letter from the Caucasian governor to N.A. Bugrov dated October 26, 1910, 175 families were mentioned. Eski-Kazaklar, with a total of 729 people of both sexes. In 1911, during a survey of the Nekrasov settlement, it turned out "that more than half of them want to move to Russia, namely 418 people, of which 202 are male and 216 are female." duty”, left for Russia in 1911 in order to avoid serving in the Turkish army, which was the very first unofficial wave of immigrants. Despite Nekrasov's covenant “not to return to Russia under the tsar”, with the permission of the Russian government and the Turkish authorities, their remigration to Russia began. The Nekrasovites did not receive permission to settle in the Don or Kuban, but were sent to Georgia. The first official wave of re-emigrants was insignificant. On land plots booked in Georgia since 1911 for a group of returnees from 45 families in 1912 from the village. Mainos, only 35 families left. In total, in 1912-1913, 70-80 families left. Having founded two villages of Uspenskoye and Voskresenskoye, the Cossacks lived there for only a few years, and after the declaration of independence of Georgia and the establishment of the power of the Menshevik government (beginning of 1918), they were all forced to move again, this time to the Kuban, to the village of Prochnookopskaya, and in the spring 1919, the Kuban Legislative Rada enrolled 246 Nekrasov Cossacks (aged 1 to 71 years) into the Kuban Cossacks and they were allocated land plots about 30 km from the Primorsko-Akhtarskaya village, where by the summer of 1920 the Nekrasovites had founded the Nekrasovsky farm and Novonekrasovsky, later merged into one - Novonekrasovsky. About 170-200 families remained in Turkey. In 1925, the last three families from Mada came to the Soviet Union and settled in the Novo-Nekrasovsky farm. In 1927, 170 Nekrasov families of the village of Mainoz in the amount of 507 souls, despite permission, did not come to the USSR. Research by Alexandra Mosketti-Sokolova in the work “Historical and Cultural Relations of the Nekrasov Cossacks and Lipovans” and new archival documents considered in the candidate’s monograph historical sciences D. V. Sen - ““ The Army of the Kuban Ignatovo Caucasian ”: the historical paths of the Nekrasov Cossacks (1708 - the end of the 1920s)”, give full reason to believe that any mass resettlement of the Nekrasovites after 1914 to 1962 did not have. The Cossack dictionary reference book (compiled by A. I. Skrylov, G. V. Gubarev.), Published in 1970 in the USA and published on its basis in 2007. "Encyclopedia of the Cossacks" (Moscow, publishing house "Veche"), call the number Nekrasovites who returned to their homeland before 1958 in 7200 people, obviously mistaking the Old Believers Lipovans (“Dunaks”) for Nekrasovites, including more than 2 thousand families who arrived in 1947 from Romania in the Soviet Union and settled in the Yeysk region. September 22, 1962 years from Turkey, the village of Kodzha-Gol (until 1938 - Bin-Evle or Eski-Kazaklar, in Nekrasov's name Mainos) returned to Russia 215 Nekrasov families living there with a total of 985 people. In total, by 1962, about 1500 souls moved to Russia and the USSR of both sexes, of which a little more than 1,200 Maynos. In 1963, several dozen Nekrasovites and "Dunaks", a total of 224 people who refused to leave for the Soviet Union, were accepted into the USA. Only one family remained in Turkey.

Bibliography:

Dobruja in ESBE on the server Gatchina3000.ru Encyclopedia of the Cossacks. Moscow "Veche", 2007, p. 275

Attracting dissatisfied people into their ranks, the Nekrasovites either themselves appeared within Russian borders, or sent their agitators to the Don and other regions, who advocated leaving for the free Kuban. Campaigns to the Don were undertaken not only as actions in the fight against tsarism, but were also a means of replenishing people, horses, gunpowder and food. So, in 1710, I. Nekrasov, at the head of a 3,000-strong detachment, appeared in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov and became a camp on the river. Byrd. From here he sent his people to the Cossacks with an appeal to raise uprisings and join him. He clearly wanted to stir up the Don, who had subdued after the suppression of the Bulavin movement. Such a demarche was not in vain: in August 1711 Kazan Governor P. M. Apraksin was sent to the Kuban with regular Russian regiments and Kalmyks. However, he failed to defeat the Nekrasovites, and, having lost 150 soldiers and 540 Kalmyks, P. M. Apraksin was forced to return.
In 1713, the Nekrasov chieftains Semyon Kobylsky and Semyon Voroch, together with the Kuban Nogais, went on a campaign near Kharkov. In 1715, Nekrasov's agitators managed to take many Cossacks and peasants to the Kuban from the Don and from the Tambov district. In 1717, Ataman S. Voroch went with the Cossacks on a campaign against the Volga. Rumors that it is good to live in the Kuban, there are no landlords, they are not punished for the old faith, excited the population of the Don and Volga, there were many who wanted to flee to the Kuban. The government and local authorities took steps to stop these escapes. The archives have preserved the sentences of the authorities, which listed the fugitives caught and the punishments set for them: "beat with a whip mercilessly and, tearing out their nostrils, exile forever to Siberia." The military collegium even decided to punish with death anyone who did not report the appearance of Nekrasov's spies.
In the 1730s, during the reign of Anna Ioannovna and her cruel favorite Biron, vigorous attempts were made to liquidate the Nekrasov free community in the Kuban. On the one hand, proposals were made to return to Russia, but no guarantees of a normal existence were given. On the other hand, punitive expeditions were carried out. So, in 1736-1737. Nekrasov towns were twice destroyed by government troops. True, the Nekrasovites, warned by the Nogais, managed to escape behind the Kuban in time.
The Crimean Khan was interested in their stay in the Kuban, as he appreciated them as experienced and brave warriors, but he could not openly support them as former Russian rebels. Therefore, from the beginning of the 40s. Nekrasovites begin to gradually leave the Kuban in search of a quieter haven. Yes, in the mid-1950s. some of them moved to the Danube. The rest continued to raid the southern lands of Russia together with the Tatars. In 1769, the last Tatar raid was undertaken, in which the Nekrasovites also participated.
The government of Catherine II promised the Nekrasovites forgiveness "for their previous faults", allowed them to return to Russia, but was against their compact residence on the Don. This did not suit the Nekrasovites.
In September 1777, the tsarist troops under the command of General I.F. Brink were again sent against the Nekrasovites. Upon learning of this, part of the Cossacks fled beyond the Kuban to the highlanders, and the other part tried to go up the Kuban by boat, but met by the tsarist artillery, which opened fire on the boats, the Nekrasovites were forced to hide in diligent floodplains. The stay of the Nekrasovites in the Kuban became unsafe for them. The new Crimean Khan Shagin-Girey, who took the throne with the help of Russia in the spring of 1777, demanded their resettlement in the Crimea, in fact, under the supervision of the Russian military command. Therefore, in 1778, with the permission of the Turkish Sultan, most of the Nekrasovites moved to the Ottoman Empire.

Only at the beginning of the XX century. the first batch of Nekrasovites returned to Russia. The last group of Nekrasovites, several hundred people, returned to Russia, settling in the Kuban and Stavropol Territory, in 1962.


The memory of the Motherland and its call turned out to be very strong among the descendants of the Nekrasov Cossacks, primarily because they did not dissolve far from Russia, in an alien environment for them, retaining their culture, customs and native Russian language.
The story of P. P. Korolenko about the life of the Nekrasovites in Turkey.
“Most of the Nekrasovites moved to Asian Turkey on Lake Mainos. Here they founded 5 villages. They lived in close observance of the precepts of Nekrasov: power belongs to the circle, the ataman is elected for a year, the family gives a third of the earnings to the common treasury, marriage with non-Christians is punishable by death, for treason - execution without trial. Cossacks are engaged in cattle breeding and hunting. Fish are caught in the Marmara, Black, Aegean, Mediterranean Seas and lakes of Turkey.”

Testaments of Ataman I. F. Nekrasov:
Do not submit to the tsar, do not return to Russia under tsarism.
Power in the community belongs to the circle.
Hold on to each other, do not leave the village without the permission of the circle.
Secretly helping the poor, obviously helping the circle.
The mother-woman is protected by a circle.
In the war with Russia, do not shoot at your own people, but shoot over their heads.
A Cossack does not work for a Cossack.
Every craft to have, to work.
Cossacks do not keep shops, do not be merchants.
Do not associate with Turks, do not marry Muslim women.
Churches not to be closed.
Respect the elders for the young.
Cossacks must love their wives, not offend them.

In photo 1 - Nekrasovites in Turkey. In the center with glasses - Bokachev Timofey.
In the photo 2 - At the top in the center is Sinyakova Serafima Filippovna. Turkey, p. Kojagyol.
In the photo 3 and 4 - Nekrasov Cossacks, Novokumsky village, Levokumsky district.