Intelligence control and communications complex Strelets. All about the combat equipment “Ratnik. The scheme of interaction of the "Tipchak" complex

The ground forces of the modern army need a large amount of special equipment and electronic equipment. In particular, artillery needs radar reconnaissance systems capable of monitoring the specified territory and monitoring the results of firing. Currently, the main domestic means of this class are complexes of the Zoo family.

Complex 1L219 "Zoo"

The development of the 1L219 "Zoo" radar artillery reconnaissance complex began in accordance with the decree of the USSR Council of Ministers of July 5, 1981. The new radar was intended to replace existing types of equipment, primarily the 1RL239 Lynx complex, which was actively used by the troops. Scientific research institute "Strela" (Tula) was appointed the lead developer of the project, V.I. Simachev. Several other organizations were also involved in the work. For example, NPP "Istok" (Fryazino) was responsible for the development of microwave equipment, and the Tula plant "Arsenal" was to build prototypes of the finished complex.

It should be noted that one decree of the Council of Ministers required the creation of two artillery reconnaissance complexes at once. The systems "Zoo-1" and "Zoo-2" were supposed to have different characteristics and differ in some components. This implied the maximum possible unification of the two types of equipment.

Self-propelled radar 1L219 "Zoo-1"

The development of a new project at a certain stage encountered some difficulties, which led to a shift in the timing of the implementation of different stages. So, the draft version of the 1L219 Zoo project was completed in two years: it was ready in 1983. The next year, a technical version of the project was prepared. In 1986, the organizations involved in the project completed all the work on the preparation of design documentation, but the start of construction of experimental reconnaissance complexes was postponed due to the changed requirements of the customer.

On June 19, 1986, the Council of Ministers issued a new decree that determined the further development of radar reconnaissance systems for artillery. The military wished to receive not only a self-propelled vehicle with a set of electronic equipment, but also a number of other means. In accordance with the new decree, it was required to develop a new complex of funds, which was to include the Zoo machine. Due to changes in the customer's requirements, the project developers had to re-develop some elements of the complex. Some of the electronic equipment, including target detection equipment, has undergone alteration.

Due to numerous modifications, the construction of the experimental Zoo vehicle was delayed. It was released for preliminary tests only in 1988. This stage of checks, accompanied by various modifications, continued until the spring of 1990, when several prototypes were presented for state tests. During the year, the equipment was tested in the ground forces of several military districts. During these events, all the necessary information was collected about the operation of the complex in the conditions of combat units.

In the course of all tests, the design characteristics of the complex were confirmed and the advantages over the existing Lynx system were revealed. In particular, the range was increased by 10%, the field of view was doubled, and the throughput of the automation was increased by 10 times. According to the results of state tests, the 1L219 "Zoo-1" radar artillery reconnaissance complex was put into service. The corresponding command order was signed on April 18, 1992.

The Zoo-1 reconnaissance complex was intended to monitor the indicated areas, track enemy artillery and control the results of the firing of their batteries. In order to ensure the possibility of combat work in the same positions with artillery, all the equipment of the complex was mounted on a self-propelled chassis. The MT-LBu universal tractor was chosen as the basis for the complex. With a combat weight of the vehicle of about 16.1 tons, a maximum speed of 60-62 km / h is provided. Management of all facilities of the complex is carried out by a crew of three people.

An antenna post is mounted on the roof of the base chassis, made in the form of a turntable with a phased antenna array installed on it. In the stowed position, the antenna is lowered to a horizontal position, and the entire post rotates along the body of the machine. The antenna array is part of a three-dimensional radar station and allows you to track a sector with a width of up to 60 ° in azimuth. The sector of view in elevation is about 40 °. The ability to rotate the antenna post allows you to change the surveillance sector without moving the entire vehicle.

The radar of the 1L219 complex operates in the centimeter range and is controlled by onboard digital computers such as "Electronics-81B" and "Siver-2". All operations for tracking the specified sector, detecting targets and issuing processed information are performed automatically. The calculation of the complex has the ability to monitor systems and, if necessary, intervene in their work. To display information about the situation at the commander's and operator's workplaces, black-and-white screens on CRT are provided.

Scheme of the system 1L219

The main task of the 1L219 Zoo-1 reconnaissance complex was to detect the positions of enemy missile forces and artillery, as well as to calculate the trajectories of the projectiles. In addition, it was possible to control the firing of their own artillery. The main method for determining coordinates and trajectories was tracking small-sized high-speed ballistic targets - projectiles. The station was supposed to automatically track the projectiles, calculate their trajectories and determine the location of guns or launchers.

Automation of the Zoo-1 complex is capable of detecting at least 10 enemy firing positions per minute. At the same time, tracking of no more than 4 targets is provided. The probability of determining the position of the gun on the first shot was determined at the level of 80%.

In the course of combat work, the complex was supposed to determine the current parameters of the flying projectile, as well as calculate its full trajectory along the known area. After that, the automatics gave information about the place where the projectile was launched to the command post. Further, this information should have been transferred to artillery for a retaliatory strike against the enemy's firing position in order to destroy his equipment and weapons. To determine its own position used in determining the coordinates of targets, the 1T130M "Mayak-2" topogeodetic referencing system is used.

Serial production of self-propelled radar artillery reconnaissance systems 1L219 "Zoo-1" was entrusted to the enterprise "Vector" (Yekaterinburg). Initially, it was assumed that the 1L219 complexes would be used in the missile forces and artillery at the regimental level. Each regiment and brigade had to have their own systems of this type, designed to track enemy artillery and issue coordinates for counter-battery combat.

Nevertheless, the collapse of the Soviet Union did not allow to fully and quickly implement all existing plans. Serial construction of machines "Zoo-1" was carried out at a relatively slow pace, but in recent years, the ground forces managed to get a certain amount of such equipment. All 1L219 stations are used in the control system of artillery formations and successfully solve the tasks assigned to them.

Complex 1L220 "Zoo-2"

By a resolution of the Council of Ministers of July 5, 1981, it was required to develop two radar reconnaissance systems at once. The first, 1L219, was created by the Tula Scientific Research Institute "Strela" in cooperation with several other enterprises. The development of the second complex with the designation 1L220 was entrusted to NPO Iskra (Zaporozhye). The task of the second project was to create another reconnaissance complex with an increased detection range. The rest of the goals and objectives of the projects were the same.

Within the framework of the Zoo-2 project, a complex of electronic equipment was developed, suitable for mounting on various chassis. It was planned to offer the customer two modifications of the reconnaissance system at once, mounted on different chassis. There was a project of a machine based on the GM-5951 tracked chassis and the KrAZ-63221 wheeled chassis. The wheel complex received its own designation 1L220U-KS. In the case of a tracked chassis, the electronic equipment was located inside a lightly armored body, on the roof of which a rotary antenna post was installed. The wheeled vehicle project involved the use of a box body with the appropriate equipment.

Complex 1L220 "Zoo-2" on tracked chassis

According to the general architecture, the "Zaporozhye" version of the complex resembled a machine developed by Tula specialists. It was proposed to equip the 1L220 complex with a radar station with a phased antenna array mounted on a rotary base. Working in the centimeter range, the station was supposed to detect flying artillery shells.

The electronics of the Zoo-2 complex made it possible to automatically monitor the situation, search for targets and determine their trajectories, while calculating the location of enemy guns.

After the collapse of the USSR, the enterprises involved in the Zoo program remained in different countries, which led to serious difficulties in work. Despite all the problems, NPO Iskra continued work and completed the creation of a new artillery reconnaissance complex. Due to some problems, it was necessary to carry out additional revision of the project. The updated version of the project was designated 1L220U.

Due to the country's economic problems, the need to finalize the project, etc. tests of the prototype of the Zoo-2 system began only in the late nineties. According to the test results, the system was adopted by the Ukrainian army in 2003. Subsequently, Ukrainian enterprises in cooperation with foreign organizations built a certain amount of such equipment, supplied to the armed forces.

According to available data, due to the modifications of the electronic equipment, it was possible to significantly improve the characteristics of the 1L220U complex in comparison with the "Tula" 1L219. The station of the Ukrainian-designed machine is capable of tracking a sector with a width of 60 ° in azimuth. The radar can detect operational-tactical missiles at ranges up to 80 km. When the enemy uses multiple launch rocket systems, the maximum detection range, depending on the type of missile, is 50 km. Mortar mines of caliber up to 120 mm are noticed by the station at ranges of up to 30 km. The possibility of detecting up to 50 enemy firing positions per minute is declared.

Complex 1L219M "Zoo-1"

In the early nineties, the Strela Research Institute began developing a modernized version of the Zoo-1 complex. The updated version of the complex received the index 1L219M. In some sources, there are various additional designations for this complex, in particular, sometimes the name "Zoo-1M" ​​appears. However, such a "name" was later assigned to another complex of the family.

Machine 1L219M "Zoo-1"

The goal of the 1L219M project was to replace obsolete equipment with new ones with improved characteristics. For example, the PCBM was replaced. In the updated complex, computer equipment of the Baguette family is used to control the operation of the automation. In addition, in the modernization project, a new system of topogeodetic referencing was used. To accurately determine its own coordinates, the upgraded Zoo-1 machine received a 1T215M topographic surveyor and a GLONASS receiver.

According to the developer, in the 1L219M project, it was possible to significantly improve the characteristics of the radar station. Thus, the detection range of operational-tactical missiles was increased to 45 km. The maximum detection range of rockets increased to 20 km. When the enemy uses 81-120 mm mortars, it is possible to determine the firing position at ranges up to 20-22 km.

The automation of the 1L219M complex is capable of processing up to 70 targets per minute. Up to 12 objects are tracked at the same time. To automatically calculate the full trajectory of an enemy ammunition with the definition of the launch point and the point of impact, it takes no more than 15-20 s.

In addition to the radar equipment, the calculation jobs have undergone modernization. The main innovation was the use of color monitors, which display all information about the situation in the area of ​​responsibility of the station. All data on the found enemy firing positions are automatically transmitted to the command post and can then be used to retaliate.

The development of the 1L219M Zoo-1 project was completed in the mid-nineties. Testing of the prototype started shortly thereafter. According to some sources, during the tests, numerous shortcomings were identified, primarily related to the reliability of various units. As a result, it was decided to modify the system in order to improve the characteristics that do not meet the requirements.

Machine 1L219M "Zoo-1"

There is no exact information on the production and operation of the 1L219M complexes. Some sources mention the construction of such a technique and even its use in some recent conflicts. However, there is no complete evidence for this. Probably, it was decided not to start mass production of new equipment due to the lack of serious advantages over the existing one, as well as because of the difficult economic situation of the armed forces. Nevertheless, the complex "Zoo-1" in the updated version was demonstrated at various exhibitions.

Complex 1L260 "Zoo-1M"

The last artillery reconnaissance complex of the Zoo family at the moment is the system with the 1L260 index, created in the 2000s. After the not very successful project 1L219M, the Tula Scientific Research Institute "Strela" continued to work on the creation of new radar stations for the ground forces. To date, the Strela enterprise has received the status of a research and production association and became part of the Almaz-Antey air defense concern.

Self-propelled radar 1L261 "Zoo-1M"

The Zoo-1M complex, despite its name, is not a modernized version of existing equipment, but a completely new development. For example, the new complex includes several components at once that perform various functions. The main element of the complex is a self-propelled radar station 1L261 on a tracked chassis. In addition, a 1I38 maintenance vehicle and a backup power plant are involved in combat work. Auxiliary elements of the complex are mounted on a car chassis. According to some reports, a self-propelled radar, if necessary, can perform the assigned tasks independently and without the help of additional elements of the complex.

Self-propelled radar 1L261 differs from its predecessors in a different layout of the main units. As before, all units of the machine are installed on a tracked chassis, which is used as a GM-5955 machine. An antenna post with lifting and rotation mechanisms is mounted on the roof of the hull. In the stowed position, the phased array is placed on the middle and aft part of the hull cover. The combat weight of the vehicle exceeds 38 tons. The work of all systems is controlled by a crew of three.

During the preparation of the complex for operation, the antenna rises and can rotate around the vertical axis, changing the field of view. The phased array design allows the station calculation to track objects located in a sector with a width of 90 ° in azimuth. The exact characteristics of the target detection range have not yet been announced. According to previously published data, the 1L261 station is capable of determining the firing position of enemy artillery with an error of up to 40 m.When calculating the launch point of rockets of multiple launch rocket systems, the error is 55 m, the launch point of ballistic missiles - 90 m.

The full composition of the complex 1L260 "Zoo-1M"

There is no exact information about the current state of the 1L260 Zoo-1M project. According to some reports, a few years ago, the Russian Ministry of Defense ordered a number of such complexes, but the details of the contract were not disclosed. In addition, in 2013, one of the stages of testing the complex could be carried out. Official information about the Zoo-1M complex and its prospects has not yet been published.

Czechoslovak passive electronic intelligence stations

Station KRTP-86 "Tamara" in transport position in Leshany Museum © Ivan Motlik

Station KRTP-91 "Tamara" in combat position © Miroslav Gyurosi

Model of the stationary complex "Flora" © Miroslav Gyurosi

Russian station KRTP-86 "Tamara" on alert on the slope of Akhun near the city of Sochi © German Vlasov (Ascent to Mount Akhun. German Vlasov "s PHOTO COLLECTION)

Modern electronic intelligence complex "Vera-E" in combat position © Miroslav Gyurosi

Workplaces for operators of the "Vera-E" complex © Miroslav Gyurosi

Radar stations or radars, in common parlance, are usually designed for airspace reconnaissance, ground and sea targets detection. At present, radars are often equipped with passive radio-technical reconnaissance means, which pose a serious threat to a potential enemy. The covert operation of such systems is almost invisible to conventional devices that can detect electromagnetic radiation from radar systems for detection, tracking and firing. The basic principle of operation of a radar as an active system is to emit electromagnetic energy and receive its reflection from objects in the air, on land or at sea. The received reflected signal is further processed and analyzed, which allows determining the speed, location and other important parameters of the target. A serious disadvantage of the radar is its operating principle. By emitting electromagnetic waves, the radar detects its combat position. Despite intensive work in search of methods for hiding radar signatures, there has been little success in this area. On the other hand, the potential of electronic intelligence and other passive information gathering systems for detecting targets is inexhaustible for many years to come.

Scientists from the former Soviet bloc, knowing full well the pros and cons of radars, have been working in the field of passive electronic intelligence for many years, but without much success. Nevertheless, at the end of the 50s in the former Czechoslovakia, a major breakthrough in such developments was made, the main principle of which was later called TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival). Its essence lies in the measurement by three receivers, which are located at some distance from each other, the time difference of the radiation emitted by an air, land or sea target. On the basis of which it is possible to "passively", i.e. without irradiating the target, determine its location. This principle was protected by patent law - closed patent # 773 was registered to Vlastimil Pech on 11/13/1961, and patents # 830, 852 and 859 were issued to Vladimir Zarybnicky (March-June 1962). It is important that according to this method, the receiving stations can be located on the same line, in contrast to the method, which is based on the principle of triangulation. A description of the TDOA method is available on the ERA website.

The TDOA method was studied and further refined in Czechoslovak research institutes. In 1963, the first prototype was created to test the technology of this idea, on the basis of which the serial PRP-1 "Kopac" model (Presny Radiotechnicky Patrac, Precision radio technical detector) appeared. The system consisted of four cabins located on semi-trailers towed by Praga medium-duty trucks. The deployment time of the PRP-1 "Kopac" was several days. The system used analog signal processing complexes, waveguides and coaxial technologies. The PRP-1 "Kopac" reconnaissance complex was capable of detecting radars operating in the L, S and X wavelength bands, airborne transponders and transponders of the TACAN navigation system. The complex was capable of tracking from one to six targets. In the armed forces of the former Czechoslovakia, the PRP-1 "Kopac" was used until 1979.

The next, second, generation of passive electronic intelligence systems, which was really fully functioning, was named "Ramona". The system was originally developed under the PRP-2 code by Tesla (Pardubice) since 1967. In 1980-81, she was put into service and received a new index KRTP-81 (Komplet Radiotechnickeho Pruzkumu - Electronic Intelligence Complex). Later, the system was modernized, which received the designation KRTP-81M "Ramona-M". The complex was intended for conducting reconnaissance at the strategic level. The Ramona consisted of three 25 m masts topped with a bulky dome covering antennas, microwave parts and mid-frequency preamplifiers and microwave transmitters to facilitate communication between the base station and neighboring stations. The KRTP-81 complex is capable of detecting air, ground or sea targets emitting electromagnetic energy in the 0.8 - 18 GHz range. Compared to the PRP-1 "Kopac" complex, the new "Ramona" and its modification "Ramona-M" were significantly more effective and capable of tracking up to 20 targets in a semi-automatic mode in a sector of 100 degrees relative to the central station of the complex.

In total, 17 pieces were produced in Czechoslovakia. "Ramona", 14 pcs. modernized stations "Ramona-M" and one training station. Of this number, 14 KRTP-81 "Ramona" stations and 10 KRTP-81M "Ramona-M" stations were delivered to the USSR, one KRTP-81 station was sold to the GDR, one "Ramona", two "Ramona-M" and one training the complex was delivered to Syria, and, finally, one "Ramona" and two "Ramona-M" were in service in Czechoslovakia.

The Ramona stations, despite their high characteristics, remained very difficult to operate, cumbersome and took from 4 to 12 hours to deploy. One system was housed in 13 Tatra T-138 heavy trucks.

In the NATO classification, the "Ramona" / "Ramona-M" stations were designated "Soft Ball".

After many years of development and operation of the stations of the first generations of PRP-1 and KRTP-81, it became clear that the customer needs a really mobile system with much higher target detection characteristics. Plus, by this time, a new element base has appeared. All this made it possible to start the implementation of a new project in 1981-1983, which was given another female name "Tamara". Unlike the Soviet geographical principle of naming their own air defense systems, the Warsaw Pact countries, especially Poland and Czechoslovakia, used female names as designations for radar stations. The new Tamara electronic intelligence system entered trials at the end of 1983. In total, there were three options for this system. Tests of the mobile reconnaissance station took place from September 1984 to the end of 1985. Military tests of the station under the designation KRTP-86 were carried out in the summer of 1987, and on October 10, 1987, the state tests of the system passed.

Station "Tamara" can be used for both strategic and tactical reconnaissance. Tamara is capable of detecting radars, radar emitters, friend or foe transmitters, TACAN navigation systems, DME rangefinders, JTIDS tactical information exchange systems, as well as active jammers operating in the 0.82-18 GHz band. During tests, the new system detected an F-16 type target at a distance of 400 km, CF-18A -355 km, F-15 - 365. Older F-4 fighters were spotted at 395 km, F-104 - 425 km.

The KRTP-86 "Tamara" passive radio intelligence station was adopted by the Czechoslovak People's Army at the beginning of 1989. The main version of the system was mobile. Self-propelled "Tamara" consists of 8 units of equipment, placed on a Tatra T-815 truck chassis. It includes three RS-AJ / M receiving devices, one equipment cabin for the RS-KB receiving complex, an RS-KM signal processing equipment cabin, and an additional ZZP-5 command module with information display systems can be deployed.

The RS-AJ / M receiver is a cylindrical antenna mounted on a telescopic lifting device mounted on a Tatra T-815 vehicle chassis with an 8x8 wheel arrangement. The chassis has been modified by installing four hydraulic jacks for leveling the antenna mast device, and a bulldozer knife is hung in front of the driver's cab to prepare a combat position. The antenna-mast device can rise to a height of 8.5 m or in the range from 12.5 to 25 m. The cylindrical shape of the AMU fairing contains the necessary antennas and receivers, microwave transmitters for the exchange of information between the components of the complex. The raised antenna is able to withstand the wind at a speed of no more than 50 m / s, and the station can operate at a wind force of no more than 30 m / s. In a combat position, RS-AJ / M receivers are located at a distance of 10 to 35 km from each other.

The stationary version of "Tamara" consists of three antenna modules installed in special containers with dimensions of 3.5x3.5x3 m on 25-meter masts. In the period 1994-1995. this version of the complex was offered at international exhibitions by the Czech company HTT-Tesla Pardubice under the designation "Flora".

The detection range of the Tamara electronic intelligence station is 450 km and is limited only by the radio horizon. The system is capable of almost real-time tracking of up to 72 targets in the 100 deg sector. Relative to the central station. "Tamara" is in serial production and is constantly being modernized by including new subsystems and updating information processing algorithms. The updated complex received the designation KRTP-91, its field of view increased to 120 degrees. Tesla, located in the city of Pardubice, built 23 Tamara electronic intelligence complexes, of which 15 were delivered to the USSR, 1 complex to the GDR, and Czechoslovakia adopted 4 complexes. In 1991, the United States managed to get hold of one modernized Tamara (KRTP-91) by purchasing it through Oman. Two systems have not yet found a buyer. Self-propelled versions of "Tamara" received the designation in the NATO classification "Trash Bin".

One of the Tamars, acquired by the Soviet Union, was discovered in November 2005 on the slope of Mount Akhun, not far from Sochi. In appearance, this is an early version of the Tamara complex - KRTP-86.

After the division of Czechoslovakia into two independent states (the Czech Republic and Slovakia), the development of electronic intelligence equipment continued in the Czech Republic. Thanks to the experience gained during the creation of the "Kopac", "Ramona" and "Tamara" complexes, the fourth generation of passive radar devices appeared, which was given the next female name "Vera". The development of the new complex was carried out by the "ERA" company (the legal successor of the HTT-Tesla company), which, after its readiness, began to offer for export deliveries under the designation "Vera-E".

The purpose of the Vera-E system did not differ from its predecessors. Nevertheless, modern technologies and a new element base made it possible to reduce the size and weight of individual elements, which increased the mobility of the system. The frequency range in which the station can detect the radiation of airborne and ground targets is 1-18 GHz and can be further extended to the range from 0.1-1 GHz to 18-40 GHz. Station "Vera-E" can detect the radiation of secondary transponders of airborne radars and transmitters of the state recognition system (1090 MHz - 5 MHz), TACAN navigation systems and DME range finders (1025-1150 MHz). The sector of view "Vera-E" has increased to 120 degrees, and at the request of the customer it can be circular. The maximum target detection range is 450 km. Simultaneous system "Vera-E" can track up to 200 targets. Information update rate from 1 to 5 sec. The antenna module is a cylinder 2 m high, 0.9 m in diameter and weighs 300 kg. A two-way microwave radio link connects the antenna module to the hardware module. In addition, ERA is promoting other versions of this system, including the Vera-P3D and Vera-ASCS civilian systems.

In January 2004, the Czech arms export company Omnipol received two export licenses from the Czech Ministry of Industry and Trade for the supply of six Vera-E complexes to China for a total of USD 58 million. As soon as the first Chinese contract, worth $ 23 million, became known, the US government immediately protested the Czech Republic. The Czech press widely covered the alleged letter from US Secretary of State Colin Powell to his Czech counterpart Kiril Svoboda regarding the sale of Vera-E stations to China, as well as Colin Powell's personal appeal to Czech Prime Minister Vladimir Spidle, in which the US Secretary of State asked to cancel the contract with China. Ultimately, after such pressure, on May 19, 2004, the Czech government canceled licenses for the export of Vera-E complexes to China, which was later notified to Omnipol.

Currently, the Czech Republic has only one radio intelligence station "Vera-E". In November 2004, its assembly was completed, and already in December of this year, it was adopted by the Czech Army. "Vera-E" is based in the 53rd Center for Electronic Intelligence and Electronic Warfare in the city of Plana, which is not far from Ceske Budovice. A new radio intelligence unit with headquarters in Opava will be operational in 2006 and will be created on the basis of existing radio intelligence units in Ceske Budovice and an electronic warfare unit in Opava.

Having dissuaded the Czech Republic from selling the Vera-E station to China, the USA itself acquired at the end of 2004 or the beginning of 2005 one set of Vera-E for its own needs. As practice shows, Americans buy single copies of military equipment only to study it and find ways to counteract its capabilities. The contract value, including service and personnel training, was US $ 10 million.

In the summer of 2005, the Czech Republic sold another Vera-E station to Estonia for US $ 4 million. Delivery should be made shortly.

During this period, there were reports that China did not abandon its attempts to acquire the Vera-E complexes. According to the Prague weekly "Euro", the Chinese side during the visit to Beijing of the Czech Prime Minister Jiri Paroubka again raised the issue of purchasing "Vera-E", and the solution of this issue was associated with the provision of favorable conditions to Czech contracts in the PRC. In addition to China, Malaysia, Egypt, Pakistan and Vietnam are also showing an increased interest in Vera-E.

The press claims that a number of Tamara radio intelligence stations were delivered to Yugoslavia, which made it possible to shoot down the F-117 stealth plane during the US aggression against that country. However, there are no reliable facts of such a delivery, and the F-117 was shot down by means of the modified S-125M air defense system.

Currently, the competitors of the Czech radio intelligence stations are the equally well-known Ukrainian Kolchuga radar, the sales of which are closely monitored by the US government, and the Russian development - the Vega 85В6-A radio intelligence complex, which is still only moving to export markets.

Sources of information:

Miroslav Gyurosi. THE CZECH VERA-E PASSIVE ELINT SYSTEM - WHAT IT IS AND WHY CHINA WAS UNABLE TO ACQUIRE IT. ASIAN MILITARY REVIEW Volume 13 Issue 2

TAMARA MCS-93 ELectronic INTelligence (ELINT) system. Jane's Radar and Electronic Warfare Systems