Cyrillic numeral system

This numbering was created together with the Slavic alphabetical system for the translation of the sacred biblical books for the Slavs by the Greek monks brothers Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century. This form of notation of numbers became widespread due to the fact that it had a complete resemblance to the Greek notation for numbers. Until the 17th century, this form of recording numbers was official on the territory of modern Russia, the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Croatia. Until now, Orthodox church books use this numbering.

The numbers were written from the numbers in the same way from left to right, from larger to smaller. Numbers from 11 to 19 were written in two digits, with one preceding the ten:

We read literally "fourteen" - "four and ten". As we hear, we write: not 10 + 4, but 4 + 10, - four and ten (or for example, 17 - seven-ten). Numbers from 21 and above were written on the contrary, at first they wrote the sign of full tens.

The number notation used by the Slavs is additive, that is, it uses only addition:

800 + 60 + 3

In order not to confuse letters and numbers, titla was used - horizontal dashes above the numbers, which we see in our drawing.

To indicate numbers greater than 900, special signs were used, which were drawn around the letter. This is how the following large numbers were formed:

Designation	Name	Meaning
	One thousand	1000
	Dark	10 000
	Legion	100 000
	Leodre	1 000 000
	Crow	10 000 000
	Deck	100 000 000

Slavic numbering existed until the end of the 17th century, until, with the reforms of Peter I, the positional decimal numbering system came to Russia from Europe - Arabic numbers.

An interesting fact is that almost the same system was used by the Greeks. This explains the fact that for the letter b there was no digital meaning. Although, there is nothing particularly surprising here: the Cyrillic numbering is completely copied from the Greek. The Goths had similar numbers:

Year according to the old Russian calendar

There is also a special calculation algorithm here: if the month is from January to August inclusive (according to the old style), then you need to add 5508 to the year (the new year begins on September 1st according to the old style). After September 1, you need to add one more, that is 5509. Here it is enough to remember three numbers: 5508, 5509 and September 1.

At the beginning of the 18th century, a mixed system of notation of numbers was sometimes used, consisting of both Cyrillic and Arabic numerals. For example, on some copper kopecks the date 17K1 (1721) is minted, etc.

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Regarding the Slavic languages.
There was nothing worse than those edits by which the current Russian language (from the 18th century) was torn away from the large group of Slavic languages. Now we are reaping the fruits of the centuries-old policy of foreign and alien aliens: "divide and rule."

The basic prerequisite for all mathematical knowledge is numbering, which in different ancient peoples had a different form. Apparently, all peoples at first marked numbers with notches on sticks, which the Russians called tags. This method of recording debt obligations or taxes was used by the illiterate population of different countries. On a stick, they made cuts corresponding to the amount of debt, or tax. The stick was split in half: one half was left with the debtor or the payer, the other was kept with the lender or in the treasury. When paying off, both halves were checked for folding.

With the advent of writing, numbers also appeared to write numbers. At first, these numbers resembled notches on sticks, then special signs appeared for some numbers, such as 5 and 10.

At that time, almost all numbering was not positional, but similar to Roman numbering. However, several centuries before the new era, a new way of writing numbers was invented, in which the letters of the ordinary alphabet served as numbers.

In one of the Russian manuscripts of the 17th century we read the following: “... know that there is a hundred and that there is a thousand, and that there is darkness, and that there is a legion, and that there is a leodr ...”, “... one hundred is ten ten, and a thousand is ten hundred, and darkness is ten thousand, and a legion is ten, and leodré is ten legions ... ".

While in the countries of Western Europe they used Roman numbering, in ancient Russia, which, like other Slavic countries, was in close cultural contact with Byzantium, alphabetical numbering, similar to Greek, became widespread.

In Old Russian numbering, numbers from 1 to 9, then tens and hundreds were depicted in sequential letters of the Slavic alphabet (namely, the so-called Cyrillic alphabet, introduced in the 9th century).

There were some exceptions to this general rule: 2 was designated not by the second letter "beeches", but by the third "vedi", since the letter 3 (ancient beta, Byzantine vita) was transmitted in Old Russian by the sound "v". "Fita", standing at the end of the Slavic alphabet, denoted, as the Greek 0 (ancient theta, Byzantine fita), the number 9, and 90 was denoted by the letter "worm" (the Greeks used the letter "copy" for this purpose, which was absent in the living Greek alphabet ). Individual letters were not used. To indicate that the sign is not a letter, but a number, a special sign "~", called titlo, was placed above it. For example, here's how the first nine numbers were written:

Tens of thousands were called "darkness", they were designated by circling the signs of units, for example, the numbers 10,000, 20,000, 50,000, respectively, were written as follows:

Hence the name "Darkness for the people", that is, a lot of people. Hundreds of thousands were called "legions", they were denoted by encircling signs, units by circles of dots. For example, the numbers 100,000, 200,000, respectively, had the designation

Millions were called "leodras". They were denoted by encircling the unit signs with circles of rays or commas. So, the numbers 106 and 2 106 were denoted respectively

Hundreds of millions were called "decks". The “deck” had a special designation: square brackets were placed above the letter and below the letter.

The numbers from 11 to 19 were designated as follows:

The rest of the numbers were written in letters from left to right, for example, the numbers 544 and 1135 were respectively designated

When writing numbers larger than thousands, in practice (counting, trading, etc.), instead of "circles", the "" sign was often placed in front of the letters denoting tens and hundreds, for example, the record

means the numbers, respectively, 500 044 and 540 004.

In the given system of notation of numbers, they did not go beyond thousands of millions. This account was called "small account". In some manuscripts, the authors also considered the "great account", reaching the number of 1050. Further it was said: "And the human mind cannot understand more than this." Modern mathematics uses Indian numbering. In Russia, Indian numbers became known at the beginning of the 17th century.

This numbering was created together with the Slavic alphabetical system for the translation of the sacred biblical books for the Slavs by the Greek monks brothers Cyril and Methodius in the 9th century. This form of notation of numbers became widespread due to the fact that it had a complete resemblance to the Greek notation for numbers. Until the 17th century, this form of recording numbers was official on the territory of modern Russia, the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Hungary, Serbia and Croatia. Until now, Orthodox church books use this numbering.

The numbers were written from the numbers in the same way from left to right, from larger to smaller. Numbers from 11 to 19 were written in two digits, with one preceding the ten:

We read literally "fourteen" - "four and ten". As we hear, we write: not 10 + 4, but 4 + 10, - four and ten (or for example, 17 - seven-ten). Numbers from 21 and above were written on the contrary, at first they wrote the sign of full tens.

The number notation used by the Slavs is additive, that is, it uses only addition:

= 800 + 60 + 3

In order not to confuse letters and numbers, titla was used - horizontal dashes above the numbers, which we see in our drawing.

To indicate numbers greater than 900, special signs were used, which were drawn around the letter. This is how the following large numbers were formed:

Designation	Name	Meaning
	One thousand	1000
	Dark	10 000
	Legion	100 000
	Leodre	1 000 000
	Crow	10 000 000
	Deck	100 000 000

Slavic numbering existed until the end of the 17th century, until, with the reforms of Peter I, the positional decimal numbering system came to Russia from Europe - Arabic numbers.

An interesting fact is that almost the same system was used by the Greeks. This explains the fact that for the letter b there was no digital meaning. Although, there is nothing particularly surprising here: the Cyrillic numbering is completely copied from the Greek. The Goths had similar numbers:

Year according to the old Russian calendar

There is also a special calculation algorithm here: if the month is from January to August inclusive (according to the old style), then you need to add 5508 to the year (the new year begins on September 1st according to the old style). After September 1, you need to add one more, that is 5509. Here it is enough to remember three numbers: 5508, 5509 and September 1.

At the beginning of the 18th century, a mixed system of notation of numbers was sometimes used, consisting of both Cyrillic and Arabic numerals. For example, on some copper kopecks the date 17K1 (1721) is minted, etc.

Cyrillic conversion online

Press sequentially all the symbols in the order as they are located on your exhibit:

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Converting Cyrillic Numbers

Hello. In this episode of TranslatorsCafe.com, we're going to talk about numbers. We will look at various number systems and classifications of numbers, as well as discuss interesting facts about numbers. Number is an abstract mathematical concept for quantity. Numbers have been used by humans for counting since ancient times. At first, numbers were denoted with counting sticks, or notches, or dashes on wood or bone. Later, numbers began to be used in more abstract systems. There are many ways to express and work with numbers; we will look at some of them a little later in this video. Number systems have evolved over the centuries. Some ancient systems have been replaced by others that are more convenient to use. Some systems, which we will discuss below, are no longer used. Scientists believe that the concept of number arose independently in different cultures. Symbols to denote numbers in writing also originated in each culture separately. Gradually, with the development of commerce, people began to exchange ideas and borrow from each other the principles of calculating or writing numbers. Therefore, the number systems that we now use were created by many peoples. The Arabic numeral system is one of the most widely used systems. It was borrowed from India and refined by Persian and Arab mathematicians. During the Middle Ages, this system spread to Europe as a result of trade and replaced Roman numerals. Influenced the spread of Arabic numerals and European colonization. In Europe, Arabic numerals were first used in monasteries, and later in secular society. The Arabic system is decimal, that is, base 10. It uses ten characters to express all possible numbers. Ten is one of the most widely used numbers in counting systems and the decimal system is common in many countries. This is due to the fact that for a long time people used ten fingers on their hands for counting. Until now, people who are learning to count or want to illustrate an example related to counting use their fingers. There are even expressions such as “counting on your fingers”. In some cultures, the toes, knuckles, and even the space between the toes were also used for counting. Interestingly, in many languages ​​the word for fingers and numbers are the same. For example, in English, this word is "digit". Roman numerals were used in ancient Rome and Europe until about the 14th century. They are still used in some cases, such as on watch dials. You can also meet them in the names of the Pope. Roman numerals are also often used in the names of recurring events, such as the Olympic Games. The Roman numeral system uses seven letters of the Latin alphabet to represent all possible combinations of numbers: The order of the numerals in the Roman numeral system matters. A larger number to the left of a smaller one means that both numbers must be added. On the other hand, the smaller number to the left of the larger number should be subtracted from the larger number. For example, this number equals eleven, and this is 9. This rule is not universal and only applies to numbers like: IV (4), IX (9), XL (40), XC (90), CD (400) and CM (900). In some cases, these rules are not followed, and numbers are written in a row, such as this number, which means 50. The inscription in Latin using Roman numbers on the Admiralty Arch in London reads: In the tenth year of the reign of King Edward VII to Queen Victoria, from grateful citizens, 1910 Numeral systems similar to Roman and Arabic were used in many cultures. For example, in the Cyrillic numeral system, numbers from one to nine, ten, and multiples of one hundred were written in Cyrillic letters. There were also signs for larger numbers. There was also a special sign, similar to a tilde, which was written over such numbers to show that they were not letters. There was a similar system using the Glagolitic alphabet. In the Hebrew numbering system, the letters of the Hebrew alphabet were used to write numbers from one to ten, multiples of ten, as well as one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, and four hundred. The rest of the numbers were written as the sum or product of these numbers. The Greek number system is also similar to the systems above. In some cultures, the number systems were simpler. For example, Babylonian numbers could be written with just two cuneiform signs, representing one and ten. The sign for one looks like a big T, and ten looks like a C. So, for example, 32 can be written like this, using the appropriate cuneiform signs. The Egyptian number system is similar, only there were also symbols for zero, hundreds, thousand, ten thousand, one hundred thousand and a million, and there were also special signs for writing fractions. Maya numbers were written using the signs denoting zero, one and five. Numbers above nineteen also had a peculiar spelling. They used the signs for one and five, but with a different arrangement to indicate that the meaning of these numbers is different. In the unit or unary number system, only one sign is used to represent the unit. Each number is written using such characters, the number of which is equal to this number. For example, if such a sign is the letter "A", then the number five can be written as five letters A in a row. The unary system is often used by teachers teaching children to count because it helps children understand the relationship between the number of objects, such as counting sticks or pencils, and the more abstract concept of number. The unary system is often used during games to record the points scored by teams or to count days or items. In addition to simple counting and accounting, the unary system is also used in computer technology and electronics. Moreover, the recording method differs in different cultures. For example, in many countries of Europe and America, they usually write four vertical dashes one after the other, which they cross out on the count of five with a horizontal or diagonal line, and continue the count with a new group of dashes. Here the count reaches four, after which these lines are crossed out by the fifth. Then they add five more lines, and again a new row begins. In countries where Chinese characters are used or used in the language, for example, in China, Japan and Korea, people usually draw not four lines crossed out by the fifth, but a special character, but also of five strokes. The sequence of these strokes is not arbitrary, but is established by the rules of the spelling of hieroglyphs. In our example, the count comes to five and the person writes the first two strokes of the next hieroglyph, ending the count at seven. We will now look at positional number systems. In positional numeral systems, the meaning of each sign denoting a digit depends on its position in the number. The position is usually referred to as a discharge. This value also depends on the radix. For example, the number 101 in binary is not equal to one hundred and one in decimal. Consider the positional number system using the decimal as an example: The first digit is for ones, that is, numbers from zero to nine. The first digit is multiplied by ten to the zero power, that is, by one. The second digit is for tens and the digit in the second digit is multiplied by ten to the first power, that is, 10. The third digit is for hundreds and the digit in the third digit is multiplied by ten to the second power, and so on until the digits run out. To get the value of a number, add up all the numbers obtained above, that is, the values ​​of the numbers in each digit. This way of writing numbers allows you to work with large numbers. Numbers do not take up as much space in the text, compared to the numbers of non-positional number systems. The binary system is widely used in mathematics and computing. All possible numbers are represented in it using only two digits, "0" and "1", although in some cases other signs are used, for example "+", "-". Binary numbers are represented as binary zero and one. Addition rules are used to represent numbers greater than one. Binary addition is based on the same principle as decimal. To add one to a number, use the following rule: For numbers ending in zero, this last zero is replaced by one. For example, add 1-0-0, which is 4 in decimal, and 1, which is 1 in decimal. We get 1-0-1, that is 5. Hereinafter, for comparison, examples with the same numbers in the decimal system are given. In a number ending in one, but not consisting only of ones, replace the first zero on the right with one. All ones that follow it, that is, to the right of it, are replaced with zeros. Add 1-0-1-1, which is 11 and 1, which is 1 in decimal. We get 1-1-0-0. In a number consisting of only ones, replace all ones with zeros, and at the beginning, that is, on the left, add one. For example, add 1-1-1, that is, 7 and 1. We get 1-0-0-0, that is 8. It should be noted that arithmetic operations in the binary system are done in exactly the same way as the usual operations in a column in the decimal system, with the only the difference is that instead of 10 they use 2. When adding, they write both numbers one below the other, as in decimal addition. The rules are as follows: 0 + 0 = 0 1 + 0 = 1 1 + 1 = 10. In this case, 0 is written in the right bit and 1 is transferred to the next bit. Now let's try to add 1-1-1-1-1 and 1-0-1-1. When adding in a column from right to left, we get: 1 + 1 = 0, and we transfer one to the next bit 1 + 1 + 1 = 1, and we transfer one to the next bit 1 + 1 = 0, we transfer one to the next bit 1 + 1 + 1 = 1, and again the unit is transferred to the next category 1 + 1 = 10 That is, we get 1-0-1-0-1-0. Subtraction is similar to addition, only instead of transferring, on the contrary, "occupy" a unit from the higher digits. Multiplication is similar to decimal too. The result of multiplying two units is one, and multiplying by zero gives zero. If you look closely, you can see that all operations are reduced to addition and shifts. This feature of the binary system is widely used in computer systems. Division and square root is also not very different from working with decimal numbers. Numbers are grouped into classes, and some numbers can be included in several classes at the same time. Negative numbers indicate negative values. A minus sign is placed in front of them to distinguish them from positive ones. For example, if a person owes the bank that issued the credit card fifty thousand rubles, then he has -50,000 rubles. Here –50,000 is a negative number. Natural numbers are zero and positive integers. For example, 7 and 86 766 are natural numbers. Integers are zero, negative and positive numbers that are not fractions. For example, −65 and 11,223 are integers. Rational numbers are those numbers that can be represented as a fraction, where the denominator is a positive natural number and the numerator is an integer. For example, 3/4 or −10/5, that is, −2 are rational numbers. Complex numbers are obtained by adding a real, that is, non-complex number and another real number multiplied by an imaginary unit i, for which the equality i ^ 2 = –1 is satisfied. That is, a complex number is a number of the form a + bi, Here a is the real part of a complex number and b is its imaginary part. It is worth noting here that in electrical engineering, the letter j is used instead of i, since the letter I denotes current - so that there is no confusion. Prime numbers are natural numbers, more than one, which are divisible without remainder only by one and by themselves. Examples of primes are: 3, 5, and 11. 2 ^ 57 885 161−1 is the largest prime number known as of February 2013. It contains 17,425,170 digits. Prime numbers are used in public key cryptosystems. This type of coding is used in the encryption of electronic information in cases where it is necessary to ensure information security, for example, on the websites of online stores, electronic wallets and banks. Now let's talk about some interesting features of numbers. In China, they use a separate notation for numbers for business and financial transactions. The usual hieroglyphs used for the names of numbers are too simple. They can be easily counterfeited or altered by changing their denomination with just a few touches. Therefore, special, more complex hieroglyphs are usually used on bank checks and other financial documents. In the languages ​​of countries where the decimal number system is adopted, words have still survived, indicating that a system with a different basis was previously used there. For example, in English, the word “dozen” is still used, meaning twelve. In many English-speaking countries, eggs, flour products, wine and flowers are counted and sold in dozens. And the Khmer language has words for fruit counting, based on the decimal system. In the West, as well as in many Christian countries, 13 is considered an unlucky number. Historians believe this is related to Christianity and Judaism. According to the Bible, exactly thirteen of Jesus' disciples were present at the Last Supper, and the thirteenth, Judas, later betrayed Christ. The Vikings also had a belief that when thirteen people got together, one of them would surely die in the next year. In countries where Russian is spoken, even numbers are considered unsuccessful. This is probably due to the beliefs of the ancient Slavs, who believed that even numbers are static, motionless, and therefore dead. The odd ones, on the contrary, are mobile, looking for additions, changing, which means they are alive. Therefore, an even number of flowers are brought only to funerals, but not given to living people. In the Western world, on the other hand, giving an even number is quite normal, and flowers are often counted in dozens. China, Korea and Japan do not like the number 4 because it is consonant with the word "death". Often not only the number four itself is avoided, but also the numbers containing it. For example, 4, 14, 24, and other similar numbers are often skipped in the numbering of floors and apartments. In China, they also do not like the number 7, due to the fact that the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is the month of spirits. It is believed that in this month the border between the world of people and the world of spirits disappears, and spirits come to visit people. The number 9 is considered unfortunate in Japan, as it is consonant with the word "suffering". An unlucky number in Italy is 17, because its spelling in Roman numerals can be rewritten as "VIXI" by changing the order of the letters. Often this phrase was written on the graves of the ancient Romans and meant "I lived", therefore it is associated with the end of life and death. 666 is an unlucky number known to many, also called "the number of the beast" in the Bible. Some believe that in fact the "number of the beast" is 616, but the mention of 666 is more common. Many believe that this number will designate the Antichrist, that is, the viceroy of the devil. Therefore, sometimes this number is associated with the devil himself. The origin of this number is unknown, but some are convinced that 666 and 616 are the encrypted name of the Roman emperor Nero in Hebrew and Latin, respectively, expressed in numbers. Such a possibility does exist, since Nero is known for persecuting Christians and for his bloody rule. Some historians even believe that it was Nero who was the initiator of the great fire of Rome, although many historians do not agree with this interpretation of events. Thank you for the attention! If you enjoyed this video, please don't forget to subscribe to our channel!