Characteristics of production and consumption waste. Waste classification. Industrial waste, technogenic waste. Consumer waste anthropogenic waste Industrial waste

home Waste

- these are products formed as by-products, useless or unwanted as a result of industrial and non-productive human activities and subject to disposal, processing or disposal. A set of wastes that have common characteristics corresponding to the waste classification system defines the concept -

type of waste. Production waste and consumption waste

- two large groups into which all generated waste can be divided in principle, since human production activity is ultimately related to the satisfaction of his needs. TO production waste

- two large groups into which all generated waste can be divided in principle, since human production activity is ultimately related to the satisfaction of his needs. should include products that are not produced purposefully, but are formed as by-products during the creation of the final product. consumer waste

goods and products that have expired should be included, as well as products that people do not need or their remains formed in the urban economy system. The most common consumer waste:

Solid waste (residential and non-residential sector);

KGM (large materials) - used household appliances and furniture (refrigerators, washing machines, gas stoves, sofas);

Auto scrap;

Large rubber waste (mainly tires);

Used batteries;

Spent mercury lamps (including energy-saving ones);

Electronic scrap (radio and television equipment, usually ending up in solid waste).

The problem of waste in the Russian Federation and developed countries of the world Every year, on average, up to 15 tons of various solid waste accumulate for each resident of the Russian Federation. This growth rate of accumulation solid waste due to the low degree of their utilization. For example, the degree of recycling of inert waste, which includes overburden rocks, ash, individual species

In Europe (without Russia), waste production by all sectors of the economy is 10-11 tons per capita per year. Industrial and agricultural waste constitute about 70%, of which approximately 40% is industrial and about 30% is agricultural. At the same time, about 25% of waste is construction waste. The share of household waste in European countries reaches 6% of their total amount, which is twice as much as the same figure for Russia (~3%). The average level of hazardous waste production, related to the total mass of waste in European countries, is approximately 7.5% (from 5 to 10%).

Of the variety of hazardous wastes, radioactive waste should be singled out. As of the end of 1993, in which registration of storage and disposal sites for radioactive waste was completed, the total amount of their radioactivity is approximately 5.3 billion Ci (Curie) (1 Ci = 3.7 × 10 10 Bq (Becquerel)). In Russia, there is approximately 4 Ci per capita, not counting the decay products from the release resulting from the Chernobyl disaster, the accumulated reserves of weapons-grade plutonium, and 8 thousand tons of spent nuclear fuel stored at nuclear power plants.

Let us take a closer look at the current situation in the world with regard to the accumulation and management of production and consumption waste. Among such wastes, municipal solid waste (MSW) occupies a special place. Poor collection culture allows them to end up with batteries, paints, fluorescent lamps and much more. According to various estimates, 1 ton of household waste contains up to 50 nanograms of dioxins.

Small and medium-sized enterprises, not having sufficient funds, and often the desire, to organize work on recycling, recycling and destruction of waste, use the possibilities of city landfills to dispose of production waste. Unfortunately, in most regions and cities of the Russian Federation, industrial waste is transported to unauthorized landfills, and the bulk of this waste is hazardous waste (up to 80%).

Insufficient attention is paid to agricultural waste in the Russian Federation. Tens of thousands of tons of pesticides that are prohibited for use or have become unusable have not yet been neutralized.

An increased danger to the environment is represented by wastewater from large livestock complexes, which annually emit about 150 million tons of liquefied manure and litter, of which approximately 70% is used as fertilizer, and more than 40 million tons of this waste, ending up with the wastewater in surface and groundwater pollutes it, making it unsuitable for drinking water supply without the use of water neutralization and purification technologies.

The structure of the waste management system in Western Europe, the USA, Japan and others is similar to the structure adopted in the Russian Federation. However, the implementation of technological processes and cycles included in the overall waste management process is different. Thus, in Western European countries approximately 60% of industrial and about 95% of agricultural waste are recycled, in Japan - about 45% of industrial waste.

An analysis of solid waste management in these countries shows that in the UK 90% of solid waste is disposed of in landfills, in Switzerland - 20%, in Japan and Denmark - 30%, in France and Belgium -35%. The remaining solid waste is mainly burned. Only a small portion of MSW is composted.

In the Russian Federation, these indicators are significantly lower due to:

insufficient efficiency in using the capabilities of the waste management system;

low level of technological equipment;

disunity of services and organizations responsible for processes related to waste management;

weak regulatory framework;

lack of a unified regional and State information system, etc.

One of the most important conditions The successful operation of the waste management system is sustainable financing of the system.

Industrial waste (man-made waste) is the remains of raw materials, materials and semi-finished products generated during the production process, which have partially or completely lost their quality and do not meet standards. These residues, after or sometimes without pre-treatment, can be used in production or consumption, in particular for the production of by-products.

By-products are formed during the physical and chemical processing of raw materials along with the main production products, but are not the purpose of the production process. In most cases, they are commercial, they have GOSTs, technical specifications, and their production is planned by the enterprise.

Industrial waste is a consequence of imperfect technological processes, mostly unsatisfactorily organized production, as well as an imperfect economic mechanism. These include: waste generated during mechanical and physical-chemical processing of raw materials; waste generated during mining and processing of minerals; substances captured during the purification of waste process gases and wastewater.

Consumer waste (anthropogenic waste) - various, used products and substances, the recovery of which is not economically feasible. For example, worn-out or obsolete machines, industrial products (industrial consumption waste), as well as deteriorated or obsolete household and personal consumption products (household waste).

The totality of production waste (man-made waste) and consumption (anthropogenic waste), which can be used as raw materials for the production of useful products, is called secondary material resources (BMP).

Based on the possibilities of using BMPs, they can be divided into real and potential resources. The real ones include BMPs, for which they were created effective methods and processing capacity, and a sales market is provided; potential - all types of BMPs that are not included in the group of real ones. Potential BMPs also include by-products, which are currently not fully utilized and represent a reserve of material resources for industry.

Recycled raw materials resources are a quantitative expression of the volumes of specific types of secondary raw materials. These volumes do not include those production wastes that are used without treatment at the sources of their formation and are included in the internal production balance of raw materials.

Procurement of secondary raw materials - the collection, purchase, pre-processing and concentration of secondary raw materials by specialized procurement organizations or on their behalf by other organizations or citizens.

Processing of secondary raw materials is a set of technological operations for the preparation of secondary raw materials for their subsequent use.

Sorting of secondary raw materials is the division of secondary raw materials according to certain criteria into classes, groups, types.

Waste processing is the implementation of any technological operations that lead to a change in the physical, chemical or biological nature or composition of waste with the aim of using it as a material raw materials or for the purpose of neutralization and safe disposal.

Waste disposal is the chemical, physical or biological processing of waste with the aim of eliminating or reducing its danger to people and the environment.

Waste disposal is the implementation of technological operations, including changes in state, for the storage and storage of waste, taking into account preventive measures to limit their release into the environment.

A large range of waste generated by enterprises in various sectors of the economy makes it difficult to classify, record, collect and process it.

Due to many reasons, currently both in our country and abroad there is no generally accepted scientific classification solid industrial waste, covering all their diversity. The work on compiling waste inventories for enterprises, sub-sectors, industries and ministries, which began in our country in the mid-80s, remained unfinished.

Existing classifications of solid waste are very diverse and one-sided

Various approaches to waste classification are based on the following classification criteria: place of waste generation (industry); stage of the production cycle; type of waste; degree of damage to the environment and human health; direction of use;

efficiency of use; the amount of stock and volumes of education; degree of study and development of recycling technologies.

Thus, solid waste is classified by industry (waste from chemical, metallurgical, electrical and other industries) and by type of production (waste from sulfuric acid production, car assembly production, bearing production, etc.).

All solid industrial waste can be divided into two types: non-toxic and toxic. For the most part, solid waste is non-toxic. Examples of toxic waste include sludge from electroplating shops and pickling baths.

Waste can also be classified into metallic and non-metallic, as well as combined waste.

The main waste is solid materials used directly for the manufacture of commercial products. These are metallic, metal-containing (scale, sludge, slag, etc.) and non-metallic (wood, plastics, rubber, textiles, glass, etc.) waste.

By-products include waste of technological materials and substances used or generated during technological processes. By-product waste can be solid (ash, abrasives, refractories), liquid (cutting fluids, mineral oils and other petroleum products, electroplating waste) and gaseous (off-gases).

According to the domestic standard GOST 12.1.007-76 "Harmful substances. Classification and general safety requirements", all industrial waste is divided into four hazard classes: first - extremely hazardous, second - highly hazardous, third - moderately hazardous, fourth - low-hazardous.

The presence of mercury, potassium chromate, antimony trichloride, arsenic oxide and other highly toxic substances in waste requires their classification as the first hazard class.

The presence of copper chloride, nickel chloride, antimony trioxide, lead nitrate, etc. in waste places it in the second hazard class.

The presence of copper sulfate, lead oxide, copper oxalate, and carbon tetrachloride in waste places them in the third hazard class.

Belonging to one or another hazard class is determined by calculation using a method previously approved by the USSR Ministry of Health.

Based on their physical state, waste is divided into solid, liquid and gaseous. Based on their source, waste is divided into household, industrial and agricultural. Based on their composition, waste can be divided into organic and inorganic. A special group consists of energy waste: heat, noise, radiation, electromagnetic, ultraviolet radiation, etc.

An interesting systematic classification of industrial (and moves) was proposed by the Scientific Research Institute of the General Plan of Moscow, according to which all types of waste are divided into 13 groups:

1. Galvanic and other sludges containing reagent and chemical waste, chromium, nickel, cobalt, zinc, lead, acidic and alkaline waste chemical production, substances of an inorganic nature.

2. Sewage, water supply and oil-containing sludge from industrial wastewater generated at treatment facilities in industrial areas.

3. Oil waste, flammable liquids (flammable liquids), cutting fluids (coolants), bottoms, waste from the paint and varnish industry.

4. Waste of plastics, polymers, synthetic fibers, non-woven synthetic materials and compositions based on them.

5. Waste of rubber products, tires, etc.

6. Wood waste.

7. Waste paper.

8. Waste of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and alloy steels.

9. Slag, ash, dust (except metal).

10. Food waste(waste from food, meat and dairy and other industries).

11. Light industry waste.

12. Glass waste.

13. Construction industry waste.

2.1. Classification of industrial waste by type

The classification makes it possible to determine the routes for further movement of waste (disposal at the place of generation, transfer to other enterprises, removal to a landfill, discharge into sewers, incineration, etc.). Based on this classification, a general scheme has been developed for the centralized collection, removal and processing of industrial waste for use as secondary raw materials and to prevent them negative impact on the environment.

It is convenient to classify secondary material resources according to the source of formation and direction of use.

Other principles of waste classification are also possible. For example, when developing and designing technological schemes

When recycling industrial waste, it is convenient to use a classification based on the technology of their processing.

2.2. Waste generation volumes in industry

The sequence of formation and possible ways of waste disposal in The generation of production waste occurs at all stages of the movement of raw materials: from the moment of its extraction, when it is still natural resource

, until the end of use of the product made from it.

In 1997, the volume of toxic waste generated amounted to 89.4 million tons, which was almost twice the volume of recycled and neutralized waste. The main industries that produce toxic waste are metallurgy, energy, chemistry and petrochemicals. Their total contribution to the total volume of waste is almost 80%. The range of waste is so large that their full list is sometimes known only to a narrow circle of enterprise specialists.

The machine-building complex is the largest industrial formation, including heavy, energy, automotive, tractor, agricultural, chemical, oil, construction, road, municipal engineering and other industries.

Mechanical engineering enterprises are most often located in large cities, and their harmful emissions into the environment have a particularly adverse effect on public health.

Mechanical engineering pollutes the water basin with wastewater from pickling and galvanizing shops. A significant amount of pollutants are discharged with wastewater: petroleum products, sulfates, chlorides, cyanides, nitrogen compounds, salts of iron, copper, zinc, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, phosphorus, cadmium and other compounds.

The largest volumes of contaminated wastewater in 1997 fell on the share of the following giants of the domestic automotive industry, million m3/year: 35.6 - KamAZ; 43.0 - ZIL; 26.8 - VAZ; 21.6 -AMO ZIL.

In 1997, engineering enterprises emitted more than 600 thousand tons of pollutants into the atmosphere. The catch of pollutants in the engineering complex (45.8%) is significantly lower than the average for Russian industry (80.2%). ...

The main sources of air pollution at engineering enterprises are foundries, machining shops, welding and painting shops.

Emissions from the complex enterprises into the atmosphere are characterized by the presence of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, various types dust and suspended substances, nitrogen oxides, xylene, toluene, acetone, gasoline, butyl acetate, ammonia, ethyl acetate, sulfuric acid, benzene, manganese compounds, chromium, lead, etc.

The complex has a significant share in the emission of hexavalent chromium, one of the most dangerous pollutants, into the atmosphere - 137.9 tons, or 43% of the emission of the entire industry.

Cities such as Tolyatti, Chelyabinsk, Yekaterinburg and others, where the share of enterprises in the complex is decisive, are included in the list of Russian cities with the highest level of air pollution.

One of the most large-tonnage waste from engineering enterprises is scrap metal (75% of the total amount of generated waste). This is a ready-made secondary raw material, the processing of which is established either at the same factories, if they have their own foundry, or at metallurgical or neighboring machine-building enterprises. In addition to scrap metal, these industries generate waste paper, wood, mineral oils, rubber, plastics, and sludge.

Including more than 700 industrial enterprises With fairly developed and diverse production technologies, mechanical engineering has a significant impact on the state of the natural environment.

Significant production volumes and a dominant position in social life cities place machine-building enterprises among the priority ones in terms of comprehensive solutions to environmental problems.

The chemical industry, due to the wide variety of technological processes, is one of the most difficult to deal with generated waste. Sources of harmful emissions are enterprises that produce acids, tires and rubber products, phosphorus, plastics, dyes, detergents, mineral fertilizers, and

Chapter 2. Waste - a source of secondary material resources, oil cracking is also carried out. Industry enterprises annually emit more than 456 thousand tons of pollutants into the atmosphere alone. More than 1.3 billion m3 of polluted wastewater containing petroleum products, nitrates, chlorides, sulfates, phosphorus, cyanides, cadmium, cobalt, manganese, copper, nickel, mercury, lead, chromium, zinc, etc. are discharged into natural reservoirs. The annual generation of solid waste is about 70 thousand tons, of which no more than 30% is used.

The main solid waste at chemical industry enterprises is ash, sludge, paper, metal, polymer materials. Waste from this industry often poses a danger during its processing, since it is not always physically and chemically stable, and many of it is toxic. Their processing requires special technologies. Large amounts of phosphogypsum, lime, gypsum and other solid waste are disposed of in landfills. IN last years There is a slight decrease in the volume of harmful emissions, which is adequate to the decline in production.

The food industry pollutes water bodies with organic substances, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, alkalis and acids.

About 60% of waste from food industry enterprises consists of paper, wood, metals, glass and food waste itself.

The main sources of formation of harmful substances emitted into the atmosphere in the industry are: hullers, neutralizers, separators, flour silos, technological ovens, filling machines, tobacco cutting machines, perfume production lines, meat processing factories, instant coffee and chicory factories, meat and bone meal and organic based adhesives.

Food industry enterprises emit more than 224 thousand tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere, and the discharge of contaminated wastewater throughout the industry is about 116 million m3.

The composition of waste varies depending on the type of product produced and food processing technology. The volumes of waste generated are not constant and depend on the seasonal volumes of product processing.

The organic nature of food products subject to rotting poses a danger of the proliferation of insects and pathogens, and therefore requires special measures to protect against them.

Light industry enterprises discharge into open water bodies more than 138 million m3 of polluted wastewater, which contains suspended substances, sulfates, chlorides, phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, nitrates, surfactants, iron, copper, zinc, nickel, chromium, lead, fluorine and other substances.

Light industry enterprises emit over 56 thousand tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere.

The wood and pulp and paper industries are among the most water-intensive sectors of the economy. The discharge of contaminated wastewater by this industry in 1997 amounted to more than 1.3 billion m3 per year. The largest polluters of surface water bodies were the Kotlas PPM (203.3 million m3), the Bratsk LPK (151.5 million m3), and the Arkhangelsk PPM (116 million m3). Contaminated wastewater from industry enterprises is characterized by the presence of harmful substances such as sulfates, chlorides, petroleum products, phenols, formaldehyde, methanol, furfural, dimethyl sulfide, and turpentine.

Enterprises in this industry emitted more than 383 thousand tons of harmful substances into the atmosphere in 1997. The most typical pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by enterprises in this industry are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, toluene, hydrogen sulfide, acetone, xylene, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl mercaptan, formaldehyde, etc.

IN paper industry waste of the paper itself is generated;

sludge, dust, metals and other substances.

Industrial waste is generated in the process of production activities of industrial enterprises and other production organizations engaged in the production of various goods.

Industrial waste is diverse in its properties and composition: metal and non-ferrous shavings, pieces of metal, mineral parts of raw materials and fuel, metallurgical slag, ash and many other wastes generated in production processes. The amount of waste generated depends on technology, the quality of raw materials and the processes of the production organization of the enterprise.

Today, the technical and production process is developing, the demand for industrial products is increasing, humanity is growing globally, thereby increasing the formation of industrial waste that needs to be disposed of or recycled. In our country, if there is one large territories

and numerous industrial enterprises, the issue of processing the generated industrial waste was not so deep; all waste was dumped in nearby landfills, next to the enterprises, polluting and destroying the environment.

In addition, recycling industrial waste has become much more profitable than disposing of it. Almost all industrial waste can be used for the benefit of society, for example: pieces of metal formed in the process of manufacturing metal products can be packaged (briquetted) and melted into new metal. Waste generated during the construction process (pieces of concrete, brick, plaster, etc.) can be recycled and used in the future for filling roads, courtyards and for many other purposes. The same can be said about metallurgical slags. Large transport enterprises generate waste in the form of worn-out tires, which can also be recycled to obtain crumb rubber and using it for the construction of stadiums, playgrounds and other socially significant facilities.

Globalization and the growth of a market economy have significantly increased the production capacity of global industrial manufacturers, which has led to a significant increase in harmful emissions into the atmosphere and the generation of numerous production wastes.

The whole world is fighting this phenomenon, including our country. Regarding our country's waste, this is Goldmine which needs to be mastered. Multimillion-dollar industrial waste generated during Soviet power, can still be seen in many cities.

Recycling (disposal) of this waste is really necessary and necessary today. This is really beneficial from a financial point of view and is useful for improving the environmental situation.

The Alfa-SPK company offers high-quality equipment for processing industrial waste and other industrial and household waste.

All about processing production and industrial waste

Recycling of metal production waste (in this section you can see the proposed line of equipment and machinery for processing metal-containing waste).

Recycling of rubber-containing industrial waste (in this section you can study equipment for processing rubber waste into crumbs).

Recycling of construction waste (in this section of the site we suggest you consider purchasing equipment for processing construction waste and waste generated during the construction process).

Demonstration video of industrial waste recycling

There is no general classification of consumer and industrial waste. Therefore, for convenience, the basic principles of this division are often used.

Principles of dividing waste into types

So, the structure of the basic principles is represented by the following elements:

• by source of education (industry);
• by state of aggregation;
• by production cycles;
• by areas of use.

Let's take a closer look at each of them.

By industry

This classification of waste is most widespread in practice. It is built on an industry principle. Largest specific gravity occupies the classification of industrial waste, among which we can distinguish: non-ferrous or coal waste, chemical and

By state of aggregation

This classification of waste allows them to be more accurately identified as liquid, solid or gaseous. This division is important when choosing a technology for their storage, further processing or destruction.

Thus, gaseous waste should be stored in specialized tanks, liquid waste - in sealed containers, and solid waste - in containers, on sites or landfills.

To determine the technology for their processing, a classification of waste into classes, represented by the degree of explosion hazard and flammability, should be used. We must not forget about their toxicity.

By production cycles

Sometimes a classification is used that is organized according to industry principles.

This allows them to be detailed by technological stages of product manufacturing to identify operations during which any by-products may be formed.

An example is the chemical industry, in which, during the synthesis of organic substances, bulky residues can be formed that are not provided for by the production process (during distillation or rectification).

The classification of waste into classes discussed above is aimed at considering the issue of their use as recyclable materials. Therefore, such ranking reflects primarily quantitative indicators, and only then qualitative ones.

Physico-chemical properties of garbage

Classification of waste according to physical and chemical properties is important when assessing its impact on the environment. This, of course, applies to dangerous and toxic components.

The World Health Organization has developed a classification of waste by hazard class, adopted by the UN in the form of an environmental protection program. It includes a list of dangerous and toxic components that are released. The same list includes the following substances: arsenic, pharmaceuticals, various organohalogen compounds and, of course, mercury.

As a characteristic of the toxicity of substances, the coefficient of the lethal dose is taken, when used, half of the experimental animals died.

Separation of waste by hazard

The classification of waste hazards is based on the concentration of toxic substances they contain. Several components are also taken into account.

In recent years, in European countries, the classification of waste by hazard class is based on its environmental friendliness. However, this approach is imperfect, since it complicates the process of assessing them as raw materials for further consumption in the production sector.

Using waste as a raw material base for production

One of the main tasks of any commercial and industrial activity is to achieve savings in energy and raw materials. Therefore in modern conditions economics there is a convergence of the interests of potential consumers and producers who own modern production facilities and technologies for using waste as raw materials.

Unlike primary raw materials, waste cannot be targeted in advance to a specific area of ​​use. Thus, the same waste is used in various production areas. Therefore, for a reasonable classification on this basis, it is advisable to know some of them distinctive features. Thus, all waste can be combined into three main groups:

1. They have such unfavorable characteristics as lack of uniformity of composition and purity. The reasons for this are different degrees of wear, pollution, and climatic factors. Despite the fact that these characteristics are stochastic in nature, they are used to determine waste processing technologies and the quality of the resulting products, taking into account a complex of economic and environmental problems.
2. Solid household waste, the classification of which is based on the possibilities of use as In other words, a certain set of characteristics is specified that can be measured and entered into technical specifications, as well as regulatory and technical documents responsible for the optimal directions for waste processing.
3. Since primary raw materials tend to turn into waste during the production process, along with the loss or deterioration of some consumer qualities, updated properties are acquired that were uncharacteristic of the analogue at the initial stage.

Therefore, the description of waste should be based on determining for each individual type of characteristics that must be measured and the effective direction of its use.

Classification of waste according to technical characteristics

Based on the division of substances that are released during the production process, they can be combined into two main groups:

• properties that are important for a particular material, their measurement is mandatory when determining traditional ways of use;
• newly acquired properties, their measurement is necessary when identifying new and unconventional ways to use recyclable materials.

The properties of the first group are determined by studying the relevant scientific literature and regulatory and technical documentation.

For waste with newly acquired properties, techniques are required that are unified as methods for measuring their properties, as well as identifying other necessary properties.

Classification of household waste

Household waste may include household items unsuitable for subsequent use, food products and goods that have lost their consumer properties. This category also includes municipal solid waste, the classification of which is determined by the following elements: garbage and household garbage.

The composition of this type of waste depends on the following factors: the level of development of the region and country, the cultural level of the population and its customs, the time of year, etc. About a third of all solid waste is packaging material, the amount of which is constantly increasing.

The classification of household waste is based on multicomponent and heterogeneous composition, low density and instability (ability to rot). The sources of waste generation are: residential buildings, as well as trade, sports and other enterprises and organizations.

Such waste includes the following types:

• cardboard (paper);
• large materials;
• food waste;
• metals and plastics;
• leather and rubber;
• glass, textiles and wood.

This is a generalized classification of waste.

Recycling

Among the so-called garbage, one can distinguish its main types that need to be recycled.

1. Appliances. Its disposal is necessary for all enterprises that do not want to have problems with regulatory authorities. To carry out this process yourself, you need to have legal grounds, confirmed by relevant documentation. In the absence of such permission, a business entity may experience trouble. Therefore, the best option is to contact a company that deals with waste disposal professionally.
2. Plastic, foam, paper, etc. In other words, the material that makes up the packaging. The process of processing this waste includes crushing it, and only then forming it into briquettes and using it as secondary raw materials.
3. Fluorescent lamps. They are quite attractive for recycling, since the electronic unit, base and bulb are valuable raw materials. It is known from practice that this garbage cannot simply be thrown away due to the fact that it contains mercury. However, when transferring for recycling, many processing companies require that these raw materials be delivered by the supplier themselves, and this is an additional cost.
4. Batteries. Today, collection points for this type of waste have already begun to appear. Therefore, the main emphasis of the state should be on propaganda, advertising and awakening consciousness among the population. This product, like fluorescent lamps, is also hazardous to the environment. One battery can pollute about 20 square meters. meters of land around and the time of its decomposition is a quarter of a century. It is also necessary to remember that it contains harmful metals such as mercury, cadmium and lead.

Harmful waste in medicine

The classification of waste in medicine is based on the specialization of the relevant institutions. These are mainly used bandages and gauze, human tissue, pharmaceuticals or blood.

All garbage from medical institutions attracts Special attention, as it may pose a potential hazard to the environment.

All waste from healthcare institutions, depending on the level of toxicological, epidemiological and radiation hazard, are divided into five hazard classes.

So, class A is represented non-hazardous waste, which includes substances that have not been in contact with biological fluids of patients and infectious patients. This class includes non-toxic waste.

Class B includes infectious waste. This may include materials and instruments that are contaminated with patient secretions. Also included are organic matter from operations.

Hazard class B - very hazardous waste, which includes waste from micro-laboratories, as well as materials that have been in contact with patients with dangerous infectious diseases.

Class G - waste, similar in structure to industrial waste. These include: chemicals, cyostatics, as well as devices and equipment that contain mercury.

Hazard class D - radioactive waste, which includes waste from medical institutions containing radioactive components.

To summarize, we can say with confidence that proper disposal of waste of all types can be a guarantee of environmental friendliness, and this is so necessary in our difficult modern world.

Production industrial products and economic activities are associated with the generation of solid waste. The amount of solid waste in the world is constantly growing.

Industrial, agricultural and transport wastes have a significant impact Negative influence on all components of the natural environment - biota, atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Under the influence of waste, air, water, soil are polluted, fauna and flora are destroyed and die; At the same time, significant, unusual negative phenomena and processes arise in nature.

Thus, acid precipitation and photochemical smog are formed in the atmosphere, a greenhouse effect occurs, and ozone layer; in the hydrosphere - dissolution of heavy metals, eutrophication of water bodies; in the lithosphere - disturbance of soil acidity, formation of dumps and landfills.

All this significantly reduces the quality of the environment and negatively affects public health.

Currently, 120 million tons of industrial waste and about 150 million m 3 (30 million tons) of municipal solid waste (MSW) are generated annually in Russia.

By 2006, the annual accumulation of solid waste increased to 200 million m3, which is explained by an increase in the share of containers and packaging in the mass of products and goods. More than 2 million hectares of land have been alienated for waste storage.

According to state statistical observation, in Russian Federation The generation of industrial and consumer waste reached 5 billion tons in 2013. More than 90% of waste is generated by enterprises in the extractive sector of the economy. About 400 million tons of waste are generated in other sectors of the economy, including industry, agriculture, construction, transport and services. Approximately 35% of this value is neutralized and recycled, 65 % is sent for long-term storage, mainly to its own waste disposal facilities.

Characteristics of solid waste. Production and consumption waste are the remains of materials, semi-finished products and other products that were formed during the production and consumption process and have lost their consumer properties over time.

Solid waste is classified as follows:

• - according to the source of their formation - industrial waste and municipal solid waste (MSW) or consumer waste;
• - according to the degree of toxicity; according to the main substance included in the waste.

Industrial waste obtained as at the processing stage mineral raw materials, So

and in the industrial production process.

Waste production- These are by-products that are formed during the production process, as well as remnants of raw materials, intermediate products and products.

Hazardous waste is waste that contains harmful substances, having dangerous properties(toxicity, explosion and fire hazard, high reactivity).

Consumption waste- these are industrial products that have expired, car tires, broken down machinery and equipment, etc., as well as household waste.

Classification of industrial waste (WW) generated as a result of human production activity is necessary as a means of establishing certain connections between them in order to determine optimal ways use or disposal of waste.

Generalization and analysis of literature data show that the classification of software is based on their systematization by industry, processing capabilities, state of aggregation, toxicity, etc. (Fig. 2.6).

Rice. 2.6. Classification of industrial waste by type

In each specific case, the nature of the classification used corresponds to the aspects under consideration: storage, cleaning, processing, disposal of software, prevention of their toxic effects, etc. Each industry has a classification of its own waste.

Waste classification is possible according to various indicators, but the most important of them is the degree of danger to human health. Hazardous waste, for example, includes infectious, toxic and radioactive waste. Their collection and disposal are regulated by special sanitary rules.

The hazard class of waste is established according to the degree of possible harmful impact on the environment. natural environment(OPS) under direct or indirect influence of hazardous waste on it.

The Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation has identified five hazard classes of waste (Table 2.6).

Table 2.6

_Criteria for classifying hazardous waste as a hazard class for HPS_

For example, we can give the hazard class of some chemical substances, determined by the calculation method:

• - the presence of mercury, sublimate, potassium chromate, antimony trichloride, benzo(a)pyrene, arsenic oxide and other highly toxic substances in the waste allows them to be classified as the first hazard class;
• - the presence of copper chloride, nickel chloride, antimony trioxide, lead nitrate and other less toxic substances in the waste gives grounds to classify these wastes as the second hazard class;
• - the presence of copper sulfate, copper oxalate, nickel chloride, lead oxide, carbon tetrachloride and other substances in the waste allows them to be classified as the third hazard class;
• - the presence of manganese sulfate, phosphates, zinc sulfate, and zinc chloride in waste gives grounds to classify them as the fourth hazard class.

Belonging to the hazard class of others chemical composition waste can be determined by a calculation method based on the maximum permissible concentration for a given chemical in the soil, using a mathematical formula, reference literature (physico-chemical constants, their toxicity and hygienic standards for chemicals in the soil).

Functioning of any large city is associated with the daily consumption of various types of raw materials and energy and, as a consequence, with the generation of material and energy waste, including municipal solid waste (MSW).

Based on morphological characteristics, solid waste is divided into components. In general, solid waste consists of three main components: organic component (15...50%), inert part (1.5...40%) and water (25...60%).

If not disposed of promptly and stored improperly, municipal solid waste (MSW) poses a threat to the environment.

Currently, the problem of sludge in the form of sediments formed during wet gas cleaning and wastewater treatment, the volume of which is about 1% of the wastewater volume, is becoming increasingly apparent.

When treating wastewater, three types of sludge are formed: mineral, organic, excess activated sludge and mixed precipitation, consisting of raw sediment and activated sludge. Precipitation has a different composition and high humidity.

In the processes of biochemical wastewater treatment in aeration tanks, in primary and secondary settling tanks, large masses of sediment are formed, which must be disposed of or processed in order to reduce pollution of the biosphere.

A special group of industrial waste generated is radioactive waste.

Radioactive waste- This various materials and products, biological and other objects in which the content of radionuclides exceeds the standard values ​​and which are not subject to further use.

The radioactivity of substances is due to the presence in their composition of radioactive isotopes that have the ability to spontaneously decay over time. Nuclei of radioactive elements can decay in three main ways, and the corresponding nuclear decay reactions are named by the first three letters of the Greek alphabet.

During alpha decay, a helium atom is released and the nucleus of an element is formed, two positions lower in the periodic table of elements D.I. Mendeleev.

In beta decay, a nucleus emits an electron and produces an element one position higher on the periodic table.

During gamma decay, photons are emitted, the nucleus loses energy, but the chemical element does not change.

When characterizing radioactive waste, indicate the type of radiation and the total value of radioactivity.

Activity is a measure of the amount of radioactive substance expressed by the number of acts of nuclear transformations per unit of time:

Where T -; N A - Avogadro's number; M- molecular mass of the isotope; / - radioactive constant.

The unit of activity of a nucleide in a radioactive source is the becquerel (Bq), 1 Bq = 1 decay per second.

Radioactive substances can be of either industrial or natural origin.

Radioactive waste is divided into high-, medium- and low-level.

Low-level waste contains a small amount of predominantly short-lived isotopes. These include paper, rags, filters, and clothing.

Intermediate level waste has more radioactivity. These include products from industrial activities - spent resins, chemical sludge from wastewater treatment, some types of solid industrial waste, fragments of spent nuclear power plant products, sludge and suspensions in which radioactive elements can be found both in the form of solid particles and dissolved compounds.

High-level waste is generated by the operation of nuclear reactors.