Danko and larra people's relationship to the hero. "Comparative characteristics of Larra and Danko

Composition

The heroes of Gorky's early works are proud, strong, courageous people who single-handedly come into the fight against dark forces. One of these works is the story "The Old Woman Izergil".

The plot is based on the memories of the old woman Izergil about her life and the legends she told about Larra and Danko. The legend tells about the brave and handsome young man Danko, who loves people more than himself - selflessly and with all his heart. Danko - real hero- courageous and fearless, in the name of a noble goal - helping his people - he is capable of feat. When the tribe, overwhelmed by fear, exhausted by a long wandering through the impenetrable forest, already wanted to go to the enemy and bring him its freedom as a gift, Danko appeared. Energy and living fire shone in his eyes, the people believed in him and followed him. But tired of the difficult path, people again lost heart and stopped believing Danko, and at this turning point, when the angry crowd began to surround him more densely in order to kill him, Danko tore his heart out of his chest, illuminating the path to salvation for them.

The image of Danko embodies a high ideal - a humanist, a person of great spiritual beauty, capable of self-sacrifice for the sake of saving other people. This hero, despite his painful death, does not evoke a feeling of pity in the reader, because his feat is higher than this kind of feelings. Respect, delight, admiration - this is what the reader feels when imagining a young man with a fiery gaze holding a heart sparkling with love in his hand.

Danko Gorky contrasts the positive, sublime image with the “negative” image of Larra - a proud and selfish Larra considers himself the chosen one and looks at the people around him as if they were pitiful slaves. When asked why he killed the girl, Larra replies: “Do you only use yours? I see that each person has only speech, hands and feet, and he owns animals, women, land ... and many more. "

Its logic is simple and terrible, if everyone began to follow it, then a pitiful handful of people would soon be left on earth, fighting for survival and hunting each other. Realizing the depth of Larra's wrong, unable to forgive and forget the crime he committed, the tribe condemns him to eternal loneliness. Life outside of society gives rise to a feeling of inexpressible melancholy in Larra. "In his eyes," says Izergil, "there was so much melancholy that one could have poisoned all the people of the world with it."

Pride, according to the author, is a wonderful character trait. It makes the slave free, the weak - strong, turns insignificance into a person. Pride does not tolerate anything common and common. But hypertrophied pride gives rise to absolute freedom, freedom from society, freedom from all moral principles and principles, which ultimately leads to dire consequences.

It is this thought of Gorky that is key in the story of the old woman Izergil about Larra, who, being just such an absolutely free individual, dies spiritually for everyone (and above all for himself), remaining to live forever in his physical shell. The hero found death in immortality. Gorky reminds of the eternal truth: one cannot live in society and be free from it. Larra was doomed to loneliness and considered death to be true happiness. True happiness, according to Gorky, lies in giving oneself to people, as Danko did.

A distinctive feature of this story is a sharp contrast, the opposition of good and bad, good and evil, light and dark.

The ideological meaning of the story is complemented by the outline of the image of the narrator - the old woman Izergil. Her memories of her life path- also a kind of legend about a brave and proud woman. The old woman Izergil most of all values ​​freedom, she proudly declares that she has never been a slave. Izergil speaks with admiration of the love of heroism: "When a person loves heroic deeds, he always knows how to do them and will find where it is possible."

In the story "The Old Woman Izergil", Gorky draws exceptional characters, exalts proud and strong-minded people for whom freedom is above all. For him, Izergil, Danko and Larra, despite the extreme contradictory nature of the first, the seeming uselessness of the feat of the second and the endless remoteness from all living things of the third, are true heroes, people who bring the idea of ​​freedom to the world in its various manifestations.

However, in order to truly live life, it is not enough to “burn”, it is not enough to be free and proud, feeling and restless. You need to have the main thing - the goal. A goal that would justify the existence of a person, because "the price of a person is his business." "There is always a place for heroic deeds in life." "Forward! - above! everyone - forward! and - above - this is the credo of a real Man ”.

Other compositions on this work

Danko (Fig. 2) became a symbol of heroism, a hero, ready for self-sacrifice. Thus, the story is built on an antithesis, and the heroes of the work are antipodes.

Antipode(from Old Greek. "opposite" or "opposing") - in the general sense, something opposite to something else. In a figurative sense, it can be applied to people with opposite views.

The term "antipode" was introduced by Plato in his Timaeus dialogue to combine the relativity of the concepts "up" and "down".

In the story "Old Woman Izergil", in addition to old legends, the author included a story about the life of the old woman Izergil herself. Let's remember the composition of the story. Memories of the old woman Izergil are compositionally placed between two legends. Heroes of Legends are not real people, and symbols: Larra - a symbol of selfishness, Danko - altruism. As for the image of the old woman Izergil (Fig. 3), her life and fate are quite realistic. Let's talk about this in more detail.

Rice. 3. Old woman Izergil ()

Izergil is very old: “Time bent her in half, once black eyes were dull and watery. Her dry voice sounded strange, it crunched like an old woman spoke with bones. " The old woman Izergil talks about herself, about her life, about the men whom she first loved and then abandoned, and only for the sake of one of them she was ready to give her life. Her lovers didn't have to be beautiful. She loved those who were capable of a real deed.

“... He loved exploits. And when a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and will find where it is possible. In life, you know, there is always a place for exploits. And those who do not find them for themselves are simply lazy, or cowards, or do not understand life, because if people understood life, everyone would want to leave behind their shadow in it. And then life would not devour people without a trace ... "

In her life, Izergil often acted selfishly. Suffice it to recall the case when she escaped from the Sultan's harem with his son. The Sultan's son soon died, which the old woman recalls as follows: "I cried over him, maybe it was I who killed him? ..". But other moments of her life, when she truly loved, she was ready for a feat. For example, to save a loved one from captivity, she risked her life.

Old woman Izergil measures people with such concepts as honesty, straightforwardness, courage, ability to act. It is these people that she considers beautiful. Izergil despises people boring, weak, cowardly. She is proud that she lived a bright and interesting life, and believes that her life experience must convey to the young.

That is why she tells us two legends, as if giving us the right to choose which path to follow: the path of pride, like Larra, or the path of pride, like Danko. Because there is one step difference between pride and pride. This can be a carelessly spoken word or an act dictated by our egoism. We must remember that we live among people, and reckon with their feelings, moods, opinions. We must remember that for every word we say, every deed we are responsible to those around us, as well as to our conscience. This is exactly what Gorky wanted to make the reader think about (Fig. 4) in the story "The Old Woman Izergil".

Rice. 4.M. Gorky ()

Pathos(from the Greek. "suffering, inspiration, passion") - emotional content artwork, feelings and emotions that the author puts into the text, expecting the reader's empathy.

In the history of literature, the term "pathos" was used in different meanings... So, for example, in the era of Antiquity, pathos was called the state of the soul of a person, the passions that the hero experiences. In Russian literature, the critic V.G. Belinsky (Fig. 5) suggested using the term "pathos" to characterize the work and creativity of the writer as a whole.

Rice. 5. V.G. Belinsky ()

Bibliography

1. Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2012.
2. Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 2. - 2009.
3. Ladygin M.B., Zaitseva O.N. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. - 2012.

1. Nado5.ru ().
2. Litra.ru ().
3. Goldlit.ru ().

Homework

1. Tell us what antipode and pathos are.
2. Give a detailed description of the image of the old woman Izergil and think about what features of Larra and Danko the image of the old woman embodies.
3. Write an essay on the topic: "Larra and Danko in our time."

The heroes of Gorky's early works are proud, strong, courageous people who single-handedly come into the fight against dark forces. One of these works is the story “The Old Woman Izergil”.
The plot is based on the memories of the old woman Izergil about her life and the legends she told about Larra and Danko. The legend tells about the brave and handsome young man Danko, who loves people more than himself - selflessly and with all his heart. Danko is a real hero - courageous and fearless, in the name of a noble goal - helping his people - he is capable of feat. When the tribe, overwhelmed by fear, exhausted by a long wandering through an impenetrable forest, already wanted to go to the enemy and bring him its freedom as a gift, Danko appeared. Energy and living fire shone in his eyes, the people believed in him and followed him. But tired of the difficult path, people again lost heart and stopped believing Danko, and at this turning point, when the angry crowd began to surround him more densely in order to kill him, Danko tore his heart out of his chest, illuminating the path to salvation for them.
The image of Danko embodies a high ideal - a humanist, a person of great spiritual beauty, capable of self-sacrifice for the sake of saving other people. This hero, despite his painful death, does not evoke a feeling of pity in the reader, because his feat is higher than such feelings. Respect, delight, admiration - this is what the reader feels when imagining a young man with a fiery gaze holding a heart sparkling with love in his hand.
Danko Gorky contrasts the positive, sublime image with the “negative” image of Larra - a proud and selfish Larra considers himself the chosen one and looks at the people around him as if they were pitiful slaves. When asked why he killed the girl, Larra replies: “Do you only use yours? I see that each person has only speech, arms and legs, and he owns animals, women, land ... and many more ”.
Its logic is simple and terrible, if everyone began to follow it, then a pitiful handful of people would soon be left on earth, fighting for survival and hunting each other. Realizing the depth of Larra's wrong, unable to forgive and forget the crime he committed, the tribe condemns him to eternal loneliness. Life outside of society gives rise to a feeling of inexpressible melancholy in Larra. "In his eyes," says Izergil, "there was so much melancholy that one could poison all the people of the world with it."
Pride, according to the author, is a wonderful character trait. It makes the slave free, the weak strong, the insignificance turns into a person. Pride does not tolerate anything common and common. But hypertrophied pride gives rise to absolute freedom, freedom from society, freedom from all moral principles and principles, which ultimately leads to dire consequences.
It is this thought of Gorky that is key in the story of the old woman Izergil about Larra, who, being just such an absolutely free individual, dies spiritually for everyone (and above all for himself), remaining to live forever in his physical shell. The hero found death in immortality. Gorky reminds of the eternal truth: one cannot live in society and be free from it. Larra was doomed to loneliness and considered death to be true happiness. True happiness, according to Gorky, lies in giving oneself to people, as Danko did.
A distinctive feature of this story is a sharp contrast, the opposition of good and bad, good and evil, light and dark.
The ideological meaning of the story is complemented by the outline of the image of the narrator - the old woman Izergil. Her memories of her life path are also a kind of legend about a brave and proud woman. The old woman Izergil most of all values ​​freedom, she proudly declares that she has never been a slave. Izergil speaks with admiration of the love of deeds: “When a person loves deeds, he always knows how to do them and will find where it is possible”.
In the story "Old Woman Izergil" Gorky draws exceptional characters, exalts proud and strong-minded people for whom freedom is above all. For him, Izergil, Danko and Larra, despite the extreme contradictory nature of the first, the seeming uselessness of the feat of the second and the endless remoteness from all living things of the third, are true heroes, people who bring the idea of ​​freedom to the world in its various manifestations.
However, in order to truly live life, it is not enough to “burn”, it is not enough to be free and proud, feeling and restless. You need to have the main thing - the goal. A goal that would justify the existence of a person, because “the price of a person is his business”. "There is always a place for feat in life." "Forward! - above! everyone - forward! and - above - this is the credo of a real Man ”.

Lesson objectives:

1. Continue acquaintance with the early works of M. Gorky;
2. Analyze the legends. Compare the main characters of the legends Larra and Danko;
3. To trace how the writer's intention is revealed in the composition of the story;
4. Consider features romanticism on the studied work.

During the classes.

I. Organizational moment

In 1895 "Samarskaya Gazeta" published M. Gorky's story "Old Woman Izergil". Gorky was noticed, appreciated, enthusiastic responses about the story appeared in the press.

II. Main part

1. Early stories M. Gorky have a romantic character.

Let's remember what romanticism is. Give a definition of romanticism, name its distinctive features.

Romanticism is a special type of creativity, the characteristic features of which are the display and reproduction of life outside the real-concrete connections of a person with the surrounding reality, the image of an exceptional personality, often lonely and dissatisfied with the present, striving for a distant ideal and therefore in sharp conflict with society, with people.

2. The heroes appear in a romantic landscape. Give examples to prove this (working with text). Conversation on questions:

What time of day does the story take place? Why? (The old woman Izergil tells legends at night. Night is the most mysterious, romantic time of the day);

What natural images can you highlight? (sea, sky, wind, clouds, moon);

What artistic means did the author use in depicting nature? (epithets, personification, metaphor);

Why is the landscape shown in the story this way? (Nature is shown animated, it lives by its own laws. Nature is beautiful, majestic. The sea, the sky are endless, wide spaces. All natural images are symbols of freedom. But nature is closely connected with man, it reflects his inner spiritual world. That is why nature symbolizes the boundless freedom of the hero, his inability and unwillingness to exchange this freedom for anything).

CONCLUSION: Only in such a landscape, seaside, night, mysterious, can the heroine realize herself, telling the legends about Larra and Danko.

3. Composition of the story “The Old Woman Izergil”.

What is the compositional solution of the story?

For what purpose do you think the writer used such a technique in his story? (In her legends, the heroine of the story expresses her idea of ​​people, about what she considers valuable, important in her life. Thus, a system of coordinates is created by which one can judge the heroine of the story).

How many parts in the composition could you highlight? (Three parts: part 1 - the legend of Larra; part 2 - the story of the life and love of Old Woman Izergil; part 3 - the legend of Danko).

4. Analysis of the legend of Larra.

Who are the protagonists of the first legend?

Is the story of a young man's birth important to understanding his character?

How does the hero relate to other people? (contemptuous, arrogant. He considers himself the first on earth).

A romantic work is characterized by a conflict between the crowd and the hero. What lies at the heart of the conflict between Larra and humans? (his pride, extreme individualism).

How pride differs from pride. Delineate these words. (Card number 1)

Prove that it is pride, not pride, that characterizes Larra.

What does the hero's extreme individualism lead to? (to crime, to selfish arbitrariness. Larra kills the girl)

What punishment did Larra bear for his pride? (loneliness and eternal existence, immortality).

Why do you think such a punishment is worse than the punishment of death?

What is the author's attitude to the psychology of individualism? (He condemns the hero, in which the anti-human essence is embodied. For Gorky, Larra's lifestyle, behavior, character traits are unacceptable. Larra is an anti-ideal in which individualism is taken to the extreme)

5. Analysis of the legend of Danko.

a) The legend of Danko is based on the biblical story of Moses. Let's remember it and compare it with the legend of Danko. Individual student message. (Students listen to the biblical story and compare it with the legend of Danko.)

God commanded Moses to lead the Jewish people out of Egypt. Jews have lived in Egypt for hundreds of years, and they are very sad to part with their homes. The carts were drawn up, and the Jews set off.

Suddenly the Egyptian king regretted that he had released his slaves. It so happened that the Jews came to the sea when they saw behind them the chariots of the Egyptian troops. The Jews looked and were horrified: in front of the sea, and behind an armed army. But the merciful Lord saved the Jews from death. He told Moses to hit the sea with a stick. And suddenly the waters parted and became walls, and in the middle it became dry. The Jews rushed along the dry bottom, and Moses again hit the water with a stick, and it closed again behind the Israelites.

Then the Jews walked through the desert, and the Lord constantly took care of them. The Lord told Moses to hit the rock with a stick, and from it gushed cold water... The Lord showed many favors to the Jews, but they were not grateful. For disobedience and ingratitude, God punished the Jews: for forty years they wandered in the wilderness, could not come to the land promised by God. Finally, the Lord took pity on them and brought them closer to this earth. But at this time their leader Moses died.

Comparison of the Biblical story and the legend of Danko:

What are the similarities biblical history and the legends of Danko? (Moses and Danko lead people out of dangerous places for further living. The path turns out to be difficult, and the relationship of Moses and Danko with the crowd becomes complicated, as people lose faith in salvation)

How is the plot of the legend about Danko different from the biblical story? (Moses relies on the help of God, as he fulfills his will. Danko feels love for people, he volunteers to save them, no one helps him).

b) What are the main features of Danko? What is the basis of his actions? (love for people, desire to help them)

What act did the hero do for the sake of love for people? (Danko performs a feat, saving people from enemies. He brings them out of darkness and chaos to light and harmony)

How is the relationship between Danko and the crowd developing? Work with text. (At first, people “looked and saw that he was the best of them.” The crowd believed that Danko would overcome all difficulties on his own. Then they “began to grumble at Danko,” as the path turned out to be difficult, many died on the way; now the crowd was disappointed in Danko. "People fell in anger at Danko" because they were tired, exhausted, but they are ashamed to admit it. People are compared with wolves, beasts, because instead of gratitude they hate Danko, they are ready to tear him to pieces. Indignation boils up in Danko's heart , “But from pity for people it went out.” Danko pacified his pride, since his love for people is boundless. It is love for people that drives Danko's actions).

CONCLUSION: We see that Larra is a romantic anti-ideal, so the conflict between the hero and the crowd is inevitable. Danko is a romantic ideal, but conflict is also at the heart of the relationship between the hero and the crowd. This is one of the features of a romantic piece.

Why do you think the story ends with the legend of Danko? (This is an expression of the author's position. He praises the hero's feat. He admires the strength, beauty, courage, courage of Danko. This is the triumph of kindness, love, light over chaos, pride, selfishness).

6. After analyzing the legend of Larra and Danko, students' independent work. The students compare Danko and Larra, and write down their conclusions in a notebook. Checking the table.

As a result of the work of students with the table, the following may turn out:

7. But the story is called “The Old Woman Izergil”. Why do you think M. Gorky titled his story this way? (the main heroine of the story is still the old woman Izergil, and the legend is needed in order to understand her character, to understand what is important for her, the main thing).

Legends frame the story of the life and love of the old woman Izergil.

To which of the heroes does the heroine belong? Use the arrow to mark in the card number 2

Card number 2

Students mark their own check. Justify your choice. (The old woman Izergil considers herself to be Danko, since she believes that the meaning of her life was love)

Card number 2

Why do you think Gorky refers the old woman Izergil to Larra? (her love is inherently selfish. Having stopped loving a person, she immediately forgot about him)

III. Conclusion on the lesson. Summing up the lesson.

IV. Homework:

1. Reading the play "At the Bottom";
2. Consider the history of the creation of the play, the genre of the work, the conflict.

USED ​​BOOKS

1. Russian literature of the XX century - Textbook for grade 11 / ed. V.V. Agenosova: M .: Publishing House "Drofa" 1997;
2. N.V. Egorova: Lesson studies on Russian literature of the 20th century, grade 11. M .: Publishing house "VAKO", 2007;
3. B.I. Turyanskaya: Literature in grade 7 - lesson by lesson. M .: “ Russian word”, 1999

The story of Maxim Gorky "The Old Woman Izergil". Romantic pathos and the harsh truth of life
From the literature of the XX century

We will continue talking about Maxim Gorky's story "The Old Woman Izergil", compare the characteristics of Larra and Danko's images, get acquainted with the concepts of "antipode" and "pathos", analyze the image of the old woman Izergil.

In the last lesson, we characterized the images of Larra and Danko, now let's compare them.

Comparative characteristics images of Larra and Danko

The heroes have only one thing in common: both are beautiful, young, brave. Otherwise, they are opposite. Larra became the embodiment of selfishness, cruelty, cynical indifference to people (Fig. 1).

Danko (Fig. 2) became a symbol of heroism, a hero, ready for self-sacrifice. Thus, the story is built on an antithesis, and the heroes of the work are antipodes.

Antipode(from Old Greek. "opposite" or "opposing") - in the general sense, something opposite to something else. In a figurative sense, it can be applied to people with opposite views.

The term "antipode" was introduced by Plato in his Timaeus dialogue to combine the relativity of the concepts "up" and "down".

In the story "Old Woman Izergil", in addition to old legends, the author included a story about the life of the old woman Izergil herself. Let's remember the composition of the story. Memories of the old woman Izergil are compositionally placed between two legends. The heroes of legends are not real people, but symbols: Larra is a symbol of egoism, Danko is a symbol of altruism. As for the image of the old woman Izergil (Fig. 3), her life and fate are quite realistic. Let's talk about this in more detail.

Rice. 3. Old woman Izergil ()

Izergil is very old: “Time bent her in half, once black eyes were dull and watery. Her dry voice sounded strange, it crunched like an old woman spoke with bones. " The old woman Izergil talks about herself, about her life, about the men whom she first loved and then abandoned, and only for the sake of one of them she was ready to give her life. Her lovers didn't have to be beautiful. She loved those who were capable of a real deed.

“... He loved exploits. And when a person loves feats, he always knows how to do them and will find where it is possible. In life, you know, there is always a place for exploits. And those who do not find them for themselves are simply lazy, or cowards, or do not understand life, because if people understood life, everyone would want to leave behind their shadow in it. And then life would not devour people without a trace ... "

In her life, Izergil often acted selfishly. Suffice it to recall the case when she escaped from the Sultan's harem with his son. The Sultan's son soon died, which the old woman recalls as follows: "I cried over him, maybe it was I who killed him? ..". But other moments of her life, when she truly loved, she was ready for a feat. For example, to save a loved one from captivity, she risked her life.

Old woman Izergil measures people with such concepts as honesty, straightforwardness, courage, ability to act. It is these people that she considers beautiful. Izergil despises people boring, weak, cowardly. She is proud that she lived a bright and interesting life, and believes that she should pass on her life experience to the young.

That is why she tells us two legends, as if giving us the right to choose which path to follow: the path of pride, like Larra, or the path of pride, like Danko. Because there is one step difference between pride and pride. This can be a carelessly spoken word or an act dictated by our egoism. We must remember that we live among people, and reckon with their feelings, moods, opinions. We must remember that for every word we say, every deed we are responsible to those around us, as well as to our conscience. This is exactly what Gorky wanted to make the reader think about (Fig. 4) in the story "The Old Woman Izergil".

Rice. 4.M. Gorky ()

Pathos(from the Greek. "suffering, inspiration, passion") - the emotional content of a work of art, feelings and emotions that the author puts into the text, expecting the reader's empathy.

In the history of literature, the term "pathos" has been used in different meanings. So, for example, in the era of Antiquity, pathos was called the state of the soul of a person, the passions that the hero experiences. In Russian literature, the critic V.G. Belinsky (Fig. 5) suggested using the term "pathos" to characterize the work and creativity of the writer as a whole.

Rice. 5. V.G. Belinsky ()

Bibliography

1. Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 1. - 2012.
2. Korovina V.Ya. Literature textbook. 7th grade. Part 2. - 2009.
3. Ladygin M.B., Zaitseva O.N. Textbook-reader on literature. 7th grade. - 2012.

1. Nado5.ru ().
2. Litra.ru ().
3. Goldlit.ru ().

Homework

1. Tell us what antipode and pathos are.
2. Give a detailed description of the image of the old woman Izergil and think about what features of Larra and Danko the image of the old woman embodies.
3. Write an essay on the topic: "Larra and Danko in our time."