What are the times of decline in ability performance? Definition of the concept of performance. Fluctuations in the level of human performance in conventional units

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1. The concept of performance.

2. Typical graphs of changes in performance.

2. 3. Methods for constructing a performance graph.

The concept of performance.

The physiological basis of a person’s labor activity is the functional ability of his body to form purposeful activities and provide a quantitative expression of the result of this activity. In other words, a person works thanks to his two abilities: capacity and efficiency. Capacity

“- this is a person’s ability to perform qualitatively different forms of purposeful activity, the ability to form their infinite variety. If the body did not have the ability to perform actions (work), then all its creative and executive functions would remain unimplemented. Performance - functional capabilities of the human body to perform a specific job.” One more definition of performance can be given. It means a person’s ability to form and maintain the working state of his body, i.e. so change the course of physiological functions (muscular and nervous system

, respiration, blood circulation, metabolism, etc.) to ultimately ensure a high level of labor productivity.

These two definitions one-sidedly interpret such a complex category as performance. When determining it, the general principles of the vital activity of the organism, its psychophysiological potential in interaction with socially determined criteria of activity should be taken into account. Then we can give the following definition: Efficiency is a person’s ability to perform work in accordance with existing quantitative and qualitative standards while maintaining normal functioning of both individual systems and the entire organism as a whole in conditions of the functioning of a number of physiological systems in a more intensive mode caused by professional production conditions situation.

There are two levels of performance:

Reserve - a smaller part of it is a trainable reserve, which can become part of the actual performance capacity, the larger part is a protective reserve, shown by a person only in extreme situations under stress.

Efficiency determines the quantitative side of a person’s work activity. But in this case, the concept of “efficiency” should be distinguished from the concept of “efficiency of activity” - efficiency is only one of the conditions of the latter. A person’s performance is ensured by a complex of his professional, physiological, psychophysiological factors: physical activity, the amount of the body’s reserve capabilities; professional experience and preparedness; personal motivation, expression of needs, attitudes and motives.

Increase in labor productivity as a result of changes in the duration of phases of increased and decreased performance:

P = (P¢ - P / P +1) x 100, where

P is the share of the duration of the phase of increased performance in the total working time fund before the implementation of measures;

Р ¢ - the same after the implementation of measures.

During continuous operation, the same cortical cells can freely use only a certain amount of energy substances. This limitation is called I.P. Pavlov's limit of performance, i.e. is the size or magnitude of performance. The performance limit is a variable value. This means that the magnitude of the performance of a functional unit, depending on specific conditions, can vary in a relatively wide range, i.e. increase and decrease due to a shift in the limit of performance in one direction or another.

The types of nervous system are another important factor that determines the amount of performance of a particular person. A weak type of nervous system has a relatively low efficiency. Strong types, on the contrary, are characterized by significant performance.

The most important factor influencing the level of performance is motivation. We are talking about a set of material and moral incentives, on the basis of which a person sets goals for himself during his working life. specific goals, corresponding to the work of this profession.

The value of the initial performance is influenced by the employee’s age; the ratio of work and rest, i.e. the duration of the work that the body was occupied with at the previous moment, and the duration of its subsequent rest; the presence at the moment of another dominant activity that is incompatible with the labor activity of the human body.

Thus, under the influence of many factors acting in different directions, the performance of the human body can change over a wide range.

In general, we can say that performance is an integral characteristic of a person, and not the properties of his individual functional systems.

Performance

Performance- this is the state of the product in which it is capable of performing given function with the parameters established by the requirements of technical documentation. Refusal- This is a malfunction. The property of an element or system to continuously maintain operability under certain operating conditions (until the first failure) is called reliability. Reliability is the property of an object to continuously maintain an operational state for some time or operating time. Performance is the potential ability of an individual to perform appropriate activities at a given level of efficiency for a certain time. Performance depends on the external conditions of activity and the psychophysiological resources of the individual.

Performance criteria

Strength – the ability of a part to resist fracture or plastic deformation under the influence of applied loads. Strength is the main criterion for performance, since fragile parts cannot work.

The general methods of strength calculations given in Section 2 “Fundamentals of Strength Reliability” were discussed in detail in relation to specific parts and take the form of engineering calculations.

The destruction of machine parts leads not only to the failure of the entire mechanical system, but also to accidents. Strength calculations are carried out: according to permissible stresses: s £ [ s], t £ [ t]; according to safety factors: s ³ [ s]; by probability of failure-free operation: R(t) ³ [ P(t)].

In most cases, a violation of strength is considered to be the occurrence in a part of a stress equal to the maximum ( s before., t before.). To ensure sufficient strength (margin of safety), it is necessary to perform following conditions: s £ [ s]=(s before /[s]); t £ [ t]=(t before /[s]); s ³ [ s].

Depending on the properties of the material and the nature of the loading, the limiting stress is taken yield strength, tensile strength (when calculating for static strength) or endurance limit with a corresponding cycle of stress changes (when calculating for fatigue strength - endurance). When designing, it should be taken into account that fatigue resistance is significantly reduced in the presence of stress raisers associated with the structural shape of the parts (fillets, grooves, holes, etc.) or with manufacturing defects (scratches, cracks, etc.).

In some cases, parts operate under loads that cause alternating contact stresses in the surface layers s n, leading to fatigue chipping of contacting surfaces. The calculation in this case is made based on the endurance condition of the working surfaces.

s] are established on the basis of the differential method as a product of partial coefficients: [ s]=s 1 s 2 s 3, reflecting: s 1– reliability of formulas and calculated loads; s 2– homogeneity mechanical properties materials; s 3– specific safety requirements.

Allowable safety factor [ s] in relation to the yield strength when calculating parts made of plastic materials under the influence of constant stresses is assigned a minimum with sufficiently accurate calculations ([ s]=1.3…1.5). The safety factor with respect to the temporary strength when calculating parts made of brittle materials, even at constant stresses, is assigned to be quite large ([ s] ³ 3). This is associated with the danger of destruction, even if the maximum stress exceeds the tensile strength once. Safety factor for endurance limit; prescribed relatively small

([s] =1.5 ... 2.5), since single overloads do not lead to destruction.

For structures, the destruction of which is especially dangerous for human life and environment(lifting mechanisms, steam boilers, etc.), safety factors, as well as methods of calculation, design and operation are regulated by the standards of Gosgortekhnadzor.

Rigidity – the ability of parts to resist changes in shape and size under load. Calculation of rigidity involves limiting the elastic deformations of parts within the limits permissible under specific operating conditions (for example, the quality of engagement of gears and the operating conditions of bearings deteriorate with large deflections of the shafts). The importance of stiffness calculations increases due to the fact that the improvement of structural materials occurs mainly in the direction of increasing their strength characteristics (and), and elastic moduli E(stiffness characteristic) increase slightly or even remain constant. Severity standards are established based on operating practice and calculations. There are cases when the dimensions obtained from the strength condition turn out to be insufficient in rigidity.

Calculations for stiffness are more labor-intensive than calculations for strength. Therefore, in a number of cases, they are limited to only the latter, but they take obviously increased safety factors in order to ensure the proper rigidity in this indirect way.

In some cases, it is necessary to take into account movements caused not only by general, but also by contact deformations, i.e. perform calculations for contact stiffness.

Sustainability – the ability of a product to maintain its original form of equilibrium. Stability is a criterion for the performance of long and thin rods working in compression, as well as thin plates subject to compression by forces lying in their plane, and shells experiencing external pressure or axial compression. Loss of stability of parts is characterized by the fact that they, being under load after additional deformation by a small amount within the limits of elasticity, do not return to their original state. Loss of stability occurs when the load is reached F so-called critical value F cr, in which a sharp qualitative change in the nature of the deformation occurs. Stability will be ensured if F £ F cr.

When calculating stability, increased safety factors are assigned, which is due to the conventions of calculations based on the assumption of the central action of the load, and if there is a displacement of the point of application of the force relative to the center of gravity of the section, the value of the critical force drops sharply.

Heat resistance – ability of the part to work at high temperatures Oh. Heating of parts is caused by the working process of machines and friction in kinematic pairs and can cause harmful consequences: a decrease in the strength characteristics of the material and the appearance of creep ( increase in strain under load with increasing temperature); changes in the physical properties of rubbing surfaces; deterioration of accuracy indicators; a decrease in the protective ability of oil films, and therefore an increase in wear of parts; changes in clearances in mating parts, which can lead to jamming and seizing.

To prevent harmful consequences overheating on the operation of machines, perform thermal calculations and, if necessary, make appropriate design changes, for example forced cooling, increasing the heat transfer surface, etc.

Wear resistance – the property of parts to resist wear, i.e. the process of gradual change in the size and shape of parts as a result of friction. At the same time, the gaps in the kinematic pairs increase, which, in turn, leads to a violation of accuracy, the appearance of additional dynamic loads, a decrease in the cross section and, consequently, to a decrease in strength, a decrease in efficiency, and an increase in noise. With the current level of technology 85...90 % machines fail as a result of wear and tear, which causes a sharp increase in operating costs due to the need to periodically check their condition and repair. For many types of machines, the cost of repairs and Maintenance due to wear and tear, they significantly exceed the cost of a new car.

Calculation of parts for wear resistance consists either in determining the conditions that ensure fluid friction (operating mode when the contacting surfaces are separated by a sufficient layer of lubricant), or in ensuring their sufficient durability by assigning appropriate permissible pressures to the rubbing surfaces.

Vibration resistance – the ability of the structure to operate in the required range of modes without unacceptable fluctuations. The effects caused by vibration were discussed in subsection 1.5.

The main areas of work that ensure vibration strength and vibration resistance are: eliminating sources of vibration ( balancing rotating masses and balancing mechanisms); the creation of structures of such rigidity that there will be no danger of vibration resonance, and the development of effective means of vibration protection for a person - an operator who controls high-speed vehicles, technological machines and vibration machines, in which resonant and vibration effects make it possible to highly economically increase labor productivity.

Reliability , as a performance criterion, is assessed by the probability P(t) maintaining operability for a given service life ( reliability factor): P(t)=1-n(t)/n, Where n(t)– number of parts that failed at the time t or the end of operating time; n– number of parts subjected to testing.

The probability of failure-free operation of a complex product is equal to work probabilities of failure-free operation of its components.

Product reliability can be achieved by meeting a number of requirements at all stages of design, manufacturing and operation. These include the following:

· the product design must be selected in such a way that the number of its elements is as minimal as possible;

· the reliability of each element must be sufficiently high;

· calculations must most accurately reflect actual operating conditions, and the quality of workmanship must correspond to the intended;

· widespread use of unified and standardized elements;

· protection from external influences: vibration, high temperatures, oxidizing environments, dust, etc. and an effective lubrication system;

· expansion of permissible limits for parameters that determine the performance of products (for example, the introduction of elastic couplings, installation of safety devices);

· the design of products must ensure easy accessibility to components and parts for inspection and replacement (maintainability);

· use in some cases of parallel connection of elements and redundancy.

Links

• GOST 27.002-89 (On Wikisource)
• Operating condition according to GOST 27.002-89
• Reliability
• How to improve performance
• Performance and reliability of technological systems (Articles, publications, books, lectures for students)

/ Lecture course_PPD / Lecture 6 Performance

Lecture 6: Psychophysiological components performance

Efficiency - potential indie opportunity type of performing expedient activities on a given level of efficiency over a certain period of time.

In the scientific literature, this concept has several interpretations. Performance is considered:

How ability a person to perform a certain job at a certain level of quality and reliability,

and as something identical to the functional consistsIaniya body,

And How ability ensure a certain specified level of activity, work efficiency (which is identical to the concept of labor productivity),

And How limit possibilities body.

This distinction is important from a methodological point of view, because if performance is understood as the employee’s potential, then functional stress tests must be used to measure it. If by efficiency we mean labor productivity, then in this case production indicators come to the fore.

This concept must be distinguished from the concept “ work permitproperty", which refers mainly to a person’s ability to participate in work activities. Efficiency is an integral property of a person, reflecting various features subject of activity (V.A. Bodrov).

For the first time, the problem of performance began to be studied by the great Russian physiologist I.M. Sechenov, who proved that the apparatus of the central nervous system is involved in the processes of fatigue that develop during muscular work. In 1902, the outstanding German psychiatrist E. Kraepelin, who studied the problem of fatigue, constructed the so-called “work curve,” which reflected the dependence of work productivity on a number of the most significant factors over a certain time. He experimentally showed that within a short period of time, productivity depends on the following factors: exercise, fatigue, stimulation occurring inat the beginning and at the end of work, getting used to work and stressstrength of will. Moreover, the direction of action of these factors is different, and the “work curve” is an integral indicator resulting from the action of the listed multidirectional forces.

The attention of modern researchers to this problem is due to the development of high-tech industries, transport, military affairs,

in which a person often works to the limit of his psychophysiological capabilities,

and maintaining high performance is an important condition for ensuring the safe operation of complex technical systems.

The special working conditions of these categories of workers create the preconditions for sudden disruptions in performance, sometimes accompanied by loss of consciousness. For example, for combat aviation pilots, these may be disorders caused by the influence of oxygen starvation (hypoxia), motion sickness (sickness), aerobatics overloads, and for train drivers - the monotonous nature of work.

Today, the scientific relevance of the problem is due to the need to develop a system of organizational, medical, social-hygienic, psychological and economic measures to maintain and correct human performance and to draw up long-term forecasts for its changes. Solving these problems is impossible without establishing the mechanisms and patterns of performance dynamics and developing multidimensional criteria for its assessment.

6.1 Types of performance

Experts offer several classifications of performance. In relation to the task being solved by the employee, we can distinguish maximum, optimal and reduced rabotability. During the activity, a change in the level of performance occurs, which is described using the corresponding “curve” (see below).

Highlight mental and physical performance. During heavy physical exertion, the muscles are primarily affected, and during mental stress, the central nervous system is affected. However, such a straightforward division contradicts the experience of physiology and sports medicine and therefore can hardly be considered correct. Yu.R.Bobkov and V.I.Vinogradov point out that there are many common points in the types of performance. In particular, when physical performance decreases, the corresponding groups of cells of the central nervous system suffer. Physical performance includes strength, endurancelight and fast. These types of performance have been studied mainly in the field of sports medicine, because representatives various types sports achieve the highest results in the case of training performance specific to a particular sport. For example, a stayer needs endurance performance, and a sprinter needs speed performance.

Some authors distinguish types of performance according to the nature of the predominant involvement of organs and analytical systems in the activity, assessed by drawing up a professionogram. For example, for the work of flaw detectors (workers whose work involves viewing a large number of parts), it is important for a long time to maintain the ability to visually distinguish and evaluate the elements of the parts being tested. Therefore it is said about visual performance, which in this case entirely determines the effectiveness of the work task. It should be noted that the problem of maintaining visual performance has now become particularly relevant due to the widespread use of personal computers in workplaces.

At the same time, a number of authors (N.M. Rudny, V.A. Bodrov) consider the legality of using such a concept as “visual, motor, etc. performance” to be controversial, since, in their opinion, “the category of performance is integral a property of a person, and not a characteristic of the level of functioning of any body system.”

6.2. Performance stages

Traditionally, the following stages of performance are distinguished:

workability,

optimal performance,

compensated and uncompensated fatigue,

the final "impulse"

progressive decrease in productivity (E. A. Derevyanko).

The identification of these stages is based mainly on indicators of external performance (Fig. 8).

Period workability(1) - stage of performance, characteristic of the beginning of work, when the employee, so to speak, “gets involved” in the work, at initial stage not yet providing maximum performance at work.

Stage optimal performance(2) - a period characterized by stable maximum performance productivity, subjective state of comfort. The task of managers and specialists responsible for organizing the work of personnel is to ensure the maximum duration of this stage.

Period full compensation(3) - the stage at which fatigue begins to develop, since the employee has already used up some of the psychophysiological resources. Continued operation at a given level is achieved by force of will. Moreover, if in the initial period of this stage the quality of work does not suffer, maintenance of performance is ensured by volitional compensation, then later in the period unstable compensation(4) - the quality of activity decreases when volitional efforts the employee is not able to compensate for the psychophysiological resources expended in the process of activity. Subjectively, at this stage a feeling of fatigue is formed.

The final "rush"(5) - a stage characteristic of highly motivated work, at which volitional efforts make it possible to increase declining labor productivity.

Progressive decline in productivity when continuing work (6) - the final period.

A deeper analysis of changes in the functioning of the physiological systems that support activity allows us to trace more differentiated dynamics of the stages of performance: mobilization, primary reaction, overcompensation, compensation, subcompensation, decompensation, failure.

Depending on the type of work, individual characteristics, health status, professional preparedness, duration, the alternation and severity of individual stages may vary to a significant extent, up to the loss of some of them. Ratio of duration of performance stages- one of the indicators of the optimal organization of the activity process. Ideally, an employee’s development of stages of decompensation, and especially breakdown, should not be allowed at all.

In Fig. Figure 8 shows four curves, indicated by Latin numerals. I - level of maximum capabilities; reflects the dynamics of the employee’s production potential. II - level of activity productivity, i.e. real labor productivity measured by specific indicators. This is the actual “curve” of performance. III - level of emotional stress, assessed in relative units. Noteworthy is the fact that this indicator grows along with the appearance and growth of the IV curve - the level of fatigue. This ratio of curves reflects the facts obtained in numerous experiments, indicating that in order to compensate for developing fatigue (starting from the third stage), efforts of emotional-volitional regulation are necessary. Only in this case (and then up to a certain limit - stages of unstable compensation and progressive decline in productivity) can performance be maintained at an acceptable level.

It should be noted that the conditional “distance” between curves I and II, as well as other curves of the graph, varies greatly for different specialties. For example, the work of an accountant during periods of planned activity is not associated with extreme psycho-emotional stress, while ordinary activities, for example a pilot, take place under conditions that require maximum performance. Therefore, the “price” of decreased performance (as well as the cost of an error) is different for these categories of workers.

Within the framework of these cycles, smaller fluctuations in performance are distinguished, caused mainly by oscillatory changes in the processes of attention and metabolism, which are characteristic of any organism.

6.3. Methods for assessing performance

The level of performance is manifested in a set of indicators characterizing:

efficiency (productivity, productivity) and quality of professional activity,

as well as functional reactions of the body

and the subjective state of the employee.

And if professional indicators are external (production) criteria for the current level of performance, then functional indicators reflect psychological and physiological “price” of activity. "Price" activities- this one degree of tension functioning of the psychophysiological systems of the body (cardiovascular, respiratory, neurohumoral, excretory, etc.), which is necessary to achieve a given level of efficiency.

Direct indicators characterize the efficiency and reliability of performing professional tasks or individual actions and operations. In turn, direct performance indicators are divided into indicators of fulfillment of real professional tasks (number of processed parts, sewn clothes, etc.) and so-called work tests (V. A. Bodrov), working tests- these are work tasks standardized in volume, time and conditions of execution, representing in content separate elements of work activity (for example, tracking tests, reading instrument information from photo layouts, receiving and transmitting Morse code, etc.).

Indirect indicators of performance are divided into indicators of the current functional state of the body and its reserve capabilities. The former are recorded objectively at rest or during activity through physiological, psychological, biochemical and other measurements, and also subjectively - through conversation, filling out questionnaires, questionnaires, etc.

Indicators of the body's reserve capabilities are determined during functional stress tests, which characterize, first of all, the degree of tension and the level of compensatory capabilities of various body systems, when performing additional tasks against the background of the main activity, introducing equipment failures during the execution of a task on a simulator, etc. . In particular, the “Reserves” block of the “Physiologist-M” equipment worked well in the experiment, through which the operator was presented with two types of additional (to the main activity) tasks on a special device. In one case, these are red, green and yellow lights, the lighting of which must be responded to by pressing the corresponding buttons on the remote control. In the other, it is a combination of two digits, and the operator needs to answer the question about the evenness or oddness of the sum of the presented digits by also pressing the corresponding buttons.

Sometimes the question arises about a retrospective examination of the level of human performance, which is necessary in the event of man-made accidents and disasters. An example of such situations is the deciphering of the so-called “black boxes” after aircraft accidents, in which the main flight parameters are recorded, the exchange of the pilot with ground air traffic control services. Radio communication materials are subjected to semantic (peculiarities of word usage), psycholinguistic (level and purposefulness of speech activity), physiological-acoustic analysis (rate of speech, latent period of speech responses and switching of the radio switch). The examination materials allow us to give an opinion on the degree of safety of the operator’s performance.

6.4. Determinants of performance

An important practical issue is to identify the causes and prerequisites that determine the level and stability of performance, as well as its dynamics. One of the main psychophysiological prerequisites for a decrease in human performance is unfavorable psychophysiological conditions (in particular, fatigue, overwork). However, as a rule, even with the development of these conditions, a person, due to volitional regulation of activity, is able to maintain performance at an acceptable level for quite a long time. Therefore, it is important to plan the activities of personnel in such a way that a person has the opportunity, through the mechanisms of emotional-volitional regulation, to maintain performance at an acceptable level.

Efficiency, as mentioned, is a systemic quality that characterizes the subject of labor, the level of which is determined by a large number of factors related to:

organi featurestions of work

and the employee himself:

the functional state of the body and the amount of its reserve capabilities;

professional experience and preparedness; the orientation of the individual, i.e. the nature and degree of expression of needs, attitudes and motives for activity

and a number of other factors.

Knowledge and full consideration of these factors allows us to ensure that employees’ performance is maintained at an optimal level for a long time.

All factors affecting performance can be divided into:

physiological,

psychological

and professional.

Physiological determinants of performance. There are three such factors.

The first factor is fluctuations in operating parameters body, in particular, changes in the level of lability of complex nervous structures, body temperature, rate of cell division, chemical parameters of the blood (levels of hormones, enzymes and other substances), etc. The initial level of activity of physiological systems that ensure the performance of labor operations undergoes significant cyclic changes ( V. A. Bodrov, S. A. Kosilov, G. Salvendi). This is a natural process, to one degree or another inherent in any living organism. The frequency of these changes varies - from several minutes to several years. The most important are the so-called circadian ones (from lat. circa- about and dies- day) (also called circadian) activity rhythms that reflect changes in the daily cycle. The life activity of most organisms on earth is “tied” to these rhythms, determined by the change of day and night. In humans, all psychophysiological systems are configured for daylight hours and for rest during the dark. This internal biological timing system is called an “endogenous clock,” or oscillator.

The circadian system is quite stable. For example, a person who is continuously without a watch for several weeks and with complete freedom to manage his time chooses “his own” rhythm, close to the length of the day. The influence of these rhythms on the quality of task performance was especially clearly demonstrated in experiments that studied the dynamics of performance in a continuous activity mode (G. M. Zarkovsky, V. N. Stupnitsky). It was experimentally established that in daily activity The time periods of 2 am and 3 - 4 pm are the most unfavorable for work activity, since at this time the most significant deterioration in performance is observed. At the same time, as practice shows, “peaks” of erroneous actions are observed (V.V. Kozlov). Other experiments have shown that in the early morning hours, a person's body temperature, reaction speed, and vigilance tasks have smallest values in the daily cycle.

The most important natural “setter” of time for humans is solar activity (the change of day and night). Therefore, moving a person to other time zones causes a state of mismatch between the internal rhythm and the natural one (change of day and night), which can negatively affect a person’s performance. This phenomenon is called desynchronosis.

Desynchronosis is a human condition associated with a violationanalysis of daily periodicity of physiological and mental functionsctions when changing time zones and manifested by weakness lethargy, insomnia at night and drowsiness during the day, decreased performance(V.V. Kozlov). This condition is most often observed in transport workers crossing several time zones (pilots and flight attendants, train drivers and conductors) long distance), as well as workers who went on a business trip. If a person, after 2 days in a changed time zone, returns to the starting point, this does not lead to the development of adaptive changes. If the stay in a “foreign” time zone is long enough (more than 3 days), then this leads to a restructuring of biological rhythms, “adjusting” to new time conditions. This “adjustment” usually ends by the end of the 5th day. Work associated with frequent, even short-term, changes in time zones is quite stressful and is accompanied by intensive consumption of the employee’s functional resources.

An example of the influence of annual rhythms: human performance in winter is generally lower than in summer, which is due to many factors and, above all, a reduction in daylight hours. The cyclical nature of changes in performance is also manifested in changes “tied” to vacation. These changes were studied using the example of the activities of pilots (V.A. Ponomarenko, S.A. Bugrov, etc.). In the period after the vacation (approximately 1-1.5 months), insufficient performance is noted (a kind of “working in” period).

The weekly dynamics of performance are known - the best performance indicators were noted in the middle of the week.

The second factor that primarily determines the dynamics of performance is rate of consumption of the body's energy resources during work, which is due to the nature of the work itself. It is clear that intensive work, associated with accelerated consumption of resources, is more likely to lead to a decrease in performance than light work. The nature of the work performed serves as the basis for the division of labor according to severity (see Chapter 9). In turn, taking into account indicators of labor intensity and the rate of resource consumption is the basis for labor standardization.

Third factor - state of physiological systems. Disturbances in the functioning of physiological systems cause a decrease in performance. To characterize the ability of the functional systems of the human body to ensure the performance of work activity, the concept is used "physicslogical reserves" - the adaptive ability of an organ or system and the organism as a whole, developed in the process of evolution, to increase the intensity of its activity compared to a state of relative rest in response to workload.

Numerous studies have established that decreased performance can be caused by a number of functional disorders in the body. These include:

painful and pre-morbid conditions, their residual effects,

functional disorders caused by exposure to unfavorable sanitary and hygienic environmental factors,

chronic fatigue and overwork,

neuropsychic tension,

as well as a number of mental states, such as dominant, drowsy, a state of premature mental demobilization, euphoria, phobia, etc.

Currently, the problem of using a number of psychoactive substances (alcohol, medicines, drugs), which also leads to a decrease in performance, has become urgent. This is evidenced, for example, by forensic medical studies of remains after aircraft accidents, indicating a significant proportion of pilots who were found to have traces of the use of psychoactive and other drugs that potentially reduce human operator functions. These substances include, for example, some antihypertensives (lower blood pressure), antihistamines (used for allergic reactions and conditions), sleeping pills and sedatives. There is alcohol and drug use by workers in production and transport. Drinking alcohol while driving has become the talk of the town, which greatly increases the risk of traffic accidents.

In order to minimize the influence of this factor on the employee’s performance in some types of work, a system of medical monitoring of personnel entering shift (duty) has been adopted. In particular, drivers undergo a pre-trip medical examination public transport, drivers, dispatchers and a number of other categories of railway transport workers, aircraft pilots, power plant operators, air traffic control system dispatchers, etc. In those areas of professional activity where the cost of human error is especially high, it is necessary to minimize the likelihood of making this error by a person with reduced performance, which is achieved through “input” (pre-shift, pre-flight, pre-flight) personnel control.

The procedure for conducting such surveys is determined by the federal executive body; in the field of healthcare (Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation). Typically, medical examinations include an external examination (condition skin, mucous membranes), determination of hemodynamic parameters (pulse rate and blood pressure), and also, in some cases, identification of signs of alcohol consumption. For these purposes, special breathalyzers are used to determine the content of alcohol vapor in the exhaled air. It should be emphasized that the use of breathalyzers only allows one to suspect the fact of alcohol consumption, without replacing a drug examination, which should be carried out in a specialized medical institution that has the appropriate license for this type of activity.

Psychological determinants. These are the factors that characterize the subject of activity and influence the time of maintaining a high ability to work. These include:

individual psychological qualities. N.A. Dobrolyubov said: “There are no untalented people, there are inappropriate people.” Chapter 5 discussed professional suitability, the psychological aspect of which establishes the degree of correspondence between the psychophysiological qualities of the employee and the requirements of the profession. Those employees who have the most pronounced discrepancy between the requirements of the profession and their own qualities will experience significant difficulties in their work. For example, workers of locomotive crews who do not have sufficient expression of such a professionally important quality as resistance to monotony quickly lose the ability to work necessary to effectively perform production tasks, which is reflected in a greater number of marriages of these workers;

the orientation of the specialist’s personality - the nature and degree of expression of needs, attitudes and motives for activity; stability of the emotional-volitional sphere.

Professional determinants. These are factors that characterize the process, means and conditions of professional activity, as well as characteristics of the subject of labor that determine the quality of work performed within a given time. They can be grouped into the following classes.

Sanitary, hygienic, microclimatic conditionsbots. The worse these conditions are, the faster the employee spends the psychophysiological resources necessary to perform the activity. The faster he develops unfavorable mental states and a corresponding decrease in performance. That is why labor legislation establishes a shortened working day for certain categories of workers.

Ergonomic characteristics of the workplace. Their importance is well illustrated by the differences that car drivers note during long trips in cars with good and poor ergonomics.

Work and rest schedule of the employee. The traditional organization of work is one in which a work shift occurs during the day and lasts no more than 8 hours (the legislation of the Russian Federation establishes the length of the working week at 40 hours, in a number of European Union countries it is even less). However, work organization that includes night shifts is becoming increasingly common. For example, in the USA, every third family has an employee who works shift work, which requires work in the evening and even at night. Obviously, a sliding work schedule, when an employee works in cycles of “day - evening - night”, necessitates constant reconfiguration of the functional systems of the body. Numerous studies have shown that when performing certain tasks that require constant vigilance (quality control, monitoring), there is a decrease in quality when working on the third (night) shift. Performance in the third shift may decrease due to falling into the appropriate phase of the circadian cycle, as well as as a result of sleep disturbances, which are almost inevitable with this form of work organization.

The concept of "performance"

In accordance with modern concepts in the field of labor psychology and engineering psychology, a person’s performance should be considered as his systemic property, which is formed as a result of the subject’s inclusion in activities, manifests itself and is assessed in the process of activity. Efficiency is determined by a set of interrelated, interdependent properties, qualities of a person and external factors, components of activity. The systemic nature of this property corresponds to the position of B.F. Lomov about the “multiple orders” of human properties and the need to identify systemic properties that reflect the individual’s belonging to a certain system.

Efficiency should be considered as one of the main socio-biological properties of a person, reflecting his ability to perform specific work for a given time and with the required efficiency and quality. Performance, its level and degree of stability are determined by a complex, a set of professional, psychological and physiological components that reflect the main characteristics of the subject of activity: a) professional experience and preparedness - level of development, plasticity, stability of special knowledge, skills,

skills; b) the orientation of the specialist’s personality - the nature and degree of expression of needs, attitudes and motives for activity; c) the functional state of the body and the magnitude of its reserve capabilities - the state of health, the presence of fatigue (overwork), neuropsychic stress, “difficult” mental states, etc. In addition, performance, in particular its dynamics, depends on individual psychological, physiological, physical characteristics of the subject of activity, as well as from engineering-psychological, psychophysiological, anthropometric, hygienic and other properties of the object (means), content (processes), conditions and organization of activity Jj51._/

~~THE concept of “work capacity” is used, as a rule, in connection with specific types of activity. This is expressed in particular indicators for assessing the level of work capacity, adequate to the nature of a given type of work. However, in a number of cases the concept is used in a more general, non-specific form ( for example, mental or physical performance, camera work

Based on the factor of duration of manifestation of a certain level of performance, one can distinguish between its long-term and operational form. This difference is determined by: a) the nature of the general or current functional state; b) focus on a specific type of professional activity in a broad sense, i.e. in the form of stable motives, interests, needs, or an orientation toward completing a given work task; c) a stable level of professional preparedness to perform a specific work activity or increased preparedness, professional readiness to implement specific professional tasks at a certain point in time.

The concept of “performance” can be considered in two aspects. On the one hand, how is its level in the current period of time. In the practice of studying and assessing

7.5. Psychology of professional activity

In a specific professional activity, this characteristic of performance is the main one, and as its leading indicators, indicators of the psychophysiological price of the activity and, mainly, the result of the work are used. On the other hand, the concept of “performance” acts as a derivative of the psychological category “ability”, and in this regard it means a person’s potential ability to perform a specific job with a certain efficiency and quality.

1.2.2. The simplest methods for assessing physical performance

1.2. The simplest methods of self-assessment

performance, fatigue, exhaustion

and use of physical culture means

for their directional correction

1.2.1. Definition of concepts: performance, fatigue, tiredness

Under efficiency refers to a person’s ability to perform professional activities in given parameters and specific conditions, accompanied by functional changes in the body that are reversible during regulated rest.

Physical performance is an expression of human life, based on movement. It manifests itself in various forms of muscle activity and depends on the person’s ability and readiness for physical work. Physical performance is one of the most important components of sports success.

On the one hand, performance reflects the capabilities of a person’s biological nature, serves as an indicator of his capacity, on the other hand, it expresses his social essence, being an indicator of the success of mastering the requirements of a specific activity.

In the process of educational and work activity, performance is determined by the influence of various external and internal factors, not only individually, but also in their combination. These factors can be divided into the following groups:

1) physiological character - the student’s health status, the state of the cardiovascular, respiratory, endocrine and other systems;

2) physical character - the degree and nature of room illumination, air temperature, noise level and others;

3) mental character - well-being, mood, motivation, etc.;

4) with social character - conditions of places of employment, living conditions, food, etc.

Performance should be assessed according to the criteria of professional activity and the state of body functions, in other words, using direct and indirect indicators.

Direct indicators allow you to evaluate sports activity from both a quantitative (meters, seconds, kilograms, points, etc.) and qualitative (reliability and accuracy of performing specific physical exercises) side.

TO indirect performance criteria include various physiological, biochemical and psychophysiological indicators that characterize changes in body functions during work. In other words, indirect indicators represent the body’s reactions to a certain load and indicate what physiological cost this work costs for a person, i.e. how, for example, an athlete’s body pays for the seconds, meters, kilograms, etc. achieved. It has been established that indirect indicators of performance during the work process deteriorate much earlier than direct criteria. This gives grounds to use various physiological techniques to predict human performance, as well as to clarify adaptation mechanisms.

When assessing the performance and functional statea person’s opinion, it is also necessary to take into account his subjectivenew condition (fatigue), which is quite an informative indicator. Feeling tired, a person slows down the pace of work or stops it altogether. This prevents functional depletion of various organs and systems and ensures the possibility of quickly restoring human performance. A.A. Ukhtomsky considered the feeling of fatigue one of the most sensitive indicators of decreased performance and the development of fatigue.

However, the severity of fatigue does not always correspond to the degree of fatigue. That is, it cannot serve as an objective indicator of performance. This discrepancy is based, first of all, on the different emotional attunement of the worker to the work being performed. For example, when high motivation a worker who performs pleasant and socially significant work does not experience fatigue for a long time. And, conversely, with aimless, uninteresting work, fatigue can arise when objective fatigue either has not yet occurred at all, or its severity does not correspond to the degree of fatigue.

Therefore, the subjective feeling of fatigue should be compared with indicators of objective signs of fatigue (Table 1.2.1.).

Fatigue- this is a state of the body that objectively arises under the influence of one or another long-term work and is characterized by a temporary decrease in performance.

With a properly structured training process, a state of fitness develops in the body, which is based on the mechanisms of immediate and long-term adaptation to physical activity. From a physiological point of view, fitness is a level of the functional state of the body that arises in the process of systematic training and is characterized by an increase in functional reserves and readiness for their mobilization, which is manifested by an increase in a person’s performance. In other words, fitness the athlete is characterized by the level of his special physiologymental performance, which can be predicted by indicators of physiological functions both in a state of relative rest and during dosed physical activity, as mentioned above.

Table 1.2.1

External signs of fatigue during physical labor (according to S. A. Kosilov)

observations	Fatigue level
	Minor	Significant
Skin coloring	Minor redness	Significant redness	Sharp redness paleness, cyanosis
Sweating	Minor (wetness on forehead	Significant (above the waist)	Particularly sharp (below belts, performance
	Speed ​​up smooth (about 30 breaths	rapid, periodic mouth breathing	Significantly learning coated, surface- Continuous breathing through the mouth. Individual deep alternate breaths disorderly breathing hania (shortness of breath)
Movements	Confident and accurate	Unsure, rhythm disturbances	Frequent breaks work, slowdown movements, trembling limbs
Attention	Unmistakable you following instructions and work rules	Deviation from work rules, errors when new tasks	Reaction slowdowns. inaccurate execution of instructions, lack of interest, apathy
Well-being	No complaints	for fatigue	Head complaints pain, weakness

During rationally constructed training loads, the body’s capabilities are not only restored to their original constants, but also consolidated at a new level, ensuring an increase and expansion of the body’s functional reserves (state of supercompensation). The biological meaning of this phenomenon is enormous. Repeated loads leading to supercompensation provide an increase in the body's working capabilities. This is the main effect of systematic training. From a physiological point of view, the main thing in training is repetition and increasing physical activity. This makes it possible to improve movements and energy supply based on self-regulation mechanisms through biological feedback.

A high level of fitness in a state of relative rest is characterized by functional and structural changes that reflect the increasing efficiency of physiological functions and an increase in the body’s potential to perform training and competitive loads. Ultimately, the essence of the problem of fitness comes down to the question of the mechanisms of its development and the advantages of a trained organism over an untrained one. These benefitsSocieties are characterized by four main properties.

Firstly, a trained body can perform physical activity of such duration or intensity that an untrained body cannot do it.

Secondly, a trained organism is characterized by a more economical functioning of various organs and systems at rest, under moderate physical exertion, and the ability to achieve, under maximum load, a level of activity that is inaccessible to an untrained organism.

Third, a trained body is able to exercise control more perfectly motor activity, mobilize faster and more fully and use their reserve capabilities more efficiently.

Fourthly, a trained body can continue to work with deeper changes in homeostasis and is characterized by higher functional reserves and effective recovery processes.

Generalized data on assessing a person’s performance, taking into account his subjective and functional states, direct and indirect indicators of performance, are presented in Table. 1.2.2.

Table 1.2.2

Stages of physical performance
performance	Subjective state	Physiologists indicators	physiological indicators	national ability	state body
	Improves	Are improving	Are improving	Improves	Normal state (fatigue)
work in this way		news for now-	indicators	agrees to stable	Normal state (fatigue)
workable property	Getting worse	corrected vege shifts tative	corrected shifts in indicators	decline	Transitional state (chronic fatigue)
siring decline workable properties	Constant feeling of fatigue that does not go away after before- filler- much rest	directed- worse sewing everyone indicators	directed- worse indicators	new lower- appearance	Pathologists- social (overworked-

Having such data and comparing them with actually observed changes in a person during any of his activities, it is possible to judge with sufficient reliability the dynamics of performance, fatigue and overwork and, if necessary, recommend the implementation of appropriate health measures.

The study of the functional state of persons involved in physical culture and sports is carried out through the use of various functional tests. During a functional test (test), the body's reaction to the influence of any factor, more often physical activity, is studied. The main (mandatory) condition for this should be a strict dosage. Only under this condition is it possible to determine the change in the reaction of the body of the same person to stress under different functional states.

For any functional test, the initial data of the studied indicators are first determined, then the data of these indicators immediately (or during the test) after exposure to one or another dosed factor and, finally, after the cessation of loads until the subject returns to the original state. The latter allows you to determine the duration and nature of the recovery period.

Most often in sports practice, tests with such physical activity as squatting, jumping, running, climbing and descending steps (step test), etc. are used. All loads are dosed both at pace and duration (duration). In addition to tests with physical activity, other non-load tests are also used: orthostatic, clinostatic, etc.

Basic requirements when conducting functional tests

Feeling good.

The set time is usually in the morning, on an empty stomach or an hour or two after breakfast.

Prepared sample location.

The simplest functional tests

Orthostatic test- effective method assessing the degree of recovery after exercise. It is carried out as follows. Before the measurement, you need to lie down quietly for at least 5–6 minutes, then measure your heart rate in a lying position and, after standing up, after 1 minute, in a standing position. Normal is an increase in heart rate of 10–12 beats/min, satisfactory - up to 20 beats/min, and over 20 beats/min - unsatisfactory. In the latter case, the body cannot cope with the proposed load, which is accompanied by residual fatigue. If you need to characterize the entire training day, then an orthostatic test is carried out in the morning and evening.

Clinostatic test is performed in the reverse order relative to the orthostatic test: when moving from a standing position to a lying position. It is carried out like this: after a 3-5 minute rest in a lying position, count your pulse for one minute, then slowly stand up and count your pulse again after a minute. In a healthy, well-trained person, the difference between the lying and standing pulse is approximately 6–8 beats, in less trained people it is 10–14 beats. An increase in heart rate of more than 20 beats per minute may indicate decreased cardiac performance or poor regulation. of cardio-vascular system from the central nervous system. Such an increase may be one of the signs of overfatigue, overtraining, as well as a state of “pre-illness”.

Ladder test. To assess the state of fitness (physical performance), you need to go up to the 4th floor at a normal pace without stopping and count your pulse. If the heart rate is below 100 beats/min, it is an excellent indicator of the performance of the cardiovascular system, less than 120 is good, less than 140 is satisfactory, and above 140 is bad.

Functional test with 20 squats. The resting heart rate is calculated for 10 seconds (with subsequent recalculation for 1 minute). Then 20 deep and uniform squats are performed in 30 seconds (feet shoulder-width apart, when squatting, extend your arms forward, when standing up, lower them), and the heart rate for the first 10 seconds is calculated. After this, the percentage of heart rate increase from the initial level is determined. When the heart rate increases by less than 50%, the state of the cardiovascular system is assessed as good, by 50–75% - satisfactory, by more than 75% - unsatisfactory.

Very important information The degree of fitness of the cardiovascular system is determined by the time it takes for the heart rate to return to its original level after squats. To determine this time, counting the heart rate in 10-second intervals after squats is continued until it returns to the original level. Recovery time of less than 60 seconds is characterized as “excellent”, from 60 to 90 seconds is “good”, from 90 to 120 seconds is “satisfactory” and more than 120 seconds is “poor”.

Test with jumps. Having previously counted your pulse, stand in the basic stance, hands on your belt. Gently do 60 small jumps on your toes for 30 seconds, bouncing 5–6 cm above the floor. Then count your pulse again. The assessment of the results is identical to the assessments of the test with 20 squats: an increase in heart rate by 25% or less is excellent, 25–50 is good, 50–75% is satisfactory, above 75% is bad.

Special observations have shown that functional tests well reflect the degree of fitness of a person. The lower the total heart rate, the higher the level of fitness. However, it is not the absolute value of the pulse that is important, but its changes under the influence of systematic exercise or sports in the same person. For this purpose, a functional test should be carried out weekly. All other things being equal, a decrease in the indicator will indicate an improvement in health, general physical condition and functional state of the cardiovascular system; an increase in the indicator indicates a deterioration in the general condition.

Physical activity as a functional test may vary depending on the type of sport. So, for wrestlers, weightlifters, etc. - 20 squats for 30 seconds; for short-distance runners, boxers, jumpers - 15-second running in place at maximum speed, high hip lift (to the horizontal level) and vigorous arm work; for middle and long distance runners, swimmers, skiers, basketball players, cyclists, etc. - 3-minute run at a pace of 180 steps per minute with high hip lifts. Depending on your state of health, age, gender, level of training, as well as the type of sport, running time can be reduced to two or one minute. In this case, when repeating the test, the same physical activity should be applied. In the future, for dynamic observations of the state of fitness, you should use an individually selected standard physical activity (20 squats in 30 seconds; running with maximum speed within 15 seconds; running at a pace of 180 steps per minute for 1 , 2, 3 min).

Performance– a person’s potential ability to perform purposeful activities at a given level of efficiency for a certain time.
Modern economic dictionary

Performance human - the ability of a person to perform a given function with varying efficiency. Zero performance is the absence of the ability to act, and, accordingly, the absence of effect.
Wikipedia

• Efficiency is the ability to quickly get involved in work and perform it in the best possible way, receiving moral satisfaction from it.
• Efficiency is a strong-willed quality that certainly accompanies success in life.
• Efficiency is an active life position, responsibility in relation to the assigned work and a person’s high creative potential.
• Efficiency is the investment of a person’s creative, physical, mental strength in performing the assigned work.

Performance Benefits

• Efficiency contributes to advancement – ​​up the ladder of success.
• Efficiency provides opportunities for self-realization.
• Efficiency gives strength to manage time.
• Efficiency gives joy - from the results of one’s own labor.
• Efficiency gives hope - for changes for the better.
• Efficiency gives you confidence in your capabilities.

Manifestations of performance in everyday life

• Professional activity. A person who does not count and does not regret the time and mental costs of doing work demonstrates efficiency.
• Creation. People in creative professions especially need work capacity - even the most talented musician, if he does not spend 6 hours daily at the instrument, will never achieve serious success.
• Sport. The level of an athlete's achievements is directly proportional to his ability to work.
• Education. A student who is responsible for the learning process and does not skip classes or lectures demonstrates efficiency.

How to achieve performance

• Taking care of your health. One of the main components of performance is human health. By giving up excesses and engaging in feasible physical training, a person strengthens his health and creates the basis for the development of working capacity.
• Professional development. A person shows greater efficiency in a task that he is good at. By increasing his professional level, a person also increases his efficiency.
• Education. Performance when performing mental work is a thinking process. Education broadens a person’s horizons, trains his thinking abilities and increases his efficiency.
• Emotional mood. A mood for success, an optimistic outlook on life and one’s business - increase a person’s performance.

Golden mean

Idleness

Performance

Workaholism

Catchphrases about performance

Talent is, firstly, the desire to work, and secondly, the ability to work. - Konstantin Stanislavsky - There cannot be a genius without exceptional energy and exceptional performance.- Wilhelm Liebknecht - There is nothing more useless than effectively doing work that does not need to be done at all. - Peter Drucker - Georgy Sytin / Thoughts that enhance vision, hearing and performance

This book contains “healing attitudes” - thoughts that increase the efficiency of life and increase a person’s performance.

Brian Tracy /

21 Ways to Manage Time and Double Your Productivity (Audiobook CD)

The audiobook is about productivity. Secrets of increasing productivity without reducing the quality of work and harming health.

Scientists have discovered the elixir of youth. Now man

can remain operational for up to 85 years.

The research sponsor is the Pension Fund. Efficiency as a personality quality is the ability to work hard and productively, to show constant readiness to perform purposeful activities at a given level of intensity for a certain time. in order to study something. This is also a time for problem solving. In the morning, the head thinks well, you can quickly understand everything, figure it out. At this time, a person is very well aware of what is happening around. However, different specific periods of time are correspondingly suitable for engaging in different types of mental activity.

C 6 until 7 am Long-term memory works well, so at this time it is best to memorize, memorize some material. If you think that you have a very bad memory, then try to memorize from 6 to 7 in the morning, and the result may exceed your expectations.

From 7 to 8 am You can review information that you also need to remember, but not too deeply.

From 8 to 9 am Logical thinking is activated, so at this time it is good to study something that requires memorization and simultaneous reflection.

From 9 to 10 am It is better to work with information and statistical data.

From 10 to 11 It’s good to study not very serious literature that does not require strong concentration.

From 11 to 12 the efficiency of intellectual work is quite reduced, so you can read fiction. Every 40-50 minutes of mental activity, you need to distract yourself and do a light warm-up for 2-3 minutes, or just relax and sit with your eyes closed. Sometimes breathing exercises help in this case, sometimes turning your head, sometimes ventilating in the fresh air, or just a short, five-minute nap while sitting at the table. If you act this way, your mind will work quite productively. Anyone who chooses the right time to study gets very good results. With the right time chosen for mental activity, everything contributes to good concentration.

If you need to perform a large set of physical exercises, then it is best to do it from 9 to 11 am. In this case, breakfast should be no later than 7 am.

Is it possible to engage in mental activity in the evening? It is possible, but you need to be careful with strong mental stress in the evenings, since excessive brain strain in the evenings leads to sleep disturbances and development chronic diseases. These could be, for example, diseases such as cerebrovascular accident, pneumonia, decreased physical and mental tone, arrhythmia, biliary tract dysfunction, enterocolitis, etc. If you do not have time to do this before 20:30, then it is best to postpone further work for the morning.

Working mentally in the evening, you risk losing your ability to work for the entire next day. And if you also disturb your sleep schedule and go to bed later, then the next day you will lose your productivity by about 50% compared to usual, even if you adhere to the rest of the daily routine. The likelihood of stress also increases. Therefore, it is better to postpone the solution to the most difficult problems until the morning - “the morning is wiser than the evening.” However, do not make the morning the main time for solving your business issues. It's better to do this during the day.

The day is intended for active work. From 12 to 18 o'clock a person's consciousness is aimed at vigorous activity. Therefore, at this time it is best to engage in active work. This can be both physical and mental labor. After work, it is advisable to immediately take a shower at a pleasant temperature, and then, if necessary, eat, and only after that do all other things.

An efficient person overcomes the desire to sleep in the morning and watch in the evening defective TV series and political squabbles of tendentious, corrupt politicians and journalists. Having lost his taste for such activities, he sleeps healthy sleep baby and wakes up full of strength and energy. Conclusion: Daytime is meant to fulfill one's responsibilities to society. Those who strive to perform their duties during the day receive the necessary time for spiritual practice and education in the morning. A person will certainly become happy if he adamantly follows the rhythm of life, which is set by powerful time.

Activities in the evening should be carried out measuredly, with peace and tranquility. It is good to read literature that gives rise to such feelings. You can do something around the house or communicate with your relatives, but the mood should be exactly like this. If you do not adhere to this rule, then brain overstrain occurs, which will force the body to work for wear and tear. The sun sets, the moon becomes active, and the mind should calm down. All the information that has been accumulated during the day will be retained only if the mind is calm in the evening. When a person does not want peace in the evening and tries again and again to stimulate himself to active mental activity, then his mind gradually begins to overstrain. The first sign that a person is not resting and is in passion is that his process of falling asleep is gradually disrupted.

A person loses his ability to work if he watches something exciting on TV before going to bed. And if he falls asleep, then he dreams of all sorts of “cosmic dreams” or “chase, chase, chase in hot blood.” Another sign of such people is the desire to drink coffee at night or eat well before bed. After 6 pm you can continue to work for some time, but this work should not be strenuous. This applies to both physical and mental labor. Also, after 6 pm it is not recommended to do very active physical exercises. However, exercises that relieve mental stress (if done gradually) can help restore strength.

Conclusion: compliance with all the rules of work and rest in the evening eliminates diseases associated with overexertion and sleep disturbances, and also adjusts the body and psyche to a blissful, calm rhythm.

Petr Kovalev 2013

The main indicator of our work activity is our performance, those. some level functionality organism, which characterizes the effectiveness of the work we perform over a certain period of time.

Since our performance depends on many factors, such as gender, age, physical and mental condition, mood, nutrition, knowledge, skills, and experience, in essence, we know how to manage many of the above. In general, you can learn to manage your performance.

And although performance is a variable quantity, which also depends on the influence weather conditions, seasons and moods, scientists and researchers have found that if we better know the characteristics of our body and the conditions in which it works most effectively, then we will be able to manage our performance at different periods of time.

Stages of our performance

For what, you ask? Everything is very simple: knowing the time of the next period of fatigue, we can calculate everything in advance and prepare so that the work as a whole is completed within a certain time frame. Good to know Interesting Facts about several stages that characterize performance:

First stage: Working in - occurs in the first, and less often in the second hour of work.

Second stage: Sustainable performance - lasts for the next 2-3 hours of work.

Third stage: Fatigue - when performance decreases.

During the entire working day, these stages are repeated twice - before the lunch break and after it. The same can be observed during the work week: on Monday we sometimes have to work hard, Tuesday-Wednesday-Thursday are marked by stable effective activity, and on Friday-Saturday we are faced with a period of fatigue (inhibition), on Sunday half of the day is spent preparing for first stage. I hope this is very familiar to those who work from Monday to Friday-Saturday.

It is important not to miss the stage of sustainable performance and learn how to optimally use the time that falls under this period.

There is a famous saying:

“He who gets up early, God gives him.”

I admit, being by nature definitely not a morning person, I had never understood the meaning of this proverb before. However, life constantly teaches its lessons, and we have to admit that using the early morning time can be very useful. Thus, switching to the language of scientists, we shorten the period of development and quickly bring our body into working condition.

Taking into account all the factors influencing human performance, British scientists determined the phases of the day and their main differences for the average type of person.

Interesting facts about human performance

From 6:00 to 7:00 is the “window” when long-term memory works best. All information received during this time period is easily absorbed.

From 8:00 to 9:00 is the most suitable time for any activity related to both memorization and analytics. It's all about the active work of logical thinking.

From 9:00 to 10:00 are the optimal hours for working with information and statistics.

From 11:00 to 12:00 – at this time the effectiveness of intellectual functions decreases. Therefore, you can switch your attention to something distracted. For example, listen to music.

From 11:00 to 14:00 is the best time for lunch. At these hours there is a peak, as they say in the East, of the “digestive fire”, when the food taken is digested and absorbed in the best possible way.

From 12:00 to 18:00 is the ideal time for active work. Working at later hours forces the brain to work harder. The first signs of such overstrain are difficulty falling asleep.

From 21:00 to 23:00 – the most complete rest of the mind and nervous system occurs.

From 23:00 to 1:00 – in a dream there is an active restoration of subtle energy. In Chinese medicine it is called “qi”, Indian yogis call it “prana”, modern science calls it nerve and muscle strength.

From 1:00 to 3:00 – in a dream a person restores emotional energy.

From 3:00 to 6:00 – sleep, sleep and sleep again! Benefits health, mood and performance.

I suggest taking a ride on the performance roller coaster yourself and adjusting the daily phases in relation to your own person.

How long can you work? As much as necessary, but do not commit suicide. A worn-out and overly stressed body can fail at any time. It's important to know about this. Everyone knows the moments when overwork accumulates and loss of performance is inevitable. In this case, only a BREAK, sometimes a very long one, can help.

Drowsiness, lethargy, numbness of the back or neck muscles, headache, decreased concentration and memory impairment, deep exhaustion - all this and much more signals a persistent reluctance to even go to your favorite job and work at full capacity. These are clear signs of overwork, and dealing with it is similar to fighting weeds.

How to restore your performance?

And yet, there are many recipes for restoring sustainable performance. In any case, you probably use them:

• Microbreaks
• Short stops
• Physical exercise
• Sipping
• Face and neck massage
• Drink a mug of sweet tea
• Eat chocolate
• Wash with cold water
• Change the type of activity, situation
• Go to bed early today and get a good night's sleep
• On the weekend leisure prefer active: swimming, skiing, running, sports games
• Take a vacation and fly to the sea
• Visit another country or another city for a change of impressions
• Have a good time with friends
• Reduce the load, take a time out

On the other hand, knowing about the features that affect our own activities, and about those recommendations that can prevent overwork, we will be able to manage our own performance, learn to multitask and increase the efficiency of our activities.

Efficiency is the functional ability of a subject to perform work activities effectively within a specified period of time, characterized by quantitative and qualitative indicators.

Types of performance

In 1971 IN AND. Medvedev and A.M. Parachev divided: performance types:

1. Total– a person’s calling to do any useful work activity that has stable health qualities. Medical labor examination calls this concept work ability.
2. Highly professional- characterized by the procedures and assignments under which professional tasks are performed. Example: correcting texts, although the employee is deaf after an injury or illness.
3. Possible— extremely long continuous operation that does not require a level of efficiency. A person works with a specific load and has great stability.
4. Emergency- similar to potential, but working in emergency cases, where all forces are mobilized.
5. Current- the need to perform work with a certain efficiency for a certain period, at any time of the day. This person characterized by a state of adequacy, efficiency, good functioning of the body system: its organs, cells.
6. Reduced When a person’s functional state deteriorates, labor productivity indicators fall. The work lasts no more than 1-1.5 hours, but maybe less.
7. Optimal when the transition of physiological actions into production occurs. Efficiency increases. The employee is gradually drawn into the working rhythm, into the process of working.

Caring for human health

We examined in more detail the types of performance, but the task of society, the leader with scientific point vision to give such a volume of task for a person so that he does not become overworked and does not lose his health due to production exhaustion, turning into malaise. Psychophysiological standardization sets itself the mission of checking the equipment and condition of the subject, ensuring reliability, labor actions before the start of the work shift and during the work process.

Physiologists have established that this value cannot be constant. It is variable, combined with changes in the character, mental and physiological functions of each human body.

Performance stages (phases)

1. Before starting work
There are several stages of performance:

• combat: confidence in the result, highest motivation;
• feverish: anxiety, impatience, fussiness, uncertainty;
• apathy: no desire, drowsiness, lethargy.

2. Increased productivity

• initial reaction: decrease in production proportions;
• overcompensation: change to a working way, adaptation to conditions, environment, overcoming stress. Labor productivity may fluctuate but gradually increase.

3. Maximum performance (compensation)
The rhythm of labor coincides with the daily rhythm of the physiological actions of the body. Stability is established in the individual’s body, physiological tension is reduced. In this situation, elevated labor indicators are achieved (the percentage of output increases, there is no defect, equipment downtime is reduced). Steady operation lasts 4-5 hours.

4. Incomplete (subcompensation)
The human body feels the initial signs of fatigue, auxiliary resources are consumed from the body, but productivity remains at the same level.

5. Unstable (decompensation)
The quality of products decreases, all resources are depleted, a desire to stop working appears, efficiency and productivity decreases. Constant monitoring of the worker by management is necessary.

6. Failure stage
Product output sharply decreases, fatigue increases, productivity and performance approaches zero. It is not advisable to continue working; stop working urgently before the person becomes exhausted.

7. Inspiration at the end of the shift (in 30-40 minutes)
Mobilization of reserve forces, productivity increases arbitrarily. Your mood and desire to finish your work improves without leaving what you started the next day.

Concept of performance

V.A. Bobrov gave a definition of human performance, this is an integral property that reflects the characteristics of the subject’s activity. The concept of ability to work is the ability of an individual to participate in work. Therefore, working capacity and working capacity are different from each other.

Let us list several options for interpreting the concept of performance as the ability of people:

• Do specific work while maintaining reliability and quality at a certain level;
• Performing work conscientiously is characteristic of the state of the body itself.;
• Ensure decent labor standards and efficiency;
• Use the body to its maximum potential.

Consequently, the concept of performance can be understood as the natural potential of a working person, which can only be measured by functional stress tests.

I.M. Sechenov, an outstanding Russian physiologist, studied the problems of performance. He proved that the process of fatigue occurs during the work of the muscular system, involving the central nervous system.

The great German psychiatrist E. Kraepelin constructed a “graphic curve” of work, which displays the productivity of this work over a specific period of time. The problem of fatigue depends on many factors: the degree of involvement in work, will, incentive, type of exercise, fatigue, period of work: beginning and end. The “graphic curve” is an integral indicator; the result of these actions is the multidirectional forces indicated above.

Modern researchers are also studying the problem of efficiency for the development of high-tech industries, military affairs, and transport, where:

• High performance ensures safe operation of the most complex technical devices and systems;
• A person works, using psychophysical capabilities to the limit.

Examples:

Sudden disruptions in performance in the form of loss of consciousness. An aviation pilot participating in combat operations may experience hypoxia (oxygen starvation), overload during aerobatics, and motion sickness. Monotonous work of train drivers.

Rudnev N.M. and Bobrov V.A. propose to use the concept of categories of performance: motor, visual, etc., “Category P is an integral parameter of the subject, and not a characteristic of the degree of functioning of one of the systems of the human body.”

Mental and physical performance

It has already been proven that with mental performance the entire central nervous system suffers, and with physical performance the muscular system suffers. Physical exercise in humans is carried out through the nervous and muscular systems. The neuropsychic sphere helps mental performance, which has received the concept of “mental”. This ability allows you to process and perceive the information received, prevent breakdowns, and maintain the body in a certain status.

But Bobkov Yu.R., Vinogradov V.I. indicated that there are common points in performance.

For example, if physical performance is reduced, a group of cells in the nerve system will also suffer.

In sports, physical performance is divided into:

• Speed ​​– for a sprinter;
• Power - for a weightlifter;
• Hardy - for a stayer.

Intellectual and physical R. may worsen from exposure external environment, from a change in state within a person, from physical and emotional circumstances.

The correct functioning of the dynamics rate depends on the situation of your performance, which is divided into:
1. Intrashift - rhythm phase, i.e. initial. In the first period of time, work picks up pace, efficiency and efficiency rise. Productivity during physical work occurs in 35-60 minutes, during intellectual work – within 1 hour 20 minutes. up to 2 hours
The performance stage becomes stable when the state of organs and systems reaches the highest level of performance. At the end of the shift, within 20-40 minutes, the productivity stage decreases, fatigue accumulates (drowning), and performance decreases.
After a correctly composed lunch break, the rhythm stage should be repeated: increasing the rhythm of work, maximizing efficiency and its slow decrease. Naturally, in the 2nd half of the shift, performance is less than at the very beginning of the shift.

2. Daily allowance- has a non-constant performance capacity, which reaches its maximum output at 8-9 hours and maintains increased performance. Then from 13 to 16 pm there is a decrease. At the beginning of the second shift there is an increase, and by 20 pm the performance decreases. The lowest performance is at 3 and 4 am.

3. Weekly dynamics— at the beginning and end of the week (Monday, from the second half of the day to Friday) performance is considered minimal. On the remaining days of the week, R increases.

Knowing about this rhythm of work dynamics, it is advisable to perform more complex, responsible work during the hours of maximum efficiency. Simpler work the rest of the time.

Remember that your performance is interconnected with your health. Use health and hygiene measures, a combination of work and rest, walks in the fresh air, regular meals and sleep, a ban on drinking alcohol and smoking. More physical activity.