Battle on the Valerik River. Panorama Valerik (river). Virtual tour of Valerik (river). Attractions, map, photos, videos. Water register data
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K:Rivers in alphabetical order K:Water bodies in alphabetical order K:Rivers up to 50 km in length K:Wikipedia:Articles without images (type: not specified)
, lived in the steppe and, probably, often became the site of bloody battles between these peoples. In the future, this was the reason for such a terrible name.
Story
In 1840, two battles took place on the river between the North Caucasian highlanders under the command of Naib Akhberdil Muhammad and the Russian Chechen detachment of Lieutenant General A.V. Galafeev, who were advancing towards inland Chechnya. The Russians, under the command of Apollo Galafeev (first battle) and Pavel Grabbe (second battle), defeated the rebel highlanders on July 11 and October 30, respectively. After losing these battles, Imam Shamil's murids left Chechnya and retreated to the Avar Khanate.
A decade later, on October 26, 1850, the battle of the Russian imperial army with the highlanders took place here again, for participation in which Tsarevich Alexander Nikolaevich (later Emperor Alexander II) received the Order of St. George, 4th degree.
Culture
The Battle of the Valerik River is beautifully described in the poem “Valerik” by Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov. The great Russian poet took part in both battles and received recognition as a hero. For the courage shown in the battle of Valerik, Lermontov was presented with the Order of Vladimir, 4th degree. However, he never received this award, since he was removed from the final list of those awarded by Emperor Nicholas I, who had a strong dislike for the disgraced poet.
Water register data
- According to the geoinformation system for water management zoning of the territory of the Russian Federation, prepared by: Code water body
- Code for hydrological knowledge (HI) - 108200563
- Pool code - 07.02.00.011
- Volume number according to GI - 08
- Issue according to GI - 2
The meaning of Valerik as "river of the dead" is still used metaphorically: the battle near the village of Komsomolskoye has been called "Valerik of the late 20th century".
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Notes
Links
The article uses information provided by the Federal Agency for Water Resources from the list water bodies, registered in the state water register as of March 29, 2009.
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Reservoirs
Excerpt characterizing Valerik (river)Napoleon drove across the field, thoughtfully peered at the area, shook his head with himself in approval or disbelief, and, without informing the generals around him of the thoughtful move that guided his decisions, conveyed to them only final conclusions in the form of orders. After listening to Davout's proposal, called the Duke of Ecmul, to bypass the Russian left flank, Napoleon said that this did not need to be done, without explaining why it was not necessary. To the proposal of General Compan (who was supposed to attack the flushes) to lead his division through the forest, Napoleon expressed his consent, despite the fact that the so-called Duke of Elchingen, that is, Ney, allowed himself to note that movement through the forest was dangerous and could upset the division .
Having examined the area opposite the Shevardinsky redoubt, Napoleon thought for a while in silence and pointed to the places where two batteries were to be set up by tomorrow to operate against the Russian fortifications, and the places where field artillery was to be lined up next to them.
Having given these and other orders, he returned to his headquarters, and the disposition of the battle was written under his dictation.
This disposition, about which French historians speak with delight and other historians with deep respect, was as follows:
“At dawn, two new batteries, built in the night, on the plain occupied by the Prince of Eckmuhl, will open fire on the two opposing enemy batteries.
At the same time, the chief of artillery of the 1st Corps, General Pernetti, with 30 guns of the Compan division and all the howitzers of the Dessay and Friant divisions, will move forward, open fire and bombard the enemy battery with grenades, against which they will act!
24 guards artillery guns,
30 guns of the Compan division
and 8 guns of the Friant and Dessay divisions,
The chief of artillery of the 3rd Corps, General Fouche, will place all the howitzers of the 3rd and 8th Corps, 16 in total, on the flanks of the battery, which is assigned to bombard the left fortification, which will total 40 guns against it.
General Sorbier must be ready, at the first order, to march with all the howitzers of the Guards artillery against one or another fortification.
Continuing the cannonade, Prince Poniatowski will head towards the village, into the forest and bypass the enemy position.
General Compan will move through the forest to take possession of the first fortification.
Upon entering the battle in this way, orders will be given according to the actions of the enemy.
The cannonade on the left flank will begin as soon as the cannonade of the right wing is heard. The riflemen of Moran's division and the Viceroy's division would open heavy fire when they saw the beginning of the attack of the right wing.
The Viceroy will take possession of the village [of Borodin] and cross his three bridges, following at the same height with the divisions of Morand and Gerard, which, under his leadership, will head to the redoubt and enter the line with the rest of the army.
All this must be done in order (le tout se fera avec ordre et methode), keeping the troops in reserve as much as possible.
In the imperial camp, near Mozhaisk, September 6, 1812.”
This disposition, written in a very unclear and confused way, if we allow ourselves to regard his orders without religious horror at Napoleon’s genius, contained four points - four orders. None of these orders could be or were carried out.
The disposition says, first: that the batteries set up at the place chosen by Napoleon with the Pernetti and Fouche guns aligned with them, a total of one hundred and two guns, open fire and bombard the Russian flashes and redoubts with shells. This could not be done, since the shells from the places appointed by Napoleon did not reach the Russian works, and these one hundred and two guns fired empty until the nearest commander, contrary to Napoleon’s orders, pushed them forward.
The second order was that Poniatowski, heading towards the village into the forest, should bypass the left wing of the Russians. This could not be and was not done because Poniatovsky, heading towards the village into the forest, met Tuchkov there blocking his way and could not and did not bypass the Russian position.
Third order: General Kompan will move into the forest to take possession of the first fortification. Compan's division did not capture the first fortification, but was repulsed because, leaving the forest, it had to form under grapeshot fire, which Napoleon did not know.
Fourth: The Viceroy will take possession of the village (Borodino) and cross his three bridges, following at the same height with the divisions of Maran and Friant (about which it is not said where and when they will move), which, under his leadership, will go to the redoubt and enter the line with other troops.
On July 23, 1840, Russian soldiers defeated a large detachment of Imam Shamil's troops near the Valerik River. This battle was one of many during Caucasian War, which lasted almost half a century. But thanks to the poetic genius of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, the battle at the Valerik River became widely known, forever entering Russian history and literature. After all, Lieutenant Lermontov of the Tenginsky Infantry Regiment not only took part in that battle, but also showed on July 23 (July 11, old style), 1840, considerable courage inherent in a real Russian warrior.
In that battle, the detachments of the Russian general Apollo Vasilyevich Galafeev and one of the closest associates of Imam Shamil, “naib” Akhberdil Muhammad, collided. General Galafeev was an experienced military man, a participant in the War of 1812. On July 18, 1840, his detachment set out from the Grozny fortress (now the city of Grozny) to reach the area of the Chechen village of Achkhoy-Martan and, joining with another Russian detachment coming from the territory of Ingushetia, suppress the uprisings in the south of Chechnya.
The path of the Russian detachment ran through forested mountains, and before going to Achkhoy, it was necessary to cross the Valerik River. Its overgrown dense forest The banks were very convenient for defense, which Naib Akhberdil hastened to take advantage of, who fortified himself here with 6 thousand Chechen fighters.
General Galafeev's detachment consisted of 2 thousand infantrymen, about 1.4 thousand Don and Terek Cossacks and 14 guns. The enemy sat down behind the rubble of trees on the opposite steep bank. Russian soldiers had to attack the Chechen positions, crossing mountain river ford under rifle fire.
Among those attacking the enemy in the first ranks was Lieutenant Lermontov. He was entrusted with the most dangerous task - to maintain communication between the advanced column of the attackers and the headquarters of General Galafeev. The poet later described the battle as follows:
And two hours in the jets of the stream
The battle lasted. They cut themselves brutally
Like animals, silently, with breasts breasts,
The stream was dammed with bodies.
I wanted to scoop up some water...
(And the heat and the battle tired
Me), but a muddy wave
It was warm, it was red.
After two hours of shooting and hand-to-hand combat, Russian soldiers knocked the enemy out of the rubble on the banks of the Valerik River, but the battles in the thicket lasted a total of six hours. The leader of the Chechens, Naib Akhberdil, was wounded and began to retreat, and all the Chechens ran after him.
On the battlefield, the Russians counted more than 150 enemy corpses, but the Chechens took some of the dead with them, and many corpses were simply not found in the forest rubble. Russian losses amounted to 79 killed and missing, as well as over two hundred wounded.
Since the time of Suvorov and the battles with Napoleon, our soldiers have named battles and battles in a simple word“business,” and especially brutal hand-to-hand combat was called “fun.” And Lieutenant Lermontov described the “case” at the Valerik River this way - no longer in poetry, but in prose - in a letter to one of his friends: “We had business every day, and one rather hot one, which lasted 6 hours in a row. We were only 2000 infantry, and there were up to 6 thousand of them; and fought with bayonets all the time. We lost 30 officers and up to 300 privates, and their 600 bodies remained in place... Imagine that in the ravine, where there was fun, an hour after the event there was still the smell of blood.”
In poetry, the poet described the end of the battle and the continuation of the endless war:
They pulled it into a heap; blood flowed
A stream of smoke over the stones,
Its heavy vapor
The air was full. General
Sat in the shade on the drum
And he accepted reports.
The surrounding forest, as if in a fog,
Turned blue in the smoke of gunpowder.
And there in the distance, a discordant ridge,
But forever proud and calm,
The mountains stretched - and Kazbek
The pointed head sparkled.
And with secret and heartfelt sadness
I thought: pathetic man.
What does he want!.. the sky is clear,
There is plenty of room for everyone under the sky,
But incessantly and in vain
He is the only one who is at enmity - why?
Galub interrupted my reverie,
Hitting the shoulder; he was
My Kunak: I asked him,
What is the name of this place?
He answered me: Valerik,
And translate into your language,
So there will be a river of death: true,
Given by ancient people.
- Approximately how many of them fought?
Today? - Thousands to seven.
- Did the mountaineers lose much?
- Who knows? - Why didn’t you count!
Yes! it will be, someone here said,
They remember this bloody day!
The Chechen looked slyly
And he shook his head.
Lermontov’s personal courage was appreciated by the command; official military reports about the poet say the following: “Lieutenant Lermontov of the Tengin Infantry Regiment, during the assault on enemy rubble on the Valerik River, had instructions to observe the actions of the advanced assault column and notify the detachment commander about its successes, which was associated with the greatest danger for him from the enemy, hiding in the forest behind the trees and bushes. But this officer, despite any dangers, fulfilled the assignment entrusted to him with excellent courage and composure and, with the first ranks of the bravest soldiers, burst into the enemy’s rubble.”
The victory at the Valerik River allowed the Russian detachment of General Galafeev to quickly reach the Achkhoy-Martan area. Here, the rebellious Chechen villages were sure that the Russians would not be able to get past Valerik, and did not have time to evacuate to the mountains. The unexpected appearance of the Russians contributed to confusion in the ranks of Shamil's rebels, significantly complicating his actions against our troops. But the war in the Caucasus continued for a long time, as the brave poet Mikhail Lermontov predicted in his poems written following the battle on July 23, 1840.
Battle of Lieutenant Lermontov
On July 23, 1840, Russian soldiers defeated a large detachment of Imam Shamil’s troops near the Valerik River
This battle was one of many during the Caucasian War, which lasted almost half a century. But thanks to the poetic genius of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, the battle at the Valerik River became widely known, forever entering Russian history and literature. After all, Lieutenant Lermontov of the Tenginsky Infantry Regiment not only took part in that battle, but also showed on July 23 (July 11, old style), 1840, considerable courage inherent in a real Russian warrior.
In that battle, the detachments of the Russian general Apollo Vasilyevich Galafeev and one of the closest associates of Imam Shamil, “naib” Akhberdil Muhammad, collided. General Galafeev was an experienced military man, a participant in the War of 1812. On July 18, 1840, his detachment set out from the Grozny fortress (now the city of Grozny) to reach the area of the Chechen village of Achkhoy-Martan and, joining with another Russian detachment coming from the territory of Ingushetia, suppress the uprisings in the south of Chechnya.
The path of the Russian detachment ran through forested mountains, and before going to Achkhoy, it was necessary to cross the Valerik River. Its banks, overgrown with dense forest, were very convenient for defense, which Naib Akhberdil, who fortified himself here with 6 thousand Chechen fighters, hastened to take advantage of.
General Galafeev's detachment consisted of 2 thousand infantrymen, about 1.4 thousand Don and Terek Cossacks and 14 guns. The enemy sat down behind the rubble of trees on the opposite steep bank. Russian soldiers had to attack the Chechen positions, fording a mountain river under rifle fire.
Among those attacking the enemy in the first ranks was Lieutenant Lermontov. He was entrusted with the most dangerous task - to maintain communication between the advanced column of the attackers and the headquarters of General Galafeev. The poet later described the battle as follows:
And two hours in the jets of the stream
The battle lasted. They cut themselves brutally
Like animals, silently, chest-to-chest,
The stream was dammed with bodies.
I wanted to scoop up some water...
(And the heat and the battle tired
Me), but a muddy wave
It was warm, it was red.
After two hours of shooting and hand-to-hand combat, Russian soldiers knocked the enemy out of the rubble on the banks of the Valerik River, but the battles in the thicket lasted a total of six hours. The leader of the Chechens, Naib Akhberdil, was wounded and began to retreat, and all the Chechens ran after him.
On the battlefield, the Russians counted more than 150 enemy corpses, but the Chechens took some of the dead with them, and many corpses were simply not found in the forest rubble. Russian losses amounted to 79 killed and missing, as well as over two hundred wounded.
Our soldiers, since the time of Suvorov and the battles with Napoleon, called battles and battles with the simple word “business”, and called especially brutal hand-to-hand combat “fun”. And Lieutenant Lermontov described the “case” at the Valerik River this way - no longer in poetry, but in prose - in a letter to one of his friends: “We had business every day, and one rather hot one, which lasted 6 hours in a row. We were only 2000 infantry, and there were up to 6 thousand of them; and fought with bayonets all the time. We lost 30 officers and up to 300 privates, and their 600 bodies remained in place... Imagine that in the ravine, where there was fun, an hour after the event there was still the smell of blood.”
In poetry, the poet described the end of the battle and the continuation of the endless war:
Everything has already died down; body
They pulled it into a heap; blood flowed
A stream of smoke over the stones,
Its heavy vapor
The air was full. General
Sat in the shade on the drum
And he accepted reports.
The surrounding forest, as if in a fog,
Turned blue in the smoke of gunpowder.
And there in the distance, a discordant ridge,
But forever proud and calm,
The mountains stretched - and Kazbek
The pointed head sparkled.
And with secret and heartfelt sadness
I thought: pathetic man.
What does he want!.. the sky is clear,
There is plenty of room for everyone under the sky,
But incessantly and in vain
He alone is at enmity - why?
Galub interrupted my reverie,
Hitting him on the shoulder. He was
My Kunak: I asked him,
What is the name of this place?
He answered me: Valerik,
And translate into your language,
So there will be a river of death: true,
Given by ancient people.
- Approximately how many of them fought?
Today? - Thousands to seven.
— Did the mountaineers lose much?
- Who knows? - why didn’t you count!
Yes! it will be, someone here said,
They remember this bloody day!
The Chechen looked slyly
And he shook his head...
Lermontov’s personal courage was appreciated by the command; official military reports about the poet say the following: “Lieutenant Lermontov of the Tengin Infantry Regiment, during the assault on enemy rubble on the Valerik River, was instructed to observe the actions of the advanced assault column and notify the detachment commander about its successes, which was associated with the greatest danger for him from the enemy, hiding in the forest behind the trees and bushes. But this officer, despite any dangers, fulfilled the assignment entrusted to him with excellent courage and composure and, with the first ranks of the bravest soldiers, burst into the enemy’s rubble.”
The victory at the Valerik River allowed the Russian detachment of General Galafeev to quickly reach the Achkhoy-Martan area. Here, the rebellious Chechen villages were sure that the Russians would not be able to get past Valerik, and did not have time to evacuate to the mountains. The unexpected appearance of the Russians contributed to confusion in the ranks of Shamil's rebels, significantly complicating his actions against our troops. But the war in the Caucasus continued for a long time, as the brave poet Mikhail Lermontov predicted in his poems written following the battle on July 23, 1840. http://rusplt.ru/wins/bitva-reka-valer ik-lermontov-27630.html
COSSACK DICTIONARY-DIRECTORY
Continuation. See the beginning in No. 1.
In the second half of the 10th century, after the devastation of the Donetsk-Don Asalaniya, part of the Alans migrated to the Crimea. There they lived in completely primitive conditions between the mountains, near Chufut Kale, “in desert places and caves, without building any pens for cattle or shacks.” The whole tribe took upon themselves protection from the nomads Greek colonial city Chersonese and in 1240 as Christians had their own bishop. Herogy Pachymer, a Byzantine writer, spoke about them at the end of the 13th century. Then they were already part of the Cossack squad of the Nagai temnik and, together with other Horde Cossacks, seemed completely Tatarized, although they remained Christians. In 1364, at Blue Waters, during a battle meeting with the army of Prince Olgerd of Lithuania, the Tatars had three leaders. Of these, one bore the Christian name Demetrius, the second was called Kochubey, i.e. just like a Cossack and a military judge in the Hetmanate during the reign of Mazepa, and the third was called Kotlubek. The first two, by all indications, were atamans of the Horde Cossacks, among whom, according to Pachimer, there were Alans. Remaining among the Dnieper Cossacks even after their departure from the Crimean Khan (1492), they introduced into their midst a pure Nordic type, which is still preserved among some Black Sea residents in the Kuban.
The opinion established in archeology that the Ases-Alans to a certain extent disappeared between the steppe Slavs and the Turks gives reason to think that they did not disappear without a trace, but with their remains they joined the main Don Cossack massif, replenishing our people with large, white-bodied, calm, persistent and economic representatives of the North. With them, the concept of “ataman” came to the Cossack environment - more Asalan than Turanian. On the land of Kasak, which belonged to the Alans, under Mstislav the Brave, the chronicled Kasag-Kazyag people lived. Afterwards, the Dnieper Cherkasy Cossacks, Azov Cossacks, Pyatigorsk and Greben Cossacks came out from there. In 1549, when the Cossacks finally began to return from the Severshchina to the Don, they brought with them the still not forgotten tribal name of the Azmans (Sary Azman). It follows from this that the remnants of the Alan Ases also joined the indigenous Cossack society on the Don.
ATAVA– grass in a hay meadow that has grown back after the first mowing.
ATAMAN- the title of every elected leader, chief, leader in Cossack societies. The origin of this term and its structure is associated with Gothic-Germanic or Asalan speech, where “atta” meant “father”, and “mann” - “husband”, “knight”. The original meaning of the word “father-knight” or “father of husbands” was preserved in the memory of the Cossacks as “father-ataman”, “father-ataman”. Terms of similar meaning existed in the east (“atabek”, “atalyk”), but the Cossacks did not accept them in this form.
Historically, the term “ataman” becomes known after its appearance in the Lithuanian chronicles in relation to the 14th century, i.e. by the time when the Alans and Goths, together with the Cossacks, formed the squad of the Crimean Khan. Refers to the Crimea and is the next in time of appearance on the pages of ancient acts of “Ataman Duvan”, after which the term “Ataman” from the middle of the 16th century is often repeated in sources, is constantly associated with the Cossacks and, together with them, moves to the north. Until this time, the Genoese in their acts called the Cossack leaders in Polovtsian “orguzii”; in the Golden Horde, the Cossack leaders were called “baskaks”, and in Moscow - “heads”. In Cossack societies, the term “ataman” was preserved even after their conquest by Russia, not only in relation to local commanders, but even for rulers appointed by the Tsar.
Ataman M.I. PLATOV.
Colorized engraving by K. Site.
First half of the 19th century
On the Don there are military atamans, main troops, marching, command, (deputies), winter villages, districts, villages, villages, farms, small detachments. In the Hetmanate, for the Belarusian and Ukrainian communities, there were foreman-voits, and there, for the Cossacks in the towns, there were community atamans and atamans of the Cossack petty-bourgeois communities. In the Zaporozhye Republic of Nizova, in addition to the usual marching and detachment ones, the titles of atamans of koshev, kuren, school, prison (in charge of trade), and Lisitsky (in charge of hunting) were adopted.
During campaigns and in combat situations, customary law granted the atamans unlimited power: “wherever you look, ataman, we will throw our heads.” In peaceful life, they were only executors of the will of the People's Assembly and guardians of order.
“Hetman” among the Poles, “Whatman” among the Novgorodians are also associated with Germanic meanings, but different from “ataman”. “Hetman” was transformed in Poland from the German “hauptmann” - “ main boss", there the commanders-in-chief of the Polish, Lithuanian and Cossack military forces were called hetmans. “Whatman” was formed from the word “wachtmann” - “guardian”, adopted from merchants from the island of Gotland and little changed. So in Novgorod lands the chiefs of the city guard were called. The Little Russians, having adopted the term “ataman” from the Cossacks, remade it into “otaman”, which deprived the word of its basic meaning. But the Dnieper Cossacks, despite having experienced strong Little Russian influences by the 18th century, retained the word “ataman” in its original form.
ATAMAN'S WORD(nekr.) – permission.
ATARA- a flock of sheep.
AHANNY FISHING– winter fishing with ahan, a special net suspended under the ice.
ASCHELE(nekr.) – if; in case if.
To be continued, see next. number.