Types of mushrooms around the world. Children about edible and poisonous mushrooms with names and descriptions. How not to get lost in the dense forest
Municipal budgetary educational institution
"Secondary school No. 10"
Project on:
"Such amazing mushrooms"
World around us
Grade 2
Prepared by: teacher primary school
Gorshkova Svetlana Viktorovna
MBOU secondary school №10
Municipal Ruzaevsky district
Municipal Ruzaevsky district
year 2013
Project goals:To form an idea of \u200b\u200bmushrooms as a special kingdom of wildlife;
Introduce a variety of mushrooms;
Introduce edible and inedible mushrooms;
Tell about the rules for picking mushrooms;
Formation of skills in working with additional literature, in order to highlight the most interesting and important information for a message;
Cultivate respect for nature.
Project objectives:
- Hold a competition of drawings and applications on the theme "Mushrooms"
- Prepare messages about edible and inedible mushrooms to find interesting information.
- Organize an exhibition of the best works.
- Make baby books on the topic.
- Collect material: riddles, proverbs, folk omens about mushrooms.
- Hold a research conference on the topic.
Today we will present to your attention the work of students of the 2nd grade. The guys worked on the project "Mushrooms - part of wildlife."
Stages of work on the project:
Week 1.
Project topic message.
Students receive an individual task - to pick up and bring material about any type of mushroom and think over the design of their future message.
Students share what they find. The diversity of the mushroom world is discussed.
Formatting your message.
2 weeks.
Exhibition of baby books.
Division into groups:
What are mushrooms?
Edible mushrooms.
Inedible mushrooms.
rare mushrooms
Mushrooms in folk wisdom.
Discussion of proposals in groups, group work.
(The teacher controls the activities of each group, directs the work)
3 weeks.
Report of each group on the work done. Consolidation of works into a single whole. Creating a presentation.
Dear children and distinguished guests! Today we have a difficult lesson, we are going to an unusual country where living beings live. Most of them are land dwellers, but there are also water ones. They settle on plant and animal remains, on living organisms, on food, on metal and rubber products, and even on plaster in an apartment. Who can tell me what these creatures are? Of course it's mushrooms.
Group 1 "What are mushrooms?"
- Mushrooms are amazing creatures, because they can not be called either plants or animals. They form a special independent kingdom and occupy an intermediate position between animals and plants.
Mushrooms form a separate kingdom of living organisms. When it comes to talking about them, people usually imagine hat mushrooms- those that are collected in a basket. However, there are a great many completely different mushrooms in the world, the existence of which many are not even aware of.
The most used microscopic fungus is yeast. Many thousands of years ago, people noticed that grape juice, being warm, begins to change amazingly. Gas bubbles float up in it, and some flakes fall to the bottom of the vessel. Juice turns into wine. The settled flakes were called yeast - from the word "tremble". People in ancient times thought that juice changed by itself, as if by magic. Now we know that it is modified by yeast.It turns out that not only people have learned to use yeast for their needs. An ordinary mosquito grows them in a special section of the esophagus. When he sticks his proboscis into human skin, carbon dioxide dissolved in it is injected into the wound along with his saliva. Yeast gets in there too. Carbon dioxide helps the mosquito to suck blood, slowing down its clotting. And the yeast itself causes the familiar itchy blister at the site of an insect bite.There are also many types of fungi that live in forests, where they imperceptibly, but constantly destroy dead wood, flying leaves and fallen needles.
The diverse life of fungi and their functions are necessary on earth, although they bring both benefit and harm to man. Man, like a good master, must learn to use them beneficial features and avoid the harm they can cause.Group 2 "Hat mushrooms" Hat mushrooms.- Why are the names of many mushrooms associated with the names of trees: boletus, boletus, oak? It turns out that the mycelium of these mushrooms wraps around the small roots of the corresponding trees with a white fluffy cover. The fungus helps the plant absorb mineral salts and water, and itself receives minerals from it. This cooperation increases the ability of the roots to absorb substances from the soil thousands of times! Oaks, pines and many other plants simply cannot live without mushrooms. In the same way, most cap mushrooms would not be able to form a fruiting body without trees: they simply would not have had the strength to do this.
Lukashka stands, White shirt, And the hat is on Chocolate color.
White mushroom.
Other names: boletus, belovik, buravik, cow, cowshed, mullein, cow, capercaillie, reaper, pechura,
bugbear, jet, pusher.
The most desirable in the mushroom picker's basket. It is valued for its high taste qualities and for the ability to use it in all types of processing. White mushroom can be boiled, dried and salted, pickled and fried.
The pulp of the mushroom is dense, with a pleasant mushroom smell and the taste of fresh nuts, always white, does not darken on a break and cut.
Fresh mushroom does not smell of anything, but in dried form it is the most fragrant. Among porcini mushrooms there are real giants, up to 6 kg in weight. White fungus is found in forests of all major types, but the forest must be old, at least 50 years old. The mushroom also grows singly, but more often in groups, families, usually under sparse branchy birches, in willow bushes, near junipers. This mushroom has conspicuous companions: anthills, valui, fly agaric. There are about 18 forms of white fungus.
Japanese and American scientists have found substances in porcini mushrooms that counteract cancer.The porcini mushroom is especially beautiful in pine forests, where dark brown hats with a light dark cherry tint grow out of the white moss cover. It seems to be more beautiful picture It's hard for a person to think. Only nature can create it. " silent hunting"for porcini mushrooms - the most exciting and unforgettable trip.
Very friendly sisters
They wear red berets
Autumn is brought to the forest in summer
Golden…. Chanterelles.
Chanterelle grows in small groups, as in deciduous forests, as well as in conifers. This mushroom is easily recognizable by its shape and color, which resembles egg yolk. It appears in late spring and occurs until autumn, often hiding among the moss. Unfortunately, in some regions it is becoming rarer and rarer. Its disappearance is associated with increasing air pollution. The chanterelle's hat is convex at first, then it takes the form of a funnel. The edges of the cap are wrapped towards the stem, then become wavy, after which they rise up. The stem is the same color as the hat. At the top it expands.
This mushroom is known as the cockerel.
Mushroom lovers are well acquainted with the chanterelle. Its white flesh smells good and tastes great, even raw or dried. This mushroom is not only eaten, but also drunk! This is one of the most famous mushrooms, which is used to produce liqueurs.
But not only we love this mushroom. The red slug feeds on the delicious pulp of the chanterelle. The red squirrel also willingly eats it, however, as does the boar with boars.
There are no mushrooms friendlier than these,
Adults and children know.
They grow on stumps in the forest,
Like freckles on your nose.
Honey mushrooms .
Almost all mushrooms, even the pale grebe, only benefit the forest, carefully take care of the trees and make friends with them. A honey agaric is a real aggressor and invader. From his stumps, he now and then arranges "raids" on neighboring trees, reaching out to them with the black cords of his mycelium. It will be bad for the tree, to which the honey agaric has reached. Slowly but surely it will destroy the wood. The mushroom picker involuntarily rejoices, having fallen into the forest, completely overgrown with mushroom "fur coats" of honey mushrooms. But one must know between the fact that the forest is weakened and very sick. You don’t even know how to behave - either carefully cut the mushrooms, like porcini or chanterelles, or start tearing their brown threads, similar to electrical cords. Why mushroom mushrooms are called electric cords, because these threads glow phosphorically. Only this glow can be observed only at night.
Poison mushrooms.
There is a mischievous old woman, she wears a pale hat,
And a foot in a boot On stocking mottled.
Who touches her He won't wake up.
Death cap - a kind of champion, the most poisonous mushroom in the world. The poison of the pale toadstool is not destroyed either by boiling or by frying. These mushrooms are not even eaten by worms. That's why the only way avoid poisoning - it is good to be able to recognize this mushroom. His features- a ring on the leg, a "cup" at its base, White color hat plates. But few people know that small doses of pale grebe were used in the old days to combat terrible disease- cholera.
Everyone has known for a long time
Elegant mushroom - fly agaric
On a high leg
In a pelerine skirt
And on the red hat - White snowflakes.
Fly agaric.
Unlike the toadstool, nature endowed it with extraordinary beauty, but this beauty is deceptive. This beautiful mushroom red or red-orange cap with white flakes on the surface. After rain, white "specks" or fly agaric flakes disappear. The leg is white, and at the top of the leg there is a white membranous ring or, as the people call it, a “skirt”. Fly agaric poison causes suffocation, fainting. But from the point of view of medicine, fly agaric is useful for the treatment of many diseases. Even forest dwellers like moose, they are treated. Various homeopathic remedies are prepared from the red fly agaric.
Group 3 "Rare mushrooms"
Rare mushrooms.
In 1984, 20 species of mushrooms were first listed in the Red Book of our country. Many of them still grow in reserves and sanctuaries where their collection is prohibited. But in other places, these mushrooms are extremely rare. All of them usually have unusual view: bizarre color, shape, large size.mushroom cabbage - this is a miracle of the mushroom world with its appearance really looks like cabbage. Only it grows not in the garden, but at the foot coniferous trees. Wavy, tightly pressed to each other blades depart from an inconspicuous leg, strongly sinuous along the edge, yellowish in color. They are very reminiscent of curly parsley leaves or seaweed. amazing mushroom has the shape of a ball with a diameter of up to 35 cm and a weight of up to 10 kg.Great mushroom cabbage, andmushroom -ram much more. If you are very lucky, then at the end of summer at the base of the trunks and stumps of old deciduous trees you can find a "mushroom bush" with a strong pleasant smell. There is only one mushroom, but he has a great many "twigs" with curly hats. On one specimen of the mushroom, there are up to 200 hats. The diameter of the mushroom reaches 50-80 cm, and the weight is 10 kg or more. And this whopper grows in 8-10 days. If a lucky mushroom picker finds such a “bouquet”, you can go home with rich prey.Polypore-branched – edible mushroom-giant. A very regular ball with a diameter of up to 50 cm consists of numerous white legs connected to each other in the center of the ball. Each supports a cap measuring 2-4 cm in light brown or gray-brown. Flat hats with a small depression in the center are tightly pressed against each other. If you break off a piece young mushroom, there will be a smell of dill.Group 5 "Guess the mushroom" "Field of Dreams"
- This mushroom man began to breed quite recently. In terms of nutrient content, it approaches porcini mushroom, and unpretentiousness has no equal: it willingly covers stumps, damaged trees with dense flocks, and on mushroom farms - wood chocks or bags of straw. This mushroom surprisingly quickly absorbs all the nutrients from the wood, turning it into dust. It has one more feature - in nature, this mushroom can be collected until late autumn and even before winter. Oyster mushrooms
- An experienced mushroom hunter takes a pig in a bag with him and, having reached the oak forest, releases it. The pig immediately sniffs the ground. - Wow, there is one! - the mushroom picker exclaims after a while. He stops, takes out a sapper shovel, digs 10 centimeters deep and takes out some kind of potato.
- On the territory of Russia, among the people, this mushroom enjoys the persistent fame of a toadstool. It doesn’t even have a Russian name, but we call it a French word that translates as “mushroom”. He owes such fame both to an external resemblance to a pale grebe, and to a craving for manured places, heaps of garbage. But even in England, where mushrooms are not picked at all in nature, these mushrooms grown on mushroom farms are eaten with pleasure. For 350 years, people have been cultivating these mushrooms, without any doubt that this mushroom cultivated and growing in nature is one and the same. Only in 1906, scientists were surprised to find that they are completely different. And one more curious case from the life of a mushroom. In 1956, an inquisitive passer-by noticed on the pavement in the center of Moscow on Manezhnaya Square what a weird twist. He photographed them, and the next day he discovered that the bulges had burst and mushrooms had emerged from the cracked asphalt. This happened because the soil near the Manege had been manure for several centuries: after all, horses were kept in the Manege before. But what is the desire for light, freedom for these mushrooms, that they were able to turn the dead asphalt, which does not immediately lend itself even to a jackhammer. CHAMPIGNON
- From a distance, this mushroom is easily mistaken for white. Maybe that's why he is so often kicked by annoyed mushroom pickers, deceived in their expectations. He has a strange fate: everyone knows that this is an edible mushroom, but they never take it. Among the people, it is considered a bad mushroom, and sometimes even a toadstool. Nevertheless, well-cooked, it is not inferior to salted milk mushrooms in taste. VALUI
Group 4 "Mushrooms in folk wisdom"
This group of children collected proverbs, sayings, riddles about mushrooms, as well as folk mushroom signs - having collected all the material, they designed small baby books.
Lesson summary
In nature, mushrooms perform an important function: they eliminate the remains of dead animals and plants. This contributes to the circulation of substances in nature. Man from time immemorial began to collect mushrooms, which brings him pleasure and joy. Unfortunately, mushrooms are not only a source of joy, but also sadness. Many types of mushrooms cause damage cultivated plants destroy wood. Different kinds destroy unique works of art, such as paintings, books. Skin diseases cause great trouble to people and animals. And poisonous mushrooms cause poisoning.
In conclusion, I would like to note that a lot of work is done not only by the teacher, but also by the parents. It is necessary to choose the topic of the project in advance, think over the goals and objectives that will be set for the students, and most importantly, you need to interest the guys in the project. In advance, the teacher should think over which of the guys will do what, taking into account their desires. The task of the teacher is not just to give tasks and evaluate their performance, but to skillfully lead the children to the goal, to help select the necessary information from the general flow of information. The teacher of project-based learning needs not only to master methodological techniques, but also to master the technical means. Based on my own experience, I want to say that such work favors the development of children's cognitive abilities, the ability to independently find material on a given topic, process it, and, most importantly, increases interest in learning activities.
Literature:
G.I. Vasilenko, N.I. Eremenko "Days of Sciences in primary school", Volgograd: teacher, 2006 - 156s.
A.A. Pleshakov "Green House", Moscow, Enlightenment, 1997 - 254s
M.E. Aspiz, encyclopedic Dictionary young biologist, Moscow, Pedagogy, 1986 - 352s
mushroom world
slide 2
He grew up in a birch forest.
Wears a hat on his leg.
A leaf stuck to it from above.
Did you know? It's... a mushroom
slide 3
edible mushrooms
There are about 3000 species of mushrooms in our country. Of these, only about 200 species are edible. Mushrooms are a valuable food product, but this product can also be very dangerous if you do not know which mushrooms are edible. Edible mushrooms in pictures is a good way to learn to distinguish edible mushrooms from poisonous ones, because it is better to see once than hear a hundred times.
slide 4
- White mushroom is perhaps the most valuable edible mushroom found in the forests of Russia.
- White birch fungus, as its name implies, grows next to a birch. Grows along roads, on forest edges in small groups or singly. The fruiting season is from June to October.
BIRCH MUSHROOM
slide 5
The hat of the porcini birch mushroom is large - up to 15 centimeters in diameter, whitish-ocher in color, sometimes almost white, or light yellow. The shape of the cap of young mushrooms is cushion-shaped, in mature ones it is flatter. The pulp is dense, white, does not change color in the air, has no taste, with a pleasant mushroom smell. It is an edible mushroom with excellent taste. In Russia and Western Europe, it is considered one of the best edible mushrooms.
slide 6
boletus
Mushroom boletus has more than 40 varieties. In our area, the following varieties of the mushroom are best known: common boletus, gray boletus, harsh boletus, pinking boletus, multi-colored boletus. All of them form mycorrhiza with birch, but some feel great in the neighborhood of aspen or poplars. Mostly choose places that are well warmed by the sun, but the soil should remain moist.
Slide 7
boletus
Almost all aspen mushrooms have a red cap, a stocky leg and dense flesh. There are several types of boletus, but the most common boletus is red, yellow-brown, oak, spruce, pine. The red boletus is a fairly large representative of the mushroom kingdom. The mushroom cap can reach 30 cm in diameter. In young mushrooms, it is hemispherical, the edge is tightly pressed to the stem. Mature mushrooms have a pillow-shaped form with an easily detachable leg. The color of the skin is red or terracotta.
Slide 8
WHITE MUSHROOM OAK
White fungus oak is another type of white fungus. This is also a very good edible mushroom, used in all forms - fresh, boiled, fried, pickled, suitable for pickling and drying. It is believed that in taste it is somewhat inferior to the porcini birch fungus.
Slide 9
The cap of the white oak mushroom in diameter is from 8 to 30 centimeters, in young mushrooms it is spherical in shape, in mature mushrooms it is convex or cushion-shaped. The color of the cap is most often grayish-brown, brown, coffee, ocher, or other similar shades. In dry weather, the surface of the cap is sometimes covered with cracks in mature mushrooms, acquiring a characteristic mesh structure, for which the fungus is sometimes called the mesh boletus.
Mushrooms
Slide 10
WHITE MUSHROOM
Spruce porcini mushroom This variety of porcini mushrooms is large in size - its mass sometimes reaches 2 kilograms, and the diameter of the cap is up to 20-25 centimeters, the leg sometimes grows up to 20 centimeters in length. This mushroom is easily confused with its relatives - oak porcini mushroom and birch porcini mushroom. From the latter, the spruce white mushroom differs primarily in its habitat - it lives in coniferous forests - and in the color of the hat - brown, reddish-brown, chestnut-brown (in young mushrooms it is light). The surface of the cap is smooth and dry.
slide 11
White spruce mushroom, as its name implies, forms mycorrhiza with spruce. Distributed in temperate latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, found both in wild forests and in cultivated, sometimes in parks and squares, gardens. The fruiting season is from August to November.
slide 12
Chanterelle yellow
Chanterelle yellow - is in the chanterelle family, in the world it is called ordinary, real, as well as a cockerel or a fox. It got its name due to the characteristic color (orange or the color of egg yolk) by analogy with the color of the fox skin. This feature is due to the high content of carotene, in this regard, the chanterelle is the leader among mushrooms, which makes it a particularly valuable dietary mushroom.
slide 13
This mushroom got its name because of the color of the cap, which has a reddish-red color. In the people, this mushroom is also called spruce or row. Camelinae grow mainly in spruce forests from July to October. The cap of a young mushroom is pale yellow, while the old one has more saturated shades of red. Mushrooms mushrooms edible belong to the group of lamellar. According to nutritional value, they belong to the first category, which includes the most valuable types of mushrooms. The chemical composition of camelina includes, in addition to a large amount of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, such a biologically important substance as fungin, which is an active stimulant of gastric secretion. Also, mushrooms have a fairly low calorie content.
Slide 14
- The oiler belongs to the tubular group. In terms of nutritional value, it belongs to the second category. Oiler, also called oiler, yolk is found in summer and autumn in pine and spruce forests in dry places, on roads, glades and in pits. The hat is fleshy. Semicircular, slimy in damp weather, reddish-brown. The lower surface of the cap of a young mushroom is light yellow in color, covered with a white film, which in an adult mushroom comes off the cap and remains at the stem in the form of a ring. The leg is short. The pulp is tender, yellowish-white.
- This mushroom got its name because of the peculiar coating of the upper layer of the cap, which has a kind of oily texture.
slide 15
WHITE MUSHROOM PINE
Pine porcini mushroom is another independent subspecies of porcini mushroom. As well as the porcini spruce mushroom, it grows in coniferous forests. Mycorrhiza forms mainly with pine, which determines its name, sometimes it can grow together with spruce or deciduous trees. Prefers sandy soil in moss and lichen forests. Fruiting season from July to October
slide 16
The cap of the pine porcini mushroom reaches 25 centimeters in diameter. In young mushrooms, it is convex in shape, in mature ones it is flatter, the surface is uneven. The color is red-brown, dark brown sometimes dark cherry or with a purple tint.
Slide 17
Russula by structure belongs to the lamellar group. According to nutritional value, they are included in the third category. Russula grows in coniferous and mixed forests from mid-summer to late autumn. The caps of russula are fleshy, slightly convex, in young mushrooms they are more rounded, in old ones they are flat, the edges seem to be raised upwards. The lower surface of the caps is white with frequent plates running down. There are russula: yellow, green, red. Green and red ones are more durable, strong and fleshy, yellow ones are more fragile, have a thinner leg.
Slide 18
inedible mushrooms
We will describe and show mushrooms that cannot be eaten. Or about which it is impossible to say for sure whether they can be eaten. For example, some mushrooms are listed as poisonous in some sources, but many consider them edible. We believe that it is not worth collecting such mushrooms, so as not to risk your health or even life. Many types of such mushrooms can be used in medicine (mostly in traditional medicine) or for any economic purposes.
Slide 19
BOROVIK INEDIBLE
- The boletus is inedible, it is also a beautiful boletus, the red-legged boletus. It is inedible, as its pulp has a bitter taste that does not disappear even after heat treatment.
- Boletus inedible grows in coniferous and deciduous forests. Prefers neighborhood with oak, usually on acidic soils. The fruiting season is from July to October. Distributed in Europe, in the south and the European part of Russia.
Slide 20
The cap of the inedible boletus has a light brown, olive-light brown, brown or grayish-brown color at the beginning of a hemispherical shape, later convex with a wrapped or hanging wavy edge. Hat size up to 15 centimeters. The flesh is whitish or light cream in color, turns blue on the cut, tastes bitter.
slide 21
We have placed photos and descriptions of the most dangerous poisonous mushrooms. Every mushroom picker needs to know them so as not to endanger themselves and their loved ones. There are a lot of misconceptions among the people regarding the criterion for determining the toxicity of mushrooms. It is often believed that all poisonous mushrooms have an unpleasant taste or smell - this is a dangerous delusion! Many deadly poisonous mushrooms taste and smell quite pleasant. The only true criterion is to collect only those mushrooms that you know well and whose edibility you have not the slightest doubt!
poisonous mushrooms
slide 22
DEATH CAP
Pale grebe is one of the most dangerous poisonous mushrooms, most poisonings are fatal. Inexperienced mushroom pickers can confuse this mushroom with edible mushrooms: champignons, green russula and greenish russula, floats
slide 23
The cap of a pale grebe is up to 10 centimeters in size, egg-shaped at a young age. Later it becomes flat-convex. The color is light green, white, yellowish-brown-olive. The flesh is white, odorless and tasteless, does not change color when broken.
slide 24
WHITE GREAT
- White toadstool, (not to be confused with pale toadstool!) She is a smelly fly agaric - a very dangerous poisonous mushroom. Poisoning with this fungus can be fatal. Symptoms of poisoning are similar to pale grebe - vomiting, intestinal colic, muscle pain, unquenchable thirst, cholera-like diarrhea (often with blood).
- The white grebe forms mycorrhiza with coniferous and deciduous trees, most often grows on sandy soils in damp places. The fruiting season is from June to October.
Slide 25
The hat of the white grebe at a young age is hemispherical or conical with a sharp top, later becomes convex. The entire mushroom is white, but the color of the cap can vary from white to off-white, sometimes with a pinkish tint. The stem of the mushroom is curved. The flesh is white with an unpleasant taste and a strong smell reminiscent of chlorine.
slide 26
Amanita RED
Fly agaric red - the mushroom is poisonous, but poisoning with it is rarely fatal. The mushroom is known for its hallucinogenic properties, due to which some peoples used it in religious cults.
Slide 27
The hat of the red fly agaric, 8-20 centimeters in size, is initially spherical, then flat-convex. The color is bright red, orange-red, usually dotted with white warts. The pulp is white, odorless, yellowish under the skin.
Slide 28
Amanita ROYAL
Amanita muscaria, a dangerous poisonous mushroom, poisoning which causes hallucinations and loss of consciousness. Amanita muscaria grows from mid-July to late autumn in spruce or spruce-mixed forests. Grows singly or in small groups. The fungus is quite rare, found mainly in the northern and western regions.
Slide 29
The cap of the fly agaric is royal chocolate ocher-brown or gray-brown in color, densely covered with small grayish scales; in young mushrooms, the scales completely cover the surface of the cap. The shape of the cap is at first spherical, with an edge pressed against the stem, then convex-prostrate and procumbent, sometimes with a raised ribbed edge. The pulp of the mushroom is fleshy, white, almost odorless, brittle.
slide 30
If they are found in the forest,
Immediately remember the fox.
Redhead sisters
Are called
No one is friendly with him in the forest,
And he is not needed in a basket.
The flies will say: "It's pestilence!"
In a red hat
She is angry with mushrooms
And venomous with anger.
Here is a forest hooligan!
This is pale
Under the aspens on a hummock
Mushroom in a raspberry scarf.
boletus
Who is higher, who is lower, -
On a stump, a red-haired people.
Thirty-three merry brothers.
What are their names?
Slide 31
- used
- Internet resources
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Dear Guys! Today we will talk about mushrooms.
Have you picked mushrooms?
Tell us where and what mushrooms you found.
Try to remember what mushrooms you know.
Right! White mushroom, boletus, boletus, honey agaric, butterdish, russula, camelina ...
Mushrooms grow in forests and in fields, meadows and swamps. They appear on the ground among fallen leaves, stick around mossy stumps and tree trunks, mushrooms are found even underground.
What is a mushroom?
A mushroom is a plant, but a plant is special. It has no branches, no leaves, no flowers.
Mushrooms reproduce by spores. Spores are tiny particles that hide in mushroom caps. When the mushrooms ripen, the spores spill out onto the ground, they are picked up by the wind and spread through the forest or meadow. New young mushrooms grow from spores.
Mushrooms have a mycelium. It looks like a felt nest and consists of a huge number of densely interwoven threads. These threads, as thin as cobwebs, are called hyphae. Mushroom threads go deep into the ground. In appearance, they resemble tree roots and penetrate the underground space around the fungus. Through the thread-hyphae, the fungus receives water from the soil and the useful substances dissolved in it that it needs for growth. The mushroom picker and the threads diverging in all directions under the ground can be compared with the trunk and roots of a tree. The mushroom picker is the trunk, and the threads are the roots.
The fruit of this extraordinary tree is a mushroom, which we gladly put in a basket or basket. The mushroom has a cap and a leg.
Imagine that in the early morning you went to the forest for mushrooms. Silence still reigns in the forest, a silvery-white mist creeps between the tree trunks. But then the first rays of dawn broke out, they flare up brighter and brighter, illuminating the clouds with a pink glow. The fog dissipates, the contours of the trees become clearly visible, and an oriole flies out of the green grassy tower and loudly sings its morning song.
Song Orioles
"Fiu-liu, fiu-liu, -
The oriole whistles loudly. —
Summer morning is beautiful
The dew shines with fire.
The ravines smell of prel,
Hear the singing of springs,
Under the pine and under the spruce
A lot of mushrooms have grown!
For a long time, people not only hunted animals and birds in the forests, but also collected forest gifts - mushrooms. Picking mushrooms is called "silent hunting".
“Among the various human hunts, there is a humble hunt to pick mushrooms, or to take mushrooms. I am even ready to give preference to mushrooms, because they must be found, therefore, it is possible not to find them; here some skill is mixed in, knowledge of the field of mushrooms, knowledge of the area and happiness. No wonder the proverb says: “With happiness it’s good to pick mushrooms.” These words belong to Sergei Timofeevich Aksakov, a writer, an expert on Russian nature.
With the light hand of Aksakov, mushroom picking was called "silent hunting."
Why do experienced mushroom pickers go out on a “quiet hunt” in the early morning, and not in a hot afternoon or evening?
Yes, because:
"At dawn dewy
Mushroom strong, fragrant,
And on a hot day -
Like a rotten stump."
This proverb was made by the people.
They also say this: “He who gets up earlier will pick mushrooms, and only nettles remain drowsy and lazy.”
Many mushroom pickers know the joyful feeling when they find the very first forest trophy - a stately strong mushroom!
“For me, the most expensive thing is to enter the forest when it is still gloomy in the forest, and quiet, and untouched, and under the very first spruce your first mushroom is waiting for you, as if he deliberately went closer to the edge in order to be the first to catch your eye and please”, - noted the writer Vladimir Soloukhin.
forest trophy
Dawn hidden, timid,
Pleasant forest chill.
Under the spruce, by the very path
Pick a young fungus.
What a strong, vigorous man he is!
Wants to please me.
Dew on green grasses
Like crystal beads.
I love a little
Gift of gnomes and fairies
And I'll put it in a basket
Your first forest trophy.
How to dress properly when going to the forest for mushrooms?
You need to put on rubber boots with woolen socks on your feet, because on an early dewy morning in the forest it is also damp and cool. It is better not to wear anything rustling in the forest, so as not to scare away the forest inhabitants, and bright, so as not to attract insects. Bees and wasps can take you for a big elegant flower and inadvertently sting you!
The most suitable clothing for a mushroom picker is a sports suit and a light hat.
The main thing is that the head, arms and legs are covered with clothes. Do not forget that dangerous insects are found in the forests - ticks, the bites of which can cause serious illness.
But imagine that you dressed according to all the rules of "mushroom hunting" and thought about what you will put the mushrooms in.
No buckets, no bags, no backpacks are suitable for picking mushrooms! After all, mushrooms are tender, soft. Their hats break and crumble easily. In addition, cut mushrooms need to "breathe", and in buckets and backpacks they will not only break, but also "suffocate" - they will quickly lose their bright forest beauty, become dark and caked.
No, baskets or baskets woven from flexible willow branches, covered with fragrant moss, and baskets made of white birch bark, the top layer of birch bark, are best suited for picking mushrooms. Mushrooms "breathe" through the holes in them, preserving fragrant freshness and beauty.
I'll put the mushroom in a basket
I'll put the mushroom in a basket,
What was woven from willow branches.
Let the mushroom "breathe" a little,
Let it stay beautiful!
Many mushroom pickers have their own treasured places - edges, glades, where they gather a rich mushroom harvest every year. But mushrooms are tricky! They love, as the people say, "to lead by the nose." Either they will hide under a dense dark spruce, or they will bury themselves in tall grasses near a mossy stump, or they will hide behind a fallen leaf. You walk by and you don't notice!
Many mushroom pickers know that if there are dry, hot days, the mushrooms hide together under the bushes, and after the rains they cheerfully scatter through the clearings and edges.
Do you guys know how to properly cut mushrooms? Can mushrooms be uprooted?
Right! Mushrooms cannot be pulled out of the ground along with the mycelium! Having killed the mycelium, you will not find more mushrooms in this place. But the mycelium of some mushrooms live hundreds of years!
If you find a forest treasure - a young fresh mushroom, you need to cut it off with a knife, and lightly sprinkle the mycelium with earth, cover it with fallen leaves or a sprig of needles and press it firmly with your palm so that the next year the mushroom will grow here again.
A real mushroom picker, having found a good mushroom, will first admire it, remember where this mushroom grew, and only then carefully cut it off and put it in a basket with a hat down on a soft moss feather bed.
A lot of Russian folk signs are connected with where and when to look for mushrooms. People noticed: if “there are a lot of midges, you need to cook a lot of baskets for mushrooms,” and “the first fog of summer is a sure sign of mushrooms.”
tricky fungus
Tricky little fungus
In a round red hat
He does not want to box
He plays hide and seek.
Hiding near the stump -
Call me to play!
Where to find fungus
If the day is dry and hot,
That in the pine forest, resinous, coniferous
All mushrooms - under the bushes,
under the green leaves.
If the rain roars,
If the forest is washed with moisture,
Instantly chanterelles and waves
They scatter along the edge.
Enjoy the beauty!
Before the fungus
Put in a container
Don't rush, stay
Enjoy beauty.
And then don't be lazy
Bow low to the mushroom.
Cut it under the spine
In winter there will be a pie!
Advice for a mushroom picker
Sprinkle mycelium
raw earth,
cover with foliage
Yes, fragrant pine needles.
A year will pass -
The fungus will grow again!
Mushrooms grow especially quickly in forests after warm summer rains. Such rains are often called "blind", or "mushroom". “If it rains, there will be fungi, and if there are fungi, there will be boxfish,” says folk wisdom.
Mushroom rain
Close to rain. It smelled of moisture
Fine water dust.
I see, in the haze, behind the ravine
Mushroom rain pours obliquely.
Slowly enters the forest
Paw touches hairy
Stems of strong nettles,
Bluebells and mint.
He sits on a fallen trunk,
Where there is moss and humus,
And conjures over the mycelium:
After all, it’s not for nothing that he is a mushroom!
What months do mushroom pickers pick mushrooms?
The earliest mushrooms are oyster mushrooms, they are harvested in the spring.
“Spring hung oyster mushrooms on the trees - the earliest spring mushrooms, early ripening,” writes an avid mushroom picker, geologist and writer Pyotr Sigunov about oyster mushrooms, “Oyster mushrooms, like jumping squirrels, love to climb trunks. They will climb onto a dry rotten aspen and sit there on short felt paws, hanging their thick, lopsided ears ... Oyster mushrooms smell of wheat flour. No wonder they are also called buns.
But most of the mushroom harvest begins to be harvested from mid-summer until autumn days. They go for autumn mushrooms in September. The people remarked: "If the fungus is late, there will be a late snowball."
In the old days in Russia there were many dense forests, and these forests are full of mushrooms! “With the onset of the season, whole families left smoky huts, hung large deep baskets behind their backs, picked up sticks to feel mushrooms under the humus of fallen leaves and “disappeared” until the cold autumn. These "forest people" lived exclusively by picking mushrooms. They built booths and huts for themselves, they went out of their thickets only to sell their goods to buyers waiting for them at the edge of the forest” (K. Serebryakov).
At the height of the mushroom season, mushroom pickers scatter through the forest. Every now and then their voices are heard: calling to each other, haunting. Sometimes people wander into remote thickets and lose the familiar path.
How not to get lost in the dense forest?
It turns out that you can find the way to the house and mushrooms! No wonder they are called "living compasses". Of course, you know that a compass is a device that indicates the location of the cardinal points: North, South, West, East. Such a compass can be a mushroom - an ordinary forest camelina!
These mushrooms usually grow under fir trees. The saffron mushrooms growing north of the spruce have large, bright orange caps, like cast copper, while the saffron caps growing on the south side have small, greenish caps.
Edible mushrooms that we collect in the forests are tubular and lamellar.
In tubular mushrooms, the lower surface of the cap looks like a porous sponge. It is permeated with thin tubes in which fungal spores ripen. Boletus mushrooms include porcini mushroom and boletus, butterdish and flywheel.
In agaric mushrooms, the lower surface of the cap is covered with ribs-plates. Spores are attached to each plate. When the fungus matures, the plates move apart and the spores spill out onto the ground. Lamellar mushrooms - milk mushrooms, mushrooms, chanterelles, russula, honey mushrooms.
In addition to edible mushrooms, poisonous mushrooms are also found in the forest. Better to avoid them! Neither touch them with your hands, nor cut them with a knife, nor put them in a basket!
They call them "forest werewolves" because these mushrooms look like edible ones.
Poisonous mushrooms include the well-known handsome fly agaric and false mushrooms, which are cleverly faked as real mushrooms. But the most dangerous poisonous mushroom is the pale grebe! Even a small piece of this mushroom can kill a person. The pale grebe contains several deadly poisons at once.
You will learn about poisonous mushrooms and how to distinguish them from edible ones a little later.
Let's think together why edible good mushrooms are so fond of people.
They are tasty and healthy. They can be boiled, fried, salted, marinated and dried. Mushrooms give a special taste and aroma to all dishes! Soups are cooked with mushrooms, pies are baked, roasts are cooked.
Mushrooms contain many useful substances, so they have been used in the treatment of diseases since ancient times.
Many mushrooms have antimicrobial activity, they contain antibiotics.
Not only people, but also animals love to eat mushrooms. Squirrels and chipmunks store mushrooms for the winter in different ways. Squirrels prick mushrooms on branches, scatter them into chipmunks and badgers to dry on the trunks of trees fallen by bad weather.
What mushrooms are especially fond of forest dwellers?
Squirrels like boletus, boletus, boletus and mushrooms. Moose love to treat themselves to porcini mushrooms, and they are treated with fly agaric. Reindeer eat butterflies with appetite. Boars - milk mushrooms. Before eating milk mushrooms, wild boars trample them with their hooves, crush them with fangs and roll in the mud. They love this dish! Chipmunks and badgers dry milk mushrooms, chanterelles and russula for the winter.
How do mushroom pickers know where to look for their "forest happiness"? They have their own little tricks. Avid lovers of "silent hunting" know when and under which trees to look for forest treasures. For example, white mushrooms do not grow in young forests, they appear in pine and spruce forests that are at least fifty years old. They like porcini mushrooms to grow near anthills. Tireless worker ants loosened the earth there. Chosen by "colonels"-boletus and shady glades.
Butterflies often grow in young forests, copses, in sunny dry pine forests. Russula decorate birch forests with colorful hats, and mushrooms appear on stumps.
Mushroom pickers know that if there are waves, milk mushrooms will soon go. If mushroom pickers bring porcini mushrooms in baskets from the forest, then in three weeks mushrooms will grow up. If autumn mushrooms stuck around the stumps and trunks of trees, it means that soon snowflakes will flutter in the air, like white moths.
Have you ever wondered where mushrooms got their names from?
It turns out that some mushrooms are named after their place of growth. For example, honey agaric has chosen rotten stumps, and moss mushroom grows in mosses.
Other mushrooms are named after the trees under which they grow. The boletus grows under a birch, the oak grows under an oak, the boletus grows under an aspen.
Still others look like some kind of animal. Red chanterelles - for a little sister fox, a pig - for a plump pig, and a blackberry mushroom - for a prickly hedgehog.
Mushroom picking rules
It seems to be a simple matter to cut a mushroom and put it in a basket, but lovers of "quiet hunting" must remember and follow a few important rules of the mushroom picker so that forest gifts bring joy, not trouble.
FIRST, learn to distinguish poisonous mushrooms from edible ones. If you notice a poisonous mushroom, do not pick it, do not cut it with a knife, do not knock it down with a stick. Better bypass it. By the way, some poisonous mushrooms, dangerous to human health, cure diseases of animals and birds.
SECONDLY, collect only those mushrooms that you are familiar with. Never cut unfamiliar mushrooms!
THIRD, do not put wormy, slug-eaten, overripe mushrooms in the box. Poisonous substances are formed in such mushrooms, these mushrooms can be poisoned!
FOURTHLY, never pick mushrooms in city squares, parks, front gardens, on boulevards, as well as mushrooms that have grown near highways.
Why?
Yes, because mushrooms, like sponges, absorb all the harmful substances that accumulate in the soil and are found in polluted air.
In order not to frighten off good luck, friends jokingly wish the hunters: “No fluff, no feather”, fishermen: “No tail, no fin”, and let's wish the mushroom pickers: “No hat, no root”. Let the mushrooms catch your eye, and do not hide under the leaves and needles, do not run away for stumps and trees.
Questions for consolidation
1. What is a mushroom?
2. How mushrooms differ from other plants.
3. What mushrooms do you know?
4. Why is mushroom picking called "silent hunting"?
5. How to dress properly when going to the forest to pick mushrooms?
6. Where is the best place to put the collected mushrooms? Why?
7. How to cut mushrooms?
8. In what months of the year do mushroom pickers harvest mushrooms?
9. Why are mushrooms called "living compasses"?
10. What mushrooms are called tubular?
11. What mushrooms are called "forest werewolves" and why?
12. What mushrooms do squirrels and badgers store?
13. What animals like to treat themselves to mushrooms?
14. What little secrets do mushroom pickers know?