The use of participles in literary language. Standards for the use of participial phrases. Rework the sentences, replacing participial phrases with participial phrases

home When using participles and participial phrases

1. in speech the following syntactic norms should be observed:

An action expressed by a gerund can only refer to the subject. For example, in one of his stories A.P. Chekhov provides an entry in the complaint book: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off . In addition to other speech and grammatical errors , this statement also contains an error in the use of gerunds. The subject of this sentence is a noun hat

. In accordance with grammatical rules, it turns out that it was the hat that drove up to the station and admired the beauty of nature outside the window. In order to correct the sentence in accordance with the norms, it is necessary to change the construction: transform the addition I have (it is precisely this that is the subject of the action) into the subject:.

Approaching the station I lost my hat

An exception to this rule is gerunds, which refer to the infinitive expressing the action of another person: His house was full of guests, ready to entertain his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements

(A.S. Pushkin). In this case, the action of the gerund sharing refers to the supplement guests and grammatically depends on the infinitive.

amuse May not refer to the subject and the turn with words based on, since the form based on

is no longer perceived as a gerund (this is a preposition):

2. The calculation is based on average production rates. Precisely because the action of the gerund refers to the subject, gerunds cannot be used in impersonal sentences

, that is, where there is no active subject expressed by the nominative case form. For example: Returning home, I felt sad. Such a statement will be grammatically incorrect, since the action of the gerund sharing returning to me . To correct a sentence, you must either transform it so that the object becomes a subject ( Returning home I felt sad ), or replace the gerund with a predicate verb or with a subordinate clause ( When I was returning).

It is allowed, although not encouraged, to use gerunds in those impersonal sentences that include an infinitive ( When returning home, you need to stop at a bakery on the way).

3. For the reason stated above The use of gerunds in passive (passive) constructions is not allowed, that is, in those sentences where the subject does not indicate a real subject (it is usually expressed by an addition in instrumental case), and the object of the action.

The predicate in such sentences is usually expressed either by the passive participle ( A soldier was wounded in the head by a grenade fragment), or a reflexive verb with the suffix -sya ( The house is being built by workers). Sentences like: Coming out of the encirclement, the fighter was wounded in the head; Having found the necessary funds, the house is being built by the workers of our trust.




To make such sentences correct, you must either replace the participial phrase with a synonymous construction, or transform the passive construction into an active one:

When leaving the environment the fighter was wounded in the head by a shrapnel; When a fighter left the encirclement, he was wounded; Having found the necessary funds, the workers of our trust began building a house.

4. It is not recommended to use gerunds in sentences where the predicate verb is in the future tense: Arriving in the city of my childhood, I will definitely meet my school friends and my first teacher.

5. Participles usually cannot be combined as homogeneous members with other circumstances or with a predicate.

Currently, sentences that can be found in XIX literature century: Pechorin, wrapped in an overcoat and pulling his hat down over his eyes, tried to make his way to the doors(M.Yu. Lermontov); Cavalry Guards galloped, but still holding horses(L.N. Tolstoy).

Exceptions form participles (most often in the perfective form with the meaning of a state as the result of a previous action), which begin to acquire the characteristics of an adverb. Usually these are circumstances of the course of action. But they can only be homogeneous with circumstances that perform the same function in a sentence: The lady sat down in the chair sometimes sideways, sometimes tucked in legs(A.N. Tolstoy).

Note 1. The place of the adverbial phrase in the sentence is relatively free. At the same time, there are certain tendencies in placing the participle before or after the predicate.

Before the predicate verb Usually a gerund is used, which denotes the action preceding the action expressed by the predicate verb:

Taking out a handkerchief, Sergei handed it to me(Sergei first took out a handkerchief and then handed it to me).

Before the predicate verb Usually there is also a gerund indicating the cause or condition of the action, since the cause or condition always precedes the effect:

Frightened, Tonya screamed(Tonya screamed because she was scared, and she was scared at first, and then she screamed).

After the predicate verb Usually a gerund is used with the meaning of a subsequent action:

The horse fell, crushing my leg(First the horse fell and then crushed my leg).

Note 2. When using a perfect or imperfect gerund, it is necessary to take it into account semantic relations with a predicate verb and the form in which the verb appears.

Participle imperfect form usually used if the action expressed by the gerund coincides in time with the action expressed by the predicate verb:

Smiling, she extended her hand to me; Smiling, she extended both hands towards me.

Participle perfect form indicates an action preceding the action expressed by the predicate verb:

Smiling, she extended her hand to me.

When using perfect and imperfect gerunds, word order and other factors should be taken into account. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to which of the actions is expressed by a gerund and which by a predicate verb. Otherwise, the sentence may become incorrect or inaccurate in terms of the meaning it expresses.

So, in a sentence: Approaching the river, the riders stopped their horses- there is a semantic inaccuracy. The imperfect gerund indicates the coincidence in time of two actions expressed by the verb and the gerund, but in reality the riders first drove up to the river and then stopped the horses. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use the perfect participle: Having approached the river, the riders stopped their horses.

One more example: Newspapers report that Kent went crazy after jumping out of a twentieth-story window.. In this case, the verb should be replaced by a gerund, and the gerund by a verb ( Losing his mind, Kent jumped out of the window). Otherwise, the situation expressed in the sentence will be diametrically opposite to what was in reality. The perfect participle indicates an action that precedes the action expressed by the predicate verb. Therefore, if we leave the original construction ( Kent went crazy after jumping out of a twentieth floor window), then we can decide that Kent first jumped out of the window and only then (in flight) went crazy.

Exercises for the topic “The use of participles and participial phrases»

Exercise 1. Correct speech errors associated with the use of participial phrases.

1. After watching the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me.

2. By listing the names of the dead at the end of the film, it is believed that they will not be forgotten.

3. Looking at such injustice, my heart bleeds.

4. Arriving at the site on the first day, we were immediately given a task.

5. Having moved to 9th grade, we got a new subject.

6. Reading the poem, you feel the power of every word.

7. Having lost her husband in the war, she had no desire to start a new family.

8. Standing at the door to the living room, I could clearly hear their conversation.

9. Having run away from home, the boy was found by the police.

10. Approaching the city, my hat fell off.

11. Without finishing school, Sergei had to work.

12. Using a calculator, the calculation is carried out correctly and easily.

13. Having woken up, he was told that breakfast was served.

14. After reading the play, images of the characters clearly appeared before me.

15. Having finished the excursion, lunch was waiting for us at the restaurant.

16. After the trial, the writer was sent to Siberia, staying there for many years.

Answers:

1. After watching the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me.

2. When the names of the dead are listed at the end of the film, we believe that they will not be forgotten.

3. When I look at such injustice, my heart bleeds.

4. When we arrived at the site on the first day, we were immediately given a task.

5. When we moved to 9th grade, we got a new subject.

6. Reading the poem, I feel the power of every word.

7. When she lost her husband in the war, she had no desire to start a new family.

8. Standing at the door to the living room, I clearly heard their conversation.

9. The boy who ran away from home was found by the police.

10. When I was approaching the city, my hat fell off.

11. Sergei, who did not finish school, had to work.

12. When using a calculator, the calculation is carried out correctly and easily.

13. After he woke up, he was told that breakfast was served.

14. After reading the play, images of the characters clearly appeared in front of me.

15. After the end of the excursion, lunch was waiting for us at the restaurant.

16. After the trial, the writer was sent to Siberia and remained there for many years.

Exercise 2(for advanced language learners). Find errors and inaccuracies in the use of gerunds and participial phrases. Justify your answer. Correct the sentences.

1. Reading “The Thunderstorm” by A.N. Ostrovsky, we are faced with images of representatives of the “dark kingdom”.

2. Going to her first ball, Natasha Rostova felt natural excitement.

3. Re-reading M. Gorky’s play “At the Lower Depths,” the question arises every time whether there can be two truths.

4. Raskolnikov cannot understand that by killing the old woman, the world will not change.

5. Having driven 40 kilometers, the buildings of the satellite city became visible to us on the left of the road.

7. The master lived in the basement, and every time he saw someone’s legs, his heart sank.

8. Having climbed the mound, Pierre became able to see the entire panorama of the battle.

9. Having risen to the top, not a single sound is heard from the valley.

10. Having started working on his dissertation, my friend no longer had time to play chess.

11. Everything stated in the monograph is very important, given the lack of time of a practicing physician.

12. Having gotten lost in the forest, the children were ready to give in to despair.

The FIPI analytical report on the results of the Unified State Exam in the Russian language says: “Most often, verbal adjectives and derived function words are incorrectly classified as parts of speech; participles and gerunds, adjectives and adverbs, participles and adjectives are not distinguished.”

We would like to once again remind you of the differences between verbal adjectives and participles.

Participles and verbal adjectives

Both forms can be formed from the same verb participles , so verbal adjectives . If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using the suffix - box - a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix - yuch - - adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn - or - them -), it is more difficult to distinguish them.

However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.

1. Pr and parts indicate a temporary sign of an object associated with his participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, ‘arising as a result of an action’, ‘capable of participating in an action’), for example:

She was raised with strict rules (=She was brought up with strict rules)- participle;

She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).

2. The word in full form with the suffix -n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is verbal adjective , if it is formed from the verb NSV andhas no dependent words , and is a participle if it is formed from a verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:

unmown meadows ( adjective ),

not mowed meadows ( participle, because there is a dependent word ),

mown meadows ( participle, because NE ).

3. Since passive present participles can only be found in transitive verbs NSV, words with suffixes -them-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:

? waterproof boots(adjective, because the verb to get wet in the meaning ‘to let water through’ is intransitive),

? invincible army(adjective, because the verb is to defeat SV).

Let us dwell in more detail on the formation of the forms of some participles and gerunds.

Participle forms

1. From options wandered - wandered, acquired - acquired, dragged - dragged the first is used in book speech, the second in colloquial speech.

2. Unprefixed verbs with suffix -Well- type go out, get wet, dry up retain this suffix in participles, for example: deaf, sticky, wet, blind.

Prefixed verbs of this type tend to lose the suffix in the participle form, for example: frozen, deaf, stuck, sour, wet, blind. In some cases, forms with the suffix ( stuck, disappeared) or parallel forms: with and without suffix ( withered - withered, withered - withered, dried up - dried up, comprehended - comprehended, stuck - stuck, withered - withered and some others).

3. When using reflexive participles with a suffix -xia one should take into account the possibility of their two meanings coinciding - passive and reflexive, which can give rise to ambiguity, for example: the combination “animals going to the zoo” (instead of: animals sent to the zoo).

Forms of participles

1. From optionshaving taken - having taken, having met - having met, having bought - having bought etc. first (with suffix-V ) is normative for a literary language, the second (with the suffix- lice ) is colloquial in nature. Forms on- lice preserved in proverbs and sayings, for example:Having given your word, be strong; When you take off your head, you don't cry through your hair .

2. Possible optionsfrozen - frozen, locked - locked, wiped - wiped, stretched - spread, erased - erased (the second form in each pair is conversational in nature). But onlybringing out (not “having brought it out”),sweeping (not “sweep it out”),having acquired (not “having found”),driving (not “driving”),making a mistake (not “mistaken”),passing (not “carried through”), etc.

In pairs sticking out - sticking out(cf. run with your tongue out), putting - putting(cf. hand on heart), gaping - gaping(cf. listen open mouth), fastened - fastened(cf. agree reluctantly), breaking - breaking(cf. rush headlong), having lowered - after(cf. work carelessly) etc. the second forms are outdated and are preserved only in stable phraseological expressions. Wed. also outdated shade in forms remembering, meeting, noticing, bored, discovering, turning, leaving, forgiving, falling out of love, setting apart, seeing, hearing and so on.

3. Stylistically colored (like ancient folk speech) are the adverbial forms in -uchi(-yuchi) : looking, warming, walking, driving, regretting, tenacious etc. In the meaning of adverbs, the forms are used playfully(cf. do it playfully), sneaking(cf. slink), happily(cf. live happily ever after), skillfully(cf. use skillfully) and some others.

Participial

A large number of Errors are allowed in the use of participial phrases. Let's look at this with a specific example. Let's take a sentence:

The book lying on the table has been read.

« Fruits of the new harvest, shipped from the south, arrive already in industrial centers countries " You may feel a little uneasy reading this sentence out loud. And indeed: isn’t it possible that the fruits “send themselves” to the north? The point is that the suffix-xiain verbal forms it has not only a reflexive meaning (cf.:The students goVhiking),but also a passive meaning when an object experiences someone’s influence (cf.:Replies to letters are sent by the secretary without delay).To avoid possible ambiguity, in such cases we use instead of the participle-xiaparticiple on-my(passive present participle), i.e. instead of the construction “Fruits,departing..."we write:Fruits,sent...Instead of "Girl"brought uploominggrandmother..." -Girl,brought upgrandma...

Using a participial phrase helps remove ambiguity in a sentence. For example:Students had an internshipVone of the plant's workshops, which was recently reorganized(was one of the workshops or the plant as a whole reorganized?).

The participial phrase brings the necessary clarity: 1)...in one of the plant’s workshops, recently reorganized;2) ...in one of the workshops of the recently reorganized plant.

The stylistic feature of participles and participial phrases is that they give the statement a bookish character.A.S. Pushkin wrote: “We do not say:a carriage galloping across a bridge; servant sweeping the room;We are speaking:which gallops, which sweeps..."The above reasoning of Pushkin, who noted the “expressive brevity of participles,” has the following continuation: “The richer the language in expressions and turns of phrase, the better for a skilled writer. Written language is enlivened every minute by expressions born in conversation, but must not renounce what he has acquired over the centuries.”

Participial turnover

Everyone knows the textbook phrase from A.P. Chekhov’s story: “ Approaching this station, my hat fell off".

Its meaning is clear, but the sentence is constructed unsuccessfully: the rule for using participial phrases is violated.

The adverbial phrase usually moves freely within a sentence: it can appear at the beginning, in the middle and at the end.

For example: 1) Upon entering the classroom, the teacher greeted the students; 2) The teacher, entering the class, greeted the students; 3) The teacher greeted the students upon entering the class. As the examples show, the action expressed by the gerund (entering) refers to the subject.

This provision is not observed in the epigraph: in it we're talking about about two active objects in the grammatical meaning of this word - about the passenger (he drove up to the station) and about the hat (it flew off), and the action of the passenger does not relate to the subject. It is easy to verify the incorrect construction of this sentence if you rearrange the adverbial phrase: “As the passenger approached the station, his hat flew off.”

Compare in a student essay: “ Living and moving in an aristocratic society, Onegin developed the habits and views inherent in this society”(it turned out that in an aristocratic society “habits and views lived and circulated”).

It is possible to use the adverbial phrase in an impersonal sentence in the infinitive form of the verb, for example: When crossing the street, you need to carefully monitor traffic. In such sentences there is neither a grammatical nor a logical subject (i.e., the subject of speech expressed in an impersonal sentence by the indirect case of a noun). But a sentence like: “ Approaching the forest, I felt cold": it does not contain an infinitive to which an adverbial phrase could refer.

The adverbial phrase, like the participle, is usually used in book speech. Its undoubted advantage is brevity and laconism. Let's compare two sentences: After I completed homework, I'll go for a walk. - After finishing my homework, I went for a walk. It is easy to notice that the second sentence, more condensed in its vocabulary, sounds more energetic than the first.

Participles and dey participial phrases have great expressiveness, due to which they are widely used in the language fiction. For example: The fogs, swirling and twisting, crawled there along the wrinkles of the neighboring rocks(M. Yu. Lermontov); From time to time, light ripples ran along the river from the wind, sparkling in the sun(V. G. Korolenko).

Features of the use of gerunds

(based on scientific, artistic and colloquial styles of speech)

1. Introduction............................................... ........................................................ ............................5

2. The concept of participles and participles.................................................................... .............6

3. The use of participles in different styles of speech.................................................... .............7

2.1. Participles in scientific style.................................................................... ...........................................7

2.2. Participles in artistic style................................................................... .................................8

2.3. Participles in conversational style.................................................................... ......................................10

4. Conclusion................................................... ........................................................ ......................13

5. List of used literature................................................... ................................14

1. Introduction

In this research work, we tried to identify and compare the features of the use of gerunds in the scientific, artistic and colloquial style of speech.

Purpose of the study: to consider the stylistic features of the use of gerunds, to identify the frequency of their use in a particular style.

1. Select and analyze factual material

2. Determine the functional significance of gerunds in texts of different styles

3. Compare the features of the use of gerunds from a stylistic point of view.

The participle is special shape verb, which denotes an additional action with the main one. Relatively recently, gerunds began to be identified as an independent part of speech, so the topic of using gerunds in different areas communication remains poorly understood. Conducting this study, we found virtually no sources that addressed such a problem. Therefore, we consider our work to be relevant, its novelty lies in the fact that such a study has not previously been conducted on the frequency of use of gerunds in a particular style, and the reasons for using or not using gerunds in different communication situations have not been considered.

This study was conducted on the basis of sources belonging to different styles of speech. Participles in a scientific style were considered in textbooks on mathematics and physics for the 7th grade, in an artistic style - in programmatic works of Russian literature, in a conversational style - listening to the speech of classmates, teachers, and friends.

The following research methods were used: exploratory, comparative and descriptive. The theoretical basis was the works

1. The concept of gerunds and participles

Participle... In this term we are familiar with the second part, but what does the first mean? We can also find it in words such as active person. Turning to the dictionary, we learn that the term “gerund” arose in the 17th century, consists of two parts (dead + participle) and can be explained as involvement in an action. Indeed, this form of the verb means in a sentence the additional action of the verb, and by grammatical features this form is similar to an adverb, since it does not change, therefore in some grammars the gerund is called a verbal adverb. For example, in E. Asadov’s poem “Forest” there is the following quatrain:

Shivering from the fresh breeze,

A little turning blue, strong oily guys,

Taking hold holding hands like guys

Stomp, warming up, there is a stump around!

Here, one verb is given four gerunds, which create a picturesque picture of the “actions” of the butter in addition to the main action expressed by the verb. Consequently, gerunds, like adverbs, decorate the verb and complement it with other actions.

In this study, we would like to clarify the most difficult moments in education and the use of gerunds.

A gerund, like an adverb, serves in a sentence as a circumstance that explains the verb. Let's compare examples:

1) Trezor ran ahead and 2) Trezor ran ahead,

wagged his tail waving tail.

In the first example both verbs: ran And waved - are predicates. In the second example there is only a verb ran is a predicate, but the gerund waving is a circumstance of the manner of action that serves to explain the predicate; it answers the question how? (ran How? – wagging its tail). Here are more examples where gerunds, explaining the predicates, are different circumstances: 1) We've moved on(When?), having rested and fed horses(reg. time). 2) Vasilisa Egorovna left me alone(Why?), seeing my stubbornness(general reasons). 3) Don't stick your nose in the water(under what condition?), Not knowing ford(ambient conditions).

Participles are formed from transitive and intransitive verbs of the perfect and imperfect form; they can be formed from verbs in each of the three voices: active, passive, neuter.

Yes, from the verb read a book) - transitive, active voice, imperfect form formed gerund while reading a book); from the verb stop – intransitive, middle voice, perfect form formed gerund stopping; from the verb discuss – passive voice, imperfect form formed gerund being discussed.

Participles indicate time in relation to the time of the action being explained. Imperfect participles, as a rule, denote actions that are simultaneous with the actions being explained: We walk talking. We walked along talking. We will walk talking. Perfect participles denote actions that occurred before the actions being explained: After talking, we part ways. After talking, we parted ways. After talking, we will go our separate ways.

2. The use of participles in different styles of speech

The participle is widespread mainly in book speech and is not typical for everyday colloquial speech.

The participle, denoting an additional action that characterizes another action, is primarily used to relegate one of the actions to the background compared to the other. In this respect, a verb with its associated gerund is opposed to two verbs. So: Standing by the window reading a letter indicates that the main thing is stood, A reading details this state by indicating the activity that accompanies it, whereas stood by the window And read the letter represents both verbs as equal and independent. The use of the gerund makes it possible to establish another relationship between these verbs: Standing by the window, reading a letter, where it appears in the foreground read, and by an addition indicating the position in which the reading took place, - standing. This ability to give a combination of equal verbs, on the one hand, and establish a perspective between them, highlighting the main and secondary, on the other hand, serves as a convenient means for expressing various relationships between several actions and states. Let's compare: He talked and laughed – He told, laughing – Telling, he laughed; They ran across and shot – They ran across, shooting – Running across, shot.

How gerunds make it possible to subordinate some actions to others, to make them expressive of various details and circumstances of other actions, can be seen from the following examples: Gorky “Childhood”: Grandmother remained silent, drinking cup after cup; I sat by the window, watching the sky glow The evening dawn is in the city and the glass in the windows of the houses sparkles red...; And she[grandmother] laughs with a hearty laugh, her nose trembles hilariously, and her eyes, glowing thoughtfully, they caress me, speaking about everything even more clearly than words; I think more and more often about my mother, putting her at the center of all fairy tales and stories, told by grandma. An attempt to replace gerunds with verbs would break the connections between individual actions, destroy the differences between the main and additional ones, and make the list of individual actions monotonous.

In many cases, gerunds cannot be replaced by a verb at all. This happens when they acquire adverbial meaning, for example: Grandma leans gloomily against the ceiling and sighs, lowering her eyes to the floor(= with downcast eyes); He[grandfather] stands with his head raised(= with head up); I, too, was ready to cry, feeling sorry for my garden, hut(= out of pity).

The relationships expressed by gerunds are very diverse.

2.1. Participles in scientific style

There is a large amount of use of gerunds in a scientific style. As mentioned above, gerunds give speech a bookish character, which is precisely distinctive feature scientific style. Logicality, argumentation, and at the same time clarity and conciseness - all these are signs of a scientific style of speech. And the gerunds in it help to achieve brevity and conciseness of the statement:

“Assuming that each point on the plane is associated with a certain number, which we will call mass”(Mathematics, 7th grade. Inequality. Page 9)

The use of these forms and phrases allows, within one sentence, to indicate the properties of an object, to express various relationships between the described actions and processes - for example, the relationships of simultaneity, consequence, method and nature of the action, conditions, causes, etc. For example: When calculating the current strength, use the following formula(simultaneity relation: applied during calculations)

In addition, the use of gerunds leads to the construction of a logical sequential chain of actions, with the help of which you can trace which of the actions is the main one and in what sequence the actions were performed: “In 1538, 19-year-old student Galileo Galilei, observing the oscillation of an assembled chandelier, noticed that the period of time during which one oscillation occurs is almost independent of the amplitude of the oscillations.”(Physics, theory textbook, grade 7. Page 17). That is, you can establish the order of actions: first watched, and then noticed, but at the same time a verb noticed is key.

You can also note the fact that in the scientific style of speech, present participles are mainly used with the suffixes –a, -я (imperfect form).

When measuring a physical quantity, you need to find the weight.(Physics, theory textbook, grade 7. Page 25)

The method of mathematical induction is good because it allows you to carry out the proof in general view, without considering each separatelyn.(Mathematics. Inequality, p. 4)

This gives the statement a timeless character, as if showing that the action being performed is static, that is, stable, and does not relate to a certain period of time.

If we consider conclusions, conclusions, decisions, which are also characteristic of the scientific style, we can note the widespread use here of perfect participles of the present tense with the suffix – in: The Russian mathematician and, independently of him, the Hungarian mathematician L. Boily showed that, by taking the opposite statement as an axiom, it is possible to construct another, equally correct “Non-Euclidean geometry”(Handbook for a new type of student: Geometry section, p. 145)

This form, on the contrary, shows that the action denoted by the gerund occurs earlier than the action of the main predicate verb: After reading the article “Atomic and Nuclear Physics”, you will be able to understand how the atom came to serve man.(Handbook for a new type of student: Physics section, p. 416). Having chosen one or another textbook to create or study geometries, you must strictly follow the logical course unfolded in it.(A new type of student’s handbook: Geometry section p. 123). And it helps to give a final character to the statement, to draw a conclusion, to derive a solution . Noting the most Interesting Facts, we can come to the conclusion...(Handbook for a new type of student: Physics section, p. 418).

2.2. Participles in artistic style

The artistic style incorporates shades of all styles of speech. Here you can also find appeals and appeals characteristic of journalistic style speeches, and logical, reasoned statements, reflections of characters in a scientific style, as well as colloquial expressions in the speech of characters. Therefore, in this style you can also find many gerunds and participial phrases, depending on what goal the author sets for himself.

In poetic speech, gerunds play mainly the role of rhythm and rhyme-forming means:

Storm hazy sky covers,

Snow whirlwinds twisting ;

She's like a beast will howl,

then he'll cry like child .

(Poems. "Winter Evening")

You can observe cross rhyme, which is achieved with the participation of gerunds.

The carriage body quickly flashed by,

The shiny copper glass

(. Poems. "On Nevsky")

In this stanza, thanks to the gerund, the rhythm of the poem is observed - iambic 5-foot.

The role of gerunds is special when performing an aesthetic function; they “decorate” the verb, giving it features, complementing the main action. For example, from Pushkin:

Winter!.. The peasant, triumphant,
On the firewood it renews the path;
His horse smells the snow,
Trotting along somehow;
Fluffy reins exploding,
A daring carriage flies.

Is it possible to replace the gerunds with a verb here? All the beauty and charm of the enchanting picture of winter will be lost, the wagon will no longer rush so successfully if it “flies and explodes,” and the peasant will not be able to simultaneously renew the path and triumph, because it is he who “triumphantly renews the path.”

A study of the manuscripts of Russian writers shows that in the process of auto-editing they sometimes introduce gerunds into the text, which perform an aesthetic function in speech. For example, the famous lines from the poem “I go out alone on the road” have undergone the following stylistic edits:

In the first edition there were no gerunds at all, but the poet changed the lexical composition of the stanza, crossing out a number of adjectives and inserting these expressive verb forms.

Participles that figuratively depict an action often serve as tropes. Like adverbs, they can indicate a sign of action:

I love the storm in early May,

When spring, the first thunder,

As if frolicking and playing,

Rumbling in the blue sky.

In prose, gerunds are often used in the author’s speech when creating a portrait of a character. But this portrait is not a description of the appearance, but of the dynamics, movements, facial expressions, and gestures of the hero.

Afraid of some familiar encounter, she seemed to be flying rather than walking.(“Young Lady-Peasant”)

Seeing how he always galloped first when hunting, without making out the way, the neighbors agreed that he would never make a good chief executive.(“Young Lady-Peasant”)

He walked with his hands behind his back, arched, exposing his chest, decorated with patch pockets.(Vladimir Tendryakov “Bread for the Dog”)

Gerunds, compared to participles, have greater verbality, which is due to their semantic-syntactic connection with the predicate verb. Denoting an additional action, gerunds give speech a special liveliness and clarity: “I’m tired of you,” Pyotr Stepanovich suddenly jumped up, grabbing his completely new hat and as if leaving, and yet still remaining and continuing to talk incessantly, although standing, sometimes walking around the room and in animated places of conversation hitting himself on the knee with his hat.(Dostoevsky). Try replacing the gerunds with conjugated forms of the verb in this sentence and, instead of a dynamic description, you will get a regular narrative. And on the contrary, it is worth introducing gerunds into one or another description of an action - and the picture will immediately come to life.

It is appropriate to recall the episode that I spoke about when drawing a literary portrait: “He [Dostoevsky], apparently, was pleased with my essay... he did not like only one expression... I wrote it like this: “When the organ grinder stops playing, the official throws a nickel from the window, which falls at the feet of the organ grinder.” . “Not that, not that,” Dostoevsky suddenly spoke irritably, “not that at all!” You sound too dry: the nickel fell at your feet... You should have said: the nickel fell on the pavement, ringing and bouncing...” This remark - I remember very well - was a revelation for me. Yes, indeed, ringing and bouncing comes out much more picturesque, completes the movement... These two words were enough for me to understand the difference between a dry expression and a living artistic and literary device.”

You can also note one of the functions of gerunds in artistic style, when the author deliberately introduces gerunds into the direct speech of the characters to stylize them as colloquial speech:

It used to be that I, huddled behind the bushes

Prickly, I can’t see enough

("Snow Maiden")

The colloquial participle “I can’t see enough” instead of the literary “I can’t see enough” gives the speech exactly this folk flavor.

Sitting under the icons, he ate the prosphora of God and with his finger called his companions, the executioners Moguchy and Glazov(Pikul).

Here, not only the colloquial nature of the gerundial participle “siduchi” is attractive, but also the author’s attempt to age the form of the gerundial participle by using the suffix –uchi, which is so unusual for the modern Russian literary language, i.e., to carry out a historical stylization of the expression.

2.3. Participles in conversational style

Basically, gerunds are not typical for colloquial speech, since they are of a bookish, official nature, and an informal setting is inherent in conversation. This is why participles are so uncommon in ordinary speech.

However, in conversational style one can note the widespread use of phraseological units, which include gerunds. For example, “hand on heart”, “headlong”, “roll up your sleeves”, “fold your arms”, “a little later”, “headlong”, etc. In many of them they use outdated forms participles. Therefore, you need to be very careful when using these set expressions in speech. Errors of this kind are quite common when forms are arbitrarily replaced with modern forms participles. For example, instead of the idiomatic expression “don’t sit with your hands folded,” i.e., “don’t sit idle,” the form “don’t sit with your hands folded” can be used, which completely changes the meaning of the phrase, indicating that your hands are actually folded and that this hand position should be changed.

Similar confusion arises when used incorrectly with other phraseological units. Let’s compare: “work carelessly” (carelessly) and “work with your sleeves down” (with your sleeves down), or “run with your tongue out” (quickly) and “run with your tongue out” (with your tongue out).

Quite regularly in speech, the so-called filling of “empty cells” is also observed, that is, the erroneous formation of gerunds from verbs that in a literary language cannot have gerund forms at all (for example: While sleeping, he shuddered). Or the use of one suffix instead of another when forming participles. For example, in the sentence: I dialed the number after hanging up– the form of the gerund with the suffix - a was mistakenly used. From verbs with a base to a sibilant, perfective participles are usually formed using the suffix - a, but the normative option would be a form with the suffix - in (putting phone).

While conducting this research, we often noted similar errors in the speech of classmates:

“I don’t eat in the canteen, to protect my stomach,” “I’m afraid that, by putting everything off and putting it off, you might completely forget about our event.”

Errors in the use of gerunds are their use depending on the verb when the gerund and verb represent the actions of different persons, for example: Entering the room, the mother stood at the window.

Here entering is the action of the speaker (= when I entered the room), and stood mother. The inadmissibility of such phrases, in addition to the fact that they are not accepted in the Russian language, is also explained by the fact that they lead to ambiguity due to the possibility of attributing the action denoted by the gerund to the person who is the subject of the sentence: for example, if we were to phrase: When I returned home, my grandmother fed me me for lunch replaced by a construction with a gerund: Having returned home, my grandmother fed me dinner, it would give the impression that my grandmother had returned home.

Errors of this kind are quite common in student work, for example: One evening, while sitting at home, he came in to see us. stranger; After working for three months, my father was transferred to Penza; After studying at school for four years, I had a desire to study further; The doors were closed tightly, fearing that sounds from the street would not reach the lady’s ears. Sometimes such phrases make their way into print: Knipper, “A few words about Chekhov”: And when they noticed how, listening to him, at my eyes and cheeks were burning, the dear student was quietly removed from our house.

Particularly noteworthy are similar turns of phrase, found occasionally in classics, mainly of the first half of the 19th century V. (Pushkin, Lermontov, Herzen, L. Tolstoy). For them, such a syntactic structure was supported by the influence of the French language. Lomonosov also drew attention to this, writing in “Russian Grammar”: “Those who, due to the properties of foreign languages, separate gerunds from personal verbs by persons, are very mistaken. For the participle must, on which the power of all speech consists: on my way to school, I met a friend; Having written a letter, I send it overseas. But many write contrary to this: On my way to school, a friend met me; Having written a letter, he came from the sea; which is very wrong and annoying for ears that sense right-wing Russian writing.”

Here are examples of such prohibited phrases from the works of Herzen and L. Tolstoy: All this was done while approaching the village; After leaving Vyatka, I was tormented for a long time by the memory of R.*; Passing through the gate, Pierre was overcome with heat, and he involuntarily stopped.

Listening to the speech of classmates, teachers, and parents, we came to the conclusion that gerunds are used so little in speech because they are drier, more condensed, and do not convey the full range of meanings. emotional condition, expression of the statement. Often in speech you can find the replacement of gerunds with other subordinate clauses with conjunctions. Let's compare:

Entering - when he entered

After he entered

Suddenly he came in!

As soon as he entered

As soon as he entered

One day he came in

All shades given value are lost when replaced subordinate clause an adverbial phrase that indicates only a previous action, but is devoid of subtle shades of temporal meaning.

Conclusion

In this scientific research We examined only the use of gerunds in the scientific, artistic and colloquial style of speech, leaving out the journalistic and official business styles. So there is a field for further activities, which we will definitely continue.

But even after considering these three styles, we can conclude that the most common participles are in the scientific style, since they are characterized by bookishness, accuracy, and conciseness of the statement. Next comes art style speech, in which gerunds perform rhythm and rhyme-forming functions, and are also used by the authors in the aesthetic description and dynamic portrait of the character, or when stylizing them into folk speech and historical orientation. And gerunds are practically not used in colloquial speech, with the exception of phraseological set phrases.

If we imagine the use of gerunds in texts of different styles as a percentage, we can draw the following conclusion:

Scientific style – 55%

Artistic style – 35%

Conversational style – 10%.

List of used literature:

1) . Essays on the stylistics of the Russian language. – Moscow: Education, 1989.

2) , , . Interesting about the Russian language. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2003.

3) . Tough questions morphology. – Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2007.

4) . Russian grammar. – Moscow: Education, 1984.

5) . Dictionary living Great Russian language. – St. Petersburg: Encyclopedia, 2010.

6) . Letter to the publisher. – Moscow: Eksmo, 2010.

7) , . Brief etymological dictionary Russian language. – Moscow: Education, 1987

Internet sources:

Participles and participial phrases- these are the same “book” constructions as participles and participial phrases. This syntactic phenomenon is more typical for literary and official business style. In colloquial and informal speech this phenomenon is not welcome; it is better to replace it and simplify it adverbial constructions, which greatly clutter up spoken language.

Still, sometimes you can’t avoid it use of participial phrases, as well as the use of an official business style (in statements, explanatory statements, etc.), so you need to be aware of the following features of the use of gerunds and participial phrases.

• An action expressed by an adverbial phrase refers only to the active subject. This rule is often violated, and even classics have been seen making similar mistakes. Thus, A.P. Chekhov in one of his stories cites as an example Yarmonkin’s note: « Driving up to this station and looking to nature through the window, I have flew off hat". Due to the incorrect placement of the participial phrase, it may seem that it was the hat looking out the window, although this fact makes no sense, since Yarmonkin was looking out the window. The following sentence would be correct:

Driving up to the station and looking out the window, I lost hat.

Exception.

Sometimes participles may refer to the infinitive of a verb that expresses the action of another person:

His house was full of guests, ready and grammatically depends on the infinitive his lordly idleness, In this case, the action of the gerund his noisy and sometimes violent amusements. (A.S. Pushkin)

In this sentence the gerund is In this case, the action of the gerund refers to the infinitive and grammatically depends on the infinitive.

• When using the form “based on” participial turnover may also not refer to the subject, since this phrase is more perceived as a preposition rather than a gerund:

Findings about student success were done, based assessment results.

• Because of adverbial participle refers to the subject, the use of participial phrases in impersonal sentences is not possible:

Going for a morning run, I felt happy.

This sentence makes no sense and is grammatically incorrect. The correct option would be next sentence: When I went for a morning run, I felt happy.

• Also for the reason described above it is prohibited use of gerunds in passive constructions:

Coming out of the encirclement, the soldier was wounded in the leg.

In order to make this sentence correct, it is necessary to replace the passive construction with an active one: When leaving the encirclement, the soldier was wounded in the leg.

• It is not recommended to combine gerunds as homogeneous members of a sentence, or to combine them into homogeneous constructions with an adverbial or predicate:

She, wrapped up in a scarf and closing her face was veiled and looked like a frightened sparrow.

• Also, you should not use gerunds in sentences where the role of the predicate is performed by a future tense verb:

Returning to my hometown, the first thing I do is I'll meet you with classmates.

Despite the fact that this construction is not a serious mistake, it is still better to simplify it: When I return to my hometown, the first thing I will do is meet my classmates.

The position of the participial phrase in the sentence.

Participial turnover can be positioned relatively freely in a sentence. Despite this, there are some trends in placing the gerund before or after the predicate in a sentence:

• After the predicate verb Usually a gerund is used, which has the meaning of a subsequent action: Elena slipped And fell, dislocated ankle(she first slipped and fell and consequently sprained her ankle).

• Before the predicate verb a gerund is placed, which indicates that the action was performed before the one expressed by the predicate verb. Sometimes such a gerund may also indicate the reason for the action expressed by the predicate:

Delivery passport, me held out to his inspector. Overjoyed, girl loud laughed.

Semantic relations of the gerund and the predicate verb.

Semantic relations between the gerund and the predicate verb is an important factor that influences use of gerunds:

1. Perfect participles denote an action that preceded the action expressed by the predicate: Sighing out of relief, she opened eyes.
2. Imperfect participles are usually used to emphasize the simultaneity in which actions expressed by both the gerund and the predicate occur: Sobbing out of resentment, she climbed up on my lap.

At distinguishing between perfect and imperfect gerunds worth paying attention to Special attention word order in a sentence, lexical connections and other nuances. Failure to comply with these norms will lead to semantic and grammatical inaccuracies:

Running up to me, the dog licked my nose. There is a mistake in this sentence because the dog first ran up and then licked its nose. But the gerund "running up" It has imperfect form, which should mean simultaneity of actions, which cannot be, based on the meaning of the sentence.