How Kosmodemyanskaya died. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya: what really happened. "Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya", M. M. Gorinov. New details about the feat
Death rest on your face ...
We will not remember you like that.
You remained alive among the people,
And the Fatherland is proud of you.
You are like her fighting glory,
You are like a song calling to battle!
Agniya Barto
“No matter how much you hang us, don’t hang everyone, we are one hundred and seventy million. But our comrades will avenge you for me. "
…Yes. She said this - Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya - the first woman to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).
Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya was born on September 13, 1923 into a family of clergymen. The place of her birth is the village of Osino-Gai, Tambov province (USSR). Zoya's grandfather, Pyotr Ioannovich Kosmodemyansky, was brutally murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918 for trying to hide the counter-revolutionaries in the church. Zoya's father, Anatoly Kosmodemyansky, studied at the theological seminary, but did not manage to finish it, because (according to Lyubov Kosmodemyanskaya - mother Zoya) the whole family fled from denunciation to Siberia. From where she moved to Moscow a year later. In 1933, after the operation, Anatoly Kosmodemyansky died. Thus, Zoya and her brother Alexander (in the future Hero of the Soviet Union) remained in the upbringing of one mother. Zoya graduated from the 9th grade of school # 201. She was interested in such school disciplines as history and literature. But, unfortunately, it was difficult for her to find a common language with her classmates. In 1938, Zoya joined the All-Union Leninist Communist Youth Union (Komsomol).
In 1941, terrible events came for the country, the Great Patriotic War began. From the first days, the brave Zoya wanted to fight for the Motherland and go to the front. She appealed to the Oktyabrsky district committee of the Komsomol. On October 31, 1941, Zoya, along with other volunteers - Komsomol members, was taken to a sabotage school. After three days of training, the girl became a fighter in a reconnaissance and sabotage unit ("partisan unit 9903 of the headquarters of the Western Front"). The leaders of the military unit warned that the participants in this operation are actually suicide bombers, the loss rate of soldiers will be 95%. Also, recruits were warned about torture in captivity and death. All those who were not ready were asked to leave the school. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, like many other volunteers, did not flinch, she was ready to fight for the victory of the Soviet Union in this terrible war. Then Kosmodemyanskaya was only 18 years old, her life was just beginning, but the Great War crossed out the life of young Zoe.
On November 17, the Supreme Command number 428 was issued, which ordered to deprive (quote) “the German army of the opportunity to settle in villages and cities, drive the German invaders out of all settlements into the cold in the field, smoke them out of all rooms and warm shelters and make them freeze under the open sky ", with the aim of" destroying and burning to ashes all the settlements in the rear of the German troops. "
The saboteur team was tasked with burning ten settlements within 5-7 days. The group, which included Zoya, was given Molotov cocktails and dry rations for 5 days.
Kosmodemyanskaya managed to set fire to three houses, as well as destroy the German transport. On the evening of November 28, while trying to set fire to the barn, Zoya was captured by the Germans. She was interrogated by three officers. It is known that the girl named herself Tanya and did not say anything about her reconnaissance detachment. The German executioners brutally tortured the girl, they wanted to find out who had sent her and why. From the words of those present, it is known that Zoya, stripped to a nakedness, was flogged with belts, then for four hours they drove barefoot through the snow in the cold. It is also known that Smirnova and Solina, the hostess, whose houses were set on fire, took part in the beating. For this, they were subsequently sentenced to death.
The courageous Komsomol member did not say a word. Zoya was so brave and devoted to her homeland that she did not even give her real name and surname.
At 10:30 the next morning, Kosmodemyanskaya was taken out into the street, where the gallows had already been erected. All the people were forced to go out into the street to watch this "spectacle". A sign was hung on Zoya's chest with the words "Firestarter of houses". Then they put her on a box and put a noose around her neck. The Germans began to photograph her - they really loved to photograph people before execution. Zoya, taking advantage of the moment, began to speak loudly:
Hey comrades! Be bolder, fight, beat the Germans, burn them. Poison! .. I'm not afraid to die, comrades. This is happiness, to die for your people. Goodbye comrades! Fight, don't be afraid! Stalin is with us! Stalin will come!
The body of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya hung in the street for a month. Soldiers passing by repeatedly mocked him shamelessly. On New Year's Eve 1942, the drunken monsters-fascists took off their clothes and stabbed the body with knives, cutting off one breast. After such abuse, it was ordered to remove the body and bury it outside the village. Subsequently, the body of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was reburied in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.
The fate of this courageous girl became known from the article "Tanya" by Pyotr Lidov, published on January 27, 1942 in the newspaper "Pravda". And on February 16, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Poems, stories, poems are devoted to Kosmodemyanskaya. Monuments to the Heroine are installed on the Minsk highway, at the Izmailovsky Park metro station, in the city of Tambov and the village of Petrishchevo. In tribute to the memory of Zoya, museums were opened and streets were named. Zoya, a young and selfless girl, became an inspiring example for the entire Soviet people. Her heroism and courage shown in the fight against the fascist invaders are admired and inspired to this day.
In the village of Osinov-Gai, Gavrilovsky District, Tambov Region, in a family of hereditary local priests, on September 8, 1923, the girl Zoya was born, and on July 27, 1925, her brother, Alexander.
Their father, Anatoly Kosmodemyansky, studied at the theological seminary, but did not graduate from it. He married a local teacher Lyubov Churikova.
House of the Kosmodemyansky
The Kosmodemyanskiy family: Lyubov, Shura, Zoya, Anatoly.
In 1929, the family fled to Siberia, fleeing denunciation. Then, she moved to Moscow, thanks to the efforts of L. Kosmodemyanskaya's sister, who served in the People's Commissariat for Education.
Anatoly Kosmodemyansky died in 1933 after an intestinal operation, his mother raised her children alone.
Zoya studied well at school, was especially fond of history and literature, dreamed of entering the Literary Institute. However, relations with classmates did not always work out - in 1938 she was elected as a Komsomol grouporg, but then she was not re-elected. As a result, Zoe developed a "nervous disease". According to some reports, Zoya was repeatedly in the children's department of the hospital. Kashchenko and she was suspected of schizophrenia (in fact, whether she had schizophrenia or not, it does not change the essence).
In 1940, Zoya suffered acute meningitis, after which she underwent rehabilitation at a sanatorium for nervous diseases in Sokolniki, where she made friends with the writer Arkady Gaidar, who was lying there. In the same year she graduated from the 9th grade of secondary school No. 201, despite the large number of classes missed due to illness.
Alexander and Zoya Kosmodemyanskiy.
On October 31, 1941, Zoya, among 2,000 Komsomol volunteers, came to the meeting place in the Colosseum cinema and from there was taken to a sabotage school, becoming a fighter in a reconnaissance and sabotage unit, officially called "partisan unit 9903 of the headquarters of the Western Front."
After a short training, Zoya, as part of a group, was transferred to the Volokolamsk region on November 4.
On November 17, the Supreme Command Order No. 428 was issued: "Deprive the German army of the opportunity to settle in villages and cities, drive the German invaders out of all settlements into the cold in the field, smoke them out of all rooms and warm shelters and make them freeze in the open air", for this it was prescribed "To destroy and burn to ashes all settlements in the rear of the German troops at a distance of 40-60 km in depth from the forward edge and 20-30 km to the right and left of the roads."
To execute the order, on November 18 (according to other sources, 20), the commanders of the sabotage groups were ordered to burn 10 settlements within 5-7 days. The group members had 3 Molotov cocktails, a pistol (for Zoya it was a revolver), dry rations for 5 days and a bottle of vodka. Going out on a mission, two groups (10 people in each) came under fire near the village of Golovkovo and suffered heavy losses. The survivors united under the command of Boris Krainev.
On November 27 at 2 a.m. Boris Krainev, Vasily Klubkov and Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya set fire to three houses in the village of Petrishchevo (Ruzsky district of the Moscow region), in which German officers and soldiers were located.
Krainev did not wait for his comrades at the agreed meeting place and left, having safely returned to his own. Klubkov was captured by the Germans and, according to one version, "handed over" to Zoya. Zoya, having missed her comrades and left alone, decided to return to Petrishchevo and continue the arson.
In the evening of November 28, while trying to set fire to S. A. Sviridov's shed, Kosmodemyanskaya was noticed by the owner and handed over to the Nazis. Sviridov was awarded a bottle of vodka for this.
During interrogation, Kosmodemyanskaya identified herself as Tanya and did not say anything definite. Having stripped naked, she was severely beaten, then a sentry assigned to her for 4 hours drove her barefoot, in only underwear, down the street in the cold.
At 10:30 the next morning, Kosmodemyanskaya was taken out into the street, where the gallows had already been built; a plaque was hung on her chest with the words "Firestarter of houses". When Kosmodemyanskaya was brought to the gallows, one of the local women hit her in the legs with a stick, shouting: “Who have you hurt? She burned down my house, but did nothing to the Germans ... ”.
Execution of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.
Before the execution, Kosmodemyanskaya said: “Citizens! Don't stand, don't look. We must help the Red Army to fight, and our comrades will take revenge on the German fascists for my death. The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated. " And addressing the German soldiers: “German soldiers! Before it's too late, surrender. You don’t hang all of us, but you don’t hang everyone, we are 170 million ”.
The body of Kosmodemyanskaya hung on the gallows for about a month, being repeatedly abused by the German soldiers passing through the village. On New Year's 1942, drunken fascists tore off the hanging clothes and once again abused the body, stabbing it with knives and cutting off the chest. The next day, the Nazis gave orders to remove the gallows, and the body was buried by local residents outside the village.
Subsequently, Kosmodemyanskaya was reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
The grave of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.
Zoya became the first woman to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War. (posthumously).
The fate of Zoya became widely known from the article "Tanya" by Pyotr Lidov, published in the newspaper "Pravda" on January 27, 1942. The author accidentally heard about the execution in Petrishchev from a witness - an elderly peasant.
Zoya's younger brother Alexander was 16 years old when the Nazis executed his sister. As a child, he was very friendly with Zoya, her death was a heavy blow for him. He asked to be sent to the front, but the recruiting office was refused because of his age.
Only in April 1942 his request was granted: he was drafted into the army, in 1943 he graduated from the Ulyanovsk military tank school.
Alexander received his baptism of fire on October 21 near Orsha. The crew of the KV tank of the guard of Lieutenant Kosmodemyansky with the inscription on board "For Zoya" was the first to reach the enemy trench, and with fire and caterpillars paved the way for the infantry accompanying him. In that battle, the crew destroyed 10 dugouts, several guns, a self-propelled gun, up to a company of enemy soldiers.
Tank "Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya".
Later he took part in the liberation of Belarus and the Baltic states, in breaking through the lines of the German defense in East Prussia, in the storming of the Konigsberg fortress.
Self-propelled unit commander of the 350th Guards Heavy Self-Propelled Artillery Regiment (43rd Army, 3rd Belorussian Front), Guard Senior Lieutenant A.A. On April 6, 1945, under enemy artillery and mortar fire, overcame the Landgraben Canal in the city of Konigsberg and destroyed an artillery battery, an ammunition depot and many Nazis. Then, covering the actions of the troops with fire, he ensured the building of the bridge over the canal and the crossing of Soviet tanks and self-propelled guns. For his courage and resourcefulness in battle, he was appointed commander of the SU-152 battery.
Alexander Kosmodemyansmky.
On April 8, in a battle north-west of Konigsberg, his battery, having overcome a minefield and a dense barrage, was the first to break into the Queen Louise fort and, inflicting significant damage to the enemy with powerful fire, forced the garrison of the fort to surrender. When the surviving remnants of the garrison of the Konigsberg fortress began to retreat to the west, the Kosmodemyansky battery provided fire support to the Soviet rifle units pursuing the enemy.
On April 13, 1945, in a battle near the village of Firbrudenkrug (north-west of Konigsberg), the Kosmodemyansky battery destroyed 4 enemy anti-tank guns, up to a company of soldiers. But the enemy managed to set fire to the Kosmodemyanskiy self-propelled gun. Having got out of the flaming car, Alexander, together with the infantrymen, burst into the settlement and knocked out the enemy from it. At this time, enemy artillery opened fire. Alexandra Kosmodemyansky received a shrapnel wound, which turned out to be fatal.
The title of Hero of the Soviet Union, Alexander Anatolyevich Kosmodemyansky, was awarded on June 29, 1945 (posthumously), he was buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery next to his sister's grave.
The grave of Alexander Kosmodemyansky in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery.
On November 29, 1941, the Nazis hanged the partisan Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. This happened in the village of Petrishchevo, Moscow Region. The girl was 18 years old.
Wartime heroine
Each time has its own heroes. The heroine of the Soviet war period was the Komsomol member Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who volunteered for the front as a schoolgirl. Soon she was sent to the sabotage and reconnaissance group, which acted on the instructions of the headquarters of the Western Front.
Kosmodemyanskaya became the first woman during the Second World War to be awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously). At the site of the fatal events, there is a monument with the words "Zoya, the immortal heroine of the Soviet people."
Tragic exit
On November 21, the 41st group of our volunteers went beyond the front line with the assignment to commit arson in several settlements. Repeatedly the groups came under fire: some of the soldiers were killed, others got lost. As a result, three people remained in the ranks, ready to carry out the order given to the sabotage group. Among them was Zoya.
After the girl was captured by the Germans (according to another version, she was caught by the locals and handed over to the enemies), the Komsomol member was severely tortured. After prolonged torture, Kosmodemyanskaya was hanged in Petrishchevskaya Square.
Last words
Zoya was taken out into the street, on her chest there was a wooden plaque with the inscription "The house-burner". The Germans drove almost all the inhabitants of the village to the execution of the girl.
According to eyewitnesses, the last words of the partisan addressed to the executioners were: "You will hang me now, but I am not alone. There are two hundred million of us. You cannot hang everyone. You will be avenged for me!"
The body hung in the square for about a month, frightening the local residents and amusing the German soldiers: the drunken fascists stabbed the dead Zoya with bayonets.
Before the retreat, the Germans ordered the removal of the gallows. Local residents hastened to bury the partisan, who was suffering even after death, outside the outskirts of the village.
Fighting girlfriend
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya became a symbol of heroism, dedication and patriotism. But she was not the only one: at that time hundreds of volunteers went to the front - the same young enthusiasts as Zoya. They left and did not return.
Almost at the same time when Kosmodemyanskaya was being executed, her friend from the same sabotage group, Vera Voloshin, tragically died. The Nazis beat her to death with rifle butts, and then hanged her near the village of Golovkovo.
"Who was Tanya"
They started talking about the fate of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya after the publication of the article "Tanya" by Pyotr Lidov in the Pravda newspaper in 1942. According to the testimony of the mistress of the house in which the saboteur was tortured, the girl steadfastly endured the bullying, never asked for mercy, did not give out information and called herself Tanya.
There is a version that under the pseudonym "Tanya" it was not Kosmodemyanskaya at all hiding, but another girl - Lilya Azolina. The journalist Lidov in the article "Who Was Tanya" soon said that the identity of the deceased had been established. An excavation of the grave was carried out, an identification procedure was carried out, which confirmed: it was Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya who was killed on November 29.
In May 1942, the ashes of Kosmodemyanskaya were transferred to the Novodevichy cemetery.
Name flower
In honor of the young partisan who accomplished the feat, the streets were named (in Moscow there are streets of Alexander and Zoya Kosmodemyanskiy), monuments and memorials were erected. There are other, more interesting objects dedicated to the memory of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.
For example, there are asteroids No. 1793 "Zoya" and No. 2072 "Kosmodemyanskaya" (according to the official version, named after the girl's mother, Lyubov Timofeevna).
In 1943, a lilac variety was named in honor of the heroine of the Soviet people. "Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya" has light purple flowers, collected in large inflorescences. According to Chinese wisdom, lilac is a symbol of positive spiritual strength, individuality. But among the African tribe, this color is associated with death ...
Martyrdom in the name of patriotic ideals, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya will forever remain a model of vitality and courage. Is it a real heroine or a military image - perhaps this is no longer so important. It is important that there is something to believe in, whom to remember and what to be proud of.
On January 27, 1942, the newspaper "Pravda" published an article by Pyotr Lidov "Tanya". The essay told about the heroic death of a young Komsomol member, a partisan who called herself Tanya during torture. The girl was captured by the Germans and hanged on the square in the village of Petrishchev, in the Moscow region. Later it was possible to establish the name: it turned out to be a member of the Komsomol Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. The girl named herself Tanya in memory of her idol, the hero of the Civil War, Tatiana Solomakha.
Hero of the Soviet Union Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
More than one generation of Soviet youth has grown up on the example of the courage, dedication and heroism of young people such as Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who gave their lives in the fight against the fascist invaders during the Great Patriotic War. The guys knew that, most likely, they would die. They do not need fame - they saved their homeland. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya became the first woman to receive the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously) during the Great Patriotic War.
Childhood
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was born on September 13, 1923 in the village of Osinov Gai, Gavrilovsky District, Tambov Region. Mom Lyubov Timofeevna (nee Churikova) and father Anatoly Petrovich worked as school teachers.
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya (second from right) with her parents and brother Father Lyubov studied at the Theological Seminary for some time. He grew up in the family of the priest Peter Ioannovich Kozmodemyansky, who served in the church in the village of Osinov Gai. In the summer of 1918, the Bolsheviks seized the priest for helping the counter-revolutionaries and tortured him to death. The body was found only six months later. The priest is buried at the walls of the Church of the Sign, in which he conducted services.
Zoya's family lived in the village until 1929, and then, fleeing denunciation, moved to Siberia, to the village of Shitkino, Irkutsk region. The family lived there for a little over a year. In 1930, the older sister Olga, who worked in the People's Commissariat for Education, helped the Kosmodemyanskiy move to Moscow. In Moscow, the family lived on the outskirts, near the Podmoskovnaya station, in the area of Timiryazevsky Park. Since 1933, after the death of her father (the girl's dad died after an intestinal operation), Zoya and her younger brother Sasha were left alone with her mother.
Zoya and Sasha Kosmodemyanskiy Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya graduated from the 9th grade of the 201st school (now gymnasium No. 201 named after Zoya and Alexander Kosmodemyanskiy) in the city of Moscow. She studied excellently; loved history and literature, dreamed of entering the Literary Institute. Due to the direct nature, it was difficult to find a common language with peers.
Since 1939, according to her mother's recollections, Zoya suffered from a nervous illness. At the end of 1940, Zoya fell ill with acute meningitis. In the winter of 1941, after a difficult recovery, she went to Sokolniki, to a sanatorium for people with nervous diseases, to recuperate. There she met and became friends with the writer.
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya in a sanatorium in Sokolniki The plans for the future of Zoe, like her peers, were prevented from coming true by the war. On October 31, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, together with 2,000 volunteers from the Komsomol, came to the recruiting center located in the Colosseum cinema, from where she went for pre-combat training at a sabotage school. The set was made from yesterday's schoolchildren. Preference was given to athletes: nimble, strong, enduring, able to withstand heavy loads (they were also called "people with increased cross-country ability").
Upon entering the school, recruits were warned that up to 5% survive in sabotage work. Most of the partisans perish after being captured by the Germans while performing shuttle raids behind enemy lines.
After training, Zoya became a member of the reconnaissance and sabotage unit of the Western Front and was abandoned behind enemy lines. Zoe's first combat mission was completed successfully. She, as part of a subversive group, mined a road near Volokolamsk.
The feat of Kosmodemyanskaya
Kosmodemyanskaya received a new combat mission, in which, in a short time, the partisans were ordered to burn the villages of Anashkino, Gribtsovo, Petrishchevo, Usadkovo, Ilyatino, Grachev, Pushkino, Mikhailovskoye, Bugailovo, Korovin. For detonation, the fighters were given several Molotov cocktails. Such assignments were given to the partisans in accordance with the order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief No. 0428. This was a "scorched earth" policy: the enemy was leading an active offensive on all fronts, and in order to slow down the advance, objects of vital activity were destroyed along the way.
The village "Petrishchevo", in which Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya died In the opinion of many, these were very cruel and unjustified actions, but this was required in the realities of that terrible war - the Germans were rapidly approaching Moscow. On November 21, 1941, on the day of the reconnaissance saboteurs' mission, the troops of the western front fought heavy battles in the Stalinogorsk direction, in the area of Volokolamsk, Mozhaisk, Tikhoretsk.
To carry out the assignment, two groups of 10 people were allocated: the group of B.S.Krainov (19 years old) and PS Provorov (18 years old), which included Kosmodemyanskaya. Near the village of Golovkovo, both groups were ambushed, suffering losses: some of the saboteurs were killed, and some of the partisans were taken prisoner. The remaining fighters united and under the command of Krainov continued the operation.
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was captured near this barn. On the night of November 27, 1941, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, together with Boris Krainov and Vasily Klubkov, set fire to three houses in Petrishchev (this village acted as a transport interchange for the Germans), in which the communications center was located, and the Germans lodged before being sent to the front. She also destroyed 20 horses intended for transportation.
For the further fulfillment of the task, the partisans gathered at the agreed place, but Krainov did not wait for his own and returned to the camp. Klubkov was captured by the Germans. Zoya decided to continue the assignment alone.
Captivity and torture
On November 28, after dark, a young partisan tried to set fire to the barn of the elder Sviridov, who was giving the Nazis overnight, but was noticed. Sviridov raised the alarm. The Germans rushed in and arrested the girl. During the arrest, Zoya did not shoot. Before the assignment, she gave the weapon to her friend, Claudia Miloradova, who was the first to leave for the assignment. Claudia's pistol was defective, so Zoya gave a more reliable weapon.
From the testimony of the residents of the village of Petrishchevo, Vasily and Praskovya Kulik, to whose house Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was brought, it is known that the interrogation was conducted by three German officers with an interpreter. They stripped her and flogged her with belts, and took her naked in the cold. According to witnesses, the Germans failed to wrest information about the partisans from the girl, even by inhuman torture. The only thing that she said was that she called herself Tanya.
Witnesses testified that local residents A.V.Smirnova and F.V.Solina, whose houses had suffered from arson attacks by partisans, also participated in the torture. Later they were sentenced to death under Article 193 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR for cooperation with the Nazis during the war.
Execution
On the morning of November 29, 1941, the beaten and frostbitten Komsomol member Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was taken out into the street. There the Germans have already prepared the gallows. A sign was hung on the girl's chest, on which it was written in Russian and German: "The arsonist of houses." Many Germans and locals gathered to watch the spectacle. The Nazis took pictures. At that moment, the girl shouted out:
“Citizens! Don't stand, don't look. We must help the Red Army to fight, and our comrades will take revenge on the German fascists for my death. The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated. "
Incredible courage - to stand on the brink of the grave and, not thinking about death, appeal to selflessness. At that moment, when Zoe was putting on the noose around her neck, she shouted the words that have become legend:
“No matter how much you hang us, you don’t hang everyone, there are 170 million of us. But our comrades will avenge you for me. "
Zoya didn’t have time to say anything more.
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya was hanged The hanged Komsomol member was not removed from the gallows for another month. The Nazis who passed through the village continued to scoff at the tormented body. On New Year's Eve, 1942, Zoya's body, cut with knives, naked, with a cut off chest, was removed from the gallows and the villagers were allowed to bury it. Later, when the Soviet land was cleared of the Nazis, the ashes of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya were reburied at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow.
Confession
The young Komsomol member is a symbol of the era, an example of the heroism of the Soviet people shown in the struggle against the fascist invaders during the Great Patriotic War.
However, information about the partisan movement of that time was classified for decades. This is due to military orders and methods of execution, at the simple point of view of the layman, too cruel. And the understatement leads to all sorts of speculation, or even simply - to the insinuations of "critics from history."
So, articles about Kosmodemyanskaya's schizophrenia appear in the press - supposedly, another girl performed the feat. However, it is irrefutable that a commission consisting of representatives of the Red Army officers, representatives of the Komsomol, a member of the Revolutionary Committee of the WRC (b), witnesses from the village council and villagers, upon identification, confirmed that the body of the shot girl belongs to a Muscovite Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, which is noted in the act from February 4, 1942. There is no doubt about that today.
Tank with the inscription "Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya" The heroes and comrades of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya also died: Tamara Makhinko (crashed during the landing), sisters Nina and Zoya Suvorov (died in the battle near Sukhinichi), Masha Golovotyukova (a grenade exploded in her hands). Zoya's younger brother, Sasha, also died heroically. Alexander Kosmodemyansky went to the front at the age of 17, having learned about the heroic death of his sister. The tank with the inscription “For Zoya” on its side went through many battles. Alexander fought heroically almost until the very end of the war. He died in the battle for a strong point in the town of Firbrudenkrug, near Königsberg. He was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Memory
The image of the heroine Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya found wide distribution in monumental art. Museums, monuments, busts - reminders of the courage and dedication of a young girl are still in sight.
Streets in the post-Soviet space are named in memory of Zoya Anatolyevna Kosmodemyanskaya. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya Street is located in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Moldova and Ukraine.
Other objects are named after the partisan saboteur: pioneer camps named after Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, schools and other educational institutions, a library, an asteroid, an electric locomotive, a tank regiment, a ship, a village, a peak in the Zailiyskiy Alatau and a BT-5 tank.
The execution of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is also reflected in the works of art. The most recognizable works belong to the artist Dmitry Mochalsky and the creative team "Kukryniksy".
Poems were composed in honor of Zoe, and. In 1943, the Stalin Prize was awarded to Margarita Aliger, who dedicated her poem "Zoya" to Kosmodemyanskaya. The tragic fate of the girl also touched foreign authors - the Turkish poet Nazim Hikmet and the Chinese poet Ai Qing.
Part 6
THE POST-DEATH ORNAMENT OF ZOE KOSMODEMYANSKAYA
Before moving on to the narrative, I want to explain to the reader why this is essentially the final part of the work called so.
The tragic fate of Zoya in the USSR became widely known from the article "Tanya" by Pyotr Lidov, published in the newspaper "Pravda" on January 27, 1942.
The author accidentally heard about the execution in Petrishchev from a witness - an elderly peasant who was shocked by the courage of an unknown girl: “She was hanged, and she spoke. They hung her up, and she kept threatening them ... ”Lidov went to Petrishchevo, questioned the residents in detail and, based on their inquiries, published an article.
Her identity was soon established, as reported by Pravda in Lidov's article on February 18, "Who was Tanya"; even earlier, on February 16, a decree was signed conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to her.
But between January 27 and February 16, 1942, several manipulations were carried out by the Soviet authorities around the personality of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya and her body. For example, to identify her identity, 2 grave autopsies and one forensic examination of the body were carried out. Then Zoya's body was reburied on the territory of the village of Petrishchevo, then the body was dug up again, cremated and the ashes were buried in Moscow at the Novodevichy cemetery. In 1945, the body of her brother was brought from Konigsberg and buried next to Zoya.
In this regard, the reader may have questions such as why was all this necessary if the command of military unit 9903 was already reliably known from the testimony of V. Kolobov.
And the fact is that after January 27, 1941, about 20 mothers of the daughters of servicemen who disappeared during the fighting began to assert. That the "partisan Tanya" from the village of Petrishchevo is their own daughter. In this connection, the authorities were forced to carry out two exhumations of the body of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.
As a result, everything was documented. True, no one reckoned with the tragedy of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya's mother in the course of all these manipulations with her body, but this is no longer the subject of our research. The time was such that people were not particularly valued as a value because they were a kind of consumable.!
And now when the reader has delved into the topic, I Dale will again cite only genuine archival cases from the declassified archives of the Russian Federation that are related to Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.
№1
From the memoirs of K.A. Miloradova - on the identification and reburial of Zoya's body
1983 - 2003
<...>I had a sad fate - to accompany Lyubov Timofeevna on a trip to Petrishchevo, in February 1942, to identify the deceased heroine. We have just returned from another mission from the enemy rear. We went skiing, sometimes day and night, my hands and feet were frostbitten, like most.
And suddenly a call: "Urgently report to the headquarters of the unit." From the headquarters we drove to the building where the military expertise was located.
There were two of the fighters: Boris Krainov and me. Boris, having read Lidov's article "Tanya", confidently said that this girl was Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, he had no doubts.
And here we are at the building of the military examination.
I saw another car ahead. And next to him stood a young man, surprisingly similar to Zoya.
It was her brother Sasha. We met. He took me to the car in which Lyubov Timofeevna was sitting.
Never forget what her face was. It bears the stamp of that numbness, which is known to many who have experienced severe misfortune. Mom was tall and slender, her hair was dark blond, curly almost like Zoya's, in a gray downy half-shirt.
Lyubov Timofeevna a few days before was in Petrishchev for the first exhumation of the deceased heroine. The commander of our unit A.K.
Sprogis spoke in Moscow with several mothers who believed that "Tanya" was their daughter.
After talking with him, two applicants remained, one of whom was L.T. Kosmodemyanskaya.
Sprogis, two mothers, as well as Vera Sergeevna Novoselova and Viktor Belokun, a teacher and student of the 201st school, went to Petrishchevo, who were asked to help identify the dead.
A.K. Sprogis firmly said that it was Kosmodemyanskaya.
But the second mother lamented that it was her Tanya.
And Lyubov Timofeevna recognized her daughter and did not.
When the corpse was propped up against a tree, she confidently said that Zoya was much shorter.
The body of the deceased was very elongated, as it hung on the gallows for more than a month. Lyubov Timofeevna was embarrassed by the fact that her daughter was in the thick of the war, and when we met, she asked me if we really fought in the Vereisky district.
A whole commission went to the second exhumation: from our unit - Major A.K. Sprogis, B. Krainov and I; Alexander Shelepin - from MK Komsomol; Mikhail Kleimenov - from the headquarters of the Western Front; Lyubov Timofeevna and Shura Kosmodemyanskiy and a doctor - a specialist in military expertise.
Shura well remembered the photograph in Pravda and was almost sure that the deceased was his sister. Therefore, he told me and Boris: “I will stand in the middle and take your hands. I will squeeze your palms and no matter what we see, you don’t cry. Mom may not be able to stand it. "
And now - the road to Petrishchevo. We drove slowly and for a very long time. Finally we turned off the Minsk highway. At the entrance to Petrishchevo there was still a sign in German.
The Nazis left less than a month ago. After their departure, the local residents removed the corpse from the gallows and buried it in a hole formed by the crater. We got out of the trucks.
It was very cold, purging. In some hut we were all fed dinner and taken to the grave. Zoya was lying in an excavated grave, on a torn-off door. Opposite was the school building, that was the school door. Boris and Shura, I got up as agreed. And mom rushed to the grave. The body of the deceased was terribly mutilated.
One breast is cut off, arms are like whips, and fingers without nails, instead of nails - pink dimples. Mom knelt down in front of her, and froze, and stroking the whole body ... Shura squeezed our palms, my tears are flowing, but silently. I looked at him - and his tears are flowing. And Boris too.
A doctor came up to me: "What signs do you remember?"
And I was silent - my throat contracted.
He shook me: "Are you a fighter or not?"
I gathered my courage. I answer:
“There is a scar on her left leg through the knee; it was she who was saving herself from a bull in Osinovye Gai as a child and crawling through the barbed wire.” (Zoya told me about the scar when they took us to the bathhouse in Kuntsevo.) They just pulled off the stocking on my numb leg - this very scar.
And my mother was still on her knees. The wind blew, the snowflakes were blown away, and she seemed to remain in that Petrishchevsky snow forever. Mom turned blonde - turned gray before our eyes.
And then she fell down, losing consciousness, they ran up to her, brought her to the car ... On the way back, Mom and Shura were sitting in the cab of the truck, and everyone else was in the back. And Lyubov Timofeevna kept asking her son: "Why is it so quiet?"
All sounds on the ground were frozen for her - from the shock she experienced, her mother almost lost her hearing.
Soon there was an article by Pyotr Lidov "Who Was Tanya" and a decree on the posthumous conferring of the title of Hero of the Soviet Union to Zoya.
Following this, my mother and Shura moved - they were given a room at the beginning of Gorky Street) (opposite the Central Telegraph).
At the end of February, I first visited Lyubov Timofeevna on a visit.
It was a large, bright room with two windows.
Zoya's bed was neatly made. A whipped pillow with a white beret on it, which Zoya loved very much and put it that way before going to the front. Mom would not allow me to approach the bed.
Above it is a full-length portrait of Zoin, possibly the work of his brother. It was hard to be in this room, next to the inconsolable, heartbroken mother.
And in the spring, on May 5, we again went to Petrishchevo - it was necessary to bury Zoya properly. We understood that the ground had already melted a lot, and it would be difficult to rite the corpse.
The instructor of the Central Committee of the Komsomol Lida Sergeeva took several meters of blue crepe de Chine with her. When we swaddled Zoya in this airy cloth, the women of Petrishchev howled, screamed ... Then cremation. It was hard, terrible.
When Zoya was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery (3), the orchestra played "You fell a victim in a fatal struggle ..." Zoya loved this song very much from the time she heard it in a Siberian village when they buried the communists killed by kulaks. I stood, held her portrait and did not see anything because of the tears that covered my eyes. And on that day I vowed to myself that if I did not die, I would serve your memory until the end of my life, Zoya ... Boris Krainov was also at the funeral. There was no Shura, he had already left for the Ulyanovsk Tank School.<...>
Monument to Mother: Memories of Lyubov Timofeevna
Kosmodemyanskaya. Tambov. 2010.S. 32 - 36.
Notes:
(1) There was also one more irrefutable evidence. Talking with Sprogis in Moscow, L.T. Kosmodemyanskaya said that of the signs Zoya had only one: a large black mole near the navel (and not a knotted navel, as for some reason they wrote later. Zoya was born not in the field, but in the hut of her grandmother Lydia Fedorovna Kosmodemyanskaya) (note. E.G. Ivanova).
№2
The act of inspection and identification of the body of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya
February 4, 1942
We, the undersigned members of the commission consisting of: comrade Vladimirova - from the Central Committee of the Komsomol, comrade Shelepin - from the MK Komsomol, senior lieutenant comrade Kleimenov - from the Red Army, comrade Muravyov - from the Vereisky RK VKP (b), comrade Berezin - from the Gribtsovsky village council, vols. Sedova, Voronina, Kulik - from residents of the village. Petrishchevo, drew up on February 4, 1942 a real act on the examination and identification of an unknown citizen hanged in the village. Petrishchevo, Gribtsovsky village council, Vereisky district, Moscow region.
We have established the following:
1. When interviewing eyewitnesses, citizens of s. Petrishchevo - Sedova V.N., Sedova M.I., Voronina A.P., Kulik P.Ya., Kulik V.A. - it was found that in the first days of December 1941 in the houses of citizens with. Petrishchevo - Sedova M.I., Voronina A.P., Kulik V.A. a search, interrogation and brutal mockery of an unknown Soviet girl by German soldiers and officers was carried out.
After a search, interrogation and brutal abuse of her, she was hanged the next day in the center of the village. Petrishchevo at the crossroads.
Citizens from. Petrishchevo - Sedova V.N., Sedova M.I., Voronina A.P., Kulik P.Ya., Kulik V.A., as well as the teacher of language and literature T. Novoselova V.S. and student Belokun V.I. according to the photographs presented by the Intelligence Department of the headquarters of the Western Front, they identified that the Komsomol member Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya Anatolyevna was hanged.
2. The commission excavated the grave where Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya Anatolyevna was buried. The examination of the corpse confirmed the testimony of the abovementioned comrades, once again confirmed that the hanged man was Comrade ZA Kosmodemyanskaya.
3. The commission, on the basis of the testimony of eyewitnesses of the search, interrogation and execution, established that the Komsomol member Kosmodemyanskaya Z.A. behaved like a true patriot of the socialist homeland and died a hero's death. Addressing the local population gathered by the German command for execution, she uttered the words of an appeal for a merciless struggle against the German invaders:
“Citizens! Don't stand, don't look. We must help the Red Army to fight, and our comrades will take revenge on the German fascists for my death. The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated. Comrades! Victory will be ours!"
"German soldiers! Before it's too late, surrender. No matter how much you hang, you don’t outweigh everyone, there are 170 million of us! "
Protocol of interviewing eyewitnesses - residents of the village. Petrishchevo, documents - passport and Komsomol card of Comrade Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya are attached.
Comrades were involved in the work of the commission. Novoselova V.S. - teacher of language and literature at school number 201<г. Москва>and a student of the 10th grade of this school, Comrade Belokun V.I., who have known Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya for several years.
This is what the present act was drawn up about.
Signatures:
1. Vladimirov
2. Shelepin
3. Branded
4. Muravyov 5. Berezin
6. Sedova
7. Voronina
8. Kulik
WITH<ело>Petrishchevo, Gribtsovsky s / s, Vereisky district, Moscow region, February 4, 1942
Copy from the original is true (1) A. Shelepin
TSAOPIM. F. 3. Op. 52.D.145.L. 13-15.
Certified typewritten copy with Shelepin's autograph;
in the same place. F. 8682.0p.1. D. 561.L. 31 - 33.
Uncertified typewritten copy with certified typewritten
copies. RGALI. F.1865. Op. 1.D. 110.L. 13 - 15.
Uncertified typewritten copy. Pub .: The feat of Zoya (documents)
// Science and life. 1966. No. 12. P. 10; Front-line Moscow.
1941 - 1942 .: archival documents and materials. M., 2001.S. 566-567.
Printed according to the text of a certified typewritten copy of TsAPIM.
№3
The act of exhumation of the corpse of Z.A. Kosmodemyanskaya
12 February 1942
A commission consisting of Lieutenant Colonel Sprogis, Senior Lieutenant Kleimenov from the Red Army, Shelepin from the MGK Komsomol, Nikiforov - SME (1) MosOME and, in the presence of Miloradova, left for the village of Petrishchevo, Vereisky District, Moscow Region, where the corpse of an unknown woman-partisan was taken out of the grave. hanged by the Germans in this village.
This corpse was presented for identification to L.T. and her son Kosmodemyanskiy A.A. and Miloradova K.A., who affirmatively stated that the corpse of an unknown woman-partisan is her daughter and brother [sic] of her son according to the following features:
1. Growth.
2. Hair cutting and hairstyle.
3. Facial features.
4. The state of the navel.
5. Jacket.
6. Socks and stockings.
The corpse is in a state of freezing, well preserved for identification.
Commission members:
1. Sprogis
2. Shelepin
3. Branded
4. Nikiforov
Identifying the corpse:
1. Kosmodemyanskaya
2. Kosmodemyanskiy
3. Miloradova
TSAOPIM. F. 8682. Op. 1.D. 561.L. 36-36 rev.
Autograph in blue ink. Autographs of Shelepin, Kleimenov,
Nikiforov, Kosmodemyanskaya, Kosmodemyanskiy, Miloradova
in blue ink and Sprogis's autograph in blue pencil.
Publ .: Front-line Moscow. 1941 - 1942:
archival documents and materials. M., 2001.S. 574.
Notes:
(1) SME - Forensic medical examination.
№4
Act
We, the undersigned members of the commission consisting of: comrade Vladimirova - from the Central Committee of the Komsomol, comrade Shelepin - from the MK Komsomol, senior lieutenant comrade Kleimenov - from the Red Army, comrade Muravyov - from the Vereisky RK VKP (b), comrade Berezin - from the Gribtsovsky village council, vols. Sedova, Voronina, Kulik - from the inhabitants of the village of Petrishchevo, - on February 4, 1942, they drew up a present act on the examination and identification of an unknown citizen hanged in the village of Petrishchevo, Gribtsovsky village council, Vereisky district, Moscow region.
We have established the following:
1. When interviewing eyewitnesses - citizens of the village of Petrishchevo - VN Sedova, MI Sedova, AP Voronina, P. Ya. Kulik, VA Kulik. it was established that in the first days of December 1941, in the houses of citizens of the village of Petrishchevo, Sedova M.I., Voronina A.P., Kulik V.A. a search, interrogation and brutal mockery of an unknown Soviet girl by German soldiers and officers was carried out.
After a search, interrogation and brutal abuse of her, she was hanged the next day in the center of the village of Petrishcheva at a crossroads.
Citizens of the village of Petrishchevo - Sedova V.N., Sedova M.I., Voronina A.P., Kulik P.Ya., Kulik V.A., as well as the teacher of language and literature comrade Novoselova V.S. and student Belokun V.I. according to the photographs presented by the intelligence department of the headquarters of the Western Front, they identified that the Komsomol member Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya Anatolyevna was hanged.
2. The commission excavated the grave where Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya Anatolyevna was buried. The examination of the corpse confirmed the testimony of the abovementioned comrades, once again confirmed that the hanged man was Comrade Kosmodemyanskaya Z.A.
3. The commission, on the basis of the testimony of eyewitnesses of the search, interrogation and execution, established that the Komsomol member Kosmodemyanskaya Z.A. behaved like a true patriot of the socialist homeland and died a hero's death.
Addressing the local population gathered by the German command for execution, she uttered the words of an appeal for a merciless struggle against the German invaders:
“Citizens! Don't stand, don't look. We must help the Red Army to fight, and our comrades will take revenge on the German fascists for my death. The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated.
Comrades! Victory will be ours!"
Addressing the German soldiers, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya said:
"German soldiers! Before it's too late, surrender. No matter how much you hang us, you don’t hang everyone, we are 170 million. ”
Minutes of interviews with eyewitnesses - residents of the village of Petrishchevo, documents - a passport and a Komsomol ticket comrade. Kosmodemyanskaya Zoe are attached.
Comrade Novoselova V.S. were involved in the work of the commission. - a teacher of language and literature at school No. 201, and a student of the 10th grade of this school, Comrade VI Belokun, who had known Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya for several years.
This is what this act was drawn up about.
Signatures: 1. Vladimirov.
2. Shelepin.
3. Branded.
4. Ants.
5. Berezin.
6. Sedova.
7. Voronin.
8. Kulik.
The village of Petrishchevo, Gribtsovsky s / s, Vereisky district, Moscow region, February 4, 1942.
In MK and MGK VKP (b)
Comrade Shcherbakov,
Comrade Popov,
Comrade Chernousov.
Memorandum
In January 1942, the newspaper Pravda, No. 27 (8798) (dated January 27), published an article by Comrade Lidova "Tanya". The MGK Komsomol created a commission to investigate the facts set out in this article, which established the following.
In early December 1941, in the village of Petrishchevo, Gribtsovsky s / s, Vereisky district, Moscow region, an unknown Soviet citizen was brutally tortured and hanged by the German invaders.
A thorough check established that she is a Komsomol member, a student of the 10th grade of the 201st school of the Timiryazevsky district of Moscow - Kosmodemyanskaya Z.A., who expressed her desire to voluntarily join the army and was mobilized by the MGK Komsomol in the intelligence department of the Western Front. Intelligence directorate she was sent to work behind enemy lines.
On November 1, the MGK Komsomol sent a group of Komsomol members, including the Komsomol member Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, at the disposal of the intelligence department of the Western Front.
After the arson, she managed to leave.
Two days later, at seven o'clock in the evening, she came to the same village for the second time.
While trying to set fire to a house on the edge of the village, she was seized by German patrols, who brought her to the house of a resident of this village - citizen V.N. Sedova.
From the stories of local residents: gr. Sedova V.N., Sedova M.I., Voronina A.P., Kulik P.Ya., Kulik V.A. the commission established the following circumstances of the search, interrogation and execution.
In the house of gr. Sedovoy M.I. she was brought with her hands tied by three German patrols at about 7 pm.
She was wearing a jacket, cold boots, a comforter, and sheepskin gloves. A backpack hung over her shoulders, a bag with a flammable liquid over her shoulder. One of the Germans pressed her to the stove, two others searched her. Another 15-20 Germans who lived in this house were present during the search.
They laughed at her all the time and shouted: "Partisan, partisan!" First, a backpack was removed from her, then a bag with a flammable liquid. Under her jacket they found a revolver that hung over her shoulder. The Germans undressed her: they took off her jacket, comforter, jacket, boots. She remained in wadded trousers, socks and a white bottom blouse.
The translator was not present during the search. The Germans did not ask her any questions, but only talked among themselves, laughed and hit her several times on the cheeks.
At the same time, she kept herself courageously, she did not utter a single word. The search in this house lasted no more than 20 minutes.
After the search, the eldest of them ordered: “Rus! March!"
She calmly turned and went out with her hands tied, accompanied by the German soldiers from this house into the street.
The Germans brought her to the house of gr. Voronina A.P., where the German headquarters of the signal troops was located.
Entering the house, the Germans who had brought her shouted:
"Uterus! Rus! She burned down the houses! " Here she was searched a second time. Flammable liquid bottles showed gr. Voronina, and they said: "Here, womb, with what they set fire to houses," and after that they hung a bag with bottles around this girl's neck.
Gr. Voronina was ordered by the Germans to climb on the stove, and they themselves began to undress this girl.
They took off her trousers, and she remained in her underwear, after which the officer began to ask her in Russian: "Where are you from?"
She replied: "From Saratov." "Where were you going?" Answer: "To Kaluga." "How long did you cross the front line?"
She replied: "Three days." "Who were you with?" Answer: "There were two of us, my friend was detained by the Germans in Kubinka."
How many houses have you burned? " Answer: "Three".
"What else have you done?" She replied: "I did nothing more and I will not say anything more."
This response infuriated the officer, and he ordered four soldiers to flog her. They flogged her with belts, intermittently, they hit her with belts more than 200 times.
They flogged and asked her: "Will you tell me or not?"
But she was silent all the time, did not utter a single word. Only at the end of the flogging from severe pain, she sighed and said:
“Throw the smack. I won't tell you anything else. "
During the flogging, the officer went out into another room several times and held his head with his hands, as he himself could not look at this picture.
Then she was taken to another room in one undershirt. She looked exhausted, her legs and pelvis turned blue from the blows.
She behaved courageously, proudly, answered their questions sharply.
During the flogging, several hundred Germans came to the house and watched and laughed.
After a flogging at 10 o'clock in the evening from the house of gr. Voronina, barefoot, with her hands tied, in one undershirt, was taken through the snow to the house of Gr. Kulik V.A., where 25 Germans lived.
Entering the house, the Germans shouted: “Mother! They caught a partisan. "
She was seated on a bench. She moaned in pain. Her lips were black, caked with heat, her face was swollen, and her forehead was bruised. She asked for a drink. Instead of water, one of the Germans brought a burning kerosene lamp without glass under her chin and burned her chin.
After sitting for half an hour, the Germans dragged her in an undershirt and barefoot into the cold. They took her barefoot and undressed in the frost for about 20 minutes. Then they brought her back to the house, after 10-15 minutes they again took her out into the cold, then they again brought her into the house.
This went on from ten o'clock in the evening until two o'clock in the morning. All this was done by 19; a year old German assigned to her.
At two o'clock in the morning this German was replaced by another, who was assigned to her by an officer.
This German put her on a bench to sleep. After lying down for a while, she asked him in German to untie her hands.
He untied her hands. She fell asleep and slept for three hours. At 7 o'clock in the morning, the hostess of the house, Kulik P. Ya, approached her and managed to talk to her a little.
That's what she talked to her.
The hostess asked: "Where are you from?" She replied: "Moscow". "What is your name?" She said nothing. "Where are your parents?"
She said nothing. "Why were you sent?" She replied: "I had a task to burn down the village." "Who was with you?"
She said: "There was no one with me, I was alone." The hostess asked: "Who burned the houses last night?"
She replied: "I burned these houses." Then she asked the hostess: "How many houses have I burned?"
The hostess told her that she had burned three houses and twenty horses. She also asked the hostess if there were any victims. Then she advised the hostess to leave the village from the Germans.
She asked the hostess to give her something to put on.
But the hostess gave her nothing, she herself had nothing.
In conclusion, she said: “Victory is ours anyway. Let them shoot me, let these monsters mock me, but still they won't shoot us all. "
During the conversation, several Germans were present, but they did not know Russian.
One German asked her: "Where is Stalin?"
She replied: "Stalin is at the post."
Then she turned away and said to the German: "I won't talk to you anymore!"
After that, the hostess was kicked out of the house. She was transferred to a bunk, she lay down, and hundreds of Germans came to look at her. It was all at 8 o'clock in the morning.
At 9 o'clock, 3 officers came with translators and began to interrogate her.
During the interrogation, except for the Germans, no one was in this room, since they kicked out the owner and the owner of the house, but the owner of the house stayed in another room and heard the interrogation.
As soon as the officers entered, she told them: "Your Germans have left me completely stripped and undressed."
One of the officers ordered her to bring trousers.
She was given to put on wet cotton trousers brought from the street.
After that, they began to interrogate her.
The translator asked several times: "Where are you from, what is your name?"
But she didn’t say a single word.
No more questions were asked to her. The trousers brought to her, she could not put on herself, since her legs were frostbitten and she could not stand on her feet.
She put on trousers while sitting, with the help of one officer, while the other officers shouted at her: "Dress quickly!" When she asked them for the boots, they laughed and did not give her.
After that, at 10:30 in the morning, she was taken outside to the gallows prepared in advance.
Two soldiers led her under the arms, since she herself could not walk from beating, pain and frostbitten feet.
A large crowd of Germans on foot and on horseback marched around her, heading for the gallows.
Many Germans and civilians had already gathered at the gallows. As soon as they took her out of the house, they hung a plywood plaque around her neck with the inscription: "The arsonist of houses." It was written in Russian and in German: in Russian - in large letters, in; German - in small letters.
From the house to the gallows, she walked steadily, proudly, with her head raised. When they brought her to the gallows, the officer ordered to expand the circle of spectators. After that, they began to photograph her. They photographed it from three sides: in front, on the side, on which a bag with a flammable liquid hung, and in the back (each time it was turned).
At the time of filming, she uttered the following phrases:
“Citizens! You don’t stand, don’t look. We must help the Red Army to fight. This death of mine is my achievement. "
For these words, one officer swung his fist at her and wanted to hit her, others shouted.
But she kept on saying:
“Comrades! Victory will be ours".
Addressing the German soldiers, she said:
"German soldiers! Before it's too late, surrender! "
The officer shouted angrily: "Rus! .."
But she kept on saying:
"The Soviet Union is invincible and will not be defeated!"
Then they put a wooden box under the rope. Without any command, she climbed onto the box herself. The German began to put a noose around her neck. She still managed to say:
“No matter how much you hang us, you don’t hang everyone! There are 170 million of us. Our comrades will avenge you for me! "
She said this already with a noose around her neck. She grabbed the loop with her hand, wanted to say something else, but the soldier hit her hands and knocked the box out from under her feet.
The people who were present here and the soldiers dispersed. "
Here I have to interrupt the citation of this important document and remind the reader that not all residents of the village of Petrishchevo treated Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya well.
Two of them took exactly the opposite position, which was qualified by the organs of the NKVD of the USSR as treason to the Motherland and both women were shot by the verdict of the military tribunal!
Secondly, these statements are of great doubt:
On November 28-29, she was sent across the front line in the Vereisk direction. In the area of the village. Obukhovo, she was dropped out of the car and went to the rear of the enemy.
In early December, she came to the village of Petrishchevo at night and set fire to three houses (houses of citizens of Karelova, Solntsev, Smirnov), in which the Germans lived.
Together with these houses, they burned down: 20 horses, one German, many rifles, machine guns and a lot of telephone cables.
After the arson, she managed to get away. "
In the course of our historical investigation, we have reliably established that she was sent to the rear to the Germans not alone, but in a group of 20 people (two DRGs).
When crossing the front line, all of them were ambushed and in the end there were 6 of them left! Of these, Krainov, Kolobov and Kosmodemyanskaya went to the village of Petrishchevo !!!
The attack on the village of Petrishchevo was carried out once and Krainov and Kosmodemyanskaya managed to set fire to three huts, but there were no German soldiers and officers in them!
Therefore, talking about some kind of damage from fires for the command of the 332nd infantry regiment is hardly appropriate.
Indeed, Z. Kosmodemyanskaya for the second time on the same day with the help of the last bottle of "KS" tried to set fire to a barn with hay near Sitnikov's house.
Where the Germans actually lodged. As a result, she was discovered by the owner of the house, Sitnikov, and was soon detained by a German guard !!!
Continued citing documents no. 5
“For three days, German sentries stood near the gallows. So she hung for a month and a half. They hung her in the center of the village, at the crossroads. Three days before the retreat, the German command ordered her to be removed from the gallows and buried in the ground.
The headman of the village of Petrishchevo complied with this order, and she was buried 50 meters from the school.
When checking all the circumstances of her death, the grave was opened and the corpse was examined in order to establish her belonging to the front group.
The testimony of citizens V.N. Sedovy, M.I. Sedova, A.P. Voronina, V.A.Kulik, P.Ya. Kulik, examination of the corpse and comparing it with photographs confirmed that she was Kosmodemyanskaya Z.A., indeed the Komsomol member who was mobilized by the MGK Komsomol and sent to the disposal of the intelligence department of the Western Front.
From all of the above, we can conclude that the Komsomol member Kosmodemyanskaya Zoya Anatolyevna led as a true patriot of the socialist Motherland and died the death of a hero, as befits the daughter of the Lenin Komsomol.
5 / II. 1942 Secretary of MK and MGK Komsomol PEGOV.
The stylistics, spelling and punctuation of the document are preserved. - M.T.
Material from the monthly popular science journal "Science and Life", No. 12, December 1966 (pp. 10-13).
№7
Recorded conversation with mother, brother Shura and school friends
Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya in Timiryazevsky RK Komsomol
February 10, 1942
Comrade Kosmodemyanskaya. Zoya's death was not unexpected for me, since Zoya went to the front. So she said: "Either I will die a hero, or I will come a hero." I cried, and she told me: "What are you, be proud that you have a hero daughter."
Zoya was born in 1923. She spoke like an adult, and I consulted with her. Zoya said that you need to act decisively: once you have outlined a plan, then carry it out. She told me so. I would have needed to teach her, but it turned out that she taught me, saying so.
Zoya has been a pioneer since the age of 9; she studied with her brother Shura in the same grade until grade 10. I myself used to work as a teacher in the 9th school of the Oktyabrsky district, now it is the 216th school.
Zoya was very fond of literature and was going to be a writer. She wrote an essay: "I want to learn to recognize people." She kept a diary since 1936, the last diary she burned.
Zoya wanted to take him to the labor front, but I said that this should not be done, then she threw her last diary into the oven, but I wanted to know what she wrote there. Representatives of the Komsomolskaya Pravda newspaper took her diary from us, which had been kept since 1936.
How Zoya was dressed when she went to the front. She was wearing a beige wool sweatshirt, this one was mine, with a beige turndown collar. The sweatshirt had three gray-beige buttons. One elbow is laced with threads of the same color. The coat is long, striped, already old, below there is fur, a large collar.
In addition, she had a gray men's overalls shirt with side pockets and a leather belt made of leaves. There was nothing fur on her. On her head was a pistachio-colored woolen scarf, she took with her and a beret, which she did not wear.
On her hands were green home-knitted mittens. She took with her two pairs of small mittens, a second pair of factory-knit beige. On my feet were brown shoes with Viennese heels, leggings and beige stockings. She had dark blue panties and two or three more pairs of lighter colors. There was also a shirt with wide laces.
Zoya began living in Moscow in 1931. This year she began her first grade studies. Her homeland is the village of Osinovye Gai, Tambov Region.
We live in the house of the former student dormitory of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy.
Zoya entered the Komsomol at the 201st school. It was a whole event for her. She was preparing to enter the Komsomol and was proud of it. It was necessary to know the Charter, and when she was accepted, she came radiant. When she received the ticket, it was also a whole event for her. She was very worried. At home, Zoya worked seriously and persistently. Mathematics was difficult for her, but literature was easy. Zoya worked on compositions for a long time, for example, Shura would prepare an essay in an hour, and Zoya sat the whole night, but Shura also had good compositions. Zoya's cool compositions stayed at our house. There are no personal notes at all.
She loved Mayakovsky very much and said that only those who did not understand did not like him, and that everyone should read books about Mayakovsky. She perfectly recited and read his writings. Zoya also loved Gorky.
(From school: Zoya read Mayakovsky's poem "Good!" At the school evening)
Zoya was very fond of literature, she also loved music. She always regretted that we didn't have a piano. When Zoya was in the sanatorium, she used several music lessons there. The teacher told her that she could be a wonderful musician.
She was also very fond of the theater and said that she would not have breakfast, but would go to the theater. Zoya said: "If, mom, they give you a ticket, then buy a second one for me." She was very brave and was not afraid of anything in life. During the raids of German planes on Moscow, even the men of our house hid in a shelter or somewhere behind the door, and she and Shura went to the attic to be on duty, or Zoya walked around the house without speaking to anyone, as people sometimes looked at it with mockery. and they thought that she was proud of her courage, not afraid of the fragments. But this was not an ostentatious side.
Our house is wooden and sometimes staggered from the shooting. When I started to worry, she told me: “Mom, be ashamed, how are you not ashamed that you are, why are you shaking,” and she herself was so calm. Our room is on the second floor of the house, and I was worried when Zoya was downstairs.
She had no special soulmates. There was one girl Serikov with whom she met. In my opinion, Shura sat with her in class.
(From school: This girl is now in Omsk with her parents and works there.)
Ira Pozdnyak also went to Zoya, but during the war they got differences of opinion. When they made bomb shelters and trenches, they had different opinions and they quarreled, but Ira is an empty girl.
When the school stopped working, Zoya and Shura entered the Borets plant. There Zoya got along with one good stakhanov and said that he was a serious person. But Zoya was unhappy with the working environment at the plant, which she got into, and all this was worried. Zoya's goal was to study, and she entered the factory to do something, since the school did not work, and as soon as the school started working, she immediately left the factory. They would not let her go.
I used to work at this factory as a teacher. And I was told that my daughter had just started work and was leaving after three days, but she was unhappy with the order at the plant.
I have already said that at the plant she really liked one stakhanovka, and in three days of work she somehow got along with her. I do not know the name of this stakhanovka; she spoke on the radio. Zoya earned 40 rubles at the plant. in three to four days.
In the sanatorium for nervous diseases in Sokolniki, Zoya was also friends with one sister, who, in my opinion, also spoke on the radio or her letter was published from the front.
This sister was a serious girl. In this sanatorium there was also comrade Gaidar, who taught her, and she also taught him. They skated together. He was with her all the time, and I would like to know from him what they were talking about.
Zoya was in the sanatorium for 40 days, and as I used to not come to her, I always see them together in the park. Zoya had been suffering from a nervous illness since 1939, when she was moving from the 8th to the 9th grade, and during the transition from the 9th to the 10th grade in 1940, she suffered from acute meningitis. At first, the doctors said that there was no hope of recovery, but she ended up with Professor Margulis, who saved her. If I got to another, I would not have survived. The doctors were even surprised when she was discharged from the hospital.
She suffered such painful injections in the spinal cord! Zoya was in her memory and said that the injections were very painful. She was hardy and patient.
When friends looked at Tanya's photo, they decided that it was Zoya, not Tanya, but they didn’t tell me.
(Looks at the picture shown to her.) Yes, this is Zoya, she looks like her, her hair, nose and lips.
(Son: Everything is very similar, the hair is very similar.)
Yes, this is Zoya. For a passport, she was filmed earlier, and later for a Komsomol ticket, and here she is more similar.
(Son: The passport is more typical.)
Her last photograph is on her Komsomol ticket.
Firewood has just been brought to us, and we have been heating it in the morning, so the temperature has now slightly increased. We have a stove that goes into two adjacent rooms, and when you heat it up, there is no heat, hands and feet do not move from the cold. I asked to at least temporarily transfer us somewhere warmer, but so far nothing has been done.
I am not working yet, but they promised to give me a job. It is impossible not to work, as there will be nothing to live on. If today, for example, I sell Zoya's coat, how will I continue to live!
We live in this area all the time, at first we lived in another house. They wanted to evict us after the death of my husband, but the prosecutor did not allow us. My husband worked as an accountant at the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy.
I also worked at the school at the academy, taught the children of students. My husband died unexpectedly.
(From school: In September, school students went to dig potatoes, and Zoya went. At first she worked separately from the brigade, but her productivity was no worse than the others. When she started working in the brigade, there were four boys, there were conversations, the work was going badly, and she liked to work properly, and therefore began to work alone).
Mother: Zoya said that some people work in bad faith and leave potatoes in the field. She tried to choose all of it.
(From school: She said that some people are unscrupulous about their work. Zoe tried to work her best.)
Mother: Zoya said: “When I see the poster“ How did you help the front? ”, Then she takes me by the heart and I think how I helped the front.” I said that she was on the labor front and helped with this.
“No, that's not it,” Zoya answered. She wanted to go to the front and talked about it with a history teacher. When Zoya returned from the labor front, she said that she would go to the front. After that, she got so serious.
Zoya wanted to go to nursing courses and did everything in one day. She was given a health certificate. But she did not go to nursing courses and two days later announced that she would go to the front.
Zoya said: “I can't help you, mom, not to tell you that you are the closest person that I am going to a partisan detachment. But don't tell anyone. " She was so pleased and excited.
He says: "I was given an assignment, but Shura was not given." She did not have a tear when she left, she even took offense at me when she saw tears: "Since you are crying, then do not go to see me off."
When Comrade Molotov spoke on the radio about the declaration of war, Shura and I were not at home, so I do not know how Zoya reacted to this. But Zoya was sure that the victory would be ours, although ours gave the city. Zoya said that she was ready to tear to pieces such people who hesitate, doubting our victory. She knew we would win.
Lately, I even doubted who Zoya has a connection with. She always told me when she went where, but two or three times she disappeared somewhere and came home even more convinced. It was felt that someone was influencing her. I understood that someone was influencing her. Zoya did not say where she was going.
She announced that she would come soon and asked not to worry about her.
(Son: When someone started talking about where the bombs and shrapnel fell, Zoya always said: “Shooting such people, they only create panic.” When, it happened, you quarrel with her over something, then she answers: "What are you, a fascist, or what ?!")
She was greatly influenced by Comrade Stalin's report. She went to the front in November, when the Germans were approaching Moscow.
Mother: On the third day after her departure, I received a postcard with the stamp “Field Mail”. Shura even said that the postcard was probably from Moscow, and not from the front, but it was marked "Army in action." The second letter was also quickly received, probably in a week.
It has survived, however, it is written very shortly, succinctly: “I feel good. Don't worry about me. After completing the assignment, I will come to visit. "
She did physical education, did cold water rubdowns, and skated.
(Son: Zoya got the doctor's permission to do physical education. We had good equipment in the gymnasium of the school, and she really wanted to do it.
Zoya got up quickly in the morning, went in for physical exercise, but I could not follow the whole daily routine. She managed to do everything. Goes to the store, cook dinner, wash the floor, however, our room is small. I managed to do everything. It was difficult for her to mop the floor for health reasons, but she said that I was older than her.
Sometimes I went to the cinema, rarely to the theater. She never sat and talked to the gossips, as others did. Zoya loved to read, she borrowed books from the library, and I also got books for her. She read mainly the classics - Sholokhov153, Fadeev154, Furmanov155, Tolstoy, etc.
She wanted to go to the Literary Institute. I was going to enter a university from the 9th grade, but there she was told that there was no such position, that she needed to complete a ten-year period. Zoya said that she had prepared herself for literature. But then she left the case.
I am thinking of writing about Zoya from the day she was born. I myself wrote to the newspaper and I think I can write about Zoya. Three years ago, Pravda published an article about how a mother is raising her daughter, but I did not like this article, and I wrote a refutation to Pravda. I was told that my article was valuable and that there was self-praise in this article, but I wrote this article a month after the first was published. So maybe I will succeed if I start writing about Zoya.
She even had a nervous illness for the reason that her guys did not understand. She did not like the inconstancy of her friends, as sometimes happens - today a girl will share her secrets with one friend, tomorrow - with another, these will share with other girls, etc. Zoya did not like this and often sat alone. But she was worried about all this, said that she was a lonely person, that she could not find a girlfriend for herself.
After the illness, they began to treat her more sensitively at school, and secured a ticket to a sanatorium for her (1).
TSAOPIM. F. 8682. Op. 1.D. 561.L. 56-63.
Typewritten copy Publ .: Front-line Moscow. 1941 - 1942 .:
archival documents and materials. M., 2001.S. 572 - 574.
Further events developed in the following way.
Having reburied Zoya at the Novodevyachevoy cemetery in the USSR, they gradually began to forget about her. There was a war in the country, more and more heroes and heroines appeared, then there was a restoration and a peaceful life.
But in 1961, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of her feat, the Soviet propagandist apparatus remembered the feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, and from that time, together with her brother Alexander, she became cult heroes for pioneers and Komsomol members in the USSR.
Here, as from the "cornucopia", books began to be written and published, to create museums. to erect numerous monuments in different parts of the USSR, not to mention the names of streets. and steamers !!!
But all good things end sooner or later. in August 1991 the USSR collapsed, democracy and glasnost began, gradually began to open archives and in the country, strangely enough, it reappeared to the figure of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya. And the interest is negative. They tried to remove the pedestal as a symbol of tolitarianism, and knowing the state of affairs 26 years later, it must be admitted that the anti-communists almost succeeded!
In order not to be unfounded, I will cite one more document below. This is a forensic act. For in 1992. again in the media, the question began to be raised that it was not Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya who was buried in the village of Petrishchevo, but another serviceman from military unit 9903 - Lilia Azolina.,
№8
Conclusion of a specialist of the All-Russian Research Institute of Forensic Expertise
Alexander Alexandrovich Gusev at the request of CA Komsomol
on the examination to establish the identity of the partisan who died in the village of Petrishchevo
No. 1828/020 January 4, 1992
On December 17, 1991, the All-Russian Research Institute of Forensic Examinations from the Central Archives of the Komsomol with a covering letter from the head of the Central Asian Komsomol V. Khorunzhy of December 16, 1991 received 9 photos:
two with the image of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya,
three with the image of Lily Azolina,
one with a picture of a girl among German soldiers,
three with the image of the corpse of a hanged girl.
Parts and
face elements Appearance properties Appearance signs of images on
object 1 object 2 object 3
1 2 3 4 5
Head shape oval oval oval
Hair growth border winding smooth winding
color dark dark dark
density average average average
shape slightly wavy straight slightly wavy
face shape oval round oval
width average more than average average
completeness average average average
eyebrows shape arcuate slightly arched arched
position:
relative to the horizontal slightly oblique internal horizontal slightly oblique internal
relative to each other distant middle distant
forehead height medium small medium
middle width more than average
nose bridge width average average average
nasal septum slightly protruding slightly protruding
nasolabial
fossa width wide medium wide
mouth size medium medium medium
position of the corners of the mouth horizontal horizontal horizontal
chin height average more than average average
ear tragus shape slightly protruding protruding slightly protruding
form
auditory
comma holes rounded comma
It is required to establish - is Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Lilya Azolina or another person captured in the photographs of the corpse of a hanged girl?
The production of the study was entrusted to the candidate of legal sciences, Alexander Alexandrovich Gusev, who has specialized in the field of forensic portrait examination since 1948.
After the research, the photographs presented were marked with the stamp "All-Union NIISE".
All received photographs were made on glossy photo paper. The face in photographs of Z. Kosmodemyanskaya was captured with a turn to the left, in two photographs by L. Azolina - with a turn to the right, and in one - to the left, in the photograph of a girl among German soldiers, as in the posthumous photographs, with a rotation to the left. In seven photographs the image is bosom, and in two it is full-length.
For the convenience of writing the conclusion, photographs of Z. Kosmodemyanskaya are conventionally designated "Object 1", L. Azolina - "Object 2", and the corpse of a hanged girl - "Object 3".
The study was carried out using methods: microscopic, measuring and comparison. At the same time, it was found that the faces on these compared objects are characterized by the following features of appearance (see the summary table in the text).
The listed signs in their totality for each object of study are unique and in their totality are sufficient to conclude that Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is captured in the photographs of the corpse of a hanged girl.
Specialist A.A. Gusev
RGASPI. F. M-7. D. 649. Part 1.L. 4а - 4а ob.
Typewritten text autographed in black ink by Gusev.
Publ .: Front-line Moscow. 1941 - 1942 .:
archival documents and materials. M., 2001.S. 581.
So, finally, the final point was put on the issue of identifying Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya.
On this and I also want to assure this work.
I believe that the dear reader, having familiarized himself with all parts of this work, now he himself can accurately answer the main question:
"Is Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya a hero of the Great Patriotic War or one of her countless martyrs?"